peace corps mongolia welcome book | november 2008

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Mongolia Welcome Book | November 2008

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-mongolia-welcome-book-november-2008 1/95

^@K TKMBK BF\TR UKABFIKR XF[ ^F I F G E F A H M

M T K M B K B F \ T R T [ L A H B M ^ H F G

C F \ G K U S F A [ G ^ K K \ R

G f s k i l k | < 4 4 0



M UKABFIK AK^^K\

Rmg lmg f` Tkmbk Bf|tr Hgsh~kkr-

^`k Sfa{g~kk|r mgn r~mcc fc Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm kmek|ax mumh~

xf{| m||hsma hg ~`hr cmrbhgm~hge amgn fc la{k rjx! e|kkg r~kttk!

|{eekn if{g~mhgr! mgn kgnakrr nkrk|~' Hc xf{ b`ffrk ~f ofhg Tkmbk

Bf|tr! xf{ uhaa chgn ~`m~ Ifgefahm fcck|r xf{ m {gh}{k fttf|~{gh~x

~f rk|sk f~`k|r! cf|i hgsma{mlak c|hkgnr`htr mgn uf|j uh~`

ufgnk|c{a! `frth~mlak tkftak hg m b`maakgehge kgsh|fgikg~ u`k|k

xf{| rjhaar mgn bfiih~ikg~ m|k ~kr~kn fg m |ke{am| lmrhr'

Mr xf{ uhaa akm|g hg ~`k tmekr fc ~`hr Ukabfik Lffj! Tkmbk Bf|tr&

Ifgefahm hr m sk|x rtkbhma tambk hg u`hb` ~f ahsk mgn uf|j' ^f `kat

xf{ t|ktm|k cf| ~`k gkp~ ~uf xkm|r! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr r{ttahkr xf{

uh~` m rheghchbmg~ mif{g~ fc hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~ ~`k mekgbx'

^`hr Ukabfik Lffj umr t|ktm|kn ofhg~ax lx Sfa{g~kk|r mgn

r~mcc' Uk `ftk ~`m~ ~`hr |krf{|bk uhaa `kat mgruk| rfik fc xf{|}{kr~hfgr mgn bfgbk|gr mlf{~ Ifgefahm h~rkac! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

t|fe|mi hg Ifgefahm! mgn u`m~ xf{ bmg nf ~f t|ktm|k cf| rk|shbk'

H~ hr lx gf ikmgr bfit|k`kgrhsk! l{~ uk ~|{r~ ~`m~ h~ uhaa fcck|

xf{ rfik {rkc{a hgcf|im~hfg m`kmn fc xf{| m||hsma' Uk |kbfiikgn

~`m~ xf{ r`m|k ~`hr lffj uh~` xf{| cmihax mr ukaa'

M ~uf)xkm| bfiih~ikg~ ~f Tkmbk Bf|tr rk|shbk hr gf~ imnk kmrhax

f| bmr{maax' H~ hr m bfiih~ikg~ xf{ uhaa imjk |ktkm~knax mgn hg

imgx nhcck|kg~ umxr ~`|f{e`f{~ xf{| ~uf xkm|r fc rk|shbk' Xf{

uhaa lk b`maakgekn hg ksk|x umx himehgmlak! mgn xf{| tm~hkgbk

uhaa lk ~|hkn ~f h~r ahih~r' @fuksk|! hc xf{ l|hge m tfrh~hsk m~~h~{nk!

kg~`{rhmri! tm~hkgbk! mgn m bfiih~ikg~ ~f rk|sk! akm|g! mgn

e|fu! xf{ uhaa nf sk|x ukaa `k|k' ^`k r~mcc hr |kmnx ~f r{ttf|~ xf{!

l{~ xf{ m|k ~`k t|him|x m|b`h~kb~ mgn o{nek fc u`m~ xf{| r{bbkrr

mr m Sfa{g~kk| uhaa lk' Uk fcck| xf{ ~`hr fttf|~{gh~x ~f rk|sk ~`k

tkftak fc Ifgefahm mgn ~f `msk mg kptk|hkgbk ~`m~ uhaa b`mgek ~`k

umx xf{ shku ~`k uf|an mgn xf{|rkac'

Uk affj cf|um|n ~f ikk~hge xf{ rffg-

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm R~mcc



^M L A K F C B F G ^K G ^R

Imt fc Ifgefahm

M Ukabfik Ak~~k| =

Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm @hr~f|x mgn T|fe|mir 5

@hr~f|x fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr hg Ifgefahm 5

@hr~f|x mgn C{~{|k fc Tkmbk Bf|trT|fe|miihge hg Ifgefahm 5)8

Bf{g~|x Fsk|shku? Ifgefahm m~ m Eamgbk ==

@hr~f|x ==)=2

Efsk|gikg~ =2)=>

Kbfgfix =>)=;

Tkftak mgn B{a~{|k =;)=5Kgsh|fgikg~ =5)=8

\krf{|bkr cf| C{|~`k| Hgcf|im~hfg <=

Ahshge Bfgnh~hfgr mgn Sfa{g~kk| Ahckr~xak <5

Bfii{ghbm~hfgr <5)<8

@f{rhge mgn Rh~k Afbm~hfg 24

Ahshge Maafumgbk mgn Ifgkx Imgmekikg~ 24)2=

Cffn mgn Nhk~ 2=)2<

^|mgrtf|~m~hfg 2<

Ekfe|mt`x mgn Bahim~k 2<)22

Rfbhma Mb~hsh~hkr 22

T|fckrrhfgmahri! N|krr! mgn Lk`mshf| 2>)2;

\kum|nr mgn C|{r~|m~hfgr 2;)23



Tkmbk Bf|tr |̂mhghge 28

Fsk|shku fc T|k)Rk|shbk |̂mhghge 28)><

k̂b`ghbma |̂mhghge >4 Amge{mek mgn B|frr)B{a~{|ma ^|mhghge >4)>=

Tk|rfgma Iknhbma ^|mhghge >=

Rmck~x ^|mhghge >=)><

Xf{| @kma~` Bm|k mgn Rmck~x hg Ifgefahm >;

@kma~` Hrr{kr hg Ifgefahm >;)>3

@kathge Xf{ R~mx @kma~`x >3Ufikg‘r @kma~` Hgcf|im~hfg >5

Lkcf|k Xf{ Akmsk? M Iknhbma B`kbjahr~ >5)>8

Rmck~x mgn Rkb{|h~x„F{| Tm|~gk|r`ht >8);;

Cmb~f|r ~`m~ Bfg~|hl{~k ~f Sfa{g~kk| \hrj ;4);=

R{iim|x R~|m~kehkr ~f \kn{bk \hrj ;=);<

R{ttf|~ c|fi R~mcc ;<);;

Rkb{|h~x Hrr{kr hg Ifgefahm ;;

R~mxhge Rmck? Nfg‘~ Lk m ^m|ek~ cf| B|hik ;3

T|ktm|hge cf| ~`k [gkptkb~kn? Rmck~x ^|mhghgemgn Sfa{g~kk| R{ttf|~ hg Ifgefahm ;3);0

Nhsk|rh~x mgn B|frr)B{a~{|ma Hrr{kr 3=

Fsk|shku fc Nhsk|rh~x hg Ifgefahm 3=)3<

U`m~ Ihe`~ m Sfa{g~kk| Cmbk6 3<)3;

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Ckimak Sfa{g~kk|r 3<

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r fc Bfaf| 3<

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Rkghf| Sfa{g~kk|r 32

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Emx! Akrlhmg! f| Lhrkp{ma Sfa{g~kk|r 32

Tfrrhlak \kahehf{r Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r 3>

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r Uh~` Nhrmlhah~hkr 3>)3;



C|k}{kg~ax Mrjkn ]{kr~hfgr 35

Ukabfik Ak~~k|r C|fi Ifgefahm Sfa{g~kk|r 52

Tmbjhge Ahr~ 58

T|k)nktm|~{|k B`kbjahr~ 05

Bfg~mb~hge Tkmbk Bf|tr @kmn}{m|~k|r 8=



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M 5

T K M B K B F \ T R & I F G E F A H M

@ H R^F\ X M GN T \ FE \MIR@hr~f|x fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr hg Ifgefahm

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr kr~mlahr`kn h~r t|fe|mi hg Ifgefahm m~

~`k hgsh~m~hfg fc ~`k Ifgefahmg efsk|gikg~ hg =88=' Rhgbk

~`kg! if|k ~`mg 344 Sfa{g~kk|r `msk rk|skn hg Ifgefahm!

uf|jhge hg ~`k chkanr fc kn{bm~hfg! kgsh|fgikg~! `kma~`! rimaa

l{rhgkrr nkskaftikg~! hgcf|im~hfg mgn bfii{ghbm~hfgr

~kb`gfafex (HB^! mgn gfgefsk|gikg~ma f|emghzm~hfg (GEF

bmtmbh~x l{hanhge' Maa Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|r hg Ifgefahm

m|k bfgrhnk|kn bfii{gh~x nkskaftikg~ uf|jk|r mgn! mr

r{b`! r{ttf|~ bfii{gh~x rk|shbk mb~hsh~hkr mr ukaa mr b|frr)

rkb~f| hgh~hm~hskr! hgba{nhge xf{~` nkskaftikg~! ekgnk| mgn

nkskaftikg~! @HS&MHNR mum|kgkrr! mgn HB^' B{||kg~ax! =4>

Sfa{g~kk|r uf|j hg t|fshgbkr ~`|f{e`f{~ Ifgefahm'

^`k ihrrhfg fc Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm Sfa{g~kk|r mgn r~mcc

hr ~f t|fshnk bfii{gh~x)lmrkn nkskaftikg~ mrrhr~mgbk ~`m~

mnn|krrkr gkknr hnkg~hchkn lx Ifgefahmg tm|~gk|r! mgn ~f

t|fif~k b|frr)b{a~{|ma {gnk|r~mgnhge lk~ukkg Mik|hbmgr

mgn Ifgefahmgr' Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm t|fe|mir kit`mrhzkr{r~mhgmlak bfii{gh~x nkskaftikg~ mgn bmtmbh~x l{hanhge

~`m~ |kax fg afbmaax msmhamlak |krf{|bkr'

@hr~f|x mgn C{~{|k fc Tkmbk Bf|tr T|fe|miihge hg Ifgefahm

N{|hge ~`k gkp~ cku xkm|r! Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm uhaa cfb{r fg

Kgeahr` kn{bm~hfg! bfii{gh~x `kma~`! bfii{gh~x kbfgfihbnkskaftikg~ mgn xf{~` nkskaftikg~' M l|hkc fsk|shku fc

Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm%r t|fokb~r cfaafur'



T K M B K B F \ T R0

^`k Kgeahr` kn{bm~hfg mgn bfii{gh~x nkskaftikg~ t|fokb~

l{hanr bmtmbh~x lx ~kmb`hge r~{nkg~r ~f lkbfik c{~{|k Kgeahr`

~kmb`k|r! mrrhr~hge hg mbbkrrhge Kgeahr` amge{mek |krf{|bkr!hg~|fn{bhge t|fihrhge kn{bm~hfg ik~`fnr! mgn cmbhah~m~hge

bfii{gh~x nkskaftikg~ t|fokb~r'

Sfa{g~kk|r hg ~`k bfii{gh~x)lmrkn `kma~` t|fokb~ mrrhr~

uh~` bfii{gh~x `kma~` kn{bm~hfg! `kat {tnm~k iknhbma

t|fckrrhfgmar mgn iknhbma r~{nkg~r uh~` iknhbma Kgeahr`

jgfuaknek! cmbhah~m~k t|kskg~hsk `kma~` hgh~hm~hskr! mgn uf|j

uh~` afbma ~kmb`k|r ~f kn{bm~k rkbfgnm|x rb`ffa r~{nkg~r

mlf{~ `kma~`x ahck rjhaar'

Bfii{gh~x kbfgfihb nkskaftikg~ (BKN Sfa{g~kk|r r`m|k

rjhaar mgn jgfuaknek fc t|fihrhge l{rhgkrr t|mb~hbkr ~f `kat

hgb|kmrk hgbfik ekgk|m~hfg fttf|~{gh~hkr cf| Ifgefahmgr'

Mnnh~hfgmaax! BKN Sfa{g~kk|r hgb|kmrk ~`k bmtmbh~x fc

Ifgefahmg f|emghzm~hfgr ~f r{ttf|~ hgbfik)ekgk|m~hfgt|fokb~r mgn nkskaftikg~ kccf|~r hg lf~` |{|ma mgn tk|h){|lmg

rk~~hger m|f{gn Ifgefahm' BKN Sfa{g~kk|r marf uf|j uh~`

rimaa) mgn iknh{i)rhzkn l{rhgkrrkr ~f nkskaft f|emghzm~hfgma

bmtmbh~x lx ~|mgrck||hge rjhaar hg l{rhgkrr tamgghge!

imgmekikg~ ~kb`gh}{kr! mgn im|jk~hge ~f kg~|kt|kgk{|r'

Xf{~` nkskaftikg~ Sfa{g~kk|r hgb|kmrk ~`k bmtmbh~x fc

Ifgefahmg xf{~` ~f fsk|bfik b`maakgehge ahck bh|b{ir~mgbkr

mgn lkbfik xf{ge mn{a~r u`f bfg~|hl{~k ~f hit|fshge

~`k }{mah~x fc ahck cf| ~`kirkaskr! ~`kh| cmihahkr! mgn ~`kh|

bfii{gh~hkr' Sfa{g~kk|r uf|j uh~` xf{~`)cfb{rkn GEFr!

b`han|kg%r bkg~k|r! rb`ffar! mgn bhsha rfbhk~x f|emghzm~hfgr ~f

mnn|krr imof| b`maakgekr bfgc|fg~hge Ifgefahmg xf{~` ~fnmx!

r{b` mr kn{bm~hfg! ahck rjhaar! kitafxmlhah~x mgn akmnk|r`ht'




^f c{|~`k| r{ttf|~ Ifgefahm%r nkskaftikg~ t|hf|h~hkr mgn ~f

r~|kge~`kg ~`k |fak fc maa Sfa{g~kk|r hg bfii{gh~x rk|shbk mgn

nkskaftikg~! b|frr)rkb~f| hgh~hm~hskr hg xf{~` nkskaftikg~!ahck rjhaar! ekgnk| mgn nkskaftikg~! @HS&MHNR mum|kgkrr!

`{img ~|mcchbjhge! mgn HB^ m|k marf mnn|krrkn hg bfaamlf|m~hfg

uh~` lf~` Ifgefahmg mgn hg~k|gm~hfgma tm|~gk|r'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M ==

B F [ G ^\X F S K \ S H K U?

IF GEF A H M M^ M E A MGB K@hr~f|x

^`k `hr~f|x fc Ifgefahm rtmgr if|k ~`mg ;44!444 xkm|r'

M|b`mkfafehbma kpbmsm~hfgr ~`|f{e`f{~ ~`k bf{g~|x `msk

|kskmakn m|~hcmb~r c|fi ~`k R~fgk mgn L|fgzk Mekr' ^`k

t|k`hr~f|hb hg`mlh~mg~r fc Ifgefahm m|k b{a~{|maax ahgjkn ~f

Bkg~|ma Mrhm! gf~ B`hgm! hg ~`m~ ~`kx uk|k gfimnhb `k|nk|r!

gf~ rk~~akn b{a~hsm~f|r' Ifgefahm ~fnmx kil|mbkr ~`k `km|~amgn

fc B`hgehrr J`mg%r kith|k! l{~ h~ umr ~`k `fikamgn fc f~`k|

gm~hfgr afge lkcf|k ~`k Ifgefar uk|k ch|r~ ikg~hfgkn hg

~`k mggmar fc ~`k kitk|f|r fc B`hgm' \kbkg~ hgskr~hem~hfgr

r{ttf|~ ~`k `xtf~`krhr ~`m~ ~`k Ifgefar f|hehgm~kn c|fi ~`k

@{gr (@{gg{ hg mgbhkg~ Ifgefahmg! gfimnr u`f b|km~kn m

r~m~k hg ~`k m|km fc u`m~ hr gfu bmaakn Ifgefahm hg <44 L'B'!

~`k ch|r~ fc imgx tkftakr ~f nf rf' (‑@{g’ ~|mgram~kr mr ‑img’

mgn ‑g{’ ~|mgram~kr mr ‑r{g'’ [g~ha h~r bfaamtrk hg M'N' 80!

~`k @{g r~m~k umr ~`k ifr~ tfuk|c{a gfimnhb r~m~k hg ~`k

rt|muahge Bkg~|ma Mrhmg r~kttk mgn if{g~mhgr' ^`k @rhkg)th

|ktambkn ~`k @{gr mr ~`k |{ahge e|f{t hg M'N' 8;' Lk~ukkg

8; mgn ==<; M'N'! m r{bbkrrhfg fc gfimnhb! ck{nma ~|hlkr

fbb{thkn mgn |{akn ~`k m|km? R{ilk! ^flm! Gh|{g! ^{|jhb!

[he`{|! Jh|e`hz! mgn J`h~mg'

Hg ==84! ^ki{{ohg! c|fi ~`k Kr{j`kh ~|hlk! ~ffj mnsmg~mek fc

ukmj hgnhshn{ma ~|hlma ~k||h~f|hkr mgn umekn 2; lm~~akr memhgr~

f~`k| ~|hlkr' Lx =<43! `k `mn r{bbkknkn hg {gh~hge 0= ~|hlkr

~f cf|i ~`k E|km~ Ifgefahmg R~m~k! f| Ifgefa Kith|k' @hrr{bbkrr hg ~`krk lm~~akr akn ~f `hr lkhge gmikn B`hgehrr J`mg

({ghsk|rma |{ak|' ^`k Ifgefa Kith|k fc ~`k =2~` mgn =>~`

bkg~{|hkr umr ~`k am|ekr~ amgn)m|km kith|k hg `hr~f|x' M~ h~r



T K M B K B F \ T R=<

e|km~kr~! h~ r~|k~b`kn c|fi Jf|km ~f @{gem|x mgn hgba{nkn

ifr~ fc Mrhm! kpbkt~ cf| Hgnhm mgn ~`k rf{~`kmr~ tm|~ fc ~`k

bfg~hgkg~' Mc~k| B`hgehrr J`mg%r nkm~` hg =<<5! ~`k IfgefaKith|k umr nhshnkn hg~f nfihghfgr! kptmgnkn hg~f \{rrhm mgn

B`hgm! mgn |{akn ch|r~ lx `hr rfgr mgn ~`kg lx `hr e|mgnrfg

J{lamh J`mg (=<34)=<8> fc Im|bf Tfaf cmik' Mc~k| =<8>!

`fuksk|! ~`k Ifgefa Kith|k rafuax nhrhg~ke|m~kn! lkehgghge

uh~` ~`k afrr fc B`hgm hg =230 ~f ~`k |{ak|r fc ~`k Ihge

nxgmr~x'

Hg =3>>! ~`k Imgb`{r! |{ak|r fc ~`k B`hge nxgmr~x! bfg}{k|kn

B`hgm mgn rf{~`k|g Ifgefahm (m ~k||h~f|x am~k| |kgmikn Hggk|

Ifgefahm mgn ~`k |kimhgnk| fc F{~k| Ifgefahm! bfgrfahnm~hge

~`k Ifgefa Kith|k {gnk| Imgb`{ |{ak lx =38=' ^`k Imgb`{r

tkgmahzkn ~`k Ifgefahmgr cf| mgx mb~ fc hgr{lf|nhgm~hfg!

mgn ~`kh| <<4)xkm| |{ak hr bfgrhnk|kn ~`k `m|r`kr~ tk|hfn hg

Ifgefahmg `hr~f|x' N{|hge ~`hr ~hik! Ifgefahm lkbmik hrfam~kn

c|fi ~`k f{~rhnk uf|an! ~`k tfuk| fc ~`k Ifgefa J`mgr umr

nkr~|fxkn! mgn ^hlk~mg L{nn`hri umr hg~|fn{bkn'

^`k |ksfa{~hfgm|x rkg~hikg~r hg \{rrhm mgn B`hgm m~ ~`k

lkehgghge fc ~`k <4~` bkg~{|x marf kphr~kn hg Ifgefahm' H~

nkbam|kn h~rkac mg hgnktkgnkg~ r~m~k hg =8== mr ~`k Imgb`{

nxgmr~x hg B`hgm bfaamtrkn mgn ~`k Imgb`{r uh~`n|ku c|fi

Ifgefahm' Ekekkg Omszmgnmilm @{~mj`~ umr nkbam|kn LfenJ`mg! ~`k rkb{am| mgn rth|h~{ma akmnk|! mgn cf|ikn m gku

efsk|gikg~' @fuksk|! B`hgm mgn \{rrhm |kc{rkn ~f |kbfeghzk

h~! rf ~`k ^|htm|~h~k Me|kkikg~ ~`m~ kr~mlahr`kn F{~k| Ifgefahm

mr m tfah~hbmaax mgn ~k||h~f|hmaax m{~fgfif{r r~m~k |kimhgkn

{gmbjgfuaknekn {g~ha =8=;! u`kg \{rrhm me|kkn ~f rheg h~'

Hg =8<4! ~uf rimaa {gnk|e|f{gn |ksfa{~hfgm|x e|f{tr ofhgkn

cf|bkr ~f cf|i ~`k Ifgefahmg Tkftak%r \ksfa{~hfgm|x Tm|~x

(IT\T ~f nkckgn ~`k Ifgefahmg gm~hfg (memhgr~ B`hgm

mgn ~f t|f~kb~ ~`k hg~k|kr~r fc Ifgefahmg `k|nrikg' [gnk|

~`k akmnk|r`ht fc ihah~m|x bfiimgnk|r R{j`lmm~m| mgn



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M =2

B`fhlmarmg! ~`k IT\T m|ix nkckm~kn lf~` \{rrhmg mgn

B`hgkrk m|ihkr' Fg O{ax ==! =8<= (bfiikif|m~kn ~fnmx

mr Tkftak%r \ksfa{~hfgm|x Nmx! Ifgefahm t|fbamhikn h~rhgnktkgnkgbk memhg mgn lkbmik m bfgr~h~{~hfgma ifgm|b`x

uh~` Omszmgnmilm mr ~`k `kmn fc r~m~k' Mc~k| `k nhkn hg

Gfskilk| =8<>! ~`k Ifgefahmg Tkftak%r \kt{lahb lkbmik ~`k

uf|an%r rkbfgn bfii{ghr~ r~m~k'

^`k kik|ekgbk fc m nkifb|m~hb ifskikg~ hg Nkbkilk|

=808 l|f{e`~ ruhc~ mgn tkmbkc{a b`mgek ~f Ifgefahm mr ~`k

efsk|gikg~ mnft~kn m tfrh~hsk mtt|fmb` ~fum|n |kcf|i' ^`k

n|mim~hb b`mgekr ~fum|n m c|kk)im|jk~ kbfgfix mgn c{aax

nkifb|m~hb rfbhk~x lkemg hg =884 mgn bfg~hg{k ~fnmx' M gku

bfgr~h~{~hfg! mnft~kn hg km|ax =88<! b`mgekn ~`k fcchbhma gmik

fc ~`k bf{g~|x ~f Ifgefahm'

Efsk|gikg~

^`k efsk|gikg~ `mr mg kpkb{~hsk l|mgb`! m akehram~hsk l|mgb`

(~`k Tm|ahmikg~ hr bmaakn ~`k E|km~ J`{|ma! mgn m o{nhbhma

l|mgb`! u`hb` hgba{nkr m R{t|kik Bf{|~ mgn m Bfgr~h~{~hfgma

Bf{|~'

^`k b{||kg~ `kmn fc r~m~k hr T|krhnkg~ Gmilm|xg Kgj`lmxm|!

u`f umr kakb~kn hg O{gk <44;' T|krhnkg~ Kgj`lmxm| `mrlkkg mg mb~hsk r{ttf|~k| fc ~`k uf|j fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

hg Ifgefahm' ^`k `kmn fc efsk|gikg~ hr T|hik Ihghr~k|

Rmgohhg Lmxm|! u`f umr mttfhg~kn hg Nkbkilk| <445 lx ~`k

Ifgefahmg Tkftak%r \ksfa{~hfgm|x Tm|~x! u`hb` bfg~|faakn ~`k

efsk|gikg~' Kakb~hfgr uk|k `kan hg O{gk fc <440'

^`k ch|r~ t|krhnkg~hma kakb~hfgr uk|k `kan hg rt|hge =882'

N{|hge ~`k tm|ahmikg~m|x kakb~hfgr hg O{gk =883! ~`k

Nkifb|m~hb [ghfg Bfmah~hfg (N[B ufg ;4 rkm~r f{~ fc

53' ^`k bfmah~hfg umr cf|ikn c|fi ~uf imhg tm|~hkr! ~`k

Ifgefahmg Nkifb|m~hb Tm|~x mgn ~`k Ifgefahmg Rfbhma



T K M B K B F \ T R=>

Nkifb|m~hb Tm|~x' ^`k N[B%r ~k|i umr im|jkn lx bfgcahb~

lk~ukkg bfmah~hfg tm|~gk|r! u`hb` rtah~ hg~f ~`|kk rktm|m~k

tm|~hkr lhnnhge cf| rkm~r hg ~`k O{gk <444 kakb~hfgr' Hg ~`frkkakb~hfgr! ~`k Ifgefahmg Tkftak%r \kt{lahb Tm|~x ufg 5< fc 53

rkm~r! |kemhghge h~r `fan fg ~`k E|km~ J`{|ma' Am~k| hg <444!

~`k IT\T marf ufg ifr~ fc ~`k afbma kakb~hfgr! tfrh~hfghge h~

~f kpk|bhrk e|km~ hgca{kgbk hg efsk|gikg~'

^`k amr~ tm|ahmikg~m|x kakb~hfg umr `kan hg ~`k r{iik| fc

<44>' Hg ~`m~ kakb~hfg! IT\T ufg 23 rkm~r! ~`k If~`k|amgn

Nkifb|m~hb Bfmah~hfg (INB ufg 2> rkm~r! mgn ~`k

\kt{lahbmg Tm|~x ufg fgk rkm~' ^`k|k uk|k marf ~`|kk

hgnktkgnkg~ mgn ~uf nhrt{~kn rkm~r' Mr gf tm|~x `kan mg

mlrfa{~k imof|h~x! m bfgrkgr{r efsk|gikg~ umr cf|ikn' ^`k

IT\T gfihgm~kn ~`k rtkmjk| mgn ~`k INB gfihgm~kn ~`k

t|hik ihghr~k|'

Kbfgfix

Ifgefahm%r t|hsm~k rkb~f| hr ~`k t|him|x kgehgk fc e|fu~` cf|

~`k kbfgfix' Rhgbk =88=! ~|mnh~hfgma ~|mnhge tm~~k|gr `msk

b`mgekn! uh~` m am|ek sfa{ik fc hitf|~r c|fi gku rf{|bkr

kg~k|hge Ifgefahmg im|jk~r' Hgn{r~|hkr ~`m~ nkskaftkn

n{|hge ~`k bkg~|ma tamgghge k|m `msk nkbahgkn f| nhrmttkm|kn

ma~fek~`k|! nktkgnhge fg ~`kh| mlhah~x ~f kptf|~ ~f bfii{ghr~

im|jk~r' M imof| ~|mgrck| fc mrrk~r c|fi r~m~k fugk|r`ht ~f

t|hsm~k fugk|r`ht `mr fbb{||kn! mbbfitmghkn lx m |hrk hg

am|ek t|hsm~k l{rhgkrrkr hg ihghge! ~kp~hakr! ~|mnk! lmgjhge!

hgcf|im~hfg ~kb`gfafex! mgn f~`k| rkb~f|r' ^`k nhr~|hl{~hfg

fc effnr mgn rk|shbkr mgn |k~mha t|hbkr m|k gfu am|ekax

nkbfg~|faakn! uh~` ~`k kpbkt~hfg fc ~`k r~m~k)fugkn {~hah~x

ifgftfahkr'

Kbfgfihb e|fu~` `mn lkkg r~kmnx c|fi =885 ~f <443! mc~k|

r~maahge hg =883 n{k ~f m rk|hkr fc gm~{|ma nhrmr~k|r mgn



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M =;

nkbahgkr hg uf|an t|hbkr fc bfttk| mgn bmr`ik|k' E|fu~` hg

ENT umr |kr~|mhgkn c|fi <444 ~f <44= lkbm{rk fc ~`k cmaahge

t|hbkr cf| Ifgefahm%r t|him|x kptf|~r! uhnkrt|kmn fttfrh~hfg~f t|hsm~hzm~hfg! mgn ~`k mnsk|rk kcckb~r fc ukm~`k| fg

me|hb{a~{|ma f{~t{~' Hg <44>! ~`k Ifgefahmg kbfgfix e|ku lx

m |kbf|n =4'3 tk|bkg~! gkm|ax ~|htahge h~r <44< |m~k' Hg <44;!

e|fu~` umr 3'< tk|bkg~! memhg cfr~k|kn lx `he` t|hbkr cf|

Ifgefahm%r imhg kptf|~ t|fn{b~r (bfttk| mgn efan'

Ifgefahm ofhgkn ~`k Uf|an ^|mnk F|emghzm~hfg hg =885 mgn `mr

|kbkhskn rheghchbmg~ cf|kheg mhn mgn mrrhr~mgbk hg |kbkg~ xkm|r'

Mr fc <443! ~`k hg~k|gm~hfgma nfgf| bfii{gh~x taknekr if|k

~`mg .224 ihaahfg tk| xkm| ~f Ifgefahm! uh~` Omtmg lkhge ~`k

am|ekr~ nfgf|' ^`k [gh~kn R~m~kr hr ~`k ~`h|n am|ekr~ nfgf|!

t|fshnhge .=4 ihaahfg tk| xkm|' Ifgefahm%r hg~k|gm~hfgma nkl~ hr

mtt|fphim~kax .= lhaafg'

Hgcam~hfg hgb|kmrkn c|fi mlf{~ 8';+ hg <44; ~f fsk| ==+ hg<445' E|fuhge {gkitafxikg~! ~`k t|him|x bm{rk fc tfsk|~x!

|kimhgr ~`k efsk|gikg~%r imhg bfgbk|g' Kp~|kik uhg~k|r

`msk `he`ahe`~kn ~`k s{agk|mlhah~x fc ~`k |{|ma kbfgfix mgn

mbbkak|m~kn ihe|m~hfg ~f {|lmg m|kmr lx tkftak rkkjhge lk~~k|

mbbkrr ~f rfbhma rk|shbkr mgn kitafxikg~ fttf|~{gh~hkr' Cf|

hgr~mgbk! ~`k tft{am~hfg `mr maifr~ nf{lakn hg ~`k bmth~ma!

[ammglmm~m|! fsk| ~`k tmr~ chsk xkm|r'

Tkftak mgn B{a~{|k

Ifgefahmg mgn cf|kheg rb`fam|r ehsk nhcck|kg~ kptamgm~hfgr cf|

~`k k~`ghb gmik ‑Ifgefa'’ Rfik ~`hgj h~ umr fgbk ~`k gmik

fc m rhgeak ~|hlk' F~`k|r lkahksk h~ bfikr c|fi m ekfe|mt`hbma

gmik ~`m~ ikmgr ~`k |hsk| Ifg' R~haa f~`k|r mrrk|~ ~`m~Ifgefa r`f{an lk t|fgf{gbkn ‑i{g)efa!’ uh~` ‑i{g’ ikmghge

bf||kb~! lmrhb! f| ~|{k mgn ‑efa’ ikmghge thsf~! bkg~k|! f|

krrkgbk! bfilhghge ~f ikmg ‑~|{k krrkgbk'’



T K M B K B F \ T R=3

If|k ~`mg <4 k~`ghb e|f{tr imjk {t ~`k tft{am~hfg! uh~`

k~`ghb Ifgefahmgr |kt|krkg~hge 8; tk|bkg~' ^`k |kimhghge

; tk|bkg~ m|k ifr~ax ^{|jhb tkftak bfitfrkn fc Jmzmj`rmgn ^{smgr' ^`k am|ekr~ e|f{t fc k~`ghb Ifgefahmgr m|k

~`k J`maj`m Ifgefar! bfgr~h~{~hge mlf{~ 54 tk|bkg~ fc ~`k

tft{am~hfg'

Ifgefahmg hr ~`k imhg amge{mek fc Ifgefahm! u`hb` hr marf

rtfjkg hg Hggk| Ifgefahm mgn f~`k| tm|~r fc B`hgm! mr ukaa

mr hg ~`k Ma~mh! L{|xm~! mgn Jmaixj \kt{lahbr fc ~`k \{rrhmg

Cknk|m~hfg' Ifgefahmg! mafge uh~` ~`k ^{|jhb mgn ^{ge{rhb

amge{mekr! cf|ir ~`k Ma~mhb cmihax fc amge{mekr rtfjkg lx

rfik 04 ihaahfg tkftak c|fi ^{|jkx ~f ~`k Tmbhchb'

Ifnk|g Ifgefahmg! fc u`hb` J`maj`m (f| @ma` hr ~`k ifr~

uhnkax rtfjkg nhmakb~! hr u|h~~kg hg ~`k Bx|haahb mat`mlk~'

Mc~k| kptk|hikg~r uh~` \fimghzm~hfg hg ~`k =824r! Ifgefahm

mnft~kn ~`k Bx|haahb mat`mlk~ m~ ~`k kgn fc ~`k Uf|an Um|HH! |ktambhge ~`k sk|~hbma [he`{|! f| bamrrhbma! rb|ht~ hg u`hb`

Ifgefahmg `mn lkkg u|h~~kg rhgbk B`hgehrr J`mg%r ~hik'

Rhgbk ~`k =884r! ~`k|k `msk lkkg ifskikg~r ~f |k~{|g ~f

[he`{|: `fuksk|! ~`k Bx|haahb mat`mlk~ lk~~k| |kcakb~r rtfjkg

Ifgefahmg mgn uhaa ahjkax lk {rkn cf| ~`k cf|krkkmlak c{~{|k'

Ifgefahm%r |kahehf{r |ff~r m|k lf{gn {t hg r`mimghri!

~`k imof| |kahehfg fc lf~` ~`k mgbhkg~ Ifgefa r~m~kr mgn

~`k Ifgefa Kith|k' R`mimghri ihe`~ lk bfgrhnk|kn mg

{gbfgskg~hfgma |kahehfg lkbm{rk h~ `mr gf cf{gnk| c|fi

u`fi h~r ~kmb`hger f|hehgm~k' ^`k|k hr gf bfaakb~hfg fc rmb|kn

u|h~hger! r{b` mr r{~|mr f| m lhlak! mgn ~`k|k m|k gf ifgmr~hb

bfii{gh~hkr ~f t|kmb` f| nhr~|hl{~k h~r nfb~|hgkr' Ma~`f{e`

fcchbhmaax |ktambkn lx ^hlk~mg L{nn`hri hg ~`k =>~` bkg~{|x!

r`mimghri bfg~hg{kn ~f lk t|mb~hbkn lx m cku fc ~`k k~`ghb

e|f{tr ahshge hg gf|~`k|g mgn ukr~k|g Ifgefahm'




L{nn`hri cmbkn rksk|k |kt|krrhfg {gnk| ~`k bfii{ghr~

|kehik! mgn fgax fgk r`fubmrk ifgmr~k|x umr maafukn ~f

|kimhg ftkg' Hg km|ax =884! L{nn`hri umr memhg gmiknIfgefahm%r fcchbhma |kahehfg' ^fnmx! ifr~ Ifgefahmgr bmaa

~`kirkaskr L{nn`hr~! ma~`f{e` ~`k Jmzmj` ihgf|h~x ahshge hg

~`k ukr~k|g tm|~ fc ~`k bf{g~|x t|mb~hbkr Hrami'

Ifgefahm flrk|skr ~`k cfaafuhge fcchbhma `fahnmxr? Gku Xkm|%r

Nmx! ^rmemmg Rm| (~`k a{gm| Gku Xkm| hg km|ax ~f ihn)

Ckl|{m|x (~`|kk nmxr! If~`k|%r mgn B`han|kg%r Nmx fg O{gk

=! K|hhg E{|smg Gmmnmi (Ckr~hsma fc ~`k ^`|kk Imgax Rtf|~r

c|fi O{ax =4)==! mgn Hgnktkgnkgbk Nmx fg Gfskilk| <3'

^`k ~`|kk ‑imgax’ rtf|~r tft{am| uh~` ~`k Ifgefar rhgbk

mgbhkg~ ~hikr m|k u|kr~ahge! `f|rk |mbhge! mgn m|b`k|x'

^`krk ~`|kk emikr imjk {t ~`k bf|k t|fe|mi fc ~`k

Gmmnmi ckr~hsma! u`hb` `mr lkkg `kan mgg{maax rhgbk ~`k

=2~` bkg~{|x' Km|ahk|! Gmmnmi umr mrrfbhm~kn uh~` |kahehf{rbk|kifghkr (uf|r`hthge ~`k rth|h~ fc ~`k if{g~mhgr! ~`k |fbjr!

mgn ~`k |hsk|r' B{||kg~ax! h~ hr m gm~hfgma `fahnmx `kan ~f

bfiikif|m~k ~`k Ifgefa Tkftak%r \ksfa{~hfg hg =8<='

^rmemmg Rm|! ~`k a{gm| Gku Xkm|! hr ~|mgram~kn mr ‑u`h~k

ifg~`'’ ^`k|k m|k imgx fthghfgr mlf{~ ~`k f|hehg fc ~`hr

gmik' Rfik Ifgefahmgr lkahksk ~`m~ u`h~k rxilfahzkr

`mtthgkrr mgn t{|h~x: f~`k|r lkahksk ~`m~ ~`k gmik |kck|r

~f ~`k ml{gnmgbk fc ihaj t|fn{b~r' Hg mgx bmrk! ~`k `fahnmx

bkakl|m~kr ~`k tmrrhge fc uhg~k| mgn lkehgghge fc rt|hge'

Kgsh|fgikg~

Ifgefahm ahkr hg Bkg~|ma Mrhm! uh~` \{rrhm ~f ~`k gf|~` mgn

B`hgm ~f ~`k kmr~! ukr~! mgn rf{~`' Ifgefahm hr marf bmaakn

F{~k| Ifgefahm! ~`k gmik B`hgm%r B`hge nxgmr~x emsk ~f ~`k

m|km ~f nhr~hge{hr` h~ c|fi Hggk| Ifgefahm! mg m{~fgfif{r

|kehfg hg gf|~`k|g B`hgm! mgn L{|xm~ Ifgefahm hg \{rrhm'



T K M B K B F \ T R=0

Ifgefahm fbb{thkr mg m|km fc mlf{~ =';5 ihaahfg r}{m|k

jhafik~k|r! f| 3<3!444 r}{m|k ihakr (mlf{~ ~`k rhzk fc Mamrjm'

^`k b{||kg~ tft{am~hfg hr mtt|fphim~kax <'5 ihaahfg! imjhge

Ifgefahm fgk fc ~`k ifr~ rtm|rkax tft{am~kn gm~hfgr fg Km|~`'

^`h|~x)khe`~ tk|bkg~ fc ~`k tft{am~hfg hr {gnk| =3 xkm|r fan!

mgn > tk|bkg~ hr fsk| 34 xkm|r fan' Maifr~ 34 tk|bkg~ fc ~`k

tft{am~hfg ahskr hg {|lmg m|kmr (24 tk|bkg~ hg [ammglmm~m|'

^`k |kr~ ahsk hg |{|ma m|kmr' Ahck hg Ifgefahm hr lkbfihge

if|k {|lmghzkn mgn rknkg~m|x! ma~`f{e` gfimnhb ahck r~haa

t|knfihgm~kr hg ~`k bf{g~|xrhnk' [ammglmm~m| `mr nf{lakn hg

tft{am~hfg fsk| ~`k tmr~ chsk xkm|r'

Ifgefahm hr m amgn fc bfg~|mr~r? uhan cf|kr~r! mathgk ikmnfur!

rkih)nkrk|~r! smr~ tamhgr! mgn rgfu)bfsk|kn if{g~mhgr'

If{g~mhgr bfsk| if|k ~`mg >4 tk|bkg~ fc ~`k bf{g~|x' ^`k

gm~{|ma rbkgk|x hg ~`k gf|~`k|g rkb~hfg |krkilakr ~`m~ fc

kmr~k|g Rhlk|hm! u`hak ~`k rf{~`k|g rkb~hfg! u`hb` bfit|hrkr~uf)~`h|nr fc ~`k bf{g~|x%r m|km! ckm~{|kr ~`k m|hn nkrk|~ mgn

rkih)nkrk|~ fc Bkg~|ma Mrhm'

^`k Eflh Nkrk|~ hg rf{~`kmr~k|g Ifgefahm r{ttf|~r maifr~ gf

skek~m~hfg mgn hr rtm|rkax tft{am~kn' Gf|~` mgn ukr~ fc ~`k

Eflh! ~`k amgnrbmtk b`mgekr e|mn{maax ~f |{eekn if{g~mhgr!

uh~` kaksm~hfgr fc if|k ~`mg 2!83< ik~k|r (=2!45; ckk~

mlfsk rkm akska' ^`k `he`kr~ tkmj hg Ifgefahm hr Gmh|minma

[{a m~ >!252 ik~k|r (=>!>2= ckk~' ^`k|k m|k rimaa t|mh|hkr

mgn rma~um~k| mgn c|kr`um~k| amjkr ~`|f{e`f{~ ~`k bf{g~|x!

l{~ um~k| hr if|k ml{gnmg~ hg ~`k `mlh~mlak gf|~`' ^`k fgax

gmshemlak amjk hr @{sre{a' ^`k bf{g~|x%r afgekr~ |hsk|r m|k ~`k

Rkakgek! F|j`fg! ^{{a! @fsn! @k|akg! mgn @ma`hg Efa'

Ifgefahm `mr imgx tambkr fc l|km~`~mjhge lkm{~x' Ifgefahm hr`fik ~f =23 imiima rtkbhkr! maifr~ >44 rtkbhkr fc lh|nr! mgn

53 rtkbhkr fc chr`' ^`k bf{g~|x hr marf jgfug cf| h~r ufaskr!

im|if~r! cmabfgr! rgfu akftm|nr! i{rj nkk|! mgn ~`k |m|k

Ma~mh rgfu bfbj'




Uh~` mg msk|mek fc <34 r{ggx nmxr tk| xkm|! Ifgefahm hr

jgfug mr ~`k ‑Amgn fc La{k Rjx'’ Lkbm{rk h~ hr rf cm| hgamgn! h~

`mr m bfg~hgkg~ma bahim~k uh~` kp~|kik ~kitk|m~{|kr mgn sk|xafu `{ihnh~x'

Rgfu {r{maax r~mxr fg ~`k e|f{gn c|fi Fb~flk| ~`|f{e`

Mt|ha! ma~`f{e` h~ rkanfi ~f~mar if|k ~`mg m cku hgb`kr m~

m ~hik' ^`k r{iik|r m|k ekgk|maax ihan mgn takmrmg~' ^`k

~kitk|m~{|k hg [ammglmm~m| |mgekr c|fi <5 nke|kkr Bkarh{r

()=5 Cm`|kg`kh~ hg Omg{m|x ~f =0 B (3> C hg O{ax' ^`k|k

`msk lkkg |kbf|nkn kp~|kikr fc )>0 B ();> C mgn 28 B (=4<

C' (Nfg%~ ak~ ~`krk msk|mekr cffa xf{: ~kitk|m~{|kr hg ~`k

r{iik|r `msk |kmb`kn ~`k `he`)84r mgn afu)=44r mgn `msk

cmaakg afu kgf{e` cf| rgfu hg O{gk' Mgg{ma t|kbhth~m~hfg

msk|mekr <;'> bkg~hik~k|r (=4 hgb`kr hg [ammglmm~m|'

^`k msk|mek ma~h~{nk fc Ifgefahm hr =!;04 ik~k|r (;!<=> ckk~

mlfsk rkm akska' [ammglmm~m|%r ma~h~{nk hr =!2;= ik~k|r (>!>;0ckk~! u`hb` hr mlf{~ ~`k rmik ma~h~{nk mr Nkgsk|' Rfik

tkftak kptk|hkgbk r`f|~gkrr fc l|km~`! afu kgk|ex akskar! mgn

cm~he{k n{|hge mh| t|krr{|k b`mgekr hg ~`k rt|hge'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M <=

\ K RF[ \B K R CF \

C[\^@ K \ H G CF \IM^ H FG

Cfaafuhge hr m ahr~ fc uklrh~kr cf| mnnh~hfgma hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~

~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr mgn Ifgefahm! f| ~f bfggkb~ xf{ ~f |k~{|gkn

Sfa{g~kk|r mgn f~`k| hgsh~kkr' Takmrk jkkt hg ihgn ~`m~

ma~`f{e` uk ~|x ~f imjk r{|k maa ~`krk ahgjr m|k mb~hsk mgn

b{||kg~! uk bmggf~ e{m|mg~kk h~'

M gf~k fc bm{~hfg? Mr xf{ r{|c ~`krk rh~kr! lk mum|k ~`m~ xf{

uhaa chgn l{aak~hg lfm|nr mgn b`m~ |ffir hg u`hb` tkftak

m|k c|kk ~f ehsk fthghfgr mgn mnshbk lmrkn fg ~`kh| fug

kptk|hkgbkr' ^`k fthghfgr kpt|krrkn m|k gf~ ~`frk fc ~`k

Tkmbk Bf|tr f| ~`k ['R' efsk|gikg~' Xf{ imx chgn fthghfgr

fc tkftak u`f uk|k {g`mttx uh~` ~`kh| b`fhbk ~f rk|sk hg ~`kTkmbk Bf|tr' Mr xf{ |kmn ~`krk bfiikg~r! uk `ftk xf{ uhaa

jkkt hg ihgn ~`m~ ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr hr gf~ cf| ksk|xfgk! mgn gf

~uf tkftak kptk|hkgbk ~`kh| rk|shbk hg ~`k rmik umx'

Ekgk|ma Hgcf|im~hfg Mlf{~ Ifgefahm

uuu'bf{g~|xum~b`'bfi

Fg ~`hr rh~k! xf{ bmg akm|g mgx~`hge c|fi u`m~ ~hik h~ hr hg

[ammglmm~m| ~f hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~ bfgsk|~hge b{||kgbx c|fi

~`k nfaam| ~f ~`k ~{e|hj' O{r~ bahbj fg Ifgefahm mgn ef c|fi

~`k|k'

uuu'afgkaxtamgk~'bfi&nkr~hgm~hfgr

Shrh~ ~`hr rh~k ~f akm|g maa xf{ gkkn ~f jgfu mlf{~ mgx bf{g~|xhg ~`k uf|an'



T K M B K B F \ T R<<

uuu'r~m~k'efs

^`k ['R' R~m~k Nktm|~ikg~%r uklrh~k hrr{kr lmbje|f{gn gf~kr

tk|hfnhbmaax mlf{~ bf{g~|hkr m|f{gn ~`k uf|an' Chgn Ifgefahmmgn akm|g if|k mlf{~ h~r rfbhma mgn tfah~hbma `hr~f|x'

uuu'tr|'jkkak'mb'{j&fcchbhma'`~i

^`hr rh~k hgba{nkr ahgjr ~f maa ~`k fcchbhma rh~kr cf| efsk|gikg~r

fc bf{g~|hkr m|f{gn ~`k uf|an'

uuu'ekfe|mt`x'mlf{~'bfi&ahl|m|x&imtr&lahgnkp'`~i

^`hr fgahgk uf|an m~amr hgba{nkr imtr mgn ekfe|mt`hbma

hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~ bf{g~|hkr m|f{gn ~`k uf|an' Kmb` bf{g~|x

tmek bfg~mhgr ahgjr ~f f~`k| rh~kr! r{b` mr ~`k Ahl|m|x fc

Bfge|krr! ~`m~ bfg~mhg bfit|k`kgrhsk `hr~f|hbma! rfbhma! mgn

tfah~hbma lmbje|f{gn'

uuu'bxlk|rb`ffal{r'{g'f|e&hgcfgm~hfg&hgcf'mrt

^`hr [gh~kn Gm~hfgr rh~k maafur xf{ ~f rkm|b` cf| r~m~hr~hbmahgcf|im~hfg cf| ikilk| r~m~kr fc ~`k ['G'

uuu'uf|anhgcf|im~hfg'bfi

^`hr rh~k t|fshnkr mg mnnh~hfgma rf{|bk fc b{||kg~ mgn

`hr~f|hbma hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~ bf{g~|hkr uf|anuhnk'

Bfggkb~ Uh~` \k~{|gkn Sfa{g~kk|r mgn F~`k| Hgsh~kkr

`~~t?&&ba{lr'xm`ff'bfi&ba{lr&tkmbkbf|tr

^`hr Xm`ff rh~k `fr~r m l{aak~hg lfm|n u`k|k t|frtkb~hsk

Sfa{g~kk|r mgn |k~{|gkn Sfa{g~kk|r bmg bfik ~fek~`k|'

uuu'cmbklffj'bfi&Tkmbk Bf|tr Ifgefahm e|f{t

^`hr cmbklffj e|f{t umr hgh~hm~kn lx b{||kg~ Sfa{g~kk|r mgnmaafur hgsh~kkr m b`mgbk ~f hg~k|mb~ mifge ~`kirkaskr mgn

uh~` Sfa{g~kk|r'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M <2

uuu'|tbs'f|e

^`hr hr ~`k rh~k fc ~`k Gm~hfgma Tkmbk Bf|tr Mrrfbhm~hfg!

imnk {t fc |k~{|gkn Sfa{g~kk|r' Fg ~`hr rh~k xf{ bmg chgnahgjr ~f maa ~`k ukltmekr fc ~`k ‑c|hkgnr fc’ e|f{tr cf| ifr~

bf{g~|hkr fc rk|shbk! imnk {t fc cf|ik| Sfa{g~kk|r u`f

rk|skn hg ~`frk bf{g~|hkr' ^`k|k m|k marf |kehfgma e|f{tr u`f

c|k}{kg~ax ek~ ~fek~`k| cf| rfbhma kskg~r mgn afbma Sfa{g~kk|

mb~hsh~hkr' F| ef r~|mhe`~ ~f ~`k C|hkgnr fc Ifgefahm rh~k? uuu'

c|hkgnrfcifgefahm'f|e'

uuu'tkmbkbf|tru|h~k|r'f|e

^`hr rh~k hr `fr~kn lx m e|f{t fc |k~{|gkn Sfa{g~kk| u|h~k|r'

H~ hr m ifg~`ax fgahgk t{lahbm~hfg fc krrmxr mgn Sfa{g~kk|

mbbf{g~r c|fi bf{g~|hkr m|f{gn ~`k uf|an'

Fgahgk M|~hbakr&B{||kg~ Gkur Rh~kr Mlf{~ Ifgefahm

uuu'Ifgefahm^fnmx'bfi

Mg fgahgk imemzhgk r~m|~kn lx ~uf Ifgefahmg of{|gmahr~r

`~~t?&&{ammglmm~m|'gk~&`fik&hgnkp'r`~ia

M uklrh~k ~`m~ cfb{rkr fg ~`k bmth~ma bh~x

`~~t?&&uuu'ifgefaikrrkgek|'ig

^`k Ifgefa Ikrrkgek| hr fgk fc ~uf Kgeahr` amge{mek

gkurtmtk|r hg Ifgefahm'

`~~t?&&{ltfr~'ifgefagkur'ig&imhg&hgnkp't`t

^`k [L Tfr~ hr ~`k f~`k| Kgeahr` amge{mek tmtk|'

Hg~k|gm~hfgma Nkskaftikg~ Rh~kr Mlf{~ Ifgefahm

uuu'{g)ifgefahm'ig

Hgcf|im~hfg mlf{~ ~`k uf|j fc ~`k [gh~kn Gm~hfgr hg Ifgefahm



T K M B K B F \ T R<>

uuu'k{|mrhmgk~'f|e&|krf{|bk&ifgefahm&hgnkp'r`~ia

M rh~k uh~` ahgjr ~f m sm|hk~x fc |krf{|bkr

\kbfiikgnkn Lffjr

=' Efanr~khg! Ikasxg B'! mgn Bxg~`hm I' Lkmaa' ^`k

B`mgehge Uf|an fc Ifgefahm%r Gfimnr' Lk|jkakx?

[ghsk|rh~x fc Bmahcf|ghm T|krr! =88>'

<' Jf`g! Ihb`mka' Afgkax Tamgk~ Ifgefahm' Cff~rb|mx!

Shb~f|hm: Afgnfg? Afgkax Tamgk~ T{lahbm~hfgr! <44;'

2' Rmgnk|r! Mamg O'@'! mgn O' Lm~)H|kknh{' Afgkax Tamgk~

Ifgefahmg T`|mrklffj' Cff~rb|mx! Shb~f|hm: Afgnfg?

Afgkax Tamgk~ T{lahbm~hfgr! =88;'

>' Rm|mgek|ka! Fnhemg' \hnhge Uhgn`f|rkr? M Of{|gkx

Hg~f ~`k @km|~ fc Ifgefahmg R`mimghri' \fb`kr~k|!

Sk|ifg~? Nkr~hgx Lffjr! <444'

;' Rksk|hg! ^hi' Hg Rkm|b` fc Ekge`hr J`mg? Mg

Kp`ham|m~hge Of{|gkx fg @f|rklmbj mb|frr ~`k

R~kttkr fc Ifgefahm' GX? Bfftk| R}{m|k T|krr! <442'

3' Ukm~`k|cf|n! Ombj' Ekge`hr J`mg mgn ~`k Imjhge fc

~`k Ifnk|g Uf|an' B|fug T{lahr`k|r! <44>'

Lffjr Mlf{~ ~`k @hr~f|x fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

=' @fccimg! Kahzmlk~` Bfllr' Maa Xf{ Gkkn hr Afsk? ^`k

Tkmbk Bf|tr mgn ~`k Rth|h~ fc ~`k =834r' Bmil|hnek!

Imrr'? @m|sm|n [ghsk|rh~x T|krr! <444'

<' \hbk! Ek|man '̂ ^`k Lfan Kptk|hikg~? OCJ%r Tkmbk

Bf|tr' Gf~|k Nmik! Hgn'? [ghsk|rh~x fc Gf~|k NmikT|krr! =80;'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M <;

2' R~frrka! Rbf~~' Rm|ek? ^`k Ahck mgn ^hikr fc Rm|ekg~

R`|hsk|' Umr`hge~fg! N'B'? Rih~`rfghmg Hgr~h~{~hfg

T|krr! <44>'

Lffjr fg ~`k Sfa{g~kk| Kptk|hkgbk

=' Nh|ami! R`m|fg' Lkxfgn Rhlk|hm? ûf Xkm|r hg m

Cf|ef~~kg Tambk' Rmg~m Lm|lm|m! Bmahc'? IbRkmr Lffjr!

<44>'

<' Bmrklfa~! Im|of|hk NkIfrr' Im|em|h~m? M E{m~kimamg Tkmbk Bf|tr Kptk|hkgbk' Ehe @m|lf|! Umr`'? \kn

Mttak T{lahr`hge! <444'

2' K|nimg! Rm|m`' Ghgk @haar ~f Gmilfgjm`m? ûf

Xkm|r hg ~`k @km|~ fc mg Mc|hbmg Shaamek' Gku Xf|j!

G'X'? Thbmnf|! <442'

>' @krrak|! Tk~k|' \hsk| ^fug? ûf Xkm|r fg ~`kXmge~zk' Gku Xf|j! G'X'? Tk|kgghma! <44='

;' Jkggknx! Ek|manhgk kn' C|fi ~`k Bkg~k| fc ~`k Km|~`?

R~f|hkr f{~ fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr' Rmg~m Ifghbm! Bmahc'?

Bafsk| Tm|j T|krr! =88='

3' ^`fitrkg! If|h~z' Ahshge Tff|? M Tkmbk Bf|tr

B`|fghbak' Rkm~~ak! Umr`'? [ghsk|rh~x fc Umr`hge~fgT|krr! =885 (|kt|hg~'




A H S H G E BFG N H ^H FGR MGN

SFA[G^K K\ A H C K R^X A KBfii{ghbm~hfgr

Imha

Cku nkskafthge bf{g~|hkr hg ~`k uf|an fcck| ~`k akska fc

rk|shbk bfgrhnk|kn gf|ima hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr' Imha ~f

Ifgefahm ekgk|maax ~mjkr ~uf ~f cf{| ukkjr ~f m||hsk! mgn

rfik imha imx gksk| m||hsk' Fbbmrhfgmaax! ak~~k|r imx m||hsk

uh~` bahttkn knekr lkbm{rk rfikfgk `mr ~|hkn ~f rkk hc mgx

ifgkx umr hgrhnk' Marf! rfik lfpkr imx lk ftkgkn lx

b{r~fir fcchbhmar ~f kgr{|k gf~`hge haakema hr lkhge r`httkn'

Mnshrk xf{| cmihax mgn c|hkgnr ~f g{ilk| ~`kh| ak~~k|r mgn ~f

hgba{nk ~`k uf|n ‑Mh|imha’ fg ~`kh| kgskaftkr'

B`kbj uh~` xf{| afbma tfr~ fcchbk cf| hgcf|im~hfg fg ukhe`~

mgn rhzk ahih~m~hfgr cf| tmbjmekr' Tmbjmekr rkg~ lx r{|cmbk

imha {r{maax ~mjk ~uf ~f ~`|kk ifg~`r' Sfa{g~kk|r `msk cf{gn

~`m~ ak~~k|r mgn tmbjmekr `msk m lk~~k| b`mgbk fc m||hshge hc

bf||krtfgnkg~r nf gf~ {rk m sm|hk~x fc hg~k|kr~hge r~mitr:

u|h~k ~`k mnn|krr (uh~` ~`k kpbkt~hfg fc ‑Ifgefahm’ hg ~`k

Bx|haahb mat`mlk~: {rk r~{|nx! ukaa)~mtkn lfpkr cf| tmbjmekr(~f nhrbf{|mek ~mitk|hge: u|h~k ‑shm B`hgm’ fg imha: mgn

{rk tmnnhge cf| l|kmjmlak h~kir (hgba{nhge bmrrk~~k mgn BN

bmrkr'

Imhahge Mnn|krr

Xf{| mnn|krr u`hak xf{ m|k hg ~|mhghge hr ahr~kn lkafu hg

Kgeahr` mgn hg ~`k Bx|haahb mat`mlk~' Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc |ke{am|ax l|hge ~|mhgkkr% imha ~f ~`k ~|mhghge rh~k'



T K M B K B F \ T R<0

‑Xf{| Gmik!’ TB^

Tfr~ Fcchbk Lfp =423

Bkg~|ma Tfr~ Fcchbk[ammglmm~m| =2

Ifgefahm (shm B`hgm

‑Xf{| Gmik!’ TB^

_h} FYhVhu Eoajfi

FoV ~ffmYh

[ffmYhdk¥k }Y¥a|Yd =423TeYYhWYYgYa =2

Hohdoe TeiIfgefahm (shm B`hgm

Lk mum|k ~`m~ xf{ imx hgb{| b{r~fir b`m|ekr fg xf{|

tk|rfgma imha! krtkbhmaax tmbjmekr' @fu tmbjmekr m|k

amlkakn hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr bmg hgca{kgbk ~`krk b`m|ekr'

Cf| kpmitak! hc rfikfgk rkgnr xf{ m tmbjmek bfg~mhghge lf~`t|hg~kn im~~k| mgn ‑a{p{|x’ h~kir! r{b` mr i{rhb bmrrk~~kr!

~`k b{r~fir b`m|ekr bmab{am~kn lx ~`k tfr~ fcchbk hg Ifgefahm

uhaa ekgk|maax lk akrr hc ~`k t|hg~kn im~~k| hr kit`mrhzkn mgn

~`k a{p{|x h~kir m|k gf~'

^kakt`fgkr

Afge)nhr~mgbk bmaahge ~f ~`k ['R' c|fi amgnahgkr hr msmhamlakc|fi ksk|x rf{i (rimaa bh~x f| ~fug ~`|f{e`f{~ Ifgefahm'

T|ktmhn t`fgk bm|nr bmg lk t{|b`mrkn m~ ~kakbfi l|mgb`kr

mgn c|fi rtkbhchkn rk|shbk mekg~r' Xf{ bmg ~`kg imjk m bmaa

c|fi mgx tmx t`fgk lx cfaafuhge ~`k hgr~|{b~hfgr fg ~`k

t`fgk bm|nr'

T|k)tmhn hg~k|gm~hfgma bmaahge bm|nr m|k gfu msmhamlak hg

[ammglmm~m| mgn f~`k| bh~hkr mgn bmg lk {rkn u`kg bmaahge ~`k

['R' c|fi amgnahgkr hg ~`k bmth~ma' ^`k bfr~ cf| ~`k bmaa hr sk|x

mccf|nmlak hc xf{ l{x ~`k |he`~ bm|n' Tkmbk Bf|tr& Ifgefahm




bmg fcck| xf{ mnshbk fg u`hb` bm|nr m|k ~`k lkr~ ~f t{|b`mrk

u`hak hg [ammglmm~m|'

Xf{| `fr~ cmihax n{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge imx `msk m

t`fgk: hc rf! cmihax mgn c|hkgnr bmg bmaa xf{ nh|kb~ax ~`k|k'

(Gf~k ~`m~ ~`k ~hik hg Ifgefahm hr =< ~f =2 `f{|r am~k| ~`mg

Kmr~k|g R~mgnm|n ^hik' Rfik Sfa{g~kk|r bmaa `fik {rhge

mg Hg~k|gk~ t`fgk rk|shbk: ~`k bfr~ hr ekgk|maax u`m~ksk| ~`k

b`m|ek hr cf| ~`k Hg~k|gk~ bfggkb~hfg'

Bkaat`fgk rk|shbk hr sk|x bfiifg hg Ifgefahm' Mc~k| bfitak~hge~|mhghge mgn rukm|hge)hg mr m Sfa{g~kk|! xf{ uhaa |kbkhsk m Tkmbk

Bf|tr)hrr{kn bkaat`fgk' U`hak ~|mhgkkr m|k gf~ t|f`hlh~kn c|fi

t{|b`mrhge m tk|rfgma bkaat`fgk t|hf| ~f rukm|hge)hg! Tkmbk

Bf|tr&Ifgefahm uhaa gf~ |khil{|rk ~`hr bfr~' Imgx bkaat`fgkr

t{|b`mrkn hg ~`k ['R' uhaa gf~ uf|j hg Ifgefahm'

Bfit{~k|! Hg~k|gk~! mgn Kimha Mbbkrr

Ma~`f{e` bfit{~k|r bmg lk lf{e`~ afbmaax! ~`kx ekgk|maax nf

gf~ bfik uh~` sh|{r t|f~kb~hfg rfc~um|k f| rxr~ki rfc~um|k

lmbj{t nhrjr' Hc xf{ l|hge xf{| fug bfit{~k|! |kikilk|

~`m~ ~`k ukm~`k| hg Ifgefahm bmg lk `m|n fg ABN rb|kkgr

mgn kakb~|fghb k}{htikg~ imx lk nmimekn lx tfuk| r{|ekr'

Xf{ r`f{an marf bfgrhnk| hgr{|hge xf{| bfit{~k|' Rfik

`fr~ f|emghzm~hfgr t|fshnk ahih~kn mbbkrr ~f bfit{~k|r! l{~~`kx fc~kg bfg~mhg bfg~mihgm~kn chakr mgn imx gf~ `msk ~`k

gkbkrrm|x lmbj{t nhrjr f| rfc~um|k ~f chp m t|flaki'

Hg~k|gk~ bfggkb~hfgr m|k |m|k l{~ hgb|kmrhge hg rimaak| ~fugr

mgn bfii{gh~hkr' Ifr~ t|fshgbhma bkg~k|r gfu `msk mbbkrr

~f ~`k Hg~k|gk~! {r{maax m~ ~`k afbma tfr~ fcchbk f| ~kakbfi

bkg~k|' Hg [ammglmm~m|! Hg~k|gk~ bmckr m|k takg~hc{a! mgn ~`k

|m~kr ~`k|k);44 ~f =!;44 ~{e|hjr (.'>; ~f .='>4 tk| `f{|)m|k

b`kmtk| ~`mg karku`k|k' ^`f{e` bfggkb~hfgr bmg lk {gr~mlak

mgn c|{r~|m~hgeax rafu! mgn tfuk| f{~mekr fbb{|! h~ hr r~haa ghbk

~f bfii{ghbm~k rf }{hbjax uh~` cmihax mgn c|hkgnr'




@f{rhge mgn Rh~k Afbm~hfg

N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge xf{ uhaa ahsk uh~` m `fr~ cmihax'

N{|hge xf{| ~uf xkm|r fc rk|shbk! Sfa{g~kk|r ahsk hg rimaa

cmihax bfitf{gnr f| hg rktm|m~k mtm|~ikg~r! nktkgnhge fg

u`m~ hr msmhamlak m~ ~`kh| rh~k' Ifr~ rh~kr m|k afbm~kn kh~`k| hg m

t|fshgbhma ~fug bkg~k| (mhime hg Ifgefahmg mgxu`k|k c|fi

;4 ~f maifr~ <!444 jhafik~k|r (2= ~f =!<>4 ihakr lx |fmn

c|fi ~`k bmth~ma! f| hg t|fshgbhma shaamekr ( rf{ir ~`m~ m|k

{t ~f cf{| `f{|r lx bm| c|fi mg mhime' M cku Sfa{g~kk|r m|kmrrhegkn ~f [ammglmm~m|'

Hgb|kmrhgeax! Sfa{g~kk|r hg Ifgefahm ahsk hg kh~`k| ek|r (x{|~r

f| uffnkg `f{rkr! r`m|hge m bfitf{gn uh~` m Ifgefahmg

cmihax' Kg`mgbkn b{a~{|ma hg~k|mb~hfg! hit|fskn amge{mek

rjhaar! mgn e|km~k| Sfa{g~kk| rmck~x `msk maa |kr{a~kn c|fi ~`hr

ahshge m||mgekikg~' Bh~x sfa{g~kk|r imx ahsk hg mtm|~ikg~r'

M ek| hr m |f{gn ~kg~ fc mlf{~ <4 ckk~ hg nhmik~k|! imnk fc

m uffnkg am~~hbk bfsk|kn uh~` ~`hbj cka~' ^`k hgrhnk bfgrhr~r

fc fgk |ffi uh~` c{|gh~{|k m|f{gn ~`k bh|b{ick|kgbk mgn m

uffn r~fsk hg ~`k bkg~k|'

Ahshge Maafumgbk mgn Ifgkx Imgmekikg~['R' nfaam|r bmg lk kpb`mgekn m~ sm|hf{r tambkr hg

[ammglmm~m|! hgba{nhge `f~kar! ~`k ^|mnk mgn Nkskaftikg~

Lmgj! tfr~ fcchbkr! mgn akema ifgkx kpb`mgek cmbhah~hkr'

Nktkgnhge {tfg ~`k rhzk fc xf{| bfii{gh~x! xf{ imx lk mlak

~f b`mgek ifgkx ~`k|k mr ukaa' Imgx tambkr uhaa gf~ kpb`mgek

cf| ['R' nfaam|r ~`m~ m|k fan mgn u|hgjakn! ~`kx ahjk t|hr~hgk

lhaar' Marf! ~`k kpb`mgek |m~k hr ihg{~kax afuk| cf| ~|mskak|%r

b`kbjr fc mgx rhzk f| lhaar hg nkgfihgm~hfgr rimaak| ~`mg .;4'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M 2=

^`k|k m|k ~uf ft~hfgr cf| ek~~hge bmr` ~|mgrck||kn c|fi ~`k

[gh~kn R~m~kr' ^`k b`kmtkr~ mgn kmrhkr~ hr {rhge mg MÎ

imb`hgk' ^`k|k m|k hg~k|gm~hfgmaax bfggkb~kn MÎr m|f{gn~`k bh~x' Rfik nf gf~ `msk afbma ckkr! l{~ xf{| ['R' lmgj imx

b`m|ek xf{ ~f {rk ~`ki' U`hak b|knh~ bm|nr m|k fc ahih~kn {rk

hg Ifgefahm! ~`kx m|k mbbkt~kn lx imof| `f~kar! |kr~m{|mg~r!

mgn r`ftr mgn imx bfik hg `mgnx u`kg ~|mskahge f{~rhnk ~`k

bf{g~|x' ^|mskak|%r b`kbjr bmg lk t{|b`mrkn m~ ~`k ^|mnk mgn

Nkskaftikg~ Lmgj hg [ammglmm~m| mgn bmr`kn ~`k|k cf| m <

tk|bkg~ ckk' Ma~`f{e` cku |k~mha f{~ch~r hg Ifgefahm uhaa mbbkt~~`ki! ~`kx m|k {rkc{a cf| ~|mska hg f~`k| bf{g~|hkr hg ~`k

|kehfg' Tk|rfgma b`kbjr m|k gf~ mbbkt~kn hg Ifgefahm'

Xf{ m|k ahjkax ~f rtkgn |f{eàx 34 tk|bkg~ fc xf{| ahshge

maafumgbk fg cffn! mgn xf{ t|flmlax uhaa gf~ lk mlak ~f

imhg~mhg ~`k ahckr~xak! hgba{nhge nhk~! ~f u`hb` xf{ m|k

mbb{r~fikn hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr' Cf| fgk ~`hge! h~ hr nhcchb{a~

~f chgn ~`k uhnk sm|hk~x fc cffnr msmhamlak hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr'

H~ hr marf hitf|~mg~ ~`m~ xf{ ahsk m~ ~`k rmik kbfgfihb akska mr

~`k tkftak hg xf{| bfii{gh~x'

Cffn mgn Nhk~

Fgbk m gm~hfg fc gfimnhb `k|nrimg! Ifgefahm hr jgfug mr

~`k Amgn fc Chsk Mghimar ‒ r`kkt! efm~r! bm~~ak! `f|rkr! mgn

bmikar' ^|mnh~hfgmaax! `k|nrikg ef~ ksk|x~`hge ~`kx gkknkn

~f r{|shsk c|fi ~`krk mghimar' ^fnmx%r nhk~ r~haa |kahkr `kmshax

fg ikm~ mgn nmh|x t|fn{b~r' Ck|ikg~kn im|k%r ihaj hr ~`k

~|mnh~hfgma bk|kifghma n|hgj'

^`k imhg ikm~r m|k i{~~fg mgn lkkc! l{~ Ifgefahmgr marf

km~ efm~! `f|rk! im|if~! mgn bmika' Rfik Ifgefahmgr l{x mr`kkt bm|bmrr ~f t{~ f{~ fg ~`kh| lmabfgx cf| ~`k uhg~k| (m

gm~{|ma bfan r~f|mek ik~`fn' Ifgefahmg b`hbjkgr `msk lkkg

nkrb|hlkn mr ‑sk|x m~àk~hb’ mgn m|k effn cf| r~kuhge! l{~ gfu



T K M B K B F \ T R2<

m af~ fc b`hbjkg hr hitf|~kn' Chr` hr rfik~hikr rfan m~ im|jk~r

f| nff|)~f)nff|' M sk|x ahih~kn sm|hk~x fc c|kr` c|{h~r mgn

skek~mlakr mttkm|r hg ~`k im|jk~r! l{~ ~`krk cffnr m|k gf~ mimof| tm|~ fc ~`k afbma nhk~'

^`k ~|mnh~hfgma nhk~ bmg lk lamgn! ifgf~fgf{r! mgn `he` hg cm~

mgn b`fakr~k|fa! mgn h~ imx lk nhcchb{a~ ~f ahih~ xf{| cm~ hg~mjk

u`hak km~hge uh~` xf{| gkhe`lf|r' Hc xf{ m|k m skek~m|hmg! xf{

imx chgn h~ nhcchb{a~ ~f imhg~mhg xf{| nhk~ lkbm{rk fc lf~`

ahih~kn cffn msmhamlhah~x mgn b{a~{|ma bfgrhnk|m~hfgr' ^`k

Tkmbk Bf|tr ahshge maafumgbk! `fuksk|! uhaa kgmlak xf{ ~f

l{x rfik hitf|~kn c|kr` mgn bmggkn c|{h~r mgn skek~mlakr

fg shrh~r ~f t|fshgbhma bkg~k|r! rf m ifnkr~ skek~m|hmg nhk~

hr bk|~mhgax tfrrhlak! malkh~ nhcchb{a~' ^{|ghge nfug cffn bmg

fcckgn Ifgefahmgr! u`f lkahksk ikm~ hr gkbkrrm|x cf| r{|shsma

hg `m|r` bahim~kr! rf m skek~m|hmg uhaa `msk ~f lkbfik effn m~

kptamhghge `hr f| `k| ‑r~|mgek’ nhk~ ~f Ifgefahmgr' Hc xf{ m|k

skemg uk |kbfiikgn ~`m~ xf{ bfgrhnk| mno{r~hge xf{| nhk~m|x

|kr~|hb~hfgr mr tamg~ t|f~khg bmg lk hitfrrhlak ~f chgn f{~rhnk

fc imof| bh~hkr'

^|mgrtf|~m~hfg

^|mska mifge bh~hkr lx l{r! smg! f| \{rrhmg)imnk okkt hr

ifr~ax fg {gtmskn |fmnr' ^`k t|hbk fc |hnkr! u`hb` nktkgnr

fg ~`k t|hbk fc ~`k c{ka r{ttahkn lx \{rrhm! `mr ca{b~{m~kn

e|km~ax hg |kbkg~ xkm|r' Sfa{g~kk|r m|k t|f`hlh~kn c|fi

n|hshge if~f|hzkn sk`hbakr hg Ifgefahm f| c|fi |hnhge fg f|

ftk|m~hge if~f|bxbakr' Rfik bh~hkr m|k marf rk|skn lx ~|mhg

mgn kptkgrhsk cahe`~r'

Ekfe|mt`x mgn Bahim~k

T|flmlax ~`k ch|r~ ~`hge xf{ uk|k ~fan mlf{~ Ifgefahm umr ~`m~

h~ hr sk|x bfan' ^`hr hr ~|{k' L{~ |m~`k| ~`mg ~|x ~f mg~hbhtm~k




~`k sm|hf{r ukm~`k| tm~~k|gr fc ~`k bf{g~|x! h~ hr lk~~k| ~f

t|ktm|k cf| ~`k uf|r~)bmrk rbkgm|hf! u`hb` hr )>4 B ()>4

C uh~` m uhgn b`haa cmb~f| fc );; B ()35 C' U`hak ~`hr imxrf{gn {glkm|mlak! Sfa{g~kk|r m|k ehskg imgx r~|m~kehkr cf|

‑lkm~hge’ ~`k bfan c|fi ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr ~|mhghge r~mcc mgn

~`kh| Ifgefahmg gkhe`lf|r' H~ hr hitf|~mg~ ~f |kikilk| ~`m~

ihaahfgr fc tkftak! hgba{nhge `{gn|knr fc Sfa{g~kk|r! ahsk mgn

~`|hsk `k|k hg ~`k uhg~k|' ^`k uhg~k| hr sk|x r{ggx mgn {r{maax

uhgnakrr'

Rt|hge hr r{ggx mgn kp~|kikax uhgnx! mgn n{r~ r~f|ir m|k

bfiifg' ^`k ~kitk|m~{|k |mgekr c|fi =4 B ~f <4 B (;4)30

C! l{~ ~`k uhgn imjkr h~ rkki bfank|' R{iik| hr r{ggx mgn

l|kkzx! uh~` mg msk|mek ~kitk|m~{|k hg ~`k afu <4r (54r C!

~`f{e` h~ bmg ek~ mr `f~ mr 2; B (83 C fg m |ke{am| lmrhr'

M{~{ig hr r`f|~! uh~` ~kitk|m~{|kr rhiham| ~f ~`frk hg rt|hge'

^`k r{g r`hgkr maifr~ ksk|x nmx hg Ifgefahm! kskg hg uhg~k|!

mgn ~`k eam|k c|fi ~`k rgfu bmg lk hg~kgrk! rf r{geamrrkr m|k

m gkbkrrh~x'

Rfbhma Mb~hsh~hkr

Ma~`f{e` Ifgefahm%r ~|mnh~hfgmaax gfimnhb `k|nrikg m|k gfu

bficf|~mlak fg lf~` if~f|bxbakr mgn `f|rkr mgn imgx ahsk hg

mtm|~ikg~r |m~`k| ~`mg hg ek|r! Ifgefahm `mr gf~ afr~ h~r |hb`

b{a~{|ma `k|h~mek' ^`k Ifgefahmg tkftak%r `frth~mah~x kgn{|kr!

mgn ifr~ rfbhma ahck m~ Sfa{g~kk| rh~kr bkg~k|r fg shrh~hge

c|hkgnr% `fikr |m~`k| ~`mg efhge f{~ ~f lm|r mgn ba{lr'

Ifgefahmgr kgofx m uhnk sm|hk~x fc rtf|~r' Rfbbk|! sfaakxlmaa!

lmrjk~lmaa! ~mlak ~kgghr! mgn ~`k gm~hfgma rtf|~ fc u|kr~ahge maa

~mjk tambk n{|hge ~`k r{iik|' @hjhge hr marf tft{am| n{|hge~`k um|ik| ifg~`r' B|frr)bf{g~|x rjhhge! raknnhge! mgn hbk)

rjm~hge m|k tft{am| tmr~hikr hg ~`k uhg~k|'



T K M B K B F \ T R2>

T|fckrrhfgmahri! N|krr! mgn Lk`mshf|

H~ hr sk|x hitf|~mg~ ~`m~ xf{ n|krr t|fckrrhfgmaax hg uf|j

rk~~hger! u`k|k ~`k mttkm|mgbk fc ~`k r~mcc |kcakb~r fg ~`k

fcchbk mr m u`fak' Xf{ m|k marf kptkb~kn ~f n|krr t|fckrrhfgmaax

n{|hge ~|mhghge! u`hb` ikmgr gf r`f|~r f| ^)r`h|~r! ma~`f{e`

bakmg okmgr uh~`f{~ |htr m|k mbbkt~mlak' Xf{ uhaa gkkn m if|k

cf|ima f{~ch~ cf| lkhge ruf|g)hg mr m Sfa{g~kk|' Maa baf~`kr

r`f{an lk bakmg m~ maa ~hikr'

^`k imhg efma hr ~f ch~ hg~f Ifgefahmg b{a~{|k! hg u`hb`t|fckrrhfgmar! krtkbhmaax ~kmb`k|r! n|krr ukaa' ^xthbma baf~`hge

cf| ikg hgba{nkr rambjr! m bfaam|kn r`h|~ uh~` m rukm~k| f|

ombjk~! m ~hk! mgn n|krr r`fkr' Ufikg ~kgn ~f ukm| n|krrkr f|

n|krrx rambjr f| rjh|~r uh~` laf{rk)mgn)rukm~k| bfilhgm~hfgr

mgn ghbk lff~r f| `he`)`kkakn r`fkr'

Ifr~ Ifgefahmgr `msk fgax m cku f{~ch~r cf| uf|j mgn uhaa gf~

o{nek xf{ gkem~hskax cf| ukm|hge fgax m cku xf{|rkac' Xf{ bmg

ukm| ~`k rmik f{~ch~r memhg mgn memhg mgn gf fgk uhaa bm|k f|

gf~hbk'

Rtkbhma gf~kr?

• T|fckrrhfgmar hg Ifgefahm ukm| ~`kh| `mh| hg cmh|ax

bfgrk|sm~hsk r~xakr' Ma~`f{e` xf{ ihe`~ rkk xf{ge ikg

fg ~`k r~|kk~r fc [ammglmm~m|! Nm|j`mg! f| K|nkgk~uh~` r`f{ank|)akge~` `mh|! afge `mh| fg ikg hr |m|k hg

~`k t|fckrrhfgma kgsh|fgikg~' Imak Sfa{g~kk|r r`f{an

bfik ~f ~|mhghge uh~` ~`kh| `mh| bfgrk|sm~hskax b{~ mgn

r~xakn mgn gf~ kpbkknhge r`f{ank| akge~`' Mc~k| xf{

`msk bfitak~kn t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge! lkkg m~ xf{| tfr~

cf| ~`|kk ifg~`r! mgn `msk kr~mlahr`kn xf{| b|knhlhah~x!

xf{ ihe`~ chgn ~`m~ h~ hr mbbkt~mlak ~f ukm| m akrr

bfgrk|sm~hsk r~xak'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M 2;

• Lfnx thk|bhger m|k gf~ bfiifg hg t|fckrrhfgma rk~~hger'

Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm |k}{h|kr Sfa{g~kk|r ~f |kifsk

cmbhma thk|bhger (uh~` ~`k kpbkt~hfg fc km||hger hg

ufikg ~`|f{e` t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge mgn n{|hge ~`k

ch|r~ cf{| ifg~`r fc rk|shbk' ^`hr maafur Sfa{g~kk|r ~f

kr~mlahr` m t|fckrrhfgma |mttf|~ uh~` bfaakme{kr mgn

bf{g~k|tm|~r'

\kum|nr mgn C|{r~|m~hfgr

Ma~`f{e` ~`k tf~kg~hma cf| ofl rm~hrcmb~hfg hg Ifgefahm hr

}{h~k `he`! ahjk maa Sfa{g~kk|r! xf{ imx kgbf{g~k| g{ik|f{r

c|{r~|m~hfgr' Lkbm{rk fc chgmgbhma f| f~`k| b`maakgekr! rfik

bfaamlf|m~hge mekgbhkr nf gf~ maumxr t|fshnk ~`k r{ttf|~

~`kx t|fihrkn' Hg mnnh~hfg! ~`k tmbk fc uf|j mgn ahck hr rafuk|

~`mg u`m~ ifr~ Mik|hbmgr m|k mbb{r~fikn ~f! mgn rfik

tkftak xf{ uf|j uh~` imx lk `krh~mg~ ~f b`mgek t|mb~hbkr

mgn ~|mnh~hfgr ~`m~ m|k bkg~{|hkr fan' Cf| ~`krk |kmrfgr! ~`k

Tkmbk Bf|tr kptk|hkgbk fc mnmt~hge ~f m gku b{a~{|k mgn

kgsh|fgikg~ hr fc~kg nkrb|hlkn mr m rk|hkr fc kif~hfgma tkmjr

mgn smaakxr'

Xf{ uhaa lk ehskg m `he` nke|kk fc |krtfgrhlhah~x mgn

hgnktkgnkgbk hg xf{| uf|j)tk|`mtr if|k ~`mg hg mgx f~`k|

ofl xf{ `msk `mn f| uhaa `msk' Xf{ uhaa fc~kg chgn xf{|rkac hgrh~{m~hfgr ~`m~ |k}{h|k mg mlhah~x ~f if~hsm~k xf{|rkac mgn xf{|

bf)uf|jk|r uh~` ah~~ak e{hnmgbk c|fi r{tk|shrf|r' Xf{ ihe`~

uf|j cf| ifg~`r uh~`f{~ rkkhge mgx shrhlak hitmb~ c|fi! f|

uh~`f{~ |kbkhshge ckknlmbj fg! xf{| uf|j' Nkskaftikg~ hr m

rafu t|fbkrr' Tfrh~hsk t|fe|krr ifr~ fc~kg bfikr mc~k| ~`k

bfilhgkn kccf|~r fc rksk|ma Sfa{g~kk|r fsk| ~`k bf{|rk fc

imgx xkm|r' Xf{ i{r~ tfrrkrr ~`k rkac)bfgchnkgbk! tm~hkgbk!mgn shrhfg ~f bfg~hg{k uf|jhge ~fum|n afge)~k|i efmar

uh~`f{~ rkkhge hiiknhm~k |kr{a~r'




^f fsk|bfik ~`krk nhcchb{a~hkr! xf{ uhaa gkkn im~{|h~x!

cakphlhah~x! ftkg)ihgnkngkrr! mgn |krf{|bkc{agkrr' Ifgefahmgr

m|k um|i! c|hkgnax! mgn `frth~mlak! mgn ~`k Tkmbk Bf|trr~mcc! xf{| bf)uf|jk|r! mgn ckaafu Sfa{g~kk|r uhaa r{ttf|~ xf{

n{|hge ~hikr fc b`maakgek! mr ukaa mr hg ifikg~r fc r{bbkrr'

O{nehge lx ~`k kptk|hkgbk fc cf|ik| Sfa{g~kk|r! ~`k tkmjr

m|k ukaa uf|~` ~`k nhcchb{a~ ~hikr! mgn ifr~ Sfa{g~kk|r akmsk

Ifgefahm ckkahge ~`m~ ~`kx `msk emhgkn i{b` if|k ~`mg ~`kx

rmb|hchbkn n{|hge ~`kh| rk|shbk' Hc xf{ m|k mlak ~f imjk ~`k

bfiih~ikg~ ~f hg~ke|m~k hg~f xf{| bfii{gh~x mgn uf|j `m|n! xf{ uhaa lk m r{bbkrrc{a Sfa{g~kk|'




G F ^ K R




T K MB K BF\TR ^\M H G H G E

Fsk|shku fc T|k)Rk|shbk ^|mhghge

T|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge (TR^ hr m b|h~hbma mgn rheghchbmg~ ~hik cf|

c{~{|k Sfa{g~kk|r' H~ hr m ~hik ~f em~`k| ~`k ~ffar xf{ uhaa {rk

n{|hge xf{| rk|shbk: ~f uf|j ~`|f{e` b{a~{|k r`fbj mgn ek~

mg hnkm fc ~`k |kmah~x fc uf|jhge hg m bf{g~|x f~`k| ~`mg fgk%r

fug: mgn ~f ~kr~ xf{| mrr{it~hfgr mgn kptkb~m~hfgr mlf{~Ifgefahm mgn h~r tkftak! xf{| ekgk|ma |fak hg nkskaftikg~!

mgn xf{| tm|~hb{am| mrrhegikg~ mgn ahshge bfgnh~hfgr'

^`k TR^ `{lrh~k hr lmrkn hg m t|fshgbhma ~fug bkg~k|! gf~ hg

[ammglmm~m|! mgn amr~r == ukkjr' Xf{ uhaa r~mx m~ ~`k t|fshgbhma

bkg~k| uh~` xf{| ~|mhghge e|f{t cf| m bf{tak nmxr lkcf|k

ifshge hg uh~` m `fr~ cmihax afbm~kn uh~`hg fgk ~f ~uf `f{|r

fc ~`k t|fshgbhma bkg~k|' ^`k ~|mhghge e|f{t uhaa lk nhrtk|rkn

mifge m g{ilk| fc `fr~ bfii{gh~hkr' Im||hkn bf{takr u`frk

mrrhegikg~ m|kmr m|k nhcck|kg~ uhaa lk tambkn hg rktm|m~k `fr~

bfii{gh~hkr n{|hge TR^ mgn hg maa bmrkr uhaa lk ahshge uh~`

rktm|m~k `fr~ cmihahkr' ^`hr bfii{gh~x)lmrkn ~|mhghge (BL^

ifnka hr nkrhegkn ~f hiik|rk xf{ hg Ifgefahm lx tambhge

Sfa{g~kk|r hg if|k |kmahr~hb rh~{m~hfgr mgn ~f lkehg ~f nkskaft

bfii{gh~x hg~ke|m~hfg rjhaar km|ax fg' ^`k t`hafrft`x lk`hgnBL^ hr ~`m~ ‑kptk|hkgbk hr ~`k lkr~ ~kmb`k|’ mgn ~`m~ hr ~`k

~|mhghge mtt|fmb` ~`m~ e{hnkr TB Ifgefahm'

^`k ~xthbma ~|mhghge nmx)|{gghge c|fi mtt|fphim~kax 8 m'i'

~f 3 t'i')bfgrhr~r fc cf{| `f{|r fc amge{mek bamrr! cfaafukn

lx hg~ke|m~kn mb~hsh~hkr mgn rkrrhfgr fg b|frr)b{a~{|ma hrr{kr!

~kb`ghbma rjhaar |kam~kn ~f xf{| mrrhegikg~! mgn tk|rfgma`kma~` mgn rmck~x' Kmb` ~|mhgkk hr |krtfgrhlak cf| `hr f| `k|

t|ktm|m~hfg cf| lkbfihge m Sfa{g~kk| mgn hr kptkb~kn ~f ~mjk

c{aa mnsmg~mek fc u`m~ hr fcck|kn' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc r~|hskr

~f imhg~mhg mg ftkg mgn r{ttf|~hsk akm|ghge kgsh|fgikg~



T K M B K B F \ T R>4

mgn uhaa t|fshnk flokb~hsk ckknlmbj ~f `kat ~|mhgkkr nkskaft

lk`mshf|r ~`m~ uhaa akmn ~f riff~`k| b{a~{|ma hg~ke|m~hfg mgn

if|k kcckb~hsk rk|shbk'

Mg mrrkrrikg~ t|fbkrr uhaa `kat ifgh~f| xf{| t|fe|krr ~fum|n

mbbfitahr h̀ge ~`k flokb~hskr fc kmb` ~|mhghge bfitfgkg~'

Xf{ uhaa bfgn{b~ fgefhge rkac)mrrkrrikg~! mgn ~`k ~|mhghge

r~mcc uhaa imjk tk|hfnhb mrrkrrikg~r fc xf{| t|fe|krr n{|hge

cmbk ~f cmbk hg~k|shkur' ^`k ~|mhghge r~mcc uhaa lk msmhamlak

~f `kat xf{ hg mgx m|kmr fc bfgbk|g' Xf{ i{r~ r{bbkrrc{aax

bfitak~k ~`k ~|mhghge flokb~hskr lkcf|k xf{ bmg lk ruf|g hg mr

m Sfa{g~kk|'

^kb`ghbma ^|mhghge

^kb`ghbma ~|mhghge uhaa t|ktm|k xf{ ~f uf|j hg Ifgefahm lx

l{hanhge fg ~`k rjhaar xf{ ma|kmnx `msk mgn lx `kathge xf{

nkskaft gku rjhaar hg m imggk| mtt|ft|hm~k ~f ~`k gkknr fc

~`k bf{g~|x' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc! Ifgefahmg kptk|~r! mgn

b{||kg~ Sfa{g~kk|r bfgn{b~ ~`k ~|mhghge t|fe|mi' ^|mhghge

tambkr e|km~ kit`mrhr fg akm|ghge `fu ~f ~|mgrck| ~`k rjhaar

xf{ `msk ~f ~`k bfii{gh~x hg u`hb` xf{ uhaa rk|sk mr m

Sfa{g~kk|' ^`k kit`mrhr n{|hge ~|mhghge hr `mgnr)fg akm|ghge!

~|mhgkk)nh|kb~kn mb~hsh~hkr mgn ~`k kptkb~m~hfg ~`m~ kmb`

~|mhgkk i{r~ nkifgr~|m~k hgh~hm~hsk mgn rkac nh|kb~hfg'

Amge{mek # B|frr)b{a~{|ma ^|mhghge

Mr m Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|! xf{ uhaa chgn ~`m~ amge{mek rjhaar

m|k ~`k jkx ~f tk|rfgma mgn t|fckrrhfgma rm~hrcmb~hfg n{|hge

xf{| rk|shbk' ^`krk rjhaar m|k b|h~hbma ~f xf{| ofl tk|cf|imgbk!

~`kx `kat xf{ hg~ke|m~k hg~f xf{| bfii{gh~x! mgn ~`kx bmg

kmrk xf{| tk|rfgma mnmt~m~hfg ~f ~`k gku r{||f{gnhger'

^`k|kcf|k! amge{mek ~|mhghge hr ~`k `km|~ fc ~`k ~|mhghget|fe|mi! mgn xf{ i{r~ r{bbkrrc{aax ikk~ ihghi{i amge{mek

|k}{h|kikg~r ~f bfitak~k ~|mhghge mgn lkbfik m Sfa{g~kk|'

Ifgefahmg amge{mek hgr~|{b~f|r ~kmb` cf|ima amge{mek bamrrkr

chsk nmxr m ukkj hg rimaa e|f{tr fc chsk ~f rhp tkftak'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M >=

Amge{mek mgn b{a~{|ma ~|mhghge {~hahzkr m bfii{gh~x)lmrkn

mtt|fmb`' ^`hr mtt|fmb` cfb{rkr fg nkskafthge ~`k amge{mek

rjhaar gkknkn ~f c{gb~hfg r{bbkrrc{aax hg nmhax ahshge rh~{m~hfgr'Hg mnnh~hfg ~f bamrr|ffi ~hik! xf{ uhaa lk ehskg mrrhegikg~r

~f uf|j fg f{~rhnk fc ~`k bamrr|ffi mgn uh~` xf{| `fr~ cmihax'

^`k efma hr ~f ek~ xf{ ~f m tfhg~ fc lmrhb rfbhma bfii{ghbm~hfg

rjhaar rf xf{ bmg t|mb~hbk mgn nkskaft amge{mek rjhaar c{|~`k|

fg xf{| fug' T|hf| ~f rukm|hge hg mr m Sfa{g~kk|! xf{ uhaa

uf|j fg r~|m~kehkr ~f bfg~hg{k amge{mek r~{nhkr n{|hge xf{|

~uf xkm|r fc rk|shbk'

Mr tm|~ fc xf{| t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge! xf{ uhaa ahsk uh~` m

Ifgefahmg `fr~ cmihax' ^`hr `fikr~mx kptk|hkgbk hr nkrhegkn

~f kmrk xf{| ~|mgrh~hfg ~f ahck m~ xf{| rh~k' Cmihahkr `msk efgk

~`|f{e` mg f|hkg~m~hfg bfgn{b~kn lx Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc ~f

kptamhg ~`k t{|tfrk fc ~`k t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge t|fe|mi mgn

~f mrrhr~ ~`ki hg `kathge xf{ mnmt~ ~f ahshge hg Ifgefahm'

Ifgefahmg `fr~ cmihahkr ~mjk mg mb~hsk |fak hg xf{| ~|mhghge!

imjhge h~ if|k t|mb~hbma mgn |kmah~x lmrkn' Imgx Sfa{g~kk|r

cf|i r~|fge mgn amr~hge c|hkgnr`htr uh~` ~`kh| `fr~ cmihahkr'

Tk|rfgma Iknhbma ^|mhghge

N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge! xf{ uhaa lk ehskg lmrhb iknhbma

~|mhghge mgn hgcf|im~hfg' Xf{ uhaa lk kptkb~kn ~f t|mb~hbk

t|kskg~hsk `kma~` bm|k mgn ~f ~mjk |krtfgrhlhah~x cf| xf{|fug `kma~` lx mn`k|hge ~f maa iknhbma tfahbhkr' ^|mhgkkr m|k

|k}{h|kn ~f m~~kgn maa iknhbma rkrrhfgr' ^`k ~fthbr hgba{nk

t|kskg~hsk `kma~` ikmr{|kr mgn ihgf| mgn imof| iknhbma

hrr{kr ~`m~ xf{ ihe`~ kgbf{g~k| u`hak hg Ifgefahm' G{~|h~hfg!

ikg~ma `kma~`! rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x! rk~~hge {t m rmck ahshge

bfitf{gn! mgn `fu ~f msfhn @HS&MHNR mgn f~`k| rkp{maax

~|mgrih~~kn nhrkmrkr (R^Nr m|k marf bfsk|kn'

Rmck~x ^|mhghge

N{|hge ~`k rmck~x ~|mhghge rkrrhfgr xf{ uhaa akm|g `fu ~f

mnft~ m ahckr~xak ~`m~ |kn{bkr |hrj hg xf{| `fik! m~ uf|j! mgn



T K M B K B F \ T R><

n{|hge xf{| ~|mskar' Xf{ uhaa marf akm|g mtt|ft|hm~k! kcckb~hsk

r~|m~kehkr cf| bfthge uh~` {gumg~kn m~~kg~hfg mgn mlf{~ xf{|

hgnhshn{ma |krtfgrhlhah~x cf| t|fif~hge rmck~x ~`|f{e`f{~ xf{| rk|shbk' ^`k rmck~x ~|mhghge hr marf hgbf|tf|m~kn hg~f ~`k

bfitfgkg~r fc TR^! r{b` mr amge{mek! b{a~{|k! iknhbma mgn

~kb`ghbma'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M >2

G F ^ K R



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M >;

XF[ \ @ K M A^@ BM\ K MG N

R M C K ^ X H G IFGEF A H M

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% `he`kr~ t|hf|h~x hr imhg~mhghge ~`k effn

`kma~` mgn rmck~x fc kmb` Sfa{g~kk|' Tkmbk Bf|tr iknhbma

t|fe|mir kit`mrhzk ~`k t|kskg~hsk! |m~`k| ~`mg ~`k b{|m~hsk!

mtt|fmb` ~f nhrkmrk' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr hg Ifgefahm imhg~mhgr

m bahghb uh~` ~uf c{aa)~hik iknhbma fcchbk|r u`f ~mjk bm|kfc Sfa{g~kk|r% t|him|x `kma~` bm|k gkknr' Iknhbma rk|shbkr

r{b` mr ~kr~hge mgn lmrhb ~|km~ikg~ m|k ahih~kn hg Ifgefahm'

Hc xf{ lkbfik rk|hf{rax haa! xf{ uhaa lk ~|mgrtf|~kn kh~`k| ~f

mg Mik|hbmg)r~mgnm|n iknhbma cmbhah~x hg ~`k |kehfg f| ~f ~`k

[gh~kn R~m~kr'

@kma~` Hrr{kr hg Ifgefahm

@kma~` t|flakir ~`m~ bfiifgax fbb{| hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr!

r{b` mr bfanr! nhm||`km! `kmnmb`kr! rjhg hgckb~hfgr! R^Nr!

kif~hfgma nhrf|nk|r! mgn mabf`fa ml{rk! imx lk if|k c|k}{kg~

f| bfitf{gnkn lx ahshge hg Ifgefahm' Bk|~mhg kgsh|fgikg~ma

cmb~f|r hg Ifgefahm imx |mhrk ~`k |hrj f| kpmbk|lm~k ~`k

rksk|h~x fc haagkrrkr mgn hgo{|hkr' N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge!~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr iknhbma fcchbk| uhaa t|fshnk xf{ uh~`

e{hnkahgkr fg `fu ~f |kimhg `kma~`x hg Ifgefahm'

Afbma bfgnh~hfgr ~`m~ imx mcckb~ xf{| `kma~` hgba{nk mh|

tfaa{~hfg bm{rkn lx l{|ghge bfma! uffn! mgn n{ge hg ek| ch|kr

mgn lx cfrrha c{ka)l{|ghge tfuk| tamg~r (krtkbhmaax hg am|ek|

{|lmg m|kmr ahjk [ammglm~~m|! Nm|j`mg! mgn K|nkgk~: ~`k

|kam~hskax `he` ma~h~{nk m~ u`hb` ifr~ Sfa{g~kk|r ahsk (mlf{~

>!;44 ckk~: |kc{rk akc~ fg ~`k e|f{gn ~`m~ m~~|mb~r cahkr mgn

f~`k| tkr~r: ~`k kp~|kik bfan mgn afu `{ihnh~x hg ~`k uhg~k|!




u`hb` `katr ~f rt|kmn |krth|m~f|x haagkrrkr: mgn nhm||`km

|kr{a~hge c|fi lmb~k|hm)bfg~mihgm~kn um~k| mgn c|kr` c|{h~r

mgn skek~mlakr'

Lk`mshf|r mgn `mlh~r fc Ifgefahmgr! r{b` mr rifjhge! mabf`fa

ml{rk! mgn `mshge rkp uh~` i{a~htak tm|~gk|r! imx marf t{~

Sfa{g~kk|r m~ |hrj'

@kathge Xf{ R~mx @kma~`x

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa t|fshnk xf{ uh~` maa ~`k gkbkrrm|x

hgfb{am~hfgr! iknhbm~hfgr! mgn hgcf|im~hfg ~f r~mx `kma~`x'

N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge hg Ifgefahm! xf{ uhaa |kbkhsk m

iknhbma `mgnlffj' M~ ~`k lkehgghge fc ~|mhghge! xf{ uhaa

|kbkhsk m iknhbma jh~ uh~` r{ttahkr ~f ~mjk bm|k fc ihan

haagkrrkr mgn ch|r~ mhn gkknr' ^`k bfg~kg~r fc ~`k jh~ m|k ahr~kn

am~k| hg ~`hr b`mt~k|'

N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge! xf{ uhaa `msk mbbkrr ~f lmrhb ch|r~

mhn r{ttahkr ~`|f{e` ~`k iknhbma fcchbk|' @fuksk|! xf{ uhaa

lk |krtfgrhlak cf| xf{| fug r{ttax fc t|krb|ht~hfg

n|{er mgn mgx f~`k| rtkbhchb iknhbma r{ttahkr xf{

|k}{h|k! mr uk uhaa gf~ f|nk| ~`krk h~kir n{|hge ~|mhghge'

Takmrk l|hge m ~`|kk)ifg~` r{ttax fc mgx t|krb|ht~hfg n|{er

xf{ {rk! rhgbk ~`kx imx gf~ lk msmhamlak `k|k mgn h~ imx ~mjkrksk|ma ifg~`r cf| gku r`htikg~r ~f m||hsk'

Xf{ uhaa `msk t`xrhbmar m~ ihnrk|shbk mgn m~ ~`k kgn fc xf{|

rk|shbk' Hc xf{ nkskaft m rk|hf{r iknhbma t|flaki n{|hge

xf{| rk|shbk! ~`k iknhbma fcchbk| hg Ifgefahm uhaa bfgr{a~ uh~`

~`k Fcchbk fc Iknhbma Rk|shbkr hg Umr`hge~fg! N'B' Hc h~ hr

nk~k|ihgkn ~`m~ xf{| bfgnh~hfg bmggf~ lk ~|km~kn hg Ifgefahm!

xf{ imx lk rkg~ f{~ fc ~`k bf{g~|x cf| c{|~`k| ksma{m~hfg mgn

bm|k'




Ufikg%r @kma~` Hgcf|im~hfg

M sm|hk~x fc ckihghgk `xehkgk t|fn{b~r m|k msmhamlak cf|

t{|b`mrk hg [ammglmm~m|! hc gf~ m~ xf{| rh~k' Hc xf{ |k}{h|k m

rtkbhchb ckihghgk `xehkgk t|fn{b~! takmrk l|hge m rhp)ifg~`

r{ttax uh~` xf{'

Lkcf|k Xf{ Akmsk? M Iknhbma B`kbjahr~

Hc ~`k|k `mr lkkg mgx b`mgek hg xf{| `kma~`)t`xrhbma! ikg~ma!

f| nkg~ma)rhgbk ~`k ~hik xf{ r{lih~~kn xf{| kpmihgm~hfg

|ktf|~r ~f ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr! xf{ i{r~ hiiknhm~kax gf~hcx ~`k

Fcchbk fc Iknhbma Rk|shbkr' Cmha{|k ~f nhrbafrk gku haagkrrkr!

hgo{|hkr! maak|ehkr! f| t|kegmgbx bmg kgnmgek| xf{| `kma~` mgn

imx okftm|nhzk xf{| kahehlhah~x ~f rk|sk'

Hc xf{| nkg~ma kpmi umr nfgk if|k ~`mg m xkm| mef! f| hc xf{|

t`xrhbma kpmi hr if|k ~`mg ~uf xkm|r fan! bfg~mb~ ~`k Fcchbkfc Iknhbma Rk|shbkr ~f chgn f{~ u`k~`k| xf{ gkkn ~f {tnm~k

xf{| |kbf|nr' Hc xf{| nkg~hr~ f| Tkmbk Bf|tr nkg~ma bfgr{a~mg~

`mr |kbfiikgnkn ~`m~ xf{ {gnk|ef nkg~ma ~|km~ikg~ f|

|ktmh|! xf{ i{r~ bfitak~k ~`m~ uf|j mgn imjk r{|k xf{|

nkg~hr~ rkgnr |k}{kr~kn bfgch|im~hfg |ktf|~r f| P)|mxr ~f ~`k

Fcchbk fc Iknhbma Rk|shbkr'

Hc xf{ uhr` ~f msfhn `mshge n{tahbm~k smbbhgm~hfgr! xf{

r`f{an bfg~mb~ xf{| t`xrhbhmg%r fcchbk! fl~mhg m bftx fc xf{|

hii{ghzm~hfg |kbf|n! mgn l|hge h~ ~f xf{| t|k)nktm|~{|k

f|hkg~m~hfg (r~mehge' Hc xf{ `msk mgx hii{ghzm~hfgr t|hf|

~f Tkmbk Bf|tr rk|shbk! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr bmggf~ |khil{|rk

xf{ cf| ~`kh| bfr~' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa t|fshnk maa ~`k

hii{ghzm~hfgr gkbkrrm|x cf| xf{| fsk|rkmr mrrhegikg~! kh~`k|

m~ xf{| t|k)nktm|~{|k f|hkg~m~hfg f| r`f|~ax mc~k| xf{ m||hsk hg

Ifgefahm'




L|hge m ~`|kk)ifg~` r{ttax fc mgx t|krb|ht~hfg f| fsk|)~`k)

bf{g~k| iknhbm~hfg xf{ {rk fg m |ke{am| lmrhr! hgba{nhge lh|~`

bfg~|fa thaar' Ma~`f{e` ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr bmggf~ |khil{|rk xf{ cf| ~`hr! uk uhaa f|nk| |kchaar n{|hge xf{| rk|shbk' U`hak

mumh~hge r`htikg~)u`hb` bmg ~mjk rksk|ma ifg~`r)xf{ uhaa

lk nktkgnkg~ fg xf{| fug iknhbm~hfg r{ttax' ^`k Tkmbk

Bf|tr uhaa gf~ tmx cf| `k|lma f| gfgt|krb|hlkn iknhbm~hfgr!

r{b` mr R~' Of`g%r uf|~! ea{bfrmihgk! rkakgh{i! f| mg~hfphnmg~

r{ttakikg~r'

Xf{ m|k kgbf{|mekn ~f l|hge bfthkr fc iknhbma t|krb|ht~hfgr

rhegkn lx xf{| t`xrhbhmg' ^`hr hr gf~ m |k}{h|kikg~! l{~ ~`kx

ihe`~ bfik hg `mgnx hc xf{ m|k }{kr~hfgkn hg ~|mgrh~ mlf{~

bm||xhge t|krb|ht~hfg n|{er'

Hc xf{ ukm| kxkeamrrkr! l|hge ~uf tmh|r uh~` xf{)m tmh|

mgn m rtm|k' Hc m tmh| l|kmjr! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa |ktambk

h~! {rhge ~`k hgcf|im~hfg xf{| nfb~f| hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~krt|fshnkn fg ~`k kxkeamrrkr cf|i n{|hge xf{| kpmihgm~hfg'

Uk nhrbf{|mek xf{ c|fi {rhge bfg~mb~ akgrkr n{|hge xf{|

rk|shbk ~f |kn{bk xf{| |hrj fc nkskafthge m rk|hf{r hgckb~hfg

f| f~`k| kxk nhrkmrk' Ifr~ Tkmbk Bf|tr bf{g~|hkr nf gf~ `msk

mtt|ft|hm~k um~k| mgn rmgh~m~hfg ~f r{ttf|~ kxk bm|k uh~` ~`k

{rk fc bfg~mb~ akgrkr' Hg mnnh~hfg! Ifgefahm kptk|hkgbkr n{r~

r~f|ir! u`hb` bmg nmimek bfg~mb~r' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa gf~r{ttax f| |ktambk bfg~mb~ akgrkr f| mrrfbhm~kn rfa{~hfgr {gakrr

~`kh| {rk `mr lkkg |kbfiikgnkn lx mg ft`~`maifafehr~ cf|

m rtkbhchb iknhbma bfgnh~hfg mgn ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% Fcchbk fc

Iknhbma Rk|shbkr `mr ehskg mtt|fsma'

Hc xf{ m|k kahehlak cf| Iknhbm|k! m|k fsk| ;4 xkm|r fc mek!

f| `msk m `kma~` bfgnh~hfg ~`m~ imx |kr~|hb~ xf{| c{~{|k

tm|~hbhtm~hfg hg `kma~` bm|k tamgr! xf{ imx uhr` ~f bfgr{a~

mg hgr{|mgbk rtkbhmahr~ mlf{~ {gh}{k bfsk|mek gkknr lkcf|k

xf{| nktm|~{|k' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa t|fshnk maa gkbkrrm|x

`kma~` bm|k c|fi ~`k ~hik xf{ akmsk cf| xf{| t|k)nktm|~{|k




f|hkg~m~hfg {g~ha xf{ bfitak~k xf{| rk|shbk' U`kg xf{ chghr`!

xf{ uhaa lk kg~h~akn ~f ~`k tfr~)rk|shbk `kma~` bm|k lkgkch~r

nkrb|hlkn hg ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk| @mgnlffj' Xf{imx uhr` ~f bfgrhnk| jkkthge mg kphr~hge `kma~` tamg hg

kcckb~ n{|hge xf{| rk|shbk hc xf{ ~`hgj mek mgn&f| t|k)kphr~hge

bfgnh~hfgr ihe`~ t|kskg~ xf{ c|fi |k)kg|faahge hg xf{|

b{||kg~ tamg u`kg xf{ |k~{|g `fik'

Rmck~x mgn Rkb{|h~x)F{| Tm|~gk|r`ht

Rk|shge mr m Sfa{g~kk| fsk|rkmr kg~mhar bk|~mhg rmck~x

mgn rkb{|h~x |hrjr' Ahshge mgn ~|mskahge hg mg {gcmihahm|

kgsh|fgikg~! m ahih~kn {gnk|r~mgnhge fc ~`k afbma amge{mek

mgn b{a~{|k! mgn ~`k tk|bkt~hfg fc lkhge m ukma~`x Mik|hbmg

m|k rfik fc ~`k cmb~f|r ~`m~ bmg t{~ m Sfa{g~kk| m~ |hrj'

T|ftk|~x ~`kc~ mgn l{|eam|hkr m|k gf~ {gbfiifg' Hgbhnkg~r

fc t`xrhbma mgn rkp{ma mrrm{a~ nf fbb{|! ma~`f{e` maifr~ maa Sfa{g~kk|r bfitak~k ~`kh| ~uf xkm|r fc rk|shbk uh~`f{~ rk|hf{r

tk|rfgma rmck~x t|flakir' Hg mnnh~hfg! if|k ~`mg 02 tk|bkg~

fc Sfa{g~kk|r r{|skxkn hg ~`k <440 Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|

R{|skx rmx ~`kx uf{an ofhg ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr memhg'

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr mtt|fmb`kr rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x mr m

tm|~gk|r`ht uh~` xf{' ^`hr Ukabfik Lffj bfg~mhgr rkb~hfgr

fg? Ahshge Bfgnh~hfgr mgn Sfa{g~kk| Ahckr~xak: Tkmbk Bf|tr

^|mhghge: mgn Xf{| @kma~` Bm|k mgn Rmck~x' Maa fc ~`krk

rkb~hfgr hgba{nk hitf|~mg~ rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x hgcf|im~hfg'

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr imjkr ksk|x kccf|~ ~f ehsk Sfa{g~kk|r ~`k

~ffar ~`kx gkkn ~f c{gb~hfg hg ~`k rmckr~ mgn ifr~ rkb{|k umx

tfrrhlak! lkbm{rk uf|jhge ~f imphihzk ~`k rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x

fc Sfa{g~kk|r hr f{| `he`kr~ t|hf|h~x' Gf~ fgax nf uk t|fshnk xf{ uh~` ~|mhghge mgn ~ffar ~f t|ktm|k cf| ~`k {gkptkb~kn! l{~

uk ~kmb` xf{ ~f hnkg~hcx! ihghihzk mgn imgmek ~`k |hrjr xf{

imx kgbf{g~k|'



T K M B K B F \ T R;4

Cmb~f|r ~`m~ Bfg~|hl{~k ~f Sfa{g~kk| \hrj

^`k|k m|k rksk|ma cmb~f|r ~`m~ bmg `khe`~kg m Sfa{g~kk|%r

|hrj! imgx fc u`hb` m|k uh~`hg ~`k Sfa{g~kk|%r bfg~|fa'

Lx cm| ~`k ifr~ bfiifg b|hik hgbhnkg~r ~`m~ Sfa{g~kk|r

kptk|hkgbk m|k ~`kc~r' C|k}{kg~ax ~`krk fbb{| hg b|funkn

afbm~hfgr! r{b` mr im|jk~r f| fg t{lahb ~|mgrtf|~m~hfg!

f| m|k n{k ~f Sfa{g~kk|r akmshge h~kir {gm~~kgnkn' If|k

rk|hf{r mrrm{a~r! `fuksk|! nf fbbmrhfgmaax fbb{|' Lmrkn fg

hgcf|im~hfg em~`k|kn c|fi hgbhnkg~ |ktf|~r uf|anuhnk hg

<445! ~`k cfaafuhge cmb~f|r r~mgn f{~ mr |hrj b`m|mb~k|hr~hbr

cf| b|hikr memhgr~ Sfa{g~kk|r! imgx fc u`hb` bmg lk msfhnkn

uh~` mtt|ft|hm~k mb~hfgr' Mrrm{a~r bfgrhr~ fc t`xrhbma mgn

rkp{ma mrrm{a~r bfiih~~kn memhgr~ Sfa{g~kk|r: t|ftk|~x b|hikr

hgba{nk |fllk|x! l{|eam|x! ~`kc~! mgn smgnmahri'

• Afbm~hfg? Ifr~ mrrm{a~r (;2 tk|bkg~ fbb{||kn u`kg

Sfa{g~kk|r uk|k hg t{lahb m|kmr (k'e'! r~|kk~! tm|j!

lkmb`! t{lahb l{hanhger' Rtkbhchbmaax! 23 tk|bkg~ fc

mrrm{a~r ~ffj tambk u`kg Sfa{g~kk|r uk|k mumx c|fi

~`kh| rh~kr' Ifr~ t|ftk|~x b|hikr fbb{||kn hg ~`k

Sfa{g~kk|%r |krhnkgbk f| mgf~`k| Sfa{g~kk|%r |krhnkgbk!

cfaafukn bafrkax lx t{lahb m|kmr' Cf|~x)khe`~ tk|bkg~ fc

t|ftk|~x b|hikr fbb{||kn u`kg Sfa{g~kk|r uk|k mumx

c|fi ~`kh| rh~kr

• ^hik? Mrrm{a~r {r{maax ~ffj tambk n{|hge ~`k kskghge!lk~ukkg 3 t'i' mgn == t'i') ~`f{e` ~`k rhgeak `f{|

uh~` ~`k am|ekr~ tk|bkg~mek fc mrrm{a~r umr = m'i'(0

tk|bkg~ T|ftk|~x b|hikr uk|k if|k bfiifg hg ~`k

ihnnak fc ~`k nmx! c|fi gffg ~f 8 t'i'

• Nmx? Mrrm{a~r mgn t|ftk|~x b|hikr uk|k if|k

bfiifgax |ktf|~kn fg ukkjkgnr (>0 tk|bkg~ mgn >8

tk|bkg~! |krtkb~hskax'

• Mlrkgbk fc f~`k|r? Mrrm{a~r mgn t|ftk|~x b|hikr (3>

tk|bkg~ mgn ;2 tk|bkg~! |krtkb~hskax fbb{|kn if|k

c|k}{kg~ax u`kg ~`k Sfa{g~kk| umr mafgk'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M ;=

• \kam~hfgr`ht ~f mrrmhamg~? Hg ifr~ mrrm{a~r mgn t|ftk|~x

b|hikr (3> tk|bkg~ mgn 0; tk|bkg~! ~`k Sfa{g~kk| nhn

gf~ jgfu f| bf{an gf~ hnkg~hcx ~`k mrrmhamg~'

• Bfgr{it~hfg fc mabf`fa? <2 tk|bkg~ fc maa mrrm{a~r

mgn > tk|bkg~ fc maa t|ftk|~x b|hikr hgsfaskn mabf`fa

bfgr{it~hfg lx Sfa{g~kk|r mgn&f| mrrmhamg~r'

\hrj cmb~f|r bmg sm|x uh~`hg bf{g~|hkr ~`|f{e`f{~ ~`k uf|an

~`m~ m|k rk|skn lx ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr' M Sfa{g~kk| hg Ifgefahm

imx cmbk |hrjr rtkbhchb ~f ~`hr bf{g~|x hg mnnh~hfg ~f |hrjr

mrrfbhm~kn uh~` ahshge hg m nkskafthge bf{g~|x'

R{iim|x R~|m~kehkr ~f \kn{bk \hrj

Lkcf|k mgn n{|hge rk|shbk! xf{| ~|mhghge uhaa mnn|krr ~`krk

m|kmr fc bfgbk|g rf xf{ bmg |kn{bk ~`k |hrjr xf{ cmbk' Cf|

kpmitak! `k|k m|k rfik r~|m~kehkr Sfa{g~kk|r kitafx?

R~|m~kehkr ~f |kn{bk ~`k |hrj&hitmb~ fc ~`kc~?

• Jgfu ~`k kgsh|fgikg~ mgn b`ffrk rmck |f{~kr&~hikr cf|

~|mska

• Msfhn `he`)b|hik m|kmr tk| Tkmbk Bf|tr e{hnmgbk

• Jgfu ~`k sfbml{am|x ~f ek~ `kat hg mg kik|ekgbx

• Bm||x sma{mlakr hg nhcck|kg~ tfbjk~r&tambkr

• Bm||x m ‑n{iix’ umaak~ mr m nkbfx

R~|m~kehkr ~f |kn{bk ~`k |hrj&hitmb~ fc l{|eam|x?

• Ahsk uh~` m afbma cmihax f| fg m cmihax bfitf{gn

• T{~ r~|fge afbjr fg nff|r mgn jkkt sma{mlakr hg m afbj

lfp f| ~|{gj

• Akmsk h||ktambkmlak flokb~r m~ `fik hg ~`k ['R'

• T{|b`mrk ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr |kbfiikgnkn tk|rfgma

t|ftk|~x hgr{|mgbk

• Cfaafu Tkmbk Bf|tr e{hnkahgkr fg imhg~mhghge `fik

rkb{|h~x



T K M B K B F \ T R;<

R~|m~kehkr ~f |kn{bk ~`k |hrj&hitmb~ fc mrrm{a~?

• Imjk afbma c|hkgnr uh~` afbma tkftak u`f m|k |krtkb~kn

hg ~`k bfii{gh~x• Imjk r{|k xf{| mttkm|mgbk hr |krtkb~c{a fc afbma

b{r~fir: nfg%~ n|mu gkem~hsk m~~kg~hfg ~f xf{|rkac lx

ukm|hge hgmtt|ft|hm~k baf~`hge

• Ek~ ~f jgfu afbma fcchbhmar! tfahbk! mgn gkhe`lf|r

• |̂mska uh~` rfikfgk ~|{r~kn lx xf{| bfii{gh~x

u`kgksk| tfrrhlak

• Msfhn jgfug `he` b|hik m|kmr

• Ahih~ mabf`fa bfgr{it~hfg

R{ttf|~ c|fi R~mcc

Hg Im|b` <442! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr b|km~kn ~`k Fcchbk fc

Rmck~x mgn Rkb{|h~x uh~` h~r ihrrhfg ~f ‑cfr~k| hit|fskn

bfii{ghbm~hfg! bff|nhgm~hfg! fsk|rhe`~! mgn mbbf{g~mlhah~x fc

maa Tkmbk Bf|tr‘ rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x kccf|~r'’ ^`hr fcchbk hr aknlx mg mrrfbhm~k nh|kb~f| cf| rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x u`f |ktf|~r ~f

~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr Nh|kb~f| mgn hgba{nkr nhshrhfgr u`hb` cfb{r

fg Sfa{g~kk| rmck~x mgn fsk|rkmr rkb{|h~x mgn b|hik r~m~hr~hbr

mgn mgmaxrhr'

Hc m ~|mhgkk f| Sfa{g~kk| hr ~`k shb~hi fc m rmck~x hgbhnkg~!

Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc hr t|ktm|kn ~f t|fshnk r{ttf|~' Maa Tkmbk

Bf|tr tfr~r `msk t|fbkn{|kr hg tambk ~f |krtfgn ~f hgbhnkg~r

fc b|hik bfiih~~kn memhgr~ Sfa{g~kk|r' ^`k ch|r~ t|hf|h~x

cf| maa tfr~r hg ~`k mc~k|im~` fc mg hgbhnkg~ hr ~f kgr{|k

~`k Sfa{g~kk| hr rmck mgn |kbkhshge iknhbma ~|km~ikg~ mr

gkknkn' Mc~k| mrr{|hge ~`k rmck~x fc ~`k Sfa{g~kk|! Tkmbk

Bf|tr r~mcc ikilk|r t|fshnk r{ttf|~ lx |kmrrkrrhge ~`k

Sfa{g~kk|%r uf|jrh~k mgn `f{rhge m||mgekikg~r mgn imjhge

mgx mno{r~ikg~r! mr gkknkn' Hg rfik bmrkr! ~`k gm~{|k fc ~`k

hgbhnkg~ imx gkbkrrh~m~k m rh~k f| `f{rhge ~|mgrck|' Tkmbk

Bf|tr r~mcc uhaa marf mrrhr~ Sfa{g~kk|r uh~` t|krk|shge ~`kh|



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M ;2

|he`~r ~f t{|r{k akema rmgb~hfgr memhgr~ ~`k tk|tk~|m~f|r fc ~`k

b|hik' H~ hr sk|x hitf|~mg~ ~`m~ Sfa{g~kk|r |ktf|~ hgbhnkg~r mr

~`kx fbb{|! gf~ fgax ~f t|f~kb~ ~`kh| tkk| Sfa{g~kk|r! l{~ marf~f t|krk|sk ~`k c{~{|k |he`~ ~f t|frkb{~k' R`f{an Sfa{g~kk|r

nkbhnk am~k| hg ~`k t|fbkrr ~`m~ ~`kx umg~ ~f t|fbkkn uh~` ~`k

t|frkb{~hfg fc ~`kh| mrrmhamg~! ~`hr ft~hfg imx gf afgek| kphr~

hc ~`k kshnkgbk fc ~`k kskg~ `mr gf~ lkkg t|krk|skn m~ ~`k

~hik fc ~`k hgbhnkg~'

^`k bf{g~|x)rtkbhchb nm~m b`m|~ lkafu r`fur ~`k hgbhnkgbk

|m~kr mgn ~`k msk|mek g{ilk| fc hgbhnkg~r fc ~`k imof| ~xtkr

fc rmck~x hgbhnkg~r |ktf|~kn lx Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|r&

~|mhgkkr hg Ifgefahm mr bfitm|kn ~f maa f~`k| K{|ftk!

Iknh~k||mgkmg mgn Mrhm \kehfg t|fe|mir mr m u`fak! c|fi

<44<)<443' H~ hr t|krkg~kn ~f xf{ hg m rfiku`m~ ~kb`ghbma

imggk| cf| r~m~hr~hbma mbb{|mbx'

^f c{aax mtt|kbhm~k ~`k bfaakb~kn nm~m lkafu! mg kptamgm~hfg fc ~`k e|mt` hr t|fshnkn mr cfaafur?

^`k hgbhnkgbk |m~k cf| kmb` ~xtk fc b|hik hr ~`k g{ilk| fc

b|hik kskg~r |kam~hsk ~f ~`k Sfa{g~kk|&~|mhgkk tft{am~hfg'

H~ hr kpt|krrkn fg ~`k b`m|~ mr m |m~hf fc b|hik ~f Sfa{g~kk|

mgn ~|mhgkk xkm|r (f| S&^ xkm|r! u`hb` hr m ikmr{|k fc =< c{aa

ifg~`r fc S&^ rk|shbk ~f maafu cf| m r~m~hr~hbmaax smahn umx

~f bfitm|k b|hik nm~m mb|frr bf{g~|hkr' Mg ‑hgbhnkg~’ hr m

rtkbhchb fcckgrk! tk| Tkmbk Bf|tr% bamrrhchbm~hfg fc fcckgrkr!

mgn imx hgsfask fgk f| if|k Sfa{g~kk|&~|mhgkk shb~hir' Cf|

kpmitak! hc ~uf Sfa{g~kk|r m|k |fllkn m~ ~`k rmik ~hik mgn

tambk! ~`hr hr bamrrhchkn mr fgk |fllk|x hgbhnkg~'

^`k b`m|~ hr rktm|m~kn hg~f khe`~ b|hik bm~kef|hkr' ^`krk

hgba{nk smgnmahri (imahbhf{r nkcmbkikg~ f| nmimek fc t|ftk|~x: ~`kc~ (~mjhge uh~`f{~ cf|bk f| haakema kg~|x:

l{|eam|x (cf|bhlak kg~|x fc m |krhnkgbk: |fllk|x (~mjhge

rfik~`hge lx cf|bk: f~`k| t`xrhbma mrrm{a~ (m~~mbjhge uh~`f{~



T K M B K B F \ T R;>

m ukmtfg uh~` ihgf| hgo{|hkr: f~`k| rkp{ma mrrm{a~ (cfgnahge!

e|fthge! k~b': mee|msm~kn mrrm{a~ (m~~mbjhge uh~` m ukmtfg!

mgn&f| uh~`f{~ m ukmtfg u`kg rk|hf{r hgo{|x |kr{a~r: mgn

|mtk (rkp{ma hg~k|bf{|rk uh~`f{~ bfgrkg~'

U`kg mg~hbhtm~hge Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk| rk|shbk! xf{ r`f{an

|kshku maa fc ~`k rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x hgcf|im~hfg t|fshnkn

~f xf{! hgba{nhge ~`k r~|m~kehkr ~f |kn{bk |hrj' ^`|f{e`f{~ xf{| ~|mhghge mgn Sfa{g~kk| rk|shbk! xf{ uhaa lk kptkb~kn ~f

r{bbkrrc{aax bfitak~k maa ~|mhghge bfitk~kgbhkr hg m sm|hk~x fc

m|kmr! hgba{nhge rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x' Fgbk hg)bf{g~|x! {rk ~`k

=^`k msk|mek g{ilk|r fc hgbhnkg~r m|k hg tm|kg~`krhr mgn k}{ma ~`k msk|mek|ktf|~kn mrrm{a~r cf| kmb` xkm| lk~ukkg <44<‒<443'

<Hgbhnkg~ |m~kr k}{ma ~`k g{ilk| fc mrrm{a~r tk| =44 Sfa{g~kk|r mgn ~|mhgkkrtk| xkm| (S&^ xkm|r' Rhgbk ifr~ rkp{ma mrrm{a~r fbb{| memhgr~ ckimakr! fgaxckimak S&^r m|k bmab{am~kn hg |mtkr mgn ihgf| rkp{ma mrrm{a~r' G{ilk|r fc hgbhnkg~r m|k mtt|fphim~k n{k ~f |f{gnhge'

2Nm~m bfaakb~hfg cf| Ifgefahm lkemg mr fc <44<: n{k ~f ~`k rimaa g{ilk| fc

S&^ xkm|r! hgbhnkgbk |m~kr r`f{an lk hg~k|t|k~kn uh~` bm{~hfg'Rkp{ma Mrrm{~r m|k ~k|ikn F~`k| Rkp{ma Mrrm{a~ mgn F~`k| T`xrhbma Mrrm{a~tk| BH\C nkchgh~hfgr mr fc ~`k xkm| <443' T|hf| ~f BH\C mgn t|hf| ~f <443!Rkp{ma Mrrm{a~r uk|k ~k|ikn Ihgf| Rkp{ma Mrrm{a~ Mrrm{a~ mgn Ihgf|T`xrhbma Mrrm{a~ tk| MGRR nkchgh~hfgr'

Rf{|bk nm~m fg hgbhnkg~r m|k n|mug c|fi Mrrm{a~ Gf~hchbm~hfg R{|skhaamgbkRxr~ki (MGRR! Kthnkihfafehb R{|skhaamgbk Rxr~ki (KRR! mgn B|hikHgbhnkg~ \ktf|~hge Cf|i (BH\C: ~`k hgcf|im~hfg hr mbb{|m~k mr fc 40&=;&45'



M U K A B F I K L F F J µ I F G E F A H M ;;

~ffar mgn hgcf|im~hfg r`m|kn uh~` xf{ ~f |kimhg mr rmck mgn

rkb{|k mr tfrrhlak'

Cku Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|r m|k shb~hir fc rk|hf{r b|hikr

mgn! gm~{|maax! b|hikr ~`m~ fbb{| fsk|rkmr m|k hgskr~hem~kn

mgn t|frkb{~kn lx afbma m{~`f|h~hkr ~`|f{e` ~`k afbma bf{|~r

rxr~ki' Hc xf{ m|k ~`k shb~hi fc m b|hik! h~ hr {t ~f xf{ hc xf{

uhr` ~f t{|r{k t|frkb{~hfg' Hc xf{ nkbhnk ~f t|frkb{~k! Tkmbk

Bf|tr uhaa lk ~`k|k ~f mrrhr~ xf{' ^`k Fcchbk fc Rmck~x mgn

Rkb{|h~x! ~`|f{e` f{| |kehfgmaax)lmrkn Tkmbk Bf|tr rmck~x mgn

rkb{|h~x fcchbk|r! uhaa uf|j uh~` ~`k rkb{|h~x fcchbk| m~ ~`k ['R'

kilmrrx mgn ~`k r~mcc m~ ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr fcchbk hg)bf{g~|x

~f bff|nhgm~k uh~` afbma tfahbk mgn t|frkb{~f|r' Fgk fc f{|

~mrjr hr ~f kgr{|k xf{ m|k c{aax hgcf|ikn fc xf{| ft~hfgr mgn

{gnk|r~mgn `fu ~`k afbma akema t|fbkrr uf|jr' Uk m|k `k|k ~f

t|fshnk r{ttf|~ mgn mrrhr~mgbk ksk|x r~kt fc ~`k umx' Tkmbk

Bf|tr uhaa `kat xf{ kgr{|k xf{| |he`~r m|k t|f~kb~kn ~f ~`k

c{aakr~ kp~kg~ tfrrhlak {gnk| ~`k amur fc ~`k bf{g~|x'

Hc xf{ m|k ~`k shb~hi fc m rk|hf{r b|hik! ek~ ~f m rmck afbm~hfg

mr }{hbjax mr tfrrhlak mgn bfg~mb~ xf{| Tkmbk Bf|tr fcchbk' H~‘r

hitf|~mg~ ~`m~ xf{ gf~hcx Tkmbk Bf|tr mr rffg mr xf{ bmg rf

uk bmg ek~ xf{ ~`k `kat xf{ gkkn'

Rkb{|h~x Hrr{kr hg Ifgefahm

U`kg h~ bfikr ~f xf{| rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x hg ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr!

xf{ `msk ~f lk uhaahge ~f mnmt~ xf{| lk`mshf| mgn ahckr~xak ~f

ihghihzk ~`k tf~kg~hma cf| lkhge m ~m|ek~ cf| b|hik' Mr uh~`

mgxu`k|k hg ~`k uf|an! b|hik nfkr kphr~ hg Ifgefahm' Xf{ bmg

|kn{bk xf{| |hrj lx msfhnhge rh~{m~hfgr ~`m~ imjk xf{ ckka

{gbficf|~mlak mgn lx ~mjhge t|kbm{~hfgr' B|hik m~ ~`k shaamekf| ~fug akska hr akrr c|k}{kg~ ~`mg hg ~`k am|ek bh~hkr: tkftak

jgfu kmb` f~`k| mgn ekgk|maax m|k akrr ahjkax ~f r~kma c|fi

~`kh| gkhe`lf|r' ^f{|hr~ m~~|mb~hfgr hg am|ek ~fugr m|k cmsf|h~k

uf|jrh~kr cf| thbjtfbjk~r'




R~mxhge Rmck? Nfg%~ Lk m ^m|ek~ cf| B|hik

Xf{ i{r~ lk t|ktm|kn ~f ~mjk fg m am|ek nke|kk fc

|krtfgrhlhah~x cf| xf{| fug rmck~x' Fgax xf{ bmg imjk xf{|rkac

akrr fc m ~m|ek~! kgr{|k ~`m~ xf{| `fik hr rkb{|k! mgn nkskaft

|kam~hfgr`htr hg xf{| bfii{gh~x ~`m~ uhaa imjk xf{ mg

{gahjkax shb~hi fc b|hik' Hg bfihge ~f Ifgefahm! nf u`m~ xf{

uf{an nf hc xf{ ifskn ~f m gku bh~x hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr?

Lk bm{~hf{r! b`kbj ~`hger f{~! mrj }{kr~hfgr! akm|g mlf{~

xf{| gkhe`lf|`ffn! jgfu u`k|k ~`k if|k |hrjx afbm~hfgr

m|k! {rk bfiifg rkgrk! mgn lk mum|k' Xf{ bmg |kn{bk xf{|

s{agk|mlhah~x ~f b|hik lx hg~ke|m~hge hg~f xf{| bfii{gh~x!

akm|ghge ~`k afbma amge{mek! mb~hge |krtfgrhlax! mgn mlhnhge

lx Tkmbk Bf|tr tfahbhkr mgn t|fbkn{|kr' Rk|shge rmckax mgn

kcckb~hskax hg Ifgefahm imx |k}{h|k ~`m~ xf{ mbbkt~ rfik

|kr~|hb~hfgr fg xf{| b{||kg~ ahckr~xak'

Sfa{g~kk|r ~kgn ~f m~~|mb~ m af~ fc m~~kg~hfg lf~` hg am|ek bh~hkrmgn m~ ~`kh| rh~kr! l{~ ~`kx m|k if|k ahjkax ~f |kbkhsk gkem~hsk

m~~kg~hfg hg `he`ax tft{am~kn bkg~k|r! mgn mumx c|fi ~`kh|

r{ttf|~ gk~uf|j (‑cmihax!’ c|hkgnr! mgn bfaakme{kr u`f affj

f{~ cf| ~`ki' U`hak u`hr~akr mgn kpbamim~hfgr imx lk cmh|ax

bfiifg fg ~`k r~|kk~! ~`hr lk`mshf| bmg lk |kn{bkn hc xf{

n|krr bfgrk|sm~hskax! mlhnk lx afbma b{a~{|ma gf|ir! mgn nf gf~

|krtfgn ~f {gumg~kn m~~kg~hfg' Hg mnnh~hfg! jkkt xf{| ifgkxf{~ fc rhe`~ lx {rhge mg {gnk|em|ikg~ ifgkx tf{b`! ~`k jhgn

~`m~ `mger m|f{gn xf{| gkbj mgn r~mxr `hnnkg {gnk| xf{|

r`h|~ f| hgrhnk xf{| bfm~' Nf gf~ jkkt xf{| ifgkx hg f{~rhnk

tfbjk~r fc lmbjtmbjr! hg bfm~ tfbjk~r! f| hg cmggx tmbjr' Mgn

maumxr umaj uh~` m bfitmghfg m~ ghe`~'

T|ktm|hge cf| ~`k [gkptkb~kn? Rmck~x ^|mhghgemgn Sfa{g~kk| R{ttf|~ hg Ifgefahm

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% mtt|fmb` ~f rmck~x hr m chsk)t|fgekn tamg ~f

`kat xf{ r~mx rmck n{|hge xf{| ~uf)xkm| rk|shbk mgn hgba{nkr




~`k cfaafuhge? hgcf|im~hfg r`m|hge! Sfa{g~kk| ~|mhghge! rh~k

rkakb~hfg b|h~k|hm! m nk~mhakn kik|ekgbx mb~hfg tamg! mgn

t|f~fbfar cf| mnn|krrhge rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x hgbhnkg~r'Ifgefahm‘r hg)bf{g~|x rmck~x t|fe|mi hr f{~ahgkn lkafu'

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm fcchbk uhaa jkkt xf{ hgcf|ikn

fc mgx hrr{kr ~`m~ imx hitmb~ Sfa{g~kk| rmck~x ~`|f{e`

hgcf|im~hfg r`m|hge' \ke{am| {tnm~kr uhaa lk t|fshnkn hg

Sfa{g~kk| gkurak~~k|r mgn hg ikif|mgn{ir c|fi ~`k bf{g~|x

nh|kb~f|' Hg ~`k kskg~ fc m b|h~hbma rh~{m~hfg f| kik|ekgbx!

xf{ uhaa lk bfg~mb~kn ~`|f{e` ~`k kik|ekgbx bfii{ghbm~hfg

gk~uf|j' Mg hitf|~mg~ bfitfgkg~ fc ~`k bmtmbh~x fc Tkmbk

Bf|tr ~f jkkt xf{ hgcf|ikn hr xf{| l{x)hg ~f ~`k tm|~gk|r`ht

bfgbkt~ uh~` ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc' H~ hr kptkb~kn ~`m~ xf{

uhaa nf xf{| tm|~ hg kgr{|hge ~`m~ Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc ikilk|r

m|k jkt~ mtt|mhrkn fc xf{| ifskikg~r hg)bf{g~|x rf ~`m~ ~`kx

m|k bmtmlak fc hgcf|ihge xf{'

Sfa{g~kk| ~|mhghge uhaa hgba{nk rkrrhfgr fg rtkbhchb rmck~x mgn

rkb{|h~x hrr{kr hg Ifgefahm' ^`hr ~|mhghge uhaa t|ktm|k xf{ ~f

mnft~ m b{a~{|maax mtt|ft|hm~k ahckr~xak mgn kpk|bhrk o{neikg~

~`m~ t|fif~kr rmck~x mgn |kn{bkr |hrj hg xf{| `fik! m~ uf|j!

mgn u`hak ~|mskahge' Rmck~x ~|mhghge hr fcck|kn ~`|f{e`f{~

rk|shbk mgn hr hg~ke|m~kn hg~f ~`k amge{mek! b|frr)b{a~{|ma

mrtkb~r! `kma~`! mgn f~`k| bfitfgkg~r fc ~|mhghge' Xf{ uhaa lkkptkb~kn ~f r{bbkrrc{aax bfitak~k maa ~|mhghge bfitk~kgbhkr hg

m sm|hk~x fc m|kmr! hgba{nhge rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x! mr m bfgnh~hfg

fc rk|shbk'

Bk|~mhg rh~k rkakb~hfg b|h~k|hm m|k {rkn ~f nk~k|ihgk rmck

`f{rhge cf| Sfa{g~kk|r lkcf|k ~`kh| m||hsma' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

r~mcc uf|jr bafrkax uh~` `fr~ bfii{gh~hkr mgn bf{g~k|tm|~

mekgbhkr ~f `kat t|ktm|k ~`ki cf| m Sfa{g~kk|%r m||hsma mgn ~f

kr~mlahr` kptkb~m~hfgr fc ~`kh| |krtkb~hsk |fakr hg r{ttf|~hge

~`k Sfa{g~kk|' Kmb` rh~k hr hgrtkb~kn lkcf|k ~`k Sfa{g~kk|%r

m||hsma ~f kgr{|k tambkikg~ hg mtt|ft|hm~k! rmck! mgn rkb{|k




`f{rhge mgn uf|jrh~kr' Rh~k rkakb~hfg hr lmrkn! hg tm|~! fg

mgx |kaksmg~ rh~k `hr~f|x: mbbkrr ~f iknhbma! lmgjhge! tfr~ma!

mgn f~`k| krrkg~hma rk|shbkr: msmhamlhah~x fc bfii{ghbm~hfgr!~|mgrtf|~m~hfg! mgn im|jk~r: nhcck|kg~ `f{rhge ft~hfgr mgn

ahshge m||mgekikg~r: mgn f~`k| Sfa{g~kk| r{ttf|~ gkknr'

Xf{ uhaa marf akm|g mlf{~ Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm‘r nk~mhakn

kik|ekgbx mb~hfg tamg! u`hb` hr hitakikg~kn hg ~`k kskg~ fc

bhsha f| tfah~hbma {g|kr~ f| m gm~{|ma nhrmr~k|' U`kg xf{ m||hsk

m~ xf{| rh~k! xf{ uhaa bfitak~k mgn r{lih~ m rh~k afbm~f| cf|i

uh~` xf{| mnn|krr! bfg~mb~ hgcf|im~hfg! mgn m imt ~f xf{|

`f{rk' Hc ~`k|k hr m rkb{|h~x ~`|km~! xf{ uhaa em~`k| uh~` f~`k|

Sfa{g~kk|r hg Ifgefahm m~ t|knk~k|ihgkn afbm~hfgr {g~ha ~`k

rh~{m~hfg hr |krfaskn f| ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr nkbhnkr ~f ksmb{m~k'

Chgmaax! hg f|nk| cf| ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr ~f lk c{aax |krtfgrhsk

~f ~`k gkknr fc Sfa{g~kk|r! h~ hr hitk|m~hsk ~`m~ Sfa{g~kk|r

hiiknhm~kax |ktf|~ mgx rkb{|h~x hgbhnkg~ ~f ~`k TkmbkBf|tr fcchbk' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr `mr kr~mlahr`kn t|f~fbfar

cf| mnn|krrhge rmck~x mgn rkb{|h~x hgbhnkg~r hg m ~hikax mgn

mtt|ft|hm~k imggk|! mgn h~ bfaakb~r mgn ksma{m~kr rmck~x

mgn rkb{|h~x nm~m ~f ~|mbj ~|kgnr mgn nkskaft r~|m~kehkr ~f

ihghihzk |hrjr ~f c{~{|k Sfa{g~kk|r'




G F ^ K R




N H S K \ R H^ X M G N

B\FRR )B[A^[\MA H R R[KRTm|~ fc ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% ihrrhfg hr ~f `kat nhrtka mgx gf~hfg

~`m~ Mik|hbmgr m|k maa fc fgk f|hehg f| |mbk mgn ~f kr~mlahr`

~`m~ kmb` fc {r hr mr ~`f|f{e`ax Mik|hbmg mr ~`k f~`k| nkrth~k

f{| imgx nhcck|kgbkr'

F{| nhsk|rh~x `katr {r mbbfitahr` ~`m~ efma' Hg f~`k| umxr!

`fuksk|! h~ tfrkr b`maakgekr' Hg Ifgefahm! mr hg f~`k|

Tkmbk Bf|tr `fr~ bf{g~|hkr! Sfa{g~kk|r% lk`mshf|! ahckr~xakr!

lmbje|f{gn! mgn lkahkcr uhaa lk o{nekn hg m b{a~{|ma bfg~kp~

sk|x nhcck|kg~ c|fi f{| fug' Bk|~mhg tk|rfgma tk|rtkb~hskr

f| b`m|mb~k|hr~hbr bfiifgax mbbkt~kn hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr

imx lk }{h~k {gbfiifg! {gmbbkt~mlak! f| kskg |kt|krrkn hg

Ifgefahm'

^f kmrk ~`k ~|mgrh~hfg mgn mnmt~ ~f ahck hg Ifgefahm! xf{ imx

gkkn ~f imjk rfik ~kitf|m|x! xk~ c{gnmikg~ma bfit|fihrkr

hg `fu xf{ t|krkg~ xf{|rkac mr mg Mik|hbmg mgn mr mg

hgnhshn{ma' Cf| kpmitak! ckimak ~|mhgkkr mgn Sfa{g~kk|r imx

gf~ lk mlak ~f kpk|bhrk ~`k hgnktkgnkgbk msmhamlak ~f ~`ki hg

~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr: tfah~hbma nhrb{rrhfgr gkkn ~f lk `mgnakn uh~`e|km~ bm|k: mgn rfik fc xf{| tk|rfgma lkahkcr imx lkr~ |kimhg

{gnhrbafrkn' Xf{ uhaa gkkn ~f nkskaft ~kb`gh}{kr mgn tk|rfgma

r~|m~kehkr cf| bfthge uh~` ~`krk mgn f~`k| ahih~m~hfgr' ^`k

Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc uhaa akmn nhsk|rh~x mgn rkgrh~hsh~x nhrb{rrhfgr

n{|hge xf{| t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge mgn uhaa lk fg bmaa ~f t|fshnk

r{ttf|~! l{~ ~`k b`maakgek! {a~him~kax! uhaa lk xf{| fug'

Fsk|shku fc Nhsk|rh~x hg Ifgefahm

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr r~mcc hg Ifgefahm |kbfeghzkr mno{r~ikg~

hrr{kr ~`m~ bfik uh~` nhsk|rh~x mgn uhaa kgnkmsf| ~f




t|fshnk r{ttf|~ mgn e{hnmgbk' N{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge!

rksk|ma rkrrhfgr uhaa lk `kan ~f nhrb{rr nhsk|rh~x mgn bfthge

ikb`mghrir' Uk affj cf|um|n ~f `mshge imak mgn ckimak Sfa{g~kk|r c|fi m sm|hk~x fc b{a~{|kr! |kahehfgr! k~`ghb e|f{tr!

mgn mekr mgn `ftk ~`m~ xf{ uhaa lkbfik tm|~ fc m nhsk|rk

e|f{t fc Mik|hbmgr u`f ~mjk t|hnk hg r{ttf|~hge fgk mgf~`k|

mgn nkifgr~|m~hge ~`k |hb`gkrr fc Mik|hbmg b{a~{|k'

U`m~ Ihe`~ m Sfa{g~kk| Cmbk6

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Ckimak Sfa{g~kk|r

M rhgeak ufimg ahshge mafgk hr memhgr~ ~`k b{a~{|ma gf|i hg

Ifgefahm! mgn xf{ imx lk mrjkn fc~kg mlf{~ u`x xf{ m|k gf~

im||hkn f| u`x xf{ m|k rk|shge mafgk u`kg xf{| cmihax hr

ahshge hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr' Xf{ imx |kbkhsk if|k {gumg~kn

mgn hgmtt|ft|hm~k m~~kg~hfg c|fi Ifgefahmg ikg ~`mg u`m~

xf{ m|k {rkn ~f hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr' ^`k|kcf|k! xf{ imx gkkn~f jkkt m afu rfbhma t|fchak mgn t|mb~hbk nhrb|k~hfg hg t{lahb'

Xf{ imx `msk ~f uf|j `m|nk| ~`mg imak Sfa{g~kk|r ~f emhg ~`k

|krtkb~ fc `fr~ bf{g~|x bfaakme{kr hg ~`k uf|jtambk'

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r fc Bfaf|

Sfa{g~kk|r fc bfaf| hg Ifgefahm fc~kg kpt|krr c|{r~|m~hfg mgn

mggfxmgbk m~ lkhge mrjkn u`k|k ~`kx m|k c|fi' U`kg ~`kxmgruk|! cf| kpmitak! ‑Mc|hbmg Mik|hbmg!’ ‑Mrhmg Mik|hbmg!’

f| ‑Ikphbmg Mik|hbmg!’ rfik Ifgefahmgr |kmb~ uh~` r{|t|hrk!

r{rthbhfg! f| nhrlkahkc' B`hgkrk Mik|hbmgr imx lk |kem|nkn

uh~` r{rthbhfg lkbm{rk fc Ifgefahmgr% `hr~f|hbmaax)lmrkn

ihr~|{r~ fc B`hgm' Mik|hbmgr fc Jf|kmg f| Omtmgkrk nkrbkg~

imx lk ihr~mjkg cf| B`hgkrk' Xf{ imx ckka hrfam~kn uh~`hg

xf{| Sfa{g~kk| e|f{t hc ~`k|k m|k gf f~`k| Sfa{g~kk|r fc ~`k

rmik k~`ghbh~x' Ifgefahmgr imx bmaa xf{ lx cmif{r tkftak

fc bfaf|%r gmikr' Cf| kpmitak Ihb`mka Of|nmg cf| Mc|hbmg

Mik|hbmgr f| Okgghck| Aftkz cf| Am~hg Mik|hbmgr'




Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Rkghf| Sfa{g~kk|r

\krtkb~ bfikr uh~` mek hg Ifgefahm' Xf{gek| Sfa{g~kk|r

imx `msk ~f uf|j `m|nk| ~`mg ~`kh| fank| bfaakme{kr m~ lkhgembbkt~kn mr t|fckrrhfgmar' Fg ~`k f~`k| `mgn! fank| Sfa{g~kk|r

imx ckka hrfam~kn uh~`hg ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr bfii{gh~x! mr ~`k

imof|h~x fc Sfa{g~kk|r m|k hg ~`kh| <4r' ^`kx imx uf|j f| ahsk

uh~` hgnhshn{mar u`f `msk ah~~ak {gnk|r~mgnhge fc f| |krtkb~

cf| ~`k ahskr mgn kptk|hkgbkr fc rkghf| bh~hzkgr mgn! ~`k|kcf|k!

bmggf~ t|fshnk gkknkn tk|rfgma r{ttf|~' Rkghf| Sfa{g~kk|r

imx chgn ~`m~ xf{gek| Sfa{g~kk|r affj ~f ~`ki cf| mnshbkmgn r{ttf|~' U`hak rfik rkghf|r chgn ~`hr m sk|x kgofxmlak

kptk|hkgbk! f~`k|r b`ffrk gf~ ~f chaa ~`hr |fak' Fank| ~|mhgkkr

rfik~hikr kgbf{g~k| m ambj fc m~~kg~hfg ~f ~`kh| gkknr cf| m

tm|~hb{am| akm|ghge kgsh|fgikg~! hgba{nhge ~hihge mgn ik~`fn

fc t|krkg~m~hfg' Xf{ imx gkkn ~f lk mrrk|~hsk hg nkskafthge mg

kcckb~hsk! hgnhshn{ma mtt|fmb` ~f amge{mek akm|ghge'

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Emx! Akrlhmg! f| Lhrkp{ma Sfa{g~kk|r

Rkp{ma if|kr hg Ifgefahm m|k bfgrk|sm~hsk! mgn Sfa{g~kk|r m|k

kptkb~kn ~f |krtkb~ ~`ki' Imgx Ifgefahmgr lkahksk ~`m~ emx

mgn akrlhmg |kam~hfgr`htr m|k u|fge f| ~`m~ r{b` |kam~hfgr`htr

nf gf~ kphr~ hg ~`kh| bf{g~|x' Rfik emx mgn akrlhmg Sfa{g~kk|r

u`f `msk rk|skn hg Ifgefahm |ktf|~ ~`m~ ~`kx uk|k gf~ mlak

~f lk ftkg mlf{~ ~`kh| rkp{ma f|hkg~m~hfg' ^`frk u`f m|k

ftkg imx lk `mrrakn hg t{lahb tambkr f| hg ~`k uf|jtambk' Xf{

imx rk|sk cf| ~uf xkm|r uh~`f{~ ikk~hge f~`k| emx! akrlhmg!

f| lhrkp{ma Sfa{g~kk|r mgn imx rkgrk m ambj fc r{ttf|~

mgn {gnk|r~mgnhge mifge xf{| Sfa{g~kk| e|f{t' Ikg imx

kgbf{g~k| imb`hrif mgn lk kptkb~kn ~f ofhg hg ~maj fc rkp{ma

bfg}{kr~r mgn nh|~x ofjkr'

Hg ~`k tmr~! emx mgn akrlhmg Sfa{g~kk|r `msk cf|ikn ~`kh| fugr{ttf|~ e|f{tr' Xf{ ihe`~ chgn rfik `katc{a hgcf|im~hfg m~

uuu'ekfbh~hkr'bfi&wael|tbs&! m uklrh~k mcchahm~kn uh~` ~`k

Gm~hfgma Tkmbk Bf|tr Mrrfbhm~hfg'




Tfrrhlak \kahehf{r Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r

T|ftmemgnm f| ~kmb`hge mlf{~ mgx |kahehfg f~`k| ~`mg

L{nn`hri! Hrami! mgn r`mimghri lx cf|kheg |krhnkg~r hrt|f`hlh~kn hg Ifgefahm f{~rhnk ~`k ifgmr~k|hkr mgn b`{|b`kr

fc ~`k |krtkb~hsk |kahehfgr' Sfa{g~kk|r u`f ftkgax t|frkax~hzk

cf| m tm|~hb{am| |kahehfg m|k hg nh|kb~ shfam~hfg fc Tkmbk Bf|tr

tfahbx' If|k bfgc{rhge mgn nhcchb{a~ ~f nkma uh~`! `fuksk|! m|k

~`k rkkihgeax hggfbkg~ ~`hger imgx Mik|hbmgr nf! r{b` mr

nhrb{rrhge imof| |kahehf{r `fahnmxr ahjk Kmr~k| mgn B`|hr~imr!

u`hb` bf{an lk ihrbfgr~|{kn lx tkftak u`f m|k rkgrh~hskmlf{~ ihrrhfgm|x mb~hsh~hkr' Sfa{g~kk|r u`f m|k gf~ bakm| mr

~f u`m~ bfgr~h~{~kr |kahehf{r t|frkax~hzhge r`f{an bfgr{a~ uh~`

~`k bf{g~|x nh|kb~f|'

Xf{ m|k! fc bf{|rk! c|kk ~f kpk|bhrk f| kpt|krr xf{|

tk|rfgma |kahehf{r lkahkcr hg m umx ~`m~ nfkr gf~ hitmh| xf{|

kcckb~hskgkrr mr m Sfa{g~kk|' Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm hg~k|t|k~r

~`hr ~f ikmg ~`m~ xf{ r`f{an gf~ kgemek hg mgx |kahehf{r

mb~hsh~x u`hak m~ uf|j'

Tfrrhlak Hrr{kr cf| Sfa{g~kk|r Uh~` Nhrmlhah~hkr

Mr m nhrmlakn Sfa{g~kk| hg Ifgefahm! xf{ imx chgn ~`m~

xf{ cmbk m rtkbhma rk~ fc b`maakgekr' Hg Ifgefahm! mr hg

f~`k| tm|~r fc ~`k uf|an! rfik tkftak imx `fan t|ko{nhbkr

memhgr~ hgnhshn{mar uh~` nhrmlhah~hkr mgn imx nhrb|hihgm~kmemhgr~ ~`ki' Mgn ~`k|k hr sk|x ah~~ak fc ~`k hgc|mr~|{b~{|k

~f mbbfiifnm~k hgnhshn{mar uh~` nhrmlhah~hkr ~`m~ `mr lkkg

nkskaftkn hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr'

^`m~ lkhge rmhn! mr tm|~ fc ~`k iknhbma bakm|mgbk t|fbkrr!

~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% Fcchbk fc Iknhbma Rk|shbkr nk~k|ihgkn ~`m~

xf{ uk|k t`xrhbmaax mgn kif~hfgmaax bmtmlak! uh~` f| uh~`f{~|kmrfgmlak mbbfiifnm~hfgr! fc tk|cf|ihge m c{aa ~f{| fc

Sfa{g~kk| rk|shbk hg Ifgefahm uh~`f{~ {g|kmrfgmlak |hrj ~f

xf{|rkac f| hg~k||{t~hfg fc xf{| rk|shbk' Tkmbk Bf|tr&Ifgefahm




r~mcc uhaa uf|j uh~` nhrmlakn Sfa{g~kk|r ~f imjk |kmrfgmlak

mbbfiifnm~hfgr hg ~|mhghge! `f{rhge! oflrh~kr! mgn f~`k| m|kmr

~f kgmlak ~`ki ~f rk|sk rmckax mgn kcckb~hskax'




C\K][ KG^AX MRJKN ][KR^HFGR

@fu i{b` a{eemek uhaa H lk maafukn ~f l|hge ~f Ifgefahm6

Ifr~ mh|ahgkr `msk lmeemek rhzk mgn ukhe`~ ahih~r mgn mrrkrr

b`m|ekr cf| ~|mgrtf|~ fc lmeemek ~`m~ kpbkknr ~`hr maafumgbk'

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr `mr h~r fug rhzk mgn ukhe`~ ahih~r mgn uhaa

gf~ tmx ~`k bfr~ fc ~|mgrtf|~ cf| lmeemek ~`m~ kpbkknr ~`krk

ahih~r' ^`k m{~`f|hzkn lmeemek maafumgbk hr ~uf b`kbjknthkbkr fc a{eemek uh~` bfilhgkn nhikgrhfgr fc lf~` thkbkr

gf~ ~f kpbkkn =45 hgb`kr (akge~` * uhn~` * `khe`~ mgn m

bm||x)fg lme uh~` nhikgrhfgr fc gf if|k ~`mg >; hgb`kr'

B`kbjkn lmeemek r`f{an gf~ kpbkkn =4< tf{gnr ~f~ma uh~`

m imphi{i ukhe`~ maafumgbk fc 54 tf{gnr cf| mgx fgk lme'

Takmrk b`kbj ~`k ^|mgrtf|~m~hfg Rkb{|h~x Mnihghr~|m~hfg

(^RM uklrh~k cf| m nk~mhakn ahr~ fc tk|ih~~kn mgn t|f`hlh~knh~kir m~ `~~t?&&uuu'~rm'efs&~|mskak|r&mh|~|mska&t|f`hlh~kn&

tk|ih~~kn)t|f`hlh~kn)h~kir'r`~i'

Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|r m|k gf~ maafukn ~f ~mjk tk~r!

ukmtfgr! kptafrhskr! |mnhf ~|mgrih~~k|r! m{~fiflhakr! f|

if~f|bxbakr ~f ~`kh| fsk|rkmr mrrhegikg~r' Nf gf~ tmbj

camiimlak im~k|hmar f| ah}{hnr r{b` mr ahe`~k| ca{hn! bakmghge

rfaskg~r! `mh| rt|mx! f| mk|frfa bfg~mhgk|r' ^`hr hr mg

hitf|~mg~ rmck~x t|kbm{~hfg'

U`m~ hr ~`k kakb~|hb b{||kg~ hg Ifgefahm6

H~ hr <<4)<>4 sfa~r! ;4 bxbakr' F{~ak~r ~mjk K{|ftkmg)r~xak

|f{gn thg ta{er mgn! mr m ekgk|ma |{ak! m|k gf~ e|f{gnkn' Ifr~

amt~ftr m{~f)bfgsk|~! l{~ xf{ r`f{an b`kbj ~`k kakb~|hbma

hgcf ~mer fg ~`k k}{htikg~ xf{ uhaa l|hge' Xf{ imx bfgrhnk|

l|hgehge m sfa~mek bfgsk|~k| (ma~`f{e` xf{ bmg l{x ~`ki

`k|k mr ukaa mr m lm~~k|x b`m|ek|&mnmt~k| mgn rksk|ma

|kb`m|ekmlak lm~~k|hkr cf| camr`ahe`~r mgn f~`k| lm~~k|x)




ftk|m~kn k}{htikg~' Bmgnakr m|k m gkbkrrh~x mgn m|k msmhamlak

afbmaax'

@fu i{b` ifgkx r`f{an H l|hge6

Sfa{g~kk|r m|k kptkb~kn ~f ahsk m~ ~`k rmik akska mr ~`k tkftak

hg ~`kh| bfii{gh~x' ^`kx m|k ehskg m rk~~ahge)hg maafumgbk

mgn m ifg~`ax ahshge maafumgbk! u`hb` uhaa bfsk| ifr~ ahshge

kptkgrkr' Fc~kg Sfa{g~kk|r uhr` ~f l|hge mnnh~hfgma ifgkx cf|

smbm~hfg ~|mska ~f f~`k| bf{g~|hkr' B|knh~ bm|nr mgn ~|mskak|%r

b`kbjr m|k t|kck|mlak ~f bmr`' Hc xf{ b`ffrk ~f l|hge kp~|m

ifgkx! l|hge ~`k mif{g~ ~`m~ uhaa r{h~ xf{| fug ~|mska tamgr

mgn gkknr'

Uhaa ix lkafgehger lk bfsk|kn lx hgr{|mgbk6

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr nfkr gf~ t|fshnk hgr{|mgbk bfsk|mek

cf| tk|rfgma kcckb~r' Sfa{g~kk|r m|k |krtfgrhlak cf| ~`k

rmckjkkthge fc ~`kh| tk|rfgma lkafgehger' @fuksk|! xf{ bmg

t{|b`mrk tk|rfgma t|ftk|~x hgr{|mgbk lkcf|k xf{ akmsk' Hc

xf{ uhr`! xf{ imx bfg~mb~ xf{| fug hgr{|mgbk bfitmgx'

Mnnh~hfgmaax! hgr{|mgbk mttahbm~hfg cf|ir uhaa lk t|fshnkn!

mgn uk kgbf{|mek xf{ ~f bfgrhnk| ~`ki bm|kc{aax' Sfa{g~kk|r

r`f{an gf~ r`ht f| ~mjk sma{mlak h~kir fsk|rkmr' Okuka|x!

um~b`kr! |mnhfr! bmik|mr! mgn kptkgrhsk mttahmgbkr m|k

r{lokb~ ~f afrr! ~`kc~! mgn l|kmjmek! mgn hg imgx tambkr!

rm~hrcmb~f|x imhg~kgmgbk mgn |ktmh| rk|shbkr m|k gf~ msmhamlak'

Nf H gkkn mg hg~k|gm~hfgma n|hsk|%r ahbkgrk6

Sfa{g~kk|r hg Ifgefahm nf gf~ gkkn ~f ek~ mg hg~k|gm~hfgma

n|hsk|%r ahbkgrk' Ftk|m~hfg fc if~f|hzkn sk`hbakr lx Sfa{g~kk|r

hg Ifgefahm hr r~|hb~ax t|f`hlh~kn'

U`m~ r`f{an H l|hge mr ehc~r cf| Ifgefahmg c|hkgnr mgn ix

`fr~ cmihax6

^`hr hr gf~ m |k}{h|kikg~' M ~fjkg fc c|hkgnr`ht hr r{cchbhkg~'

Rfik ehc~ r{eekr~hfgr hgba{nk jghbjjgmbjr cf| ~`k `f{rk!

thb~{|kr! lffjr! f| bmakgnm|r fc Mik|hbmg rbkgkr! rf{skgh|r




c|fi xf{| m|km! `m|n bmgnhkr ~`m~ uhaa gf~ ika~ f| rtfha! f|

t`f~fr ~f ehsk mumx' Ifgefahmgr uhaa kgofx rkkhge thb~{|kr fc

xf{| `fik mgn cmihax'

U`kg bmg H ~mjk smbm~hfg mgn `msk tkftak shrh~ ik6

Kmb` Sfa{g~kk| mbb|{kr ~uf nmxr fc mgg{ma akmsk (smbm~hfg

nmxr tk| ifg~` fc rk|shbk! kpba{nhge ~|mhghge' Mgg{ma akmsk

imx gf~ lk ~mjkg n{|hge ~|mhghge f| n{|hge ~`k ch|r~ ~`|kk

ifg~`r f| amr~ ~`|kk ifg~`r fc rk|shbk! kpbkt~ hg bfgo{gb~hfg

uh~` mg m{~`f|hzkn kik|ekgbx akmsk' Cmihax mgn c|hkgnr m|k

ukabfik ~f shrh~ xf{ mc~k| t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge mgn mc~k| ~`k

ch|r~ ~`|kk ifg~`r fc rk|shbk mr afge mr ~`kh| r~mx nfkr gf~

hg~k|ck|k uh~` xf{| uf|j' Kp~kgnkn r~mxr m~ xf{| rh~k m|k gf~

kgbf{|mekn mgn imx |k}{h|k tk|ihrrhfg c|fi xf{| bf{g~|x

nh|kb~f|' ^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr bmggf~ t|fshnk xf{| shrh~f|r

uh~` shrm! iknhbma! f| ~|mska mrrhr~mgbk' Ukm~`k| bfgnh~hfgr

~`|f{e`f{~ ~`k xkm| imjk ~|mska ~f mgn uh~`hg Ifgefahm

nhcchb{a~'

U`k|k uhaa ix rh~k mrrhegikg~ lk u`kg H chghr` ~|mhghge! mgn

`fu hrfam~kn uhaa H lk6

Tkmbk Bf|tr ~|mhgkkr m|k mrrhegkn ~f hgnhshn{ma rh~kr ~fum|n

~`k kgn fc t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge' ^`hr ehskr ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

r~mcc ~`k fttf|~{gh~x ~f mrrkrr kmb` ~|mhgkk%r ~kb`ghbma mgn

amge{mek rjhaar t|hf| ~f mrrheghge rh~kr! hg mnnh~hfg ~f chgmahzhgerh~k rkakb~hfgr uh~` ~`kh| bf{g~k|tm|~ mekgbhkr' Hc ckmrhlak!

xf{ imx `msk ~`k fttf|~{gh~x ~f t|fshnk hgt{~ fg xf{| rh~k

t|kck|kgbkr! hgba{nhge ekfe|mt`hbma afbm~hfg! nhr~mgbk c|fi

f~`k| Sfa{g~kk|r! f| ahshge bfgnh~hfgr' @fuksk|! imgx cmb~f|r

hgca{kgbk ~`k rh~k rkakb~hfg t|fbkrr mgn ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

bmggf~ e{m|mg~kk tambkikg~ u`k|k xf{ ihe`~ hnkmaax ahjk ~f

lk' Rh~k mrrhegikg~r m|k lmrkn fg ~`k cfaafuhge cmb~f|r! hgf|nk| fc t|hf|h~x? (= ^`k bfii{gh~x%r |k}{kr~ mgn gkknr! (<

^`k Sfa{g~kk|%r rjhaar mgn kptk|hkgbk! mgn (2 ^`k Sfa{g~kk|%r

hg~k|kr~r mgn t|kck|kgbkr'




Ifr~ Sfa{g~kk|r uhaa ahsk hg mhime bkg~k|r (t|fshgbhma bkg~k|r

fc =4!444 ~f <4!444 tkftak f| rf{ir (t|fshgbhma shaamekr fc

=!444 ~f =4!444! mgn uhaa ekgk|maax lk fgk ~f ~`|kk `f{|rc|fi ~`k gkm|kr~ ckaafu Sfa{g~kk|' Rfik rh~kr m|k mr cm| mr m

=4) ~f 24)`f{| n|hsk c|fi ~`k bmth~ma'

@fu nf Sfa{g~kk|r nkma uh~` ~`k t|krr{|k ~f n|hgj fg rfbhma

fbbmrhfgr6

Rfik Sfa{g~kk|r b`ffrk gf~ ~f n|hgj mgn fbbmrhfgmaax imx

`msk ~f t{~ {t uh~` nhrmtt|fsma c|fi Ifgefahmgr mr m |kr{a~'

Rfik b`ffrk ~f n|hgj fgax lkk| f| uhgk! mgn f~`k|r ~mjk

o{r~ m rht f| t{~ m ah~~ak fg ~`k ~htr fc ~`kh| chgek|r mgn nf

m bk|kifghma fcck|hge (xf{ uhaa akm|g if|k mlf{~ ~`hr hg

~|mhghge' Ifgefahmgr m|k {r{maax |krtkb~c{a fc ~`krk kccf|~r

mgn nf gf~ kptkb~ xf{ ~f n|hgj if|k' H~ hr {a~him~kax {t ~f xf{

~f nkbhnk `fu ~f `mgnak mabf`fa |krtfgrhlax'

M|k ~`k `km~hge rxr~kir mr tff| mr rfik `msk rmhn6

Xkr! rfik m|k' Imgx Sfa{g~kk|r |ktf|~ lkhge mlak ~f rkk ~`kh|

l|km~` u`kg ~kmb`hge m~ rb`ffar hg uhg~k|' @f{rhge imx gf~

`msk effn `km~hge! kh~`k|' Rfik rfa{~hfgr m|k ~f ukm| amxk|r!

~f lkbfik bfzx uh~` xf{| Tkmbk Bf|tr)hrr{kn rtmbk `km~k|!

mgn ~f lkbfik m bfitk~kg~ ch|k l{hank|'

U`k|k uhaa H km~ n{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge6N{|hge ~|mhghge xf{ uhaa ahsk uh~` m `fr~ cmihax! u`f uhaa

t|fshnk xf{| l|kmjcmr~! a{gb`! mgn nhggk| fg ukkjnmxr mgn

ukkjkgnr' ^`hr bmg lk nhcchb{a~ cf| rfik Sfa{g~kk|r lkbm{rk

~`kx nf gf~ `msk c{aa bfg~|fa fsk| u`m~ ~`kx km~' Rfik

~|mhgkkr `msk kskg fcck|kn ~f bffj cf| ~`kh| `fr~ cmihax mr m

r~|m~kex ~f km~ m i{~~fg)c|kk ikma' Fgbk xf{ ek~ ~f xf{| rh~k!

xf{ uhaa `msk if|k bfg~|fa fsk| xf{| nhk~'




Ix c|hkgnr mgn cmihax jkkt ~kaahge ik ~f tmbj ~fhak~ tmtk|)hr

~`hr gkbkrrm|x6

Gf' U`hak ifr~ fc ~`k ~fhak~ tmtk| hg Ifgefahm hr gf~ }{ha~kn f|rfc~! xf{ nf gf~ gkkn ~f tmbj mgx)maa ~`k ~fhak~ tmtk| xf{ gkkn

bmg lk lf{e`~ afbmaax' Xf{ bmg kskg chgn lmlx uhtkr'

@fu bmg ix cmihax bfg~mb~ ik hg mg kik|ekgbx6

^`k Tkmbk Bf|tr% Fcchbk fc Rtkbhma Rk|shbkr t|fshnkr

mrrhr~mgbk hg `mgnahge kik|ekgbhkr mcckb~hge ~|mhgkkr mgn

Sfa{g~kk|r f| ~`kh| cmihahkr' Lkcf|k akmshge ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr!

hgr~|{b~ xf{| cmihax ~f gf~hcx ~`k Fcchbk fc Rtkbhma Rk|shbkr

hiiknhm~kax hc mg kik|ekgbx m|hrkr! r{b` mr m rk|hf{r haagkrr

f| nkm~` fc m cmihax ikilk|' N{|hge gf|ima l{rhgkrr `f{|r!

~`k g{ilk| cf| ~`k Fcchbk fc Rtkbhma Rk|shbkr hr 044'><>'0;04:

rkakb~ ft~hfg <! ~`kg kp~kgrhfg =>54' Mc~k| gf|ima l{rhgkrr

`f{|r mgn fg ukkjkgnr mgn `fahnmxr! ~`k Rtkbhma Rk|shbkr

n{~x fcchbk| bmg lk |kmb`kn m~ ~`k mlfsk g{ilk|' Cf|

gfgkik|ekgbx }{kr~hfgr! xf{| cmihax bmg ek~ hgcf|im~hfg

c|fi xf{| bf{g~|x nkrj r~mcc m~ ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr lx bmaahge

044'><>'0;04''




U K A B F I K A K ^ ^K \ R C \ F I

I F G E F A H M S F A [ G^K K \ RNkm| Tkmbk Bf|tr Hgsh~kk!

Ukabfik ~f ~`k t|fe|mi- Ak~%r ek~ fgk ~`hge f{~ fc ~`k umx?

R~ft uf||xhge mlf{~ ~`k uhg~k|' Ak~ ik t{~ h~ ~`k umx m

b{||kg~ Sfa{g~kk| t{~ h~ ~f ik? Ifgefahmgr `msk lkkg ahshge

hg Ifgefahm cf| `{gn|knr fc xkm|r mgn ~`kx jgfu `fu ~f jkkt

um|i' ^`kx%aa `kat xf{ uh~` u`m~ksk| xf{ gkkn u`kg xf{ ek~`k|k'

Gkp~! uh~` ~`k ~hik xf{%sk rmskn lx gf~ r~|krrhge mlf{~

l{xhge ~`k `{ekr~ bfm~ xf{ bmg chgn! rtkgn ~hik uh~` c|hkgnr

mgn cmihax mgn km~ maa fc xf{| cmsf|h~k cffnr lkcf|k xf{ akmsk

~`k ['R' Lx ~uf ifg~`r hg~f ~|mhghge! hc xf{%|k mgx~`hge ahjk

ik! xf{%n ehsk xf{| akc~ m|i cf| rfik `f~ tkttk|r f| mg

msfbmnf' Ifgefahmg cffn hr u`m~ ~`k lffj rmxr h~ hr? i{~~fg!

cm~! caf{|! mgn m cku r`mshger fc skek~mlakr ahjk bmllmek mgnbm||f~r' Xf{%aa mno{r~ ~`f{e`: o{r~ |kikilk| ~f l|hge rfik

rthbkr f| `msk ~`ki rkg~ c|fi ~`k r~m~kr mc~k| xf{ ek~ `k|k'

H uhr` H bf{an ~kaa xf{ u`m~ h~%r ahjk ~f lk hg m ek| f| m

uffnkg `f{rk `k|k! l{~ H%i m bh~x Sfa{g~kk|' Ix tambkikg~

hr hg ~`k bmth~ma! [ammglmm~m|' ^`hr ikmgr H%i hg m ghbk

fsk|`km~kn mtm|~ikg~ uh~` `f~ |{gghge um~k|' Bf{g~|xrhnk

Sfa{g~kk|r n|ft lx fg ~`k ukkjkgnr ~f r`fuk| mgn r~fbj {t

fg tkmg{~ l{~~k| mgn `f~ rm{bk' H ahsk fg ~`k knek fc ~fug!

rf ~|mgrtf|~m~hfg hr ix lhe mnskg~{|k' R}{kkzhge ix rhp)cff~

lfnx hg~f m ihghsmg uh~` =8 tkftak hg h~ nmx mc~k| nmx `mr

ehskg ik m gku mtt|kbhm~hfg cf| ~`k `mac)kit~x bh~x l{rkr fc

~`k ['R'

Gf im~~k| u`m~! xf{%aa ek~ m ah~~ak lh~ fc ~`k bf{g~|xrhnk

kptk|hkgbk n{|hge t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge u`kg xf{ ahsk uh~` m

Ifgefahmg `fr~ cmihax' Ix cmihax rmu ik mr fgk fc ~`kh| fugc|fi nmx fgk mgn H ek~ hg ~f{b` uh~` ~`ki ksk|x ukkj gfu!

if|k ~`mg H nf uh~` ix |kma tm|kg~r' Mihn ~`k |kihgnk|r ~f

ukm| um|i baf~`kr hg ~`k uhg~k| mgn ~f ~kp~ ikrrmek ~`ki

lkcf|k H ef fg smbm~hfg rf ~`kx nfg%~ uf||x u`kg ~`kx bmg%~




|kmb` ik! H bmg ckka ~`kh| afsk' ^`hr tmr~ r{iik|! ix `fr~

l|f~`k| mgn rhr~k| bmik ~f shrh~ ik `k|k hg [ammglmm~m|! mgn H

ef~ ~f |k~{|g ~`kh| `frth~mah~x! tamxhge `fr~krr ~f ~`kh| ch|r~ ~|ht

~f ~`k bmth~ma bh~x'

Fg m chgma gf~k! xf{ imx `msk `km|n ~`hr lkcf|k! l{~ ~`k

ckuk| kptkb~m~hfgr xf{ `msk mlf{~ Ifgefahm! ~`k kmrhk| h~ uhaa

lk ~f mno{r~ `k|k' Hc xf{ `msk rfik bfgb|k~k thb~{|k fc kpmb~ax

u`m~ xf{ umg~ h~ ~f lk! h~ uhaa lk `m|n ~f |kmahzk xf{| shrhfg

mgn xf{ imx kgn {t nhrmttfhg~kn' O{r~ ~|x ~f lk ftkg)ihgnkn

mgn |kmnx cf| mgx~`hge'

Effn a{bj- B`kk|r!„ R{gm|kk Im|r`maa

' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

Nkm| Tkmbk Bf|tr Hgsh~kk!

Ix ch|r~ ~`f{e`~r mlf{~ Ifgefahm cfb{rkn fg tmbjhge cf|

~`k uhg~k| mgn ~|xhge ~f akm|g m ah~~ak fc ~`k amge{mek! l{~

ifr~ax H nkbhnkn ~f cfaafu ~`k mnshbk fc hg)bf{g~|x Sfa{g~kk|r

mgn kgofx ix |kimhghge ~hik uh~` cmihax mgn c|hkgnr lkcf|kr~mehge' Ifgefahm mgn maa ix bfgbk|gr mlf{~ ahck ~`k|k uf{an

~mjk bm|k fc h~rkac! ~`kx u|f~k' ^`hr t|fskn ~f lk rf{gn mnshbk

cf| ik' Rf! hg ~`k ~hik akmnhge {t ~f r~mehge! kgofx xf{| ~hik

uh~` cmihax mgn c|hkgnr! km~ maa fc xf{| cmsf|h~k cffnr! um~b`

ifshkr)nf maa ~`k ~`hger xf{ ufg%~ lk mlak ~f nf mgn lk uh~`

maa ~`k tkftak ~`m~ xf{ ufg%~ lk uh~` cf| ~`k gkp~ ~uf xkm|r

mgn ak~ ~`k c{~{|k ~mjk bm|k fc h~rkac'

Uh~` ix ch|r~ xkm| hg)bf{g~|x {gnk| ix l{{r (lka~! `k|k

m|k rfik ~`f{e`~r mgn hit|krrhfgr ~`m~ imx lk `katc{a cf|

xf{' Ahck hg Ifgefahm ~kgnr ~f ek~ |fimg~hbhzkn' U`m~ xf{

rkk fg ~`k ^`k Nhrbfsk|x B`mggka hr maa `k|k! l{~ ahshge uh~`

h~ nmx hg mgn nmx f{~ }{hbjax ~{|gr ~`frk kpf~hb himekr hg~f

xf{| fug tk|rfgma |kmah~x r`fu)~`hgj? ‑Gm~hfgma Ekfe|mt`hb

ikk~r ^`k \kma Uf|an'’ R~mehge mgn ~`k r{iik| rtkg~ hg

m `fr~ bfii{gh~x uhaa `kat kmrk xf{ hg~f ~`k |kmah~x fc rh~ktambkikg~' Kgofx t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge: h~%r ~`k ~f{e`kr~ ==

ukkjr xf{%aa ksk| afsk- Fgk fc ~`k ifr~ |fimg~hbhzkn tm|~r

fc Ifgefahmg ahck hr ~`k ek|' ^`k|k m|k ~`|kk `f{rhge ft~hfgr

msmhamlak ~f Sfa{g~kk|r? ek|r! mtm|~ikg~r! mgn uffnkg `f{rkr'




H ahsk hg m ek| hg fgk fc ~`k ukr~k|g mhime bkg~k|r' Ek| ahck

hr mlf{~ ; tk|bkg~ |fimg~hb mgn 8; tk|bkg~ amlf| hg~kgrhsk'

Ek|r bmg lk bffa mgn takmrmg~ hg ~`k rt|hge mgn m{~{ig! `f~

mgn cax)|hnnkg hg ~`k r{iik|! bficf|~mlax um|i mgn c|kkzhge

bfan hg ~`k uhg~k|' H `msk ~f |k)r~mjk ix bamhi ~f t|hsmbx

|ke{am|ax' R~haa! h~%r bffa ~f lk `mshge ~`hr kptk|hkgbk kskg uh~`

maa ~`k b`maakgekr' Ix `mr`mm cmihax (gkhe`lf| `katr ik f{~

m af~ mgn imnk ix ch|r~ xkm| i{b` akrr nhcchb{a~' Ifgefahmg

tkftak hg ekgk|ma m|k }{h~k c|hkgnax mgn uhaa lk sk|x b{|hf{r

mlf{~ xf{' Mgn u`hak xf{ imx! m~ ~hikr! chgn ~`m~ b{|hfrh~x hr

afrhge h~r b`m|i)rmx fg ~`m~ ~uf)nmx |hnk ~f ~`k bmth~ma) xf{%aagfgk~`kakrr lk lfuakn fsk| lx ~`kh| bfgr~mg~! gm~{|ma! mgn

{gmrr{ihge `frth~mah~x'

Mr cf| cffn! ~`k Ifgefahmg nhk~ hr t|k~~x lamgn' @fuksk|!

H cf{gn rfik nhr`kr ~`m~ H |kmaax ahjk (H%i m bfggfhrrk{| fc

~m|me ) xfe{|~ mgn ~`k fbbmrhfgma ~|ht ~f ~`k bmth~ma t|fshnkr

m thzzm mgn b`kkrkl{|ek| chp' Ix tkmg{~ l{~~k| mnnhb~hfg!

`fuksk|! `mr fgax uf|rkgkn rhgbk lkhge `k|k- Mgn u`hak H%aa lk

`mttx ~f kahihgm~k i{~~fg c|fi ix nmhax ikg{ mc~k| H bafrk

rk|shbk! H%aa rf|kax ihrr lf~` `f|rk mgn bmika' U`hak Ifgefahm

`mr h~r r`m|k fc b{ahgm|x kpf~hbm! xf{%aa t|flmlax gksk| `msk

mr imgx f|emghb! c|kk)|mgek ikm~ ft~hfgr msmhamlak mgxu`k|k

kark- Amr~ax! hc xf{ m|k m bfcckk n|hgjk|! cf| ~`k afsk fc Efn!

l|hge e|f{gn bfcckk mgn m C|kgb` t|krr-

^|mska hr mgf~`k| mrtkb~ fc ahck `k|k u`k|k |kmah~x kalfur

|fimg~hbhri f{~ ~`k nff| mgn taftr h~rkac {gbficf|~mlaxgkp~ ~f xf{' M <0)`f{| ~|ht ~`m~ r`f{an `msk lkkg fgax =2

`f{|r mgn l|kmjnfugr f| {gtamggkn nkamxr m|k m bfgr~mg~

tfrrhlhah~x' Jkkt xf{| hTfn c{aax b`m|ekn- L{~! mr uh~` maa

~`hger `k|k! xf{ r{|shsk h~! am{e` mlf{~ h~ am~k| uh~` xf{|

c|hkgnr! mgn emhg m u`fak gku tk|rtkb~hsk mgn mtt|kbhm~hfg

cf| u`m~ ~`k imof|h~x fc Ifgefahmgr kgn{|k ksk|x nmx'

Amr~ax! imjk r{|k xf{ `msk ~`k cfaafuhge h~kir m~ ~`k ~ft

fc xf{| tmbjhge ahr~? tm~hkgbk)cf| xf{|rkac mgn ksk|xfgk kark!ml{gnmg~ b{|hfrh~x! mg ftkg ihgn! mgn (gf jhnnhge ~`k lkr~

afge {gnk|ukm| ifgkx bmg l{x- Rmhg xmsmm|mh- (Rmck ~|mskar-

„ ‑Effb`’ Lamjkax




E|kk~hger c|fi Nm|j`mg! Ifgefahm!

M~ ~`hr tfhg~! ~`k ~fug fc Nm|j`mg nfkrg%~ `msk m u`fak af~

fc rheghchbmgbk cf| xf{! l{~ lx ~`k kgn fc xf{| ch|r~ r{iik|

h~ uhaa lk m tambk xf{ `msk lkbfik }{h~k cmihahm| uh~` mr

~`k `{l fc xf{| t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge' Cf| Sfa{g~kk|r hg ~`hr

|kehfg! Nm|j`mg hr m tambk ~f |k)r{ttax! bm~b` {t fg kimhar!

mgn ikk~ {t uh~` f~`k| Tkmbk Bf|tr Sfa{g~kk|r' Ifgefahmgr

uf{an rmx ~`kx afsk ~`hr ~fug lkbm{rk h~ hr cmh|ax bakmg! ~`k mh|

hr t{|k! mgn ~`k|k hr sk|x effn mbbkrr ~f effnr mgn rk|shbkr'

U`hak ~`frk }{mah~hkr ihe`~ `msk ~f lk ~mjkg m lh~ |kam~hskax!

mc~k| fsk| m xkm| fc ahshge `k|k! uk bmg `fgkr~ax rmx ~`m~ ukm|k sk|x ~`mgjc{a cf| f{| tambkikg~ `k|k hg ~`hr bf{g~|x mgn

hg ~`hr bh~x' ^`m~ rmhn? Ukabfik- H~ r~haa imx lk m ah~~ak u`hak

lkcf|k xf{ r~kt fg ~`k tamgk (f| h~ imx gf~! l{~ uk m|k

kmek|ax mg~hbhtm~hge xf{| m||hsma'

Nktkgnhge fg u`kg xf{ ek~ ~`hr ak~~k|! xf{%aa lk hg nhcck|kg~

r~m~kr fc t|ktm|m~hfg! l{~ kskg mr xf{%|k ek~~hge |kmnx ~f

rtkgn ~uf xkm|r hg m bf{g~|x xf{ imx gf~ jgfu i{b` mlf{~!

uf|jhge uh~` mg f|emghzm~hfg ~`m~ r~|krrkr cakphlhah~x mgn

uh~` tkftak xf{%sk gksk| ik~! c|fi f{| kptk|hkgbk! xf{%|k

efggm lk hg effn `mgnr' ^`k ~|mhghge mgn r{ttf|~ ~`m~ Tkmbk

Bf|tr&Ifgefahm t|fshnkr hr kpbkt~hfgma' U`kg Sh~m mgn H

ef~ ~f Ifgefahm amr~ O{gk! uk r~kttkn hg~f m t|fe|mi ~`m~

umr uhaahge ~f t|fshnk {r mbbkrr ~f mr i{b` amge{mek mgn

b{a~{|k rjhaar mr uk uk|k uhaahge ~f mb}{h|k' ^`k r~mcc! c|fi

mnihghr~|m~hfg ~f iknhbma ~f ~`k ~kb`ghbma rkb~f|r! `msk lkkg sk|x jgfuaknekmlak mgn m takmr{|k ~f uf|j uh~`'

Rf! m ah~~ak mlf{~ {r' H mi m ^KCA (~kmb`hge Kgeahr` mr m

cf|kheg amge{mek Sfa{g~kk| uf|jhge m~ m afbma rkbfgnm|x

rb`ffa mgn Sh~m hr uf|jhge uh~` m l{rhgkrr nkskaftikg~

gfgefsk|gikg~ma f|emghzm~hfg mr m bfii{gh~x kbfgfihb

nkskaftikg~ Sfa{g~kk|' Ma~`f{e` uk m|k uf|jhge hg nhcck|kg~

rkb~f|r! uk r`m|k m af~ fc ~`k rmik b`maakgekr! |kum|nr!

mgn c|{r~|m~hfgr hg f{| nmx)~f)nmx uf|j' Cf| kpmitak! ~`kb`maakgek fc rtkmjhge m gku amge{mek! f| ~`k c|{r~|m~hfgr fc

t|fokb~r f| hnkmr ~`m~ rfik~hikr nfg%~ rkki ~f ek~ fcc ~`k

e|f{gn mgn ~`k |kum|nr fc chgmaax rkkhge rfik~`hge bfik




~fek~`k| mgn bahbj' Xkr! c|fi ~hik ~f ~hik! h~ hr m b`maakgek ~f

|kam~k e|mbhf{rax uh~` kmb` f~`k|! u`kg ~`k r~|krrkr fc b|frr)

b{a~{|ma ahshge r~m|~ ~f ukm| fg {r' Fg ~`k f~`k| `mgn! mr m

im||hkn bf{tak! `mshge kmb` f~`k| ~f r`m|k ~`hr kptk|hkgbk

uh~` `mr lkkg hgsma{mlak mgn uk `msk nkchgh~kax e|fug

hgnhshn{maax mgn ~fek~`k| ~`|f{e` ~`hr kptk|hkgbk'

Gfu m lh~ mlf{~ Ifgefahm' Hr Ifgefahm bfan6 Xkm`! h~ bmg ek~

t|k~~x bfan hg ~`k uhg~k| mgn uk uf{an nkchgh~kax |kbfiikgn

l|hgehge rfik baf~`kr mgn r{ttahkr mafge ~`m~ uhaa `kat xf{

r~mx bfzx fg ~`k bfank| nmxr' Fg ~`k f~`k| `mgn! b{a~hsm~hge

mg ftkg ihgn mgn um|i `km|~ cf| ~`k tkftak `k|k kskg mr xf{%|k t|ktm|hge uhaa `kat xf{ gf~ fgax ek~ ~`|f{e`! l{~

kgofx ~`k uhg~k| ifg~`r mgn ~`k imgx uhg~k| `fahnmxr' ^`k

Ifgefahmg uf|n lmxm| ikmgr lf~` bkakl|m~hfg mgn `mtthgkrr

mgn hr cf{gn maa fsk|! hg gmikr! e|kk~hger! k~b' ^`k uf|n cf|

effnlxk! lmxm|~k`! ah~k|maax ikmgr ‑lk uh~` bkakl|m~hfg’ mgn

bkakl|m~hge hr rfik~`hge ifr~ Ifgefahmgr afsk ~f nf)uh~`

c|hkgnr! uh~` rfge! mgn uh~` cffn mgn |kc|kr`ikg~r' Rf mr

xf{ t|ktm|k ~f kilm|j! ~`hgj fc h~ gf~ fgax mr m of{|gkx! f| mr

mkr~`k~hb sfa{g~kk| rk|shbk! l{~ mr ~`f{e` xf{%|k lkhge hgsh~kn

~f ~`k bkakl|m~hfg mgn ~`k|k m|k m af~ fc tkftak umh~hge ~f

ukabfik xf{ hg'

_m! Lmxm|)~k`-

„ Mg~`fgx mgn Sh~m ^|{ohaaf




TMBJ H G E A H R ^^`hr ahr~ `mr lkkg bfithakn lx Sfa{g~kk|r rk|shge hg Ifgefahm

mgn hr lmrkn fg ~`kh| kptk|hkgbk' [rk h~ mr mg hgcf|ima e{hnk

hg imjhge xf{| fug ahr~! lkm|hge hg ihgn ~`m~ kmb` kptk|hkgbk

hr hgnhshn{ma' ^`k|k hr gf tk|ckb~ ahr~- Xf{ flshf{rax bmggf~

l|hge ksk|x~`hge uk ikg~hfg! rf bfgrhnk| ~`frk h~kir ~`m~

imjk ~`k ifr~ rkgrk ~f xf{ tk|rfgmaax mgn t|fckrrhfgmaax'

Xf{ bmg maumxr `msk ~`hger rkg~ ~f xf{ am~k|' Mr xf{ nkbhnk

u`m~ ~f l|hge! |kikilk| ~`m~ xf{ `msk m =4<)tf{gn ukhe`~|kr~|hb~hfg fg lmeemek'

Xf{ bmg chgn maifr~ mgx~`hge xf{ gkkn hg [ammglmm~m| mgn

imgx lmrhbr bmg lk t{|b`mrkn hg mhime bkg~k|r (t|fshgbhma

bmth~mar' Nktkgnhge {tfg xf{| rh~k! xf{ imx `msk ahih~kn

~hik ~f r`ft hg [ammglmm~m| {g~ha xf{| ch|r~ hg)rk|shbk ~|mhghge!

u`hb` hr {r{maax `kan hg Nkbkilk|' Rf ~`hgj bm|kc{aax mlf{~~`frk krrkg~hma uhg~k| h~kir xf{ uhaa gkkn n{|hge xf{| ch|r~

cku ifg~`r m~ xf{| rh~k'

Lkcf|k xf{ ifsk ~f xf{| rh~k! ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr uhaa t|fshnk

xf{ uh~` m rtmbk `km~k|! um~k| cha~k| f| nhr~haak|! ch|k

kp~hge{hr`k|! rifjk nk~kb~f|! r`f|~umsk |mnhf! effn) }{mah~x

kp~kgrhfg bf|n! imgx ~kmb`hge Kgeahr` mr m cf|kheg amge{mek

(^KCA lffjr! rakkthge lme (rfik Sfa{g~kk|r chgn ~`k

rakkthge lme l{ajx mgn `kmsx mgn r{eekr~ ~`m~ ~|mhgkkr l|hge

~`kh| fug cf| ~|mska t{|tfrkr mgn m iknhbma jh~'

Xf{| ahshge maafumgbk r`f{an gf~ lk bfgrhnk|kn m rf{|bk fc

c{gnhge cf| imof| baf~`hge t{|b`mrkr! ma~`f{e` |ktambkikg~

baf~`hge hr cmb~f|kn hg~f ~`k ahshge maafumgbk' ^`k Tkmbk

Bf|tr nfkr gf~ t|fshnk |khil{|rkikg~ cf| uhg~k| baf~`hget{|b`mrkn hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr' @fuksk| Tkmbk Bf|tr&

Ifgefahm nfkr t|fshnk m rk~~ahge)hg&uhg~k|hzm~hfg maafumgbk

~`m~ bfsk|r ~`k t{|b`mrk fc rfik uhg~k| baf~`hge mgn r{ttahkr

hg)bf{g~|x'




^`k `m|n um~k| mgn r~|fge nk~k|ekg~ hg Ifgefahm! gf~ ~f

ikg~hfg `mgn)umr`hge! uhaa lk `m|r` fg xf{| baf~`hge! rf

imjk r{|k ~`m~ u`m~ksk| xf{ l|hge bmg r~mgn {t ~f ~`hr~|km~ikg~' Ifr~ Sfa{g~kk|r ukm| ~`kh| baf~`kr cf| rksk|ma

nmxr lkcf|k umr`hge ~`ki! rf nm|j bfaf|r m|k m effn hnkm'

U`hak n|x bakmghge hr msmhamlak hg [ammglmm~m|! Nm|j`mg! mgn

K|nkgk~! xf{ imx gf~ `msk |ke{am| mbbkrr ~f ~`krk bh~hkr! mgn

~`k }{mah~x fc ~`k rk|shbk hr gf~ bfgrhr~kg~'

M uhnk sm|hk~x fc baf~`kr hr msmhamlak `k|k (imgx fc ~`ki

imnk hg B`hgm! l{~ }{mah~x bmg lk ambjhge' Hc xf{ `msk m `m|n

~hik chgnhge xf{| rhzk hg ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr! xf{ ufg%~ chgn h~

`k|k! mgn ekg{hgk ‑`he`)~kb`’ chlk|r m|k gf~ |kmnhax msmhamlak'

Sk|x um|i! Ifgefahmg)imnk uhg~k| baf~`kr bmg lk t{|b`mrkn

hg)bf{g~|x' Umajhge uhaa lk xf{| imhg ifnk fc ~|mgrtf|~m~hfg

m|f{gn ~fug! mgn ~`k ~k||mhg `k|k hr |m~`k| |{eekn! rf xf{

gkkn cff~ukm| ~`m~ bmg ~mjk m af~ fc ml{rk'

Ekgk|ma Baf~`hge

Gf~k? Imgx Sfa{g~kk|r r{eekr~ tmbjhge sk|x ahe`~' Lmrhb

baf~`hge mgn ~fhak~|hkr bmg lk lf{e`~ `k|k' Rmsk |ffi hg xf{|

r{h~bmrk cf| i{rhb! thb~{|kr c|fi `fik! emikr! mgn ~`hger

~`m~ imjk m lhe nhcck|kgbk u`kg lkhge mumx c|fi `fik cf|

~uf xkm|r' Rtkbhma~x h~kir ahjk }{mah~x afge {gnk|ukm| mgn

eafskr imjk effn rkgrk ~f l|hge c|fi `fik! l{~ `kmsx ombjk~r

bmg lk lf{e`~ `k|k cf| {gnk| .24' Marf tmbj m rktm|m~k lme fc

uhg~k| ~`hger f| ~`hger xf{ ufg%~ gkkn n{|hge ~`k == ukkjr fc

r{iik| ~|mhghge' ^`hr lme uhaa lk r~f|kn m~ ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr

fcchbk mgn xf{ ufg%~ `msk mbbkrr ~f h~ n{|hge r{iik| ~|mhghge'

• Fgk tmh| (~ftr mgn lf~~fir fc ihn)ukhe`~ afge

{gnk|ukm| (h~ hr krrkg~hma ~`m~ xf{ t{|b`mrk ~`krk

lkcf|k bfihge ~f Ifgefahm




• Fgk tmh| (~ftr mgn lf~~fir fc `kmsx afge {gnk|ukm|

(h~ hr krrkg~hma ~`m~ xf{ t{|b`mrk ~`krk lkcf|k bfihge

~f Ifgefahm

• Uhg~k| bfm~ f| tm|jm (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• Cmaa mgn rt|hge bfm~ f| tm|jm (|kmnhax msmhamlak hg

Ifgefahm

• Eafskr f| ih~~kgr (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm! l{~ hc xf{ `msk

lhe `mgnr! ek~ rfik hg ~`k ['R'

• Rbm|c (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• R~fbjhge bmt (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• M cku (2)> tmh|r fc uffakg rfbjr (msmhamlak hg

Ifgefahm

• M cku (2)> tmh|r fc bf~~fg rfbjr (msmhamlak hg

Ifgefahm

• R{g `m~r (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• ûf ~f ~`|kk ‑t|fckrrhfgma’ r`h|~r ~f uf|j hg! fgk cf|

r{iik|' (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• ûf ~f ~`|kk tmh|r fc ghbk tmg~r cf| uf|j! fgk ahe`~

(msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• Fgk ~f ~uf t{aafsk| rukm~k|r (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• ûf tmh|r fc okmgr (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• Chsk ~f rhp fc xf{| cmsf|h~k )̂r`h|~r

• Rukm~tmg~r mgn rukm~r`h|~ (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm• ûf tmh|r fc r`f|~r (krrkg~hma cf| r{iik| mgn tamxhge

rtf|~r

• Fgk cf|ima thkbk fc baf~`hge! r{b` mr m r{h~ cf| imakr

mgn m n|krr cf| ufikg (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

Gf~k? H~ hr sk|x nhcchb{a~ cf| ~maa ikg mgn ufikg ~f chgn

baf~`hge ~`m~ ch~r ~`ki `k|k' Tkmbk Bf|tr |kbfiikgnrt{|b`mrhge ~`krk h~kir u`hak hg ~`k ['R' hc xf{ m|k fsk| 3 ckk~

~maa'




Cf| Ufikg

• L|mr mgn {gnk|ukm| (am|ek| rhzkr m|k nhcchb{a~ ~f chgn

mgn ~`k }{mah~x imx lk ambjhge• Lm~`hge r{h~

Cf| Ikg

• [gnk|ukm| (afbma {gnk|ukm| imx lk fc afu }{mah~x

• Ruhi ~|{gjr

R`fkr

• Uhg~k| lff~r (msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm

• @hjhge lff~r (gf~ gkbkrrm|x! l{~ ~`k `hjhge hr e|km~

`k|k

• Rgkmjk|r (krtkbhmaax hc xf{ ahjk lmrjk~lmaa f| sfaakxlmaa

rhgbk ~`k|k m|k takg~x fc fttf|~{gh~hkr ~f tamx

• Rmgnmar (f{~nff| caht)caft rmgnmar m|k gf~ msmhamlak hg

Ifgefahm

• N|krr r`fkr

Gf~k? Ikg%r r`fkr am|ek| ~`mg rhzk =4 mgn ufikg%r r`fkr

am|ek| ~`mg rhzk 0 m|k nhcchb{a~ ~f chgn hg Ifgefahm'

Jh~b`kg

• Akm~`k|img f| Ruhrr M|ix Jghck

• R~{|nx um~k| lf~~ak(r (k'e'! Gmaekgk

• Tamr~hb r~f|mek lmer

//M Sfa{g~kk|)bfithakn bffjlffj uhaa lk ehskg ~f xf{ m~ ~`k

kgn fc t|k)rk|shbk ~|mhghge'




Tk|rfgma @xehkgk # ^fhak~|x H~kir

• f̂uka (xf{ bmg chgn afu }{mah~x ~fukar hg Ifgefahm

Gf~k? Imgx t|fn{b~r m|k msmhamlak hg Ifgefahm (k'e'! Ghskm

`mgn b|kmi! Tmg~kgk r`mitff! Bfaem~k ~ff~`tmr~k! gmha

tfahr`! mgn MAA jhgnr fc bfrik~hbr! l{~ hc xf{ m|k! cf|

hgr~mgbk! m Bahgh}{k f| Lfnx R`ft o{gjhk! l|hge xf{| fug f|

`msk ~`ki rkg~'

Ihrbkaamgkf{r• M rimaa t`f~f mal{i fc cmihax mgn c|hkgnr (m i{r~)l|hge

h~ki

• <<4)sfa~ bfgsk|~k| (krrkg~hma hc xf{ l|hge Mik|hbmg

mttahmgbkr

• \kb`m|ekmlak lm~~k|hkr

• Bmik|m/

• Camr`ahe`~/

• Mik|hbmg lfm|n mgn bm|n emikr

• I{rhb/

• Rfam| r`fuk|

• N{b~ ~mtk (`he`ax |kbfiikgnkn

• Bmithge ekm| (hc xf{ ahjk ~f bmit/

• Chr`hge ekm| (hc xf{ ahjk ~f chr`/

• Lmbjtmbj ({rkc{a cf| ~|mskahge hg)bf{g~|x

• \kmnhge im~k|hmar (i{b` b`kmtk| hc rkg~ {rhge m tfr~ma

I)lme: marf! Tkmbk Bf|tr `mr mg kp~kgrhsk akgnhge

ahl|m|x

• IT2 f| hTfn tamxk|

• Camr` nhrj f| ~`{il n|hsk

/Msmhamlak hg ~`k bmth~ma




Bm|k Tmbjmek h~kir

^`krk m|k effn ~`hger cf| xf{| c|hkgnr mgn cmihax ~f rkgn xf{

hc ~`kx m|k affjhge cf| {rkc{a hnkmr'

• @mgn mgn cff~ um|ik|r (h'k'! ~`k b`m|bfma jhgn ~`m~ m|k

mb~hsm~kn u`kg kptfrkn ~f mh|'

• Xf{| cmsf|h~k imemzhgkr (nf{lak mr Kgeahr` ~kmb`hge

|krf{|bk fgbk |kmn

• B`han|kg%r lffjr uh~` Rfger&~mtkr

• Tf|~mlak C|kgb` t|krr i{e (hc xf{ ahjk effn bfcckk f|affrk ~km

Uf|j H~kir cf| Kgeahr` Kn{bm~hfg Sfa{g~kk|r

B`mgbkr m|k effn ~`m~ xf{| rb`ffa uhaa gf~ lk mlak ~f t|fshnk

xf{ uh~` imgx |krf{|bkr' Lkafu m|k m cku h~kir ~`m~ bmggf~

lk lf{e`~ hg)bf{g~|x l{~ uf{an lk {rkc{a hg ~`k bamrr|ffi'• Bfaf|kn bfgr~|{b~hfg tmtk|

• Bm~mafer (~`k thb~{|kr m|k {rkc{a u`kg ~kmb`hge

• B`han|kg%r lffjr! m thb~{|k nhb~hfgm|x! rfger fg ~mtk!

mgn m lffj mlf{~ Mik|hbmg `fahnmxr

• K|mrk|r cf| b`majlfm|nr

• Hgnkp bm|nr

Uf|j H~kir cf| @kma~` mgn Bfii{gh~x mgn Xf{~`

Nkskaftikg~ Sfa{g~kk|r

U`m~ xf{ gkkn uhaa nktkgn fg xf{| kptk|hkgbk hg xf{|

chkan mgn ~`k rtkbhchb ofl xf{ `msk' H~ hr lkr~ ~f mrrkrr xf{|

rh~{m~hfg u`kg xf{ ek~ `k|k mgn ~`kg `msk h~kir rkg~ c|fi

`fik'




G F ^ K R




T \K )N K TM\^[\K B@ K BJA H R ^

^`k cfaafuhge ahr~ bfgrhr~r fc r{eekr~hfgr cf| xf{ ~f bfgrhnk|

mr xf{ t|ktm|k ~f ahsk f{~rhnk ~`k [gh~kn R~m~kr cf| ~uf xkm|r'

Gf~ maa h~kir uhaa lk |kaksmg~ ~f ksk|xfgk mgn ~`k ahr~ nfkr gf~

hgba{nk ksk|x~`hge xf{ r`f{an imjk m||mgekikg~r cf|'

Cmihax

❜ Gf~hcx cmihax ~`m~ ~`kx bmg bmaa ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr‘ Fcchbk

fc Rtkbhma Rk|shbkr m~ mgx ~hik hc ~`k|k hr m b|h~hbma

haagkrr f| nkm~` fc m cmihax ikilk| (<>)`f{| ~kakt`fgk

g{ilk|? 044'><>'0;04! kp~kgrhfg =>54'

❜ Ehsk ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr‘ Fg ~`k @fik C|fg~ `mgnlffj ~f

cmihax mgn c|hkgnr'

Tmrrtf|~&^|mska

❜ Cf|um|n ~f ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr ~|mska fcchbk maa tmtk|uf|j

cf| ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr tmrrtf|~ mgn shrmr'

❜ Sk|hcx ~`m~ a{eemek ikk~r ~`k rhzk mgn ukhe`~ ahih~r cf|

hg~k|gm~hfgma ~|mska'

❜ Fl~mhg m tk|rfgma tmrrtf|~ hc xf{ tamg ~f ~|mska mc~k|

xf{| rk|shbk kgnr' (Xf{| Tkmbk Bf|tr tmrrtf|~ uhaakpth|k ~`|kk ifg~`r mc~k| xf{ chghr` xf{| rk|shbk! rf

hc xf{ tamg ~f ~|mska afgek|! xf{ uhaa gkkn m |ke{am|

tmrrtf|~'

Iknhbma&@kma~`

❜ Bfitak~k mgx gkknkn nkg~ma mgn iknhbma uf|j'

❜ Hc xf{ ukm| eamrrkr! l|hge ~uf tmh|r'

❜ M||mgek ~f l|hge m ~`|kk)ifg~` r{ttax fc maa

iknhbm~hfgr (hgba{nhge lh|~` bfg~|fa thaar xf{ m|k

b{||kg~ax ~mjhge'




Hgr{|mgbk

❜ Imjk m||mgekikg~r ~f imhg~mhg ahck hgr{|mgbk bfsk|mek'

❜ M||mgek ~f imhg~mhg r{ttakikg~ma `kma~` bfsk|meku`hak mumx' (Kskg ~`f{e` ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr hr

|krtfgrhlak cf| xf{| `kma~`bm|k n{|hge Tkmbk Bf|tr

rk|shbk fsk|rkmr! h~ hr mnshrmlak cf| tkftak u`f `msk

t|kkphr~hge bfgnh~hfgr ~f m||mgek cf| ~`k bfg~hg{m~hfg

fc ~`kh| r{ttakikg~ma `kma~` bfsk|mek' Hc ~`k|k hr m

amtrk hg r{ttakikg~ma `kma~` bfsk|mek! h~ hr fc~kg

nhcchb{a~ mgn kptkgrhsk ~f lk |khgr~m~kn cf| hgr{|mgbk'

^`hr hr krtkbhmaax ~|{k u`kg hgr{|mgbk bfitmghkr jgfu

xf{ `msk t|knhb~mlak kptkgrkr mgn m|k hg mg {ttk| mek

l|mbjk~'

❜ M||mgek ~f bfg~hg{k Iknhbm|k bfsk|mek hc mttahbmlak'

Tk|rfgma Tmtk|r

❜ L|hge m bftx fc xf{| bk|~hchbm~k fc im||hmek f| nhsf|bk'

Sf~hge

❜ \kehr~k| ~f sf~k hg ~`k r~m~k fc xf{| `fik fc |kbf|n'

(Imgx r~m~k {ghsk|rh~hkr bfgrhnk| sf~hge mgn tmxikg~

fc r~m~k ~mpkr mr kshnkgbk fc |krhnkgbk hg ~`m~ r~m~k'

❜ Fl~mhg m sf~k| |kehr~|m~hfg bm|n mgn ~mjk h~ uh~` xf{

fsk|rkmr'

❜ M||mgek ~f `msk mg mlrkg~kk lmaaf~ cf|um|nkn ~f xf{

fsk|rkmr'

Tk|rfgma Kcckb~r

❜ T{|b`mrk tk|rfgma t|ftk|~x hgr{|mgbk ~f kp~kgn c|fi

~`k ~hik xf{ akmsk xf{| `fik cf| rk|shbk fsk|rkmr {g~ha~`k ~hik xf{ bfitak~k xf{| rk|shbk mgn |k~{|g ~f ~`k

[gh~kn R~m~kr'




Chgmgbhma Imgmekikg~

❜ Fl~mhg r~{nkg~ afmg nkck|ikg~ cf|ir c|fi ~`k akgnk| f|

afmg rk|shbk'❜ Kpkb{~k m tfuk| fc m~~f|gkx cf| ~`k imgmekikg~ fc

xf{| t|ftk|~x mgn l{rhgkrr'

❜ M||mgek cf| nkn{b~hfgr c|fi xf{| |kmno{r~ikg~

maafumgbk ~f tmx mahifgx! b`han r{ttf|~! mgn f~`k|

nkl~r ~`|f{e` ~`k Fcchbk fc Sfa{g~kk| Chgmgbhma

Ftk|m~hfgr m~ 044'><>'0;04! kp~kgrhfg =554'

❜ Tambk maa hitf|~mg~ tmtk|r„if|~emekr! nkknr! r~fbjr!mgn lfgnr„hg m rmck nktfrh~ lfp f| uh~` mg m~~f|gkx f|

f~`k| bm|k~mjk|'




BFG^MB^ H GE T K MB K BF \TR

@ K MN][M\^ K\R

^`k cfaafuhge ahr~ fc g{ilk|r uhaa `kat xf{ bfg~mb~ ~`k mtt|ft|hm~kfcchbk m~ Tkmbk Bf|tr `kmn}{m|~k|r uh~` sm|hf{r }{kr~hfgr' Xf{imx {rk ~`k ~faa)c|kk g{ilk| mgn kp~kgrhfg f| nhma nh|kb~ax {rhge~`k afbma g{ilk|r t|fshnkn' Lk r{|k ~f akmsk ~`k Tkmbk Bf|tr ~faa)c|kk g{ilk| mgn kp~kgrhfgr uh~` xf{| cmihax rf ~`kx `msk ~`ki hg

~`k kskg~ fc mg kik|ekgbx n{|hge xf{| rk|shbk fsk|rkmr'

Tkmbk Bf|tr @kmn}{m|~k|r^faa)c|kk G{ilk|? 044'><>'0;04! T|krr <! ~`kg

Kp~' " (rkk lkafu

Tkmbk Bf|tr‘ Imhahge Mnn|krr? Tkmbk Bf|trTm{a N' Bfsk|nkaa Tkmbk Bf|tr @kmn}{m|~k|r

==== <4~` R~|kk~! GUUmr`hge~fg! NB <4;<3

Cf| Nh|kb~&]{kr~hfgr f̂aa)c|kk AfbmaMlf{~? R~mcc Kp~kgrhfg G{ilk|

\krtfgnhge ~f Fcchbk fc

mg Hgsh~m~hfg Tambkikg~

K{|ftk!Iknh~k||mgkmg!mgn Mrhm Kp~' =05; <4<'38<'=05;

T|fe|miihge f| Nkrj Fcchbk| Kp~' <>=3 <4<'38<'<>=3Bf{g~|x Hgcf|im~hfg K)imha? ifgefahmD

tkmbkbf|tr'efs




Cf| Nh|kb~&]{kr~hfgr f̂aa)c|kk AfbmaMlf{~? R~mcc Kp~kgrhfg G{ilk|

Tamgk ^hbjk~r! |̂mska Fcchbk| Kp~' ==54 <4<'38<'==54Tmrrtf|~r! (Rm~f |̂mskaShrmr! f| F~`k|^|mska Im~~k|r

Akema Bakm|mgbk Fcchbk fc Kp~' =0>; <4<'38<'=0>;Tambkikg~

Iknhbma Bakm|mgbk Rb|kkghge G{|rk Kp~' =;44 <4<'38<'=;44mgn Cf|ir T|fbkrrhge(hgba{nhge nkg~ma

Iknhbma @mgnakn lx m\khil{|rkikg~r R{lbfg~|mb~f| 044'0=0'055<

Afmg Nkck|ikg~r! Sfa{g~kk| Kp~' =554 <4<'38<'=554m̂pkr! \kmno{r~ikg~ Chgmgbhma

Maafumgbk Uh~`n|mumar! Ftk|m~hfgr

Tfuk| fc M~~f|gkx

R~mehge (T|k)nktm|~{|k Fcchbk fc R~mehge Kp~' =03; <4<'38<'=03;F|hkg~m~hfg mgn\ktf|~hge Hgr~|{b~hfgr

Gf~k? Xf{ uhaa |kbkhsk

bfit|k`kgrhsk hgcf|im~hfg(`f~ka mgn cahe`~ m||mgek)

ikg~r ~`|kk ~f chsk ukkjrlkcf|k nktm|~{|k' ^`hr hg)

cf|im~hfg hr gf~ msmhamlakrffgk|'

Cmihax Kik|ekgbhkr Fcchbk fc Rtkbhma Kp~' =>54 <4<'38<'=>54(~f ek~ hgcf|im~hfg ~f Rk|shbkr (<> `f{|r

m Sfa{g~kk| fsk|rkmr

peace corps mongolia welcome book | november 2008

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