peace corps inspector general new country entries lessons learned final report september 30 , 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Wl3 @orrif Mfssbfr-Uogfbft, Girf`tlr
Gobcit Eoihs, @mifd @lnpbioh`f Lddi`fr
Drln3 Jotmy O. Eubbfr, Ihspf`tlr Kfhfrob
Gotf3 Pfptfnefr 01, 51?7
Puecf`t3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg3 Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs Ufplrt
Wrohsnittfg dlr ylur ihdlrnotilh is lur rfplrt Bfsslhs Bforhfg3 Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs.
Wmis rfplrt syhtmfsizfs ohg mikmbikmts bfsslhs bforhfg drln 00 Lddi`f ld Ihspf`tlr Kfhfrob (LIK)
rfplrts issufg drln ?991 tl 51?0 lh hfwby lpfhfg lr rf-lpfhfg plsts. Lur lecf`tivf wos tlprlvigf ihsikmt ohg kuigoh`f tl mfbp strfhktmfh tmf okfh`ys oeibity tl fddf`tivfby lpfh lr rf-
lpfh plsts. [f ohhluh`fg lur ihtfhtilh tl prlgu`f tmis rfplrt ih lur DY 51?7 ohhuob pboh os
port ld lur strotfki` pboh klob tl utibizf LIK rfplrt dihgihks, rf`lnnfhgotilhs, ohg trfhgs os o
tllb tl supplrt ohg fddf`t `mohkf ih nohokfnfht pro`ti`fs.
[f orf hlt issuihk rf`lnnfhgotilhs ih tmf rfplrt, eut wf `lh`bugf witm o sf`tilh tmot
sunnorizfs inplrtoht efst pro`ti`fs ohg bfsslhs bforhfg. Wmfrf is hlt o rfquirfnfht tmot o
writtfh rfsplhsf tl tmf rfplrt ef trohsnittfg.
Pmlubg ohylhf wism tl `lnnfht lh tmf quobity lr usfdubhfss ld tmis rfplrt tl mfbp us inprlvf
lur prlgu`ts, tmfy noy oggrfss `lnnfhts lr qufstilhs tl Ossistoht Ihspf`tlr Kfhfrob dlrFvobuotilhs Cin LJffdf otcljffdfApfo`f`lrps.klvlr 515.495.5917.
``3
Co`jbyh Gol, [mitf Mlusf Bioislh
Eibb Uueih, Kfhfrob @luhsfb
Bouro @monefrs, @mifd ld Ptodd@orbls Wlrrfs, Ossl`iotf Girf`tlr, Kbleob Lpfrotilhs (LKL)
Mfbfh Blwnoh, Ossl`iotf Girf`tlr, Tlbuhtffr Uf`ruitnfht ohg Pfbf`tilh
Qoub Cuhk, Ossl`iotf Girf`tlr, Mfobtm Pfrvi`fs
Goryb Pihj, O`tihk Ossl`iotf Girf`tlr, Podfty ohg Pf`urity
Gi`j Goy, Ufkilhob Girf`tlr, Odri`o (OD) LpfrotilhsJfri Blwry, Ufkilhob Girf`tlr, Furlpf, Nfgitfrrohfoh, ohg Osio (FNO) Lpfrotilhs
Hiho Dovlr, O`tihk Ufkilhob Girf`tlr, Ihtfr-Onfri`o ohg Qo`idi` (IOQ) Lpfrotilhs
Clsfpm Mfpp, @mifd Dihoh`iob Lddi`fr
Glrihf Ohgrfws, @mifd Ihdlrnotilh Lddi`fr@orb Pwortz, @mifd ld Lpfrotilhs, OD
Tih`f Krlm, @mifd ld Lpfrotilhs, OD
Jristo Uikobl, Fxpfrt-Ppf`iob Ogvislr, Qrlkronnihk, Wroihihk, ohg Fvobuotilh, OD
Lddi`f ld Ihspf`tlr KfhfrobLddi`f Mltbihf515.495.5911 515.495.59?6 =11.500.pfo`f`lrps.klv/LIKLIK Ufplrts
Lhbihf Ufplrtihk WllbLIKApfo`f`lrps.klv
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.peacecorps.gov/OIGhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/OIGhttp://inside.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?viewDocument?viewDocument&document_id=32114&doctype=htmhttp://inside.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?viewDocument?viewDocument&document_id=32114&doctype=htmhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/oig/contactushttp://www.peacecorps.gov/oig/contactusmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.peacecorps.gov/oig/contactushttp://inside.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?viewDocument?viewDocument&document_id=32114&doctype=htmhttp://www.peacecorps.gov/OIGmailto:[email protected] -
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Obysso Jorp, @mifd Ognihistrotivf Lddi`fr, OD
Jristih Efs`m, @mifd ld Lpfrotilhs, FNO
Eftsy Tfksl, @mifd ld Qrlkronnihk ohg Wroihihk, FNO
Hoh`y Kfmrlh, @mifd Ognihistrotivf Lddi`fr, FNOMibb Gfhmon, Fxpfrt, FNO
Erioh Uibfy, @mifd ld Lpfrotilhs, Plutm Onfri`o & tmf Qo`idi`, IOQFniby Vhtfrnfyfr, @mifd ld Lpfrotilhs, @fhtrob Onfri`o & tmf @orieefoh, IOQ
Ony Clmhslh, @mifd ld Qrlkronnihk ohg Wroihihk, IOQQftfr Ufgnlhg, Gfputy Ossl`iotf Girf`tlr, LKL
Giohf P`mnigt, Fxpfrt, LKL
Plhio Ptihfs Gfrfhlh`lurt, Girf`tlr, Lddi`f ld Qrlkronnihk ohg Wroihihk Pupplrt
Norif N`Bflg, Girf`tlr, Kbleob Mfobtm ohg MIT
Porom Nlrkfhtmou, Girf`tlr, Qfo`f @lrps UfsplhsfQotri`io Eorjbf, Gfputy @mifd @lnpbioh`f Lddi`fr
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Qfo`f @lrpsLddi`f ld Ihspf`tlr Kfhfrob
Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg
Pfptfnefr 51?7
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg i
F]F@VWITF PVNNOUY
EO@JKULVHG
Fstoebismihk o hfw Qfo`f @lrps `luhtry prlkron is lhf ld nlst inplrtoht ohg `mobbfhkihk
ospf`ts ld okfh`y lpfrotilhs. Pu``fssdub prlkrons orf euibt lh slbig, nutuobby rfspf`tdubporthfrsmips witm mlst klvfrhnfhts, hotilhob ohg bl`ob okfh`ifs, ohg tmf `lnnuhitifs wmfrf
Tlbuhtffrs sfrvf. Pu``fss is obsl gfpfhgfht lh mlw wfbb Qfo`f @lrps stodd gfvfblps prlcf`ts,
igfhtidifs wlrj sitfs, gfbivfrs troihihk, ohg supplrts Tlbuhtffrs gurihk sfrvi`f.
LECF@WITF
Wmis rfplrt syhtmfsizfs ohg mikmbikmts bfsslhs bforhfg drln Lddi`f ld Ihspf`tlr Kfhfrob (LIK)rfplrts ih lrgfr tl prlvigf ihsikmt ohg kuigoh`f tmot `oh strfhktmfh tmf okfh`ys oeibity tl
fddf`tivfby lpfh lr rf-lpfh plsts.?[f rfvifwfg 00 LIK rfplrts issufg drln ?991 tl 51?0 lh
hfwby lpfhfg lr rf-lpfhfg plsts, ih`bugihk fvobuotilhs, ihspf`tilhs, ohg spf`iob rfvifws (PffOppfhgix @ dlr o bist ld obb LIK rfplrts rfvifwfg). Wmf purplsf ld tmf stugy wos tl ohswfr tmf
dlbblwihk qufstilhs3
[mot strotfkifs ohg efst pro`ti fs movf prlvfh fddf`tivf ih lpfhihk hfw plsts
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg ii
l Wfnplrory ohg torkftfg supplrt drln mfogquortfrs, rfkilhob stodd, ohg tmf V.P.
Fneossy prlvfg `ru`iob tl su``fssdubby `orryihk lut ihitiob stort-up o`tivitifs.
Hfw @luhtry Fhtry Ossfssnfht Wfon Uf`lnnfhgotilhs. Wmf okfh`ys `blsfogmfrfh`f tl tmfsf rf`lnnfhgotilhs nitikotfg forby prlebfns lr sfteo`js.
Qikky-eo`jihk.Vsihk stodd rfslur`fs ot hfikmelrihk plsts tl nohokf hfw plstlpfrotilhs (`obbfg pikky-eo`jihk), lr rfbyihk tll mfoviby lh `lhtro`tlrs lr tmf V.P.Fneossy wfrf ihfddf`tivf strotfkifs ohg ldtfh fxo`freotfg `mobbfhkfs ih plst stort-up.
Ihitiob Qrlkronnihk. Nohy hfw plsts fxpfrifh`fg prlkronnihk ohg troihihk su``fssey binitihk tmf `lnpbfxity ld prlkronnihk, ldtfh tl cust lhf prlcf`t.
Pu``fssilh Qbohhihk. Ottfhtilh tl stodd trohsitilh wos fspf`iobby `riti`ob gurihk o plstsdlrnotivf yfors sl tmot morg wlh koihs orf hlt uhglhf ey stoddihk kops ih jfy bfogfrsmipplsitilhs.
Ih`lrplrotihk bfsslhs bforhfg, efst pro`ti`fs, ohg su``fssdub strotfkifs drln tmf okfh`ys erlog
fxpfrifh`f ihtl its `urrfht hfw `luhtry fhtry prl`fss is lhf ld tmf efst woys ovlig pitdobbs ld tmfpost ohg plsitilh tmf okfh y dlr su `fss ih tmis vfry inplrtoht fhgfovlr. @opturihk bfsslhs drln
tmf post is porti`uborby inplrtoht kivfh tmf tfrn-binitfg opplihtnfhts ld lur Vhitfg Ptotfs Girf`t
Mirf (VPGM) mfogquortfrs ohg difbg stodd ohg `mobbfhkfs toppihk ihtl ohg oppbyihk ihstitutilhobnfnlry. [f mlpf tmf ihdlrnotilh ih tmis rfplrt `lhtrieutfs tl tmf okfh`ys hfw `luhtry fhtry
prl`fss ohg tmf su``fss ld Qfo`f @lrps stodd ohg Tlbuhtffrs wml bfog tmis fddlrt.
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WOEBF LD @LHWFHWP
F]F@VWITF PVNNOUY.....................................................................................................................i
EO@JKULVHG..................................................................................................................................?
UFPVBWP LD UFTIF[.......................................................................................................................0
HF[ @LVHWUY FHWUY OPPFPPNFHWP .................................................................................................................. 0
QBOHHIHK,PWODDIHK,OHG UFPLVU@FP ............................................................................................................... 7
MLPW @LVHWUY OHG V.P.FNEOPPY PVQQLUW OHG @LLQFUOWILH.................................................................. ?5
QULKUONNIHK OHG WUOIHIHK
............................................................................................................................ ?7
BIPW LD BFPPLHP BFOUHFG..........................................................................................................?4
HF[ @LVHWUY FHWUY OPPFPPNFHWP ................................................................................................................ ?4
QBOHHIHK,PWODDIHK,OHG UFPLVU@FP ............................................................................................................. ?4
MLPW @LVHWUY OHG V.P.FNEOPPY PVQQLUW OHG @LLQFUOWILH.................................................................. ?4
FNEOPPY PVQQLUW .............................................................................................................................................. ?4
QULKUONNIHK OHG WUOIHIHK ........................................................................................................................... ?4
OQQFHGI] O3LECF@WITF,P@LQF,OHG NFWMLGLBLKY.............................................................?;
OQQFHGI] E3BIPW LD O@ULHYNP................................................................................................?9
OQQFHGI] @3LIKUFQLUWP UFTIF[FG......................................................................................51
OQQFHGI] G3OBB TLBVHWFFU PVUTFY OHOBYPIP.....................................................................55
OQQFHGI] F3UFQLUW @LNQBFWILH OHG LIK@LHWO@W..........................................................50
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg ?
EO@JKULVHG
Lh Nor`m ?, ?94? Qrfsigfht Clmh D. Jfhhfgy issufg oh fxf`utivf lrgfr tmot `rfotfg tmf Qfo`f
@lrps. Ey ?945, tmf Qfo`f @lrps mog bouh`mfg prlkrons ih 5= `luhtrifs ohg ey Cuhf ld tmot yfor
5,=?4 Tlbuhtffrs wfrf sfrvihk ih tmf difbg. Pih f its dluhgihk 60 yfors okl, lvfr 5?6,111Tlbuhtffrs movf sfrvfg ih ?09 `luhtrifs.
Tlbuhtffrs `lhtrieutf tl tmf Qfo`f @lrps nissilh ld wlrbg pfo`f ohg drifhgsmip ey wlrjihktlworg tmrff klobs3
?. Wl mfbp tmf pflpbf ld ihtfrfstfg `luhtrifs ih nfftihk tmfir hffg dlr troihfg nfh ohg
wlnfh.5. Wl mfbp prlnltf o efttfr uhgfrstohgihk ld Onfri`ohs lh tmf port ld tmf pflpbfs sfrvfg.
0. Wl mfbp prlnltf o efttfr uhgfrstohgihk ld ltmfr pflpbfs lh tmf port ld Onfri ohs.
Wmf Qfo`f @lrps fstoebismfs its prlkrons ih `luhtrifs wmfrf it mos effh ihvitfg ey tmf mlstklvfrhnfht. Wl kuigf tmf fhtry lr rf-fhtry tl o `luhtry tmot mos `blsfg lr suspfhgfg o`tivitifs,
tmf okfh`y mos gfvfblpfg oh H@F Kuigf.0Efdlrf tmf Girf`tlr gf`igfs wmftmfr lr hlt tl lpfh o
prlkron ih rfsplhsf tl oh ihvitotilh, tmf okfh ys pro`ti f is tl `lhgu t oh ossfssnfht ld tmf
sl`iob, plbiti ob, ohg sf`urity `lhgitilhs ih tmf `luhtry. O``lrgihk tl tmf okfh`ys H@F Kuigf,
tmf purplsf ld hfw `luhtry ohg rf-fhtry ossfssnfht is tl mfbp tmf Girf`tlr gftfrnihf tmfdfosieibity ld lpfhihk lr rf-lpfhihk o prlkron. Oh H@F ossfssnfht tfon, ossfnebfg drln
`urrfht ohg dlrnfr Qfo`f @lrps stodd nfnefrs, typi obby spfhgs oelut twl wffjs ih tmf `luhtry
tl `lhgu`t tmf stugy.
Wmf H@F Kuigf prlvigfs ihstru tilhs, `mf`jbists, ohg tinfbihfs dlr ognihistrotilh, blkisti`s,
dihoh`iob systfns, prlkronnihk ohg troihihk, ohg Tlbuhtffr supplrt tmot mfogquortfrs, rfkilhob,ohg hfwby mirfg stodd wibb uhgfrtojf tl stohg up o hfw plst. Ptodd orf fxpf`tfg tl ogopt tmfsukkfstfg stfps tl tmf `lhgitilhs ih fo`m `luhtry. Wmf dlbblwihk kropm ibbustrotfs tmf jfy stfps
lutbihfg ih tmf okfh`ys H@F Kuigf dlr lpfhihk lr rf-lpfhihk o plst.
0Wmf okfh`y upgotfg tmf H@F ih Oukust 51?0. Wmf dlrnot ohg lhtfht ld tmf H@F mohgellj wos gfvfblpfg ohg
put ih usf ih ?995 ohg mos effh pfrilgi`obby upgotfg tl rfdbf`t `urrfht lhgitilhs, plbi`ifs ohg prl`fgurfs. Qfo`f@lrps Nohuobsf`tilh 071, Lpfhihk o Qlstprlvigfs oh lutbihf dlr tmf prl`fss tl lpfh lr rf-lpfh o plst.
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg 5
Dikurf ?. Jfy Okfh`y Ptfps ih Lpfhihk o Qlst
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg 0
UFPVBWP LD UFTIF[
HF[ @LVHWUYFHWUYOPPFPPNFHWP
Hfwby lpfhfg plsts efhfdittfg drln ossfssnfht tfon rf`lnnfhgotilhs, ohg fxpfrifh`fgsfteo`js wmfh rf`lnnfhgotilhs wfrf hlt dlbblwfg.
O hunefr ld LIK rfplrts grfw ottfhtilh tl hfw `luhtry fhtry ossfssnfht tfon rf`lnnfhgotilhs
tmot `lhtrieutfg tl plsts stort-up su``fss. Dlr fxonpbf, Q@/@onelgio (5114) gfvfblpfg
prlkronnihk ih prlcf`t orfos igfhtidifg ey tmf ossfssnfht tfon wmi m `blsfby obikhfg witm tmfmlst `luhtry gfvfblpnfht prilritifs ohg dlstfrfg mlst-`luhtry euy-ih.7 Gistri`t lddi`iobs pboyfg
o`tivf rlbfs ih Tlbuhtffr sitf igfhtidi`otilh ohg porti`ipotfg ih troihihks ohg `lhdfrfh`fs.
Hotilhob bfogfrs proisfg Qfo`f @lrps `lhtrieutilhs tl tmf `luhtry. Tlbuhtffrs ih @onelgio
rfplrtfg mikm bfvfbs ld cle sotisdo`tilh. Lur rfplrt lh Q@/@lblneio (51?1) `lh`bugfg tmotsu``fssdub ossfssnfht tfon ohg mlst klvfrhnfht `lbboelrotilh mfbpfg tl igfhtidy prlkronnihk
lpplrtuhitifs tmot nft mlst `luhtry prilritifs ohg bfg tl o slbig prlkronnihk dluhgotilh.
@lhvfrsfby, wf dluhg tmot slnf sfteo`js ot hfwby lpfhfg plsts `lubg movf effh ovligfg mog tmf
okfh`y dlbblwfg ossfssnfht tfon rf`lnnfhgotilhs. Ih rf-lpfhihk Q@/@mog (?9=;), nohokfrs
gig hlt dlbblw tmf ossfssnfht tfons rf`lnnfhgotilh tl obblw ?5 tl ?6 nlhtms ld prfporotilhtinf prilr tl QPW dlr tmf dirst krlup ld Tlbuhtffrs. Ihstfog, stodd orrivfg dlur nlhtms efdlrf tmf
stort ld QPW. Os o rfsubt, Tlbuhtffrs wfrf hlt ogfquotfby prfporfg dlr sfrvi f, strukkbfg witm
tmfir ossikhnfhts, ohg nohy fbf`tfg tl fhg tmfir sfrvi f forby. Oggitilhobby, Q@/@mog stodd mog
giddi`ubty sf`urihk stodd mlusihk, mirihk bl`ob stodd, ohg nohokihk o rohkf ld ognihistrotivf ohgrfslur`f issufs.
Wmf ossfssnfht tfon dlr Q@/Ftmilpio (51?1) rf`lnnfhgfg tmot stodd fstoebism oh fnfrkfh`y`lnnuhi`otilh nftmlg, yft oh LIK fvobuotilh dlur yfors odtfr tmf plsts lpfhihk dluhg hl su`m
fnfrkfh`y `lnnuhi`otilh nftmlg ih pbo`f, o sikhidi`oht sodfty ohg sf`urity wfojhfss. Wmf
ossfssnfht tfon dlr Q@/Biefrio rf`lnnfhgfg tmot tmf `luhtry girf`tlr (@G) movf o strlhkprlkronnihk ohg troihihk eo`jkrluhg tl `lnpfhsotf dlr tmf bo`j ld o dubb-tinf girf`tlr ld
prlkronnihk ohg troihihk (GQW) ot tmf plst. Hfitmfr ld tmf dirst twl @Gs mog suddi ifht
eo`jkrluhg tl nfhtlr ohg kuigf bl`ob stodd, wmi m hfkotivfby oddf`tfg tmf plsts prlkronnihk
ohg troihihk.
It wos uh`bfor drln lur rfvifw wmy slnf ossfssnfht tfon rf`lnnfhgotilhs wfrf hlt dlbblwfg.
Bfsslh Bforhfg3
[mibf tmfrf orf hl okfh`y rfquirfnfhts lr prl`fgurfs tl fhsurf tmot o hfw plst inpbfnfhts
ossfssnfht tfon rf`lnnfhgotilhs, lur rfvifw sukkfsts tmot `blsfr ogmfrfh`f tlrf`lnnfhgotilhs wlubg nitikotf forby `mobbfhkfs lr sfteo`js.
7Gotfs ih porfhtmfsfs ihgi`otf tmf gotf ld plst fhtry lr rf-fhtry. Ufdfr tl Oppfhgix @ dlr yfor LIK rfplrt issufg.
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg 7
Qllrby fxf`utfg hfw `luhtry fhtry ossfssnfhts rfotfg `mobbfhkfs.
Wmf H@F Kuigf fstoebismfs kuigoh`f dlr ossfnebihk oh ossfssnfht tfon. Nfnefrs smlubg ef
growh drln `urrfhtby sfrvihk lr dlrnfr Qfo`f @lrps stodd nfnefrs witm fxpfrtisf ih
nohokfnfht, ognihistrotilh ohg blkisti`s, prlkronnihk ohg troihihk, sodfty ohg sf`urity, ohg
nfgi`ob sfrvi fs. Wmf H@F Kuigf prlvigfs o stru turfg lutbihf dlr `lhgu`tihk fo`m sf`tilh ldtmf tfons stugy.
[f dluhg tmot slnf hfw plsts wfrf ot o gisogvohtokf ef`ousf tmf H@F ossfssnfhts wfrf pllrby
fxf`utfg. Wmf ossfssnfht ld Qfo`f @lrps dfosieibity tl fhtfr @opf Tfrgf (?9==) wos rusmfg ohg
gig hlt suddi`ifhtby tojf ihtl o``luht jfy plbiti ob, blkisti`ob, ohg f`lhlni do`tlrs:
prlkronnihk wos pllrby pbohhfg os o rfsubt. Piniborby, tmf fvobuotilh ld Q@/Kuihfo Eissou(?9==) dluhg tmot tmf ossfssnfht wos `lhgu`tfg uhgfr o tikmt s`mfgubf ohg uhgfrfstinotfg
blkisti`ob ohg prlkronnoti` `mobbfhkfs, ohg tmf plst wos hlt prlpfrby prfporfg ohg fquippfg tl
do`f tmlsf `mobbfhkfs.
Wmrff ltmfr H@F ossfssnfhts, tmlsf ld Pol Wlnf f Qrih`ipf (?991), Ulnohio (?99?), ohg Plutm
Odri o (?99;) doibfg tl ogfquotfby ihdlrn tmf okfh`y ld sikhidi`oht `mobbfhkfs ih orfos su`m osblkisti`s, notfriobs, stoddihk, prlkronnihk, ognihistrotilh, ohg sitf gfvfblpnfht tmot bfg tl
sikhidi`oht `mobbfhkfs ih tmfsf orfos gurihk tmf stort-up pfrilg. Wmf ossfssnfht ld
Q@/@zf`mlsblvojio (?99?) gig hlt rfvifw fhvirlhnfhtob mfobtm `lh`frhs ohg Tlbuhtffrs
rfplrtfg ogvfrsf mfobtm fddf`ts tl LIK odtfr efihk pbo`fg ih plbbutfg sitfs.
Bfsslh Bforhfg3
Ossfssnfht tfon nfnefrs smlubg plssfss opprlpriotf sjibbs ohg fxpfrifh`f ohg ef
prlvigfg suddi ifht tinf ohg rfslur`fs tl `orry lut o tmlrlukm, gftoibfg ossfssnfht witm
rf`lnnfhgotilhs tl kuigf stodd fhtrustfg witm lpfhihk tmf plst.
QBOHHIHK,PWODDIHK,OHGUFPLVU@FP
Ogfquotf prfporotilh tinf is fssfhtiob dlr o su``fssdub plst lpfhihk.
Wmf H@F Kuigf ih bugfs kuigoh`f ohg o tinfdronf dlr wmfh stodd smlubg `lhgu`t porti`ubor
stort-up o`tivitifs prilr tl tmf orrivob ld tmf dirst krlup ld troihffs. Wmf kuigf obsl prlvigfs o
gftoibfg stoddihk-up `mort witm torkft gotfs dlr mirihk ohg troihihk mlst `luhtry stodd.
Lur rfvifw gftfrnihfg tmot hfw plsts do`fg trfnfhglus `mobbfhkfs wmfh stodd wos hlt prlvigfg
suddi`ifht tinf tl prfporf dlr tmf orrivob ld tmf dirst troihihk krlup. Wmf pfrilg ld tinf prlvigfg tlstodd dlr stort-up o`tivitifs wos ih`lhsistfht. Lur rfvifw igfhtidifg dihgihks rfbotfg tl prfporotilh
tinf ih hihf ld tmf 00 rfplrts wf fxonihfg. Wmf 511? rfplrt ld Q@/Eohkbogfsm (?99=) ottrieutfg
tmf plsts su``fss ih mirihk pfrslhhfb, fstoebismihk lpfrotilhs, ohg gfvfblpihk sitf pbo`fnfhtsohg troihihk prlkrons tl stodd efihk lh sitf wfbb ih ogvoh`f ld tmf dirst troihihk krlup.
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg 6
Fikmt rfplrts ih lur rfvifw gftfrnihfg tmot stodd wos hlt prlvigfg suddi`ifht prfporotilh tinf.
Wmf stodd dlr Q@/Ulnohio (?99?) wos lhby prlvigfg twl tl tmrff nlhtms tl prfporf dlr tmf dirsttroihihk krlups orrivob. Pfvfrob ltmfr plsts, ih`bugihk tmf Eobti`s (?995), Biefrio (511=), ohg
Ihglhfsio (51?5), mog tmfir lpfhihk tinfdronfs smlrtfhfg lr o``fbfrotfg ey tmf prfsigfhtiob
ognihistrotilh ohg tmf Gfportnfht ld Ptotf. Ihogfquotf ohg o``fbfrotfg tinf dronfs bfg tl rusmfg
stort-up o`tivitifs ot tmfsf plsts, kivihk risf tl o mlst ld prlebfns, ih bugihk3
[foj rfbotilhsmips ohg supplrt okrffnfhts witm mlst `luhtry porthfrs lr tmf V.P.
Fneossy.
Nisobikhnfht ld prlkronnihk witm mlst `luhtry hffgs.
Mostiby `lnpbftfg prlcf`t pbohhihk, rfsubtihk ih vokufby gfdihfg Tlbuhtffr ossikhnfhts.
Gislrkohizfg lr ihogfquotf Tlbuhtffr troihihk.
Lvfrwmfbnfg ohg lvfrwlrjfg stodd.
Qllrby gfvfblpfg lr supplrtfg sitfs, rfsubtihk ih blw Tlbuhtffr nlrobf ohg mikm forby
tfrnihotilh rotfs.
Ognihistrotivf `mobbfhkfs ih tmf orfos ld eohjihk, `lnnuhi`otilhs, lddi`f spo`f,
`lhtro`tihk, ohg fstoebismihk oh inprfst duhg.6
Vhfvfh quobity ih stodd mirihk lr troihihk.
Uusmfg Tlbuhtffr rf`ruitnfht o`tivitifs tmot givfrtfg tlp quobity Tlbuhtffrs wml mog
effh hlnihotfg tl ltmfr `luhtrifs, wfojfhihk tmf quobity ld tmlsf troihihk `bossfs.
Wmf rusm tl lpfh tmfsf plsts `lnpluhgfg tmf giddi ubty ld stort-up o`tivitifs tmot orf `mobbfhkihk
ih tmf efst ld `ir`unstoh`fs. Wmf ihmfrfht giddi ubty ld lpfhihk o plst `oh ef ihdfrrfg drlnokfh`y Ohhuob Tlbuhtffr Purvfy (OTP) goto. Wmf OTP is gistrieutfg tl obb o`tivf Tlbuhtffrs
ohg prlvigfs tmfn tmf lpplrtuhity tl `lhdigfhtiobby smorf tmfir vifws ohg fxpfrifh`fs. [f
rfvifwfg OTP goto drln 5115 tmrlukm 51?0 ohg dluhg tmot Tlbuhtffrs ot hfw plsts dfbt tmfirsitf wos hlt os wfbb prfporfg dlr tmfir orrivob (sff Dikurf 5). Purvfy goto obsl smlwfg tmot
Tlbuhtffr sotisdo`tilh witm stodd supplrt ot hfw plsts bokkfg efmihg kbleob sotisdo`tilh ih jfyorfos (sff Dikurf 0).
6O``lrgihk tl tmf Qfo`f @lrps Lvfrsfos Dihoh`iob Nohokfnfht Mohgellj, sf`tilh ?0.? Wmf Qfo`f @lrps
lpfrotfs ih nohy `ubturobby givfrsf `luhtrifs ohg f`lhlnifs, nohy ld wmi`m orf gfpfhgfht lh `osm (rotmfr tmoh`mf`js lr FDWs Zfbf`trlhi` duhg trohsdfrs^). Wmfrfdlrf, inprfst duhgs (pftty osm duhgs) orf o `riti`ob lnplhfht ld
plst lpfrotilhs.
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Hfw @luhtry Fhtrifs3 Bfsslhs Bforhfg 4
Dikurf 5. Pitf Qrfporotilh
Plur`f3 LIK ohobysis ld OTP Goto
Dikurf 0. Potisdo`tilh witm Ptodd Pupplrt
Plur`f3 LIK ohobysis ld OTP Goto
Wmis goto sukkfsts tmot stodd is typi`obby strft`mfg tmih ey stort-up o`tivitifs. Lur rfvifw`lhdirnfg tmot ihsuddi`ifht prfporotilh tinf wos fspf`iobby prlebfnoti` dlr hfw plsts.
Bfsslh Bforhfg3
Ptodd hffg suddi ifht tinf tl `lnpbftf tmf `ru`iob stort-up stfps rfquirfg dlr plst tl efprfporfg tl rf`fivf its dirst krlup ld troihffs.
=4.=%==.=%
49.9%
=7.7%
;;.=%=?.4%
;;.1%
4?.;%
;7.1%;?.7%
Ognihistrotivf @rlss-`ubturob Dffgeo j lh rfplrts Bohkuokf bforhihk Wf mhi ob sjibbs
Mlw sotisdifg orf ylu witm tmf supplrt prlvigfg ey ih-`luhtry stodd dlr tmf
dlbblwihk...