peace corps el salvador welcome book | july 2007

8/9/2019 Peace Corps El Salvador Welcome Book | July 2007

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R@G \GAKG KIZ\[ TGHKIOG[ ^IW RIG H [ A H S A B I Z

A \ G A K G K I Z \ [ \ W J H N K A R N I E

C I Z E G T S I H W E R G G Z [

M w h ~ : < < 4


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A TG HKIOG HGRRGZ

Tghkiog ri Gh [ahsabiz!

Iwz |zidzao n{ ajiwr |gi|hg {|gkncnkahh~ ajiwr r`g |gi|hg ic

Gh [ahsabiz aeb a{{n{rned r`go ri nekzga{g r`gnz ka|aknr~ ri

tizf hgaze aeb izdaen}g% Nr n{ a ra{f ràr n{ {ghbio ga{~ jwr

ahoi{r ahta~{ zgtazbned% Tg ah{i rafg a hir ic hg{{ie{ czio

r`go% T`ge |gi|hg a{f og t`~ Sihwerggz{ dgegzahh~ {ggo rigemi~ r`gnz gp|gzngekg ne \gakg Kiz|{)Gh [ahsabiz N {a~ ràr

r`g ae{tgz n{ ga{~r`g~ gemi~ r`g [ahsabizae |gi|hg%

R`n{ n{ eir ri {a~ ràr {gzsnkg ne Gh [ahsabiz n{ ga{~% Nr n{ a

{oahh kiwerz~ tnr` jnd |zijhgo{% [kaz{ czio r`g knsnh taz

ràr gebgb ne 1>>: zgoane czg{` ahrìwd` [ahsabizae{ azg

|zadoarnk aeb wensgz{ahh~ r`g~ taer ri oisg |a{r rì{g

ogoizng{% Gazr`qwafg{ bziwd`r{ aeb `wzznkaeg{ ikkwz aeb

\gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz{ àsg jgge |azr ic r`g zgkisgz~ czio

gak`% R`n{ n{ a `nd` kznog r`zgar |i{r aeb ahrìwd` tg tnhh

rgak` ~iw |zisge ta~{ ri {ra~ {acg whrnoargh~ ~iwz {acgr~

bg|geb{ ie |gz{ieah zg{|ie{njnhnr~%

Iwz {racc aeb kwzzgerh~ {gzsned Sihwerggz{ azg zgab~ ri zgkgnsg

~iw neri iwz caonh~ {i kiog ie bite! Tg ì|g r`g zg{r ic r`n{jiif tnhh jgdne ri ae{tgz r`g qwg{rnie{ ~iw àsg% Tgzg zgab~

ri a{{n{r ~iw ne ae~ ta~ |i{{njhg%

Hgg{a Fa|hae

Kiwerz~ Bnzgkriz


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RAJHG IC KIERGER[

Oa| ic Gh [ahsabiz

A Tghkiog Hgrrgz 1

\gakg Kiz|{)Gh [ahsabiz @n{riz~ aeb \zidzao{ 4

@n{riz~ ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ne Gh [ahsabiz 4

@n{riz~ aeb Cwrwzg ic \gakg Kiz|{\zidzaooned ne Gh [ahsabiz 4/>

Kiwerz~ Isgzsngt= Gh [ahsabiz ar a Dhaekg 11

@n{riz~ 11/1:

Disgzeoger 1:

Gkieio~ 1:

\gi|hg aeb Kwhrwzg 1;Gesnzieoger 1;

Zg{iwzkg{ Ciz Cwzr`gz Necizoarnie 17

Hnsned Kiebnrnie{ aeb Sihwerggz Hncg{r~hg :1

Kioowenkarnie{ :1/:;

@iw{ned aeb [nrg Hikarnie :;/:2

Hnsned Ahhitaekg aeb Oieg~ Oaeadgoger :2/:7

Ciib aeb Bngr :7/:4

Rzae{|izrarnie :4/:0

Dgidza|`~ aeb Khnoarg :0

[iknah Akrnsnrng{ :0

\zicg{{nieahn{o Bzg{{ aeb Jgàsniz :0/:>

\gz{ieah [acgr~ ;

iwz @gahr` Kazg aeb [acgr~ ne Gh [ahsabiz 21

@gahr` N{{wg{ ne Gh [ahsabiz 21/2:

@gh|ned iw [ra~ @gahr`~ 2:

Oaneranened iwz @gahr` 2;/23

Tioge{ @gahr` Necizoarnie 23

îwz \gakg Kiz|{ Ogbnkah Fnr 24

Jgcizg îw Hgasg= A Ogbnkah K`gkfhn{r 20/2>

[acgr~ aeb [gkwznr~Iwz \azregz{`n| 7


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Czgqwgerh~ A{fgb Qwg{rnie{ 3>

Tghkiog Hgrrgz{ Czio Gh [ahsabiz Sihwerggz{ 47

\akfned Hn{r 0>

\zg/Bg|azrwzg K`gkfhn{r >4

Kierakrned \gakg Kiz|{ @gabqwazrgz{ 1


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\GAKG KIZ\[ ) GH [AHSABIZ

@N [RIZ^ AEB \ZIDZAO[@n{riz~ ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ne Gh [ahsabiz

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ ta{ nesnrgb ri Gh [ahsabiz aeb {ger nr{ cnz{r

Sihwerggz{ ne 1>3;% Bwzned r`g egpr 17 ~gaz{ oizg ràe

174> r`g nekzga{ned snihgekg |zniz ri r`g knsnh taz hgb r`g

\gakg Kiz|{ ri khi{g nr{ iccnkg{% R`g bg{rzwkrnie ic gkieionk

aeb {iknah necza{rzwkrwzg bwzned r`g taz {gr Gh [ahsabiz jakf

ri 1>703 gazr`qwafg bg{rzi~gb owk` ic tàr r`g taz bnb eir

g{|gknahh~ ne [ae [ahsabiz% Oizgisgz tnbg{|zgab ondzarnie

hgb ri r`g jzgafbite ic oae~ {iknah aeb caonh~ ne{rnrwrnie{

aeb |azrnkwhazh~ accgkrgb ~iwr` aeb r`g gesnzieoger%

@n{riz~ aeb Cwrwzg ic \gakg Kiz|{ \zidzaooned

ne Gh [ahsabiz

R`g disgzeoger ic Gh [ahsabiz nesnrgb r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ri

zgrwze ri Gh [ahsabiz ne 1>>;% R`g cnz{r Sihwerggz{ azznsgb

hargz ràr ~gaz% R`g~ tgzg a{fgb ri nekzga{g r`g ka|aknr~

ic hikah |gi|hg ne {gsgzah |zniznr~ azga{ nbgerncngb j~ r`g

disgzeoger aeb hargz accnzogb j~ knsnh {ikngr~ ne r`g \hae bg

Eakne iz Earnieah \hae |zg{gergb ne :


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Kwzzgerh~ a||zipnoargh~ 1:< Sihwerggz{ {gzsg ne ciwz |znoaz~

|zimgkr azga{= adzicizg{rz~ aeb gesnzieogerah gbwkarnie6

owenkn|ah bgsghi|oger6 zwzah `gahr` aeb {aenrarnie6 aeb ~iwr`bgsghi|oger%

Adzicizg{rz~ aeb gesnzieogerah gbwkarnie Sihwerggz{ gbwkarg

cazogz{ ajiwr {w{raneajhg {inh kie{gzsarnie aeb nergdzargb

|g{r oaeadgoger |zakrnkg{ ràr nekiz|izarg gesnzieogerahh~

czngebh~ a||hnkarnie{ bnonen{` r`g w{g ic k`gonkah{ aeb

no|zisg {inh cgzrnhnr~% Sihwerggz{ ah{i rgak` r`g ~iwr` cazogz{

aeb izdaen}arnie{ ic r`gnz kioowenrng{ ri |zg{gzsg |zirgkr

aeb geàekg r`g gesnzieoger ne t`nk` r`g~ hnsg%

Owenkn|ah bgsghi|oger Sihwerggz{ tizf tnr` hikah

disgzeoger{ ri no|zisg {gzsnkg bghnsgz~ ri knrn}ge{ aeb

ri nekzga{g knrn}ge |azrnkn|arnie% Sihwerggz{ a{{ndegb ri

owenkn|ahnrng{ a{{n{r ne oggrned r`g |wjhnk {gzsnkg bgoaeb{

ic r`g kioowenrng{ t`nhg `gh|ned kioowenrng{ ri azrnkwhargr`gnz eggb{ ri r`gnz owenkn|ah zg|zg{gerarnsg{% Sihwerggz{ azg

ah{i nerzibwkned bn{a{rgz |haeened aeb onrndarnie rgkènqwg{

ri r`gnz kioowenrng{ ri jgrrgz |zg|azg r`go ciz kzn{n{

{nrwarnie{ azn{ned czio earwzah bn{a{rgz{%

Zwzah `gahr` aeb {aenrarnie Sihwerggz{ tizf tnr` kioowenr~

dziw|{ aeb nergzearnieah izdaen}arnie{ ri nekzga{g akkg{{

ri |irajhg targz aeb no|zisg {aenrarnie ciz zwzah zg{nbger{%

Sihwerggz{ ah{i gbwkarg |gi|hg ie r`g baedgz{ ic @NS)ANB[

aeb ir`gz `gahr`/zghargb {wjmgkr{%

îwr` bgsghi|oger Sihwerggz{ kihhajizarg tnr` ~iwr`

hgabgz{ |azger{ rgak`gz{ aeb hikah ne{rnrwrnie{ a{ |azr ic ae

nergdzargb a||ziak` ri abbzg{{ n{{wg{ ic ~iwr` bgsghi|oger%

Sihwerggz{ |zioirg akrnsnrng{ ciz ~iwr` ri gp|aeb r`gnzkznrnkah r`nefned ajnhnr~6 ri ci{rgz r`gnz ka|aknr~ ri oafg

{iweb bgkn{nie{6 aeb ri bgoie{rzarg oizah {iknah goirnieah

|`~{nkah aeb kidenrnsg kio|grgekg% R`g |zidzao n{ bg{ndegb

\ G A K G K I Z \ [0


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A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z >

ri abbzg{{ kàhhgedg{ ~iwr` cakg jir` ne r`g ìog aeb ar

tizf ri `gh| r`go bgsghi| r`g feithgbdg {fnhh{ aeb arrnrwbg{

ri jgkiog akrnsg kierznjwrned ogojgz{ ic r`gnz kioowenrng{%

Sihwerggz{ ne ahh |zimgkr{ azg ah{i nesihsgb ne kzi{{/kwrrned

r`gog{ nekhwbned dgebgz atazgeg{{ @NS)ANB[ gbwkarnie

gesnzieogerah gbwkarnie aeb necizoarnie rgkèihid~% Ne

abbnrnie Sihwerggz{ webgzrafg a o~znab ic {gkiebaz~

|zimgkr{ ne r`g kioowenrng{ t`gzg r`g~ hnsg aeb tizf% Ne ahh

ic r`g{g |zimgkr{ aeb akrnsnrng{ Sihwerggz{ kiwergz|azr{ azg

disgzeoger aeb eiedisgzeogerah izdaen}arnie{ aeb |gi|hg

czio r`g kioowenr~% A{ ahta~{ r`g \gakg Kiz|{ gccizr{ azg

cikw{gb ie r`g hg{{ cizrwearg%


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KIWERZ^ IS GZ S N GT=

G H [AHSABIZ AR A D HAEKG@n{riz~

Hnfg oi{r ic Kgerzah Aogznka Gh [ahsabiz{ `n{riz~ n{ oazfgb

j~ kieqwg{r aeb rwzjwhgekg% Nr{ gazh~ nebndgeiw{ |gi|hg tgzg

r`g \n|nh{ ogojgz{ ic a tazhnfg rznjg czio Kgerzah Ogpnki

ràr zg{gojhgb r`g A}rgk{ oizg ràe r`g Oa~ae{% Acrgz \gbzi

bg Ahsazabi kieqwgzgb r`g zgdnie kgerwzng{ ic [|aen{`

bionearnie cihhitgb% R`gzg ta{ hnrrhg dihb aeb cgt |zgkniw{

onegzah{ tnr`ne r`g rgzznriz~ ràr n{ eit Gh [ahsabiz jwr nr{

adznkwhrwzah ajwebaekg ta{ qwnkfh~ zgkiden}gb aeb a {gzng{ ic

adznkwhrwzah kzi|{ àsg bioneargb nr{ gkieionk `n{riz~= kakai

nebndi kiccgg kirrie aeb {wdaz kaeg%

Gh [ahsabiz ta{ a hgabgz ne r`g oisgoger ri nergdzarg r`g

cnsg Kgerzah Aogznkae kiwerzng{% Ne 10:; nr `gh|gb ciweb

r`g Wenrgb \zisnekg{ ic Kgerzah Aogznka aeb gsge iekg

|grnrniegb r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ ciz {rargìib% Ne 10;0 acrgz

zgdnieah znsahzng{ aeb kiechnkr{ biiogb nergdzarnie nr jgkaog

a zg|wjhnk%

Gh [ahsabiz{ gazh~ `n{riz~ a{ ae nebg|gebger {rarg ta{

oazfgb j~ czgqwger zgsihwrnie{% Eir wernh r`g |gznib

1>;:r`g ~gaz ic

Dgegzah Oapnonhnaei @gzeebg} Oazrneg}{ kiw| cihhitned

`n{ jzwrah {w||zg{{nie ic zwzah zg{n{raekgwernh 1>0


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R`g 1>0>: |gakg akkizb{aeb r`g kiwerz~ n{ eit kie{nbgzgb j~ oae~ a{ a oibgh ciz

oisned jg~ieb taz aeb i||zg{{nie ri |gakg aeb bgoikzak~%

Gkieionk bgsghi|oger ìtgsgz n{ {rnhh a bn{raer bzgao aeb

negqwnrng{ {rnhh zg{rznkr akkg{{ ri oae~ znd`r{ aeb {gzsnkg{%

Disgzeoger

Gh [ahsabiz n{ a bgoikzarnk zg|wjhnk disgzegb j~ a |zg{nbger

aeb ae 02/ogojgz wenkaogzah hgdn{harnsg a{{gojh~% R`g

|zg{nbger n{ ghgkrgb j~ wensgz{ah {wcczadg aeb {gzsg{ ciz a cnsg/

~gaz rgzo j~ aj{ihwrg oamiznr~ sirg% A {gkieb/ziweb zweicc

n{ zgqwnzgb nc ei kaebnbarg zgkgnsg{ oizg ràe 7< |gzkger ic

r`g cnz{r/ziweb sirg% Ogojgz{ ic r`g a{{gojh~ ah{i ghgkrgb

j~ wensgz{ah {wcczadg {gzsg ciz r`zgg/~gaz rgzo{% R`g kiwerz~à{ ae nebg|gebger mwbnknaz~ aeb {w|zgog kiwzr%

Gkieio~

R`g [ahsabizae gkieio~ kiernewg{ ri jgegcnr czio a

kioonroger ri czgg oazfgr{ aeb kazgcwh cn{kah oaeadgoger%

R`g no|akr ic r`g knsnh taz aeb {wj{gqwger earwzah bn{a{rgz{ie Gh [ahsabiz{ gkieio~ à{ jgge bgsa{rarned aeb

bgsghi|ned r`g kiebnrnie{ ciz gkieionk dzitr` zgoane{ r`g

kiwerz~{ dzgarg{r kàhhgedg% Nr{ rzabnrnieah adznkwhrwzah kzi|{

azg {wccgzned czio hit |znkg{ aeb |zibwkrnsnr~% R`g ewojgz ic

oaqwnha{ (a{{gojh~ |haer{. n{ dzitned aeb |zisnbned {iog

mij{ |azrnkwhazh~ ri tioge jwr tadg{ azg hit aeb ìwz{ azg

hied% R`g dzgarg{r {iwzkg ic gkieionk a{{n{raekg n{ czio r`gg{rnoargb :%7 onhhnie [ahsabizae{ tì hnsg ajziab (|znoaznh~

ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{. aeb {geb ìog a||zipnoargh~ ":%0

jnhhnie aeewahh~%

\ G A K G K I Z \ [1:


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\gi|hg aeb Kwhrwzg

Gh [ahsabiz{ |i|wharnie ewojgz{ ajiwr 3%> onhhnie ic t`nk`

>< |gzkger n{ ic onpgb Nebnae aeb [|aen{` bg{kger% Ajiwr 1

|gzkger n{ nebndgeiw{6 sgz~ cgt Nebnae{ àsg zgranegb r`gnz

kw{rio{ aeb rzabnrnie{% R`g kiwerz~{ |gi|hg azg hazdgh~

Zioae Karìhnk (ahrìwd` \zirg{raer dziw|{ azg dzitned.

aeb [|aen{` n{ r`g haedwadg {|ifge j~ snzrwahh~ ahh neàjnraer{%

R`g ka|nrah knr~ [ae [ahsabiz à{ ajiwr :%: onhhnie |gi|hg6 ae

g{rnoargb 2< |gzkger ic Gh [ahsabiz{ |i|wharnie hnsg{ ne zwzah

azga{%

Gesnzieoger

R`g {rarg ic r`g gesnzieoger ne Gh [ahsabiz |i{g{ a kznrnkah

r`zgar ri earnieah `gahr` aeb gkieionk dzitr`% R`gzg n{

snzrwahh~ ei wekieraoneargb {wzcakg targz ne r`g kiwerz~%

Adznkwhrwzah zwe/icc werzgargb `woae ta{rg{ aeb nebw{rznah

bn{kàzdg nekzga{nedh~ |ihhwrg dziwebtargz% Earnsg cizg{r

gpn{r{ ieh~ ne {gsgzah {oahh |zirgkrgb azga{ aeb r`g gccgkr{

ic bgcizg{rarnie kierznjwrgb dzgarh~ ri `webzgb{ ic haeb{hnbg{

ràr ikkwzzgb bwzned zgkger gazr`qwafg{% Anz aeb ein{g

|ihhwrnie azg dzitned kiekgze{ g{|gknahh~ ne kzitbgb wzjae

azga{% Gh [ahsabiz{ {rzwddhned Onen{rz~ ic Earwzah Zg{iwzkg{ n{

webgzoaeegb aeb negccnknger%

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z 1;


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A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z 17

ZG[IWZKG[ CIZ

CWZR@GZ NECIZOARNIE

Tg iccgz a hn{r ic tgj{nrg{ ciz ~iw ri {gazk` ciz abbnrnieah

necizoarnie ajiwr r`g \gakg Kiz|{ aeb Gh [ahsabiz iz

kieegkr ~iw ri zgrwzegb Sihwerggz{ aeb ir`gz nesnrgg{% \hga{g

fgg| ne oneb ràr hnef{ kàedg% Tg àsg rzngb ri oafg {wzg ahh

r`g{g hnef{ azg akrnsg aeb kwzzger jwr tg kaeeir dwazaergg nr%

A eirg ic kawrnie= A{ ~iw {wzc r`g{g {nrg{ |hga{g ah{i

zgogojgz ràr ~iw tnhh cneb jwhhgrne jiazb{ aeb kàr ziio{

ne t`nk` |gi|hg azg czgg ri dnsg i|nenie{ aeb absnkg ja{gb

ie r`gnz ite gp|gzngekg{% R`g i|nenie{ gp|zg{{gb azg eir

rì{g ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ iz r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ disgzeoger%

îw oa~ ah{i cneb i|nenie{ ic |gi|hg tì tgzg weà||~ tnr`

r`gnz kìnkg ri {gzsg ne r`g \gakg Kiz|{% A{ ~iw zgab r`g{g

kiooger{ tg ì|g ~iw tnhh fgg| ne oneb ràr r`g \gakg

Kiz|{ n{ eir ciz gsgz~ieg aeb ei rti |gi|hg gp|gzngekg r`gnz

{gzsnkg ne r`g {aog ta~%

Dgegzah Necizoarnie Ajiwr Gh [ahsabiz=

ttt%kiwerz~tark`%kio

Ie r`n{ {nrg ~iw kae hgaze ae~r`ned czio tàr rnog nr n{ ne

[ae [ahsabiz ri necizoarnie ajiwr kiesgzrned kwzzgek~ czio

r`g bihhaz ri r`g kihie% Mw{r khnkf ie Gh [ahsabiz aeb di czio

r`gzg%

ttt%hiegh~|haegr%kio)tizhbdwnbg

Sn{nr r`n{ {nrg ri hgaze ahh ~iw eggb ri feit ajiwr ae~ kiwerz~

ne r`g tizhb%


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ttt%{rarg%dis

R`n{ n{ r`g W%[% [rarg Bg|azroger{ tgj{nrg t`nk` n{{wg{

jakfdziweb eirg{ |gznibnkahh~ ajiwr kiwerzng{ aziweb r`gtizhb% Cneb Gh [ahsabiz aeb hgaze oizg ajiwr nr{ {iknah aeb

|ihnrnkah `n{riz~%

ttt%|{z%fgghg%ak%wf)iccnknah%`ro

R`n{ {nrg nekhwbg{ hnef{ ri ahh r`g iccnknah {nrg{ ciz disgzeoger{

ic kiwerzng{ aziweb r`g tizhb%

ttt%dgidza|`~%ajiwr%kio)hnjzaz~)oa|{)jhnebgp%`ro

R`n{ iehneg tizhb arha{ nekhwbg{ oa|{ aeb dgidza|`nkah

necizoarnie ajiwr kiwerzng{ aziweb r`g tizhb% Gak` kiwerz~

|adg kierane{ hnef{ ri ir`gz {nrg{ {wk` a{ r`g Hnjzaz~ ic

Kiedzg{{ ràr kierane kio|zg`ge{nsg `n{riznkah {iknah aeb

|ihnrnkah jakfdziweb{%

ttt%we%izd)\wj{)K~jgz[kìihJw{)neciearnie)gYdhaekg%`ro

R`n{ Wenrgb Earnie{ {nrg ahhit{ ~iw ri {gazk` ciz {rarn{rnkah

necizoarnie ciz ogojgz {rarg{ ic r`g W%E%

ttt%tizhbnecizoarnie%kio

R`n{ {nrg |zisnbg{ ae abbnrnieah {iwzkg ic kwzzger aeb

`n{riznkah necizoarnie ajiwr kiwerzng{ aziweb r`g tizhb%

Kieegkr Tnr` Zgrwzegb Sihwerggz{ aeb Ir`gz Nesnrgg{=

`rr|=))khwj{%~aìi%kio)khwj{)|gakgkiz|{

R`n{ âìi {nrg ì{r{ a jwhhgrne jiazb t`gzg |zi{|gkrnsg

Sihwerggz{ aeb zgrwzegb Sihwerggz{ kae kiog ridgr`gz%

ttt%z|ks%izd

R`n{ n{ r`g {nrg ic r`g Earnieah \gakg Kiz|{ A{{iknarnie oabg

w| ic zgrwzegb Sihwerggz{% Ie r`n{ {nrg ~iw kae cneb hnef{ ri

ahh r`g Tgj |adg{ ic r`g czngeb{ ic dziw|{ ciz oi{r kiwerzng{

\ G A K G K I Z \ [13


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ic {gzsnkg oabg w| ic cizogz Sihwerggz{ tì {gzsgb ne rì{g

kiwerzng{% R`gzg azg ah{i zgdnieah dziw|{ tì czgqwgerh~ dgr

ridgr`gz ciz {iknah gsger{ aeb hikah Sihwerggz akrnsnrng{%Iz {fn| {rzand`r ri r`g Czngeb{ ic Gh [ahsabiz {nrg=

`rr|=))dziw|{%o{e%kio)czngeb{icgh{ahsabiz)

ttt%|gakgkiz|{tznrgz{%izd

R`n{ {nrg n{ ì{rgb j~ a dziw| ic zgrwzegb Sihwerggz tznrgz{%

Nr n{ a oier`h~ iehneg |wjhnkarnie ic g{{a~{ aeb Sihwerggz

akkiwer{ czio kiwerzng{ aziweb r`g tizhb%

ttt%z|kstgjzned%izd

R`n{ {nrg n{ feite a{ r`g Zgrwzegb \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz

Tgj Zned% Jzit{g r`g Tgj zned aeb {gg tàr cizogz

Sihwerggz{ azg {a~ned ajiwr r`gnz {gzsnkg%

Iehneg Azrnkhg{)Kwzzger Egt{ [nrg{ Ajiwr Gh [ahsabiz=([ahsabizae Egt{|a|gz{.

ttt%ha|zge{a%kio%{s

Ha \zge{a Dzacnka (Ne [|aen{`.

ttt%gh{ahsabiz%kio

Gh Bnazni bg @i~ (Ne [|aen{`.

Nergzearnieah Bgsghi|oger [nrg{ Ajiwr Gh [ahsabiz=

1% W%[% Adgek~ ciz Nergzearnieah Bgsghi|oger

`rr|=))ttt%w{anb%dis)hikarnie{)harneYaogznkaYkaznjjgae)

kiwerz~)ghY{ahsabiz)nebgp%`roh

:% [asg r`g K`nhbzge

`rr|=))ttt%{asgr`gk`nhbzge%izd)kiwerzng{)harneY

aogznkaYkaznjjgae)ghY{ahsabiz%a{|

;% KAZG

ttt%kazg%izd



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Zgkioogebgb Jiif{=

1% Jazz~ Rio%Gh[ahsabiz= A Kiwerz~ Dwnbg% [nhsgz Knr~

E%O%= Nergz`gon{|`gznk Zg{iwzkg Kgergz1>>1%

:% Jgerg} [aebza%Jnrrgz Dziweb{% Egt îzf E%^%=

\nkabiz)[r% Oazrne{ \zg{{ 1>>4%

;% Dizfne Onkàgh Oazra \negba aeb Dhizna Hgah%Czio

Dzaeboir`gz ri Dzaebbawd`rgz= [ahsabizae

Tioge{ [rizng{% Wensgz{nr~ ic Kahncizena \zg{{ :>4%

Jiif{ Ajiwr r`g @n{riz~ ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{

1% @iccoae Ghn}ajgr` Kijj{%Ahh îw Eggb n{ Hisg= R`g

\gakg Kiz|{ aeb r`g [|nznr ic r`g 1>3


21/105

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z 1>

:% Ka{gjihr Oazmizng BgOi{{%Oazdaznra= A Dwargoahae

\gakg Kiz|{ Gp|gzngekg% Dnd @azjiz Ta{`%= Zgb

A||hg \wjhn{`ned :


22/105


23/105

H NS NED KIEBNRNIE[ AEB

SI HWERGG Z H N CG[R^HGKioowenkarnie{

Oanh

îwz rgo|izaz~ oanhned abbzg{{ ne Gh [ahsabiz tnhh jg=

îwz Eaog \KS

A|azrabi \i{rah 1>24

Kizzgi Eaknieah

Kgerzi bg Dijngzei

[ae [ahsabiz Gh [ahsabiz

Iekg ~iw àsg jgge a{{ndegb ri a {nrg aeb {tize ne a{ a

Sihwerggz ~iw tnhh jg zg{|ie{njhg ciz {gebned ~iwz {nrg

abbzg{{ ri czngeb{ aeb caonh~%

Ne dgegzah r`g oanh {~{rgo jgrtgge r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ aeb Gh

[ahsabiz n{ bg|gebajhg% Anzoanh kae rafg ae~t`gzg czio 1< ri

12 ba~{ ri aeb czio Gh [ahsabiz6 {wzcakg oanh kae rafg owk`

hiedgz (rti ri r`zgg oier`{.% Ah{i r`g cazr`gz ~iw azg czio

a hazdg knr~ r`g hg{{ bg|gebajhg r`g oanh% Hikah oanh kiwzngz{{wk` a{ Wzdgerg Gp|zg{{ iz B@H kae jg w{gb ri {geb)zgkgnsg

oanh a jnr ca{rgz ìtgsgz r`gnz {gzsnkg cgg{ azg owk` `nd`gz

ràe rì{g ic r`g earnieah |i{r iccnkg%

Tg zgkioogeb ràr ~iw g{rajhn{` a zgdwhaz {k`gbwhg ciz

kioowenkarned {nekg czngeb{ aeb zgharnsg{ ne r`g Wenrgb

[rarg{ oa~ jgkiog kiekgzegb nc r`g~ bi eir `gaz czio ~iw

ciz ae gprgebgb |gznib ic rnog% @itgsgz tg àsg ciweb

ràr acrgz Sihwerggz{ àsg {tize ne aeb oisgb ri r`gnz {nrg{

kioowenkarnie àjnr{ kàedg a{ r`g~ jgkiog oizg nesihsgb

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z :1


24/105

ne |zimgkr{ aeb r`g egteg{{ ic r`gnz hncg{r~hg tgaz{ icc% A

bgha~ ne r`g oanh oa~ ah{i jg r`g zg{whr ic Sihwerggz{ jgned ne

a oizg n{ihargb {nrg%

Tg bi eir zgkioogeb {gebned oieg~ |akfadg{ iz anzhneg

rnkfgr{ ri Sihwerggz{ r`ziwd` r`g oanh% Nr n{ w{wahh~ eir tizr`

r`g gccizr ri dgr |akfadg{ czio ìog% Anzhneg rnkfgr{ kae jg

|zg|anb tnr` r`g anzhneg aeb {iogieg ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{

kae necizo ~iw ic r`g zgcgzgekg ewojgz {i ~iw kae |nkf w|

r`g rnkfgr ne [ae [ahsabiz% Oae~ Sihwerggz{ |zgcgz ri zgkgnsg

rnkfgr{ sna r`g g/rnkfgr i|rnie% Kw{rio{ bwrng{ oa~ gpkggb r`g

sahwg ic r`g nrgo{ {ger aeb r`g rnog nesg{rgb icrge ogae{ ae

gernzg ba~{ rzasgh ri r`g knr~ iz anz|izr%

[ìwhb nr jgkiog egkg{{az~ ri àsg ae nrgo {ger ri ~iw ne Gh

[ahsabiz tg zgkioogeb ràr r`g nrgo{ jg hnonrgb ri rì{g

ràr kae cnr ne a |abbgb gesghi|g% \abbgb gesghi|g{ azg

w{wahh~ eir i|gegb j~ kw{rio{ iccnknah{ aeb azg rapgb hg{{ràe ir`gz r~|g{ ic |akfadg{% R`g gp|zg{{ {`n||ned kio|ae~

B@H Nergzearnieah à{ ae iccnkg ne [ae [ahsabiz% \akfadg{ oa~

jg {ger ri ~iw ne kazg ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ iccnkg ne Gh [ahsabiz

w{ned r`n{ {gzsnkg% B@H kae jg ki{rh~ aeb w{wahh~ zgqwnzg{

a |ìeg ewojgz aeb {rzggr abbzg{{% (\akfadg{ {ger sna ae

gp|zg{{ kazzngz kaeeir jg bghnsgzgb ri a |i{r iccnkg jip.%

R`g {rzggr abbzg{{ ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ Iccnkg n{=

Kwgz|i bg \a})Gh [ahsabiz

; Asgenba ha{ Bahna{

Kiebioneni \grahwoa

Kihiena [ae Czaekn{ki

[ae [ahsabiz Gh [ahsabiz

Aoznka Kgerzah

R`g |ìeg ewojgz ciz r`g \gakg Kiz|{ Iccnkg ne Gh [ahsabiz

n{=


25/105

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z

Rghg|ìeg{

R`g nergzearnieah |ìeg {gzsnkg ri aeb czio Gh [ahsabiz n{

sgz~ diib% AR#R [|zner aeb OKN àsg bnzgkr bnah hneg{ czioGh [ahsabiz ri r`g Wenrgb [rarg{6 ìtgsgz r`gnz {gzsnkg n{

owk` oizg gp|ge{nsg ràe hikah hied bn{raekg kio|aeng{%

R`g earnieah rghgkioowenkarnie {~{rgo à{ jgge |znsarn}gb

{i oae~ hikah rghg|ìeg kio|aeng{ iccgz sgz~ hit zarg{ t`ge

kahhned ri r`g Wenrgb [rarg{% Kahh{ tnr`ne r`g kiwerz~ oa~ jg

oabg czio r`g |znoaz~ hikah |ìeg kio|ae~ RGHGKIO czio

|wjhnk rghg|ìeg{ iz ie kghhwhaz rghg|ìeg{% Gsge sgz~ zwzahkioowenrng{ rgeb ri àsg akkg{{ ri kghhwhaz rghg|ìeg {gzsnkg%

Oae~ Sihwerggz{ |wzkà{g kghh|ìeg{ ciz r`gnz |gz{ieah w{g%

@itgsgz r`gzg azg {iog Sihwerggz{ tì hnsg ne zwzah azga{

ràr {rnhh bi eir àsg akkg{{ ri |ìeg{% Nc ~iw àsg a kghhwhaz

rghg|ìeg czio r`g W%[% aeb nr à{ ae nergzkàedgajhg [NO

k`n| ~iw oa~ jg ajhg ri w{g nr `gzg ne Gh [ahsabiz%

Kio|wrgz( Nergzegr( aeb G/oanh Akkg{{

G/oanh aeb Nergzegr akkg{{ azg oizg kiooie aeb tnbg{|zgab

aeb czgqwgerh~ w{gb j~ Sihwerggz{ ahrìwd` rzasgh oa~ jg

zgqwnzgb ri cneb Nergzegr kacg{% [rnhh gsgz~ bg|azroger à{

Nergzegr caknhnrng{ {i akkg{{ ri Nergzegr n{ egsgz oizg ràe

rti ìwz{ ata~ aeb icrge khi{gz% [iog Sihwerggz{ àsg r`gnz

ha|ri|{ `gzg aeb a||zgknarg àsned jziwd`r r`go% R`n{ oi{rh~

bg|geb{ ie ~iwz |gz{ieah nergzg{r a{ nr n{ {ghbio a egkg{{nr~

ciz ~iwz gsgerwah tizf `gzg%

\hga{g jg atazg ràr r`g khnoarg ne Gh [ahsabiz oa~ zwne

{iog ic ~iwz jghiedned{% Ciz r`n{ zga{ie bi eir jzned r`ned{

~iw kaeeir zn{f hi{ned gnr`gz bwg ri r`gcr hi{{ oin{rwzg grk%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ big{ eir |zisnbg ne{wzaekg kisgzadg ciz

~iwz |gz{ieah gccgkr{ ahrìwd` ~iw oa~ |wzkà{g ne{wzaekgciz ~iwz jghiedned{ (r`n{ tnhh jg bn{kw{{gb ar ~iwz |zg/

bg|azrwzg izngerarnie.% Whrnoargh~ ~iw azg zg{|ie{njhg ciz r`g

{acgfgg|ned ic ~iwz |gz{ieah jghiedned{% R`g \gakg Kiz|{

kaeeir zgnojwz{g ~iw ciz hi{{g{ iz baoadg%

:;


26/105

@iw{ned aeb [nrg Hikarnie

\gakg Kiz|{ rzanegg{ azg eir a{{ndegb ri nebnsnbwah {nrg{

wernh acrgz r`g~ àsg kio|hgrgb r`gnz |zg/{gzsnkg rzanened%

R`n{ dnsg{ \gakg Kiz|{ {racc r`g i||izrwenr~ ri a{{g{{ gak`

rzanegg{ rgkènkah aeb haedwadg {fnhh{ |zniz ri a{{ndened

{nrg{ ne abbnrnie ri cneahn}ned {nrg {ghgkrnie{ tnr` onen{rz~

kiwergz|azr{% Nc cga{njhg ~iw oa~ àsg r`g i||izrwenr~ ri

|zisnbg ne|wr ie ~iwz {nrg |zgcgzgekg{ nekhwbned dgidza|`nkah

hikarnie bn{raekg czio ir`gz Sihwerggz{ iz hnsned kiebnrnie{%

@itgsgz fgg| ne oneb ràr oae~ cakriz{ nechwgekg r`g {nrg

{ghgkrnie |zikg{{ aeb r`g \gakg Kiz|{ kaeeir dwazaergg

|hakgoger t`gzg ~iw ond`r nbgahh~ hnfg ri jg% Oi{r Sihwerggz{

tnhh hnsg ne {oahh rite{ iz ne zwzah snhhadg{ jwr tnhh w{wahh~ jg

tnr`ne ieg ìwz czio r`g egazg{r Sihwerggz% [iog {nrg{ tnhh

zgqwnzg a 3/ ri 1


27/105

Oae~ [ahsabizae jw{neg{{g{ g{|gknahh~ ne r`g ka|nrah

aeb zg{izr azga{ rafg kzgbnr kazb{ nekhwbned SN[A aeb

Oa{rgzKazb% Ir`gz oamiz kzgbnr kazb{ azg akkg|rgb ne r`goamiz knrng{ jwr eir a{ czgqwgerh~% R`g W%[% bihhaz n{ r`g

iccnknah kwzzgek~ {i r`gzg n{ ei n{{wg ic kwzzgek~ gpkàedg%

îw oa~ cneb nr absaeradgiw{ ri zgrane a W%[% k`gkfned

akkiwer |azrnkwhazh~ nc ~iw kae kiesnekg ~iwz jaef ri tansg

{gzsnkg kàzdg{ bwzned ~iwz \gakg Kiz|{ {gzsnkg%

Ciib aeb Bngr

Ciib Asanhajnhnr~= Ciib asanhajnhnr~ bg|geb{ ie r`g {ga{ie aeb

r`g {n}g ic r`g kioowenr~ aeb zgdnie ~iw hnsg ne% Bi eir azznsg

ne/kiwerz~ gp|gkrned ri gar r`g ciib ~iw arg ar ìog% Kiog

tnr` ae i|ge oneb ajiwr a egt bngr%

Czwnr{ aeb Sgdgrajhg{= Oae~ hikah sazngrng{ ic czwnr{ aeb

sgdgrajhg{ azg asanhajhg aeb dgegzahh~ ic diib qwahnr~ jwr nr n{

snzrwahh~ no|i{{njhg ri ta{` ata~ ahh bnzr aeb onkziizdaen{o{

czio sgdgrajhg{ tnr` oae~ onewrg kzakf{ aeb kzgsnkg{ {wk`

a{ hgrrwkg kghgz~ aeb kawhnchitgz% Ne oazfgr{ r`g{g ciib{ azg

gp|i{gb ri a sazngr~ ic chng{ aeb ir`gz dgzo/jgazned ne{gkr{

aeb azg àebhgb j~ ewogziw{ nebnsnbwah{ wecaonhnaz tnr`

ja{nk `~dngeg% Ne abbnrnie sgdgrajhg{ azg czgqwgerh~ czg{`gegb

j~ {|znefhned tnr` targz ràr oa~ jg |ihhwrgb% Tnr` r`n{ ne

oneb nr jgkiog{ ijsniw{ ràr arrgernie ow{r jg dnsge ri r`g

{ghgkrnie aeb rzgaroger ic r`g{g ciib{ |zniz ri nedg{rnie%

Ahh czwnr{ aeb sgdgrajhg{ ràr tnhh eir jg |gghgb iz kiifgb

{ìwhb jg ta{`gb ne {ia| aeb targz (ae~ bn{` bgrgzdger

tnhh bi. zne{gb ne khgae targz aeb {iafgb :< onewrg{ ne a

jhgak`/aeb/targz {ihwrnie% R`n{ ogrìb tnhh ghnonearg oae~ic r`g jakrgzna jwr nr n{ {rnhh hg{{ ràe 1


28/105

Ogar aeb \iwhrz~= Oae~ fneb{ ic ogar aeb |iwhrz~ azg asanhajhg

ne r`g hikah oazfgr% Wehnfg {nonhaz |zibwkr{ ne r`g Wenrgb

[rarg{ r`g~ azg eir |zi|gzh~ ne{|gkrgb adgb iz zgczndgzargb%Ri asinb r`g zn{f ic necgkrnie ogar aeb |iwhrz~ ow{r jg

rìziwd`h~ kiifgb%

[gaciib= [gaciib |azrnkwhazh~ {`ghhcn{` kazzng{ dgzo{ aeb

|aza{nrg{ nc dzite ne kieraoneargb targz{% Bn{ga{g{ ràr kae

jg rzae{onrrgb j~ {`ghhcn{` nekhwbg r~|ìnb cgsgz necgkrniw{

`g|arnrn{ aeb {iog r~|g{ ic b~{gergz~% Gar ieh~ kiifgb cn{`

aeb {`ghhcn{`% Egsgz gar zat cn{` iz {`ghhcn{`%

Banz~ \zibwkr{= Hikahh~ ijranegb zat onhf {ìwhb jg jinhgb%

[rizg/jiwd`r |akfadgb onhf aeb ir`gz onhf |zibwkr{ (g%d%

jwrrgz k`gg{g iz nkg kzgao. nc |a{rgwzn}gb azg {acg ri

kie{wog% Eie/|a{rgwzn}gb banz~ |zibwkr{ |zisnbg a casizajhg

kwhrwzg ogbna ciz oae~ necgkrniw{ izdaen{o{% Ahh eie/

|a{rgwzn}gb onhf {ìwhb jg jziwd`r ri a zinhned jinh jgcizgbznefned%

Ciib [rizadg= @gar aeb `wonbnr~ kaw{g ciib{ ri {|inh za|nbh~%

\zg|azg ieh~ tàr ~iw tnhh gar ar ieg ogah% Ghnonearg

hgcrisgz{ |azrnkwhazh~ kw{razb{ aeb |wbbned{% Nerg{rneah nhheg{{

n{ oae~ rnog{ kaw{gb j~ {|inhgb ciib{%

Ahh ciib{ {ìwhb ijsniw{h~ jg ijranegb a{ czg{` a{ |i{{njhg%Nr n{ jg{r ri {rizg oi{r ciib{ ne r`g zgczndgzariz kisgzgb

ne dha{{ iz |ha{rnk kieranegz{% Bi eir ahhit kiifgb ciib ri

{raeb aziweb r`g fnrk`ge wekisgzgb% @aebhg ciib a{ hnrrhg a{

|i{{njhg%

Jgsgzadg{= Ahh targz ow{r jg kie{nbgzgb we{acg ciz bznefned

aeb oafned nkg/kwjg{% Nr {ìwhb jg jinhgb ciz ar hga{rieg onewrg% Jinhgb targz {ìwhb jg {rizgb ne khgae dha{{

kieranegz{ t`nk` azg ta{`gb aeb zne{gb czgqwgerh~% \wzncngb

jirrhgb targz kae jg |wzkà{gb ieh~ ne r`g hazdgz knrng{%

\ G A K G K I Z \ [:3


29/105

Cnhrgz{ zgoisg {iog ic r`g hazdgz onkziizdaen{o{ aeb

onkzi{ki|nk oargznah |zisnbned ag{r`grnkahh~ akkg|rajhg targz%

@itgsgz wehg{{ r`g cnhrgz{ azg czgqwgerh~ zgoisgb rìziwd`h~ta{`gb tnr` a jzw{` aeb jinhgb ciz 1< onewrg{ r`g~ akr a{

a {iwzkg ic kieraonearnie% Nc cnhrgzned n{ w{gb ne kiemwekrnie

tnr` jinhned r`g {acg{r |zikgbwzg n{ ri cnhrgz cnz{r aeb cihhit

tnr` jinhned% K`hizneg ah{i oa~ jg w{gb acrgz cnhrgzned%

Sihwerggz{ kiergo|harned hikah rzasgh {ìwhb kazz~ r`gnz ite

|wzncngb targz iz ijrane nibneg targz |wzncnkarnie rajhgr{ czio

r`g `gahr` wenr%

A sazngr~ ic kazjieargb {icr bznef{ n{ asanhajhg ne Gh [ahsabiz%

R`g{g bznef{ azg dgegzahh~ {acg jgkaw{g r`g kazjiearnie

|zikg{{ kzgarg{ ae gesnzieoger wecasizajhg ciz r`g dzitr` ic

jakrgzna% Kikiewr targz n{ gemi~ajhg ri {iog aeb qwnrg {acg ri

bznef% @ir kiccgg aeb rga azg {acg ri bznef {nekg r`g targz à{

jgge jinhgb%

[rziedgz bznef{ {gzsgb tnr` nkg {ìwhb jg asinbgb% Ahkiìh

tnhh eir bn{necgkr bnzr~ nkg% Oizgisgz oae~ `gahr` awrìznrng{

cggh ràr ahkiìh n{ rihgzargb hg{{ tghh ne r`g rzi|nk{ ràe ne

kihbgz khnoarg{% Gpkg{{nsg aeb banh~ w{g kae kaw{g {ahr hi{{

aeb bg`~bzarnie oafg ~iw oizg {w{kg|rnjhg ri b~{gergz~

aeb zgbwkg ~iwz rihgzaekg ri {rzg{{ `gar aeb |`~{nkah

akrnsnr~% A{ n{ tghh/feite gpkg{{nsg ahkiìh nerafg kae jg

gprzgogh~ baoadned ri ~iwz ogerah aeb |`~{nkah `gahr`%

Rzae{|izrarnie

I|gzarnie ic |znsargh~ itegb sg`nkhg{ j~ Sihwerggz{ n{

|zi`njnrgb% Oi{r wzjae rzasgh n{ j~ jw{ iz rapn% Zwzah rzasgh

zaedg{ czio jw{g{ ri onen/jw{g{ ri rzwkf{ ri a hir ic tahfned%

Ie sgz~ zazg ikka{nie{ a Sihwerggz oa~ jg a{fgb ri bznsg a

{|ie{iz{ sg`nkhg jwr r`n{ n{ ieh~ tnr` |zniz tznrrge |gzon{{nie

ic r`g kiwerz~ bnzgkriz% [ìwhb r`n{ ikkwz r`g Sihwerggz oa~

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z :4


30/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [:0

ijrane a hikah bznsgz{ hnkge{g% ^iwz W%[% bznsgz{ hnkge{g tnhh

caknhnrarg r`g |zikg{{ aeb tnhh jg eggbgb ri i|ge ~iwz jaef

akkiwer {i |hga{g jzned nr tnr` ~iw% Sihwerggz{ ne Gh [ahsabizbi eir eggb ri dgr ae nergzearnieah bznsgz{ hnkge{g%

Dgidza|`~ aeb Khnoarg

Gh [ahsabiz n{ a zgharnsgh~ {oahh kiwerz~% Kisgzned 01:;

{qwazg onhg{ nr n{ ajiwr r`g {n}g ic Oa{{ak`w{grr{% R`g ka|nrah

knr~ n{ [ae [ahsabiz% Oiwerane{ {g|azarg r`g kiwerz~ nerir`zgg bn{rnekr zgdnie{= r`g {iwr`gze kia{rah jghr r`g kgerzah

sahhg~{ aeb |hargaw{ aeb r`g eizr`gze oiwerane{% R`g khnoarg

n{ {gon/rzi|nkah tnr` rgo|gzarwzg{ zaedned czio 3< ri 1


31/105

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z :>

[|izr {aebah{ iz chn|/chi|{ zgdazbhg{{ ic r`gnz ki{r azg eir

a||zi|znarg ciz oge iz tioge ne |zicg{{nieah {grrned{% [ìg{

ow{r jg tize ar ahh rnog{% Jib~ |ngzkned{ tnr` r`g gpkg|rnieic gazzned{ ie tioge {ìwhb jg zgoisgb% [ìzr{ azg eir

a||zi|znarg iwr{nbg r`g ìog ne oi{r azga{ g{|gknahh~ aziweb

r`g rzanened kgergz% Kaoiwchadg iz fàfn azo~ gqwn|oger

wencizo{ aeb bwccgh jad{ {ìwhb jg asinbgb% Oge {ìwhb

fgg| ànz jgazb{ {ìzr aeb egarh~ rznoogb% \ie~ ranh{ ie oge

azg weakkg|rajhg aeb caknah ànz {ìwhb jg egarh~ dziiogb%

[`nzr{ tnr` kihhaz{ azg |zgcgzajhg ri R/{`nzr{% Tioge azg{rziedh~ absn{gb ri tgaz jza{ ar ahh rnog{ iwr{nbg ic r`g ìog%

Ahh rzanegg{ aeb Sihwerggz{ azg absn{gb ri kisgz |zggpn{rned

rarrii{ t`gegsgz |i{{njhg a{ rarrii{ ne Gh [ahsabiz azg

kiooieh~ a{{iknargb tnr` daed/zghargb akrnsnrng{%

Ciz {iog |zimgkr{ r`gzg n{ a eggb ciz oizg ka{wah aeb

bwzajhg khir`g{ a||zi|znarg ri cnghbtizf {wk` a{ jiir{ mgae{

aeb tizf {`nzr{% R`g{g khir`g{ ow{r jg khgae aeb ogebgb

tnr` ei |ark`g{% R`g jg{r absnkg n{ ri cihhit r`g hgab ic r`g

[ahsabizae{%

Ne dgegzah ka{wah {fnzr{ bzg{{g{ aeb bzg{{ |aer{ azg

akkg|rajhg arrnzg ciz tioge% Hnd`rtgnd`r |aer{ azg

a||zi|znarg ciz {iog tizf aeb {iknah ikka{nie{% Mgae{ (eir

rize. azg kiooieh~ tize j~ oge aeb tioge ciz {iknahikka{nie{ aeb ciz {iog cnghbtizf {nrwarnie{% Rzanegg{ {ìwhb

|akf ar hga{r rti |zicg{{nieah iwrcnr{ ciz {|gknah ikka{nie{%

Nr n{ no|izraer ri zgogojgz ràr ~iwz |gz{ieah ra{rg{ aeb

kàzakrgzn{rnk{ {ìwhb jg a bgknbned cakriz ne tàr ri jzned%

Nr n{ eir egkg{{az~ ri kàedg ~iwz gernzg tazbzijg% îw

{ìwhb ja{g ~iwz bgkn{nie ie tàr ri jzned ie ~iwz |zg{ger

tazbzijg r`g r~|g ic tizf ~iw tnhh jg bined aeb r`g cgt

{wddg{rnie{ tg azg |a{{ned ie ri ~iw%


32/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [;


42/105


43/105

ÎWZ @GAHR@ KAZG AEB

[ACGR^ NE GH [AHSABIZ

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ `nd`g{r |zniznr~ n{ oaneranened r`g diib

`gahr` aeb {acgr~ ic gsgz~ Sihwerggz% \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah

|zidzao{ go|à{n}g r`g |zgsgernsg zar`gz ràe r`g kwzarnsg

a||ziak` ri bn{ga{g% A{ a zwhg ic r`woj diib `gahr`kazg

kiog{ czio diib `gahr` oanergeaekg% R`g \gakg Kiz|{ ne Gh[ahsabiz oanerane{ a cwhh/rnog ogbnkah iccnkgz tì rafg{ kazg

ic Sihwerggz{ |znoaz~ `gahr`kazg eggb{% Ogbnkah {gzsnkg{

{wk` a{ rg{rned aeb ja{nk rzgaroger azg ah{i asanhajhg ne Gh

[ahsabiz ar hikah Aogznkae/{raebazb ì{|nrah{% Nc ~iw jgkiog

{gzniw{h~ nhh ~iw tnhh jg rzae{|izrgb ri gnr`gz a ogbnkah caknhnr~

ne r`g zgdnie iz ri r`g Wenrgb [rarg{%

@gahr` N{{wg{ ne Gh [ahsabiz

Oamiz `gahr` |zijhgo{ aoied \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz{ ne Gh

[ahsabiz azg zazg aeb azg icrge r`g zg{whr ic a Sihwerggz eir

rafned |zgsgernsg oga{wzg{ ri {ra~ `gahr`~% R`g oi{r kiooie

`gahr` |zijhgo{ azg oi{rh~ oneiz ieg{ ràr azg ah{i ciweb

ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ {wk` a{ kihb{ bnazz`ga `goizzìnb{kie{rn|arnie {new{ necgkrnie{ {fne necgkrnie{ `gabak`g{

gaz necgkrnie{ bgerah |zijhgo{ oneiz nemwzng{ {gpwahh~

rzae{onrrgb bn{ga{g{ ([RB{. abmw{roger bn{izbgz{ goirnieah

|zijhgo{ aeb ahkiìh ajw{g% R`g{g |zijhgo{ oa~ jg oizg

czgqwger iz kio|iwebgb j~ hncg ne Gh [ahsabiz jgkaw{g

kgzrane gesnzieogerah cakriz{ `gzg zan{g r`g zn{f aeb)iz

gpakgzjarg r`g {gsgznr~ ic nhheg{{ aeb nemwzng{%

R`g oi{r kiooie oamiz `gahr` kiekgze{ ne Gh [ahsabiz azg

oahazna zajng{ rwjgzkwhi{n{ bgedwg cgsgz r~|ìnb nerg{rneah

|aza{nrg{ w||gz zg{|nzariz~ necgkrnie{ `g|arnrn{ aeb @NS)



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ANB[% Jgkaw{g oahazna n{ gebgonk ne Gh [ahsabiz aern/oahaznah

ogbnkarnie (azahge. n{ zgqwnzgb% îw tnhh ah{i jg sakkneargb

adane{r `g|arnrn{ A aeb J r~|ìnb zajng{ rwjgzkwhi{n{ aebbn|`r`gzna%

Oae~ ic r`g{g `gahr` kiekgze{ kae jg ga{nh~ asinbgb j~ w{ned

kiooie {ge{g aeb cihhitned ja{nk |zgsgernsg |zakrnkg{%

@gh|ned îw [ra~ @gahr`~

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh |zisnbg ~iw tnr` ahh r`g egkg{{az~

neikwharnie{ ogbnkarnie{ aeb necizoarnie ~iw eggb ri {ra~

`gahr`~6 ìtgsgz ~iw ow{r akkg|r zg{|ie{njnhnr~ ciz r`g

a||zi|znarg w{g ic r`g necizoarnie aeb ogbnkarnie |zisnbgb%

W|ie ~iwz azznsah ne Gh [ahsabiz ~iw tnhh zgkgnsg a ogbnkah

àebjiif% Ar r`g geb ic rzanened ~iw tnhh zgkgnsg a cnz{r/anb

fnr tnr` {w||hng{ ri rafg kazg ic onhb nhheg{{g{ aeb cnz{r/anb

eggb{%

Bwzned rzanened ~iw tnhh àsg akkg{{ ri ja{nk cnz{r anb {w||hng{

r`ziwd` r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkgz% @itgsgz ~iw tnhh

jg zg{|ie{njhg ciz ~iwz ite {w||h~ ic |zg{kzn|rnie bzwd{ aeb

ae~ ir`gz {|gkncnk ogbnkah {w||hng{ ~iw zgqwnzg a{ tg tnhh eir

izbgz r`g{g nrgo{ bwzned rzanened% \hga{g jzned a r`zgg/oier`

{w||h~ ic ae~ |zg{kzn|rnie bzwd{ ~iw w{g {nekg r`g~ oa~ eirjg asanhajhg `gzg aeb nr oa~ rafg {gsgzah oier`{ ciz egt

{`n|oger{ ri azznsg%

îw tnhh àsg |`~{nkah gpaonearnie{ ar onb/{gzsnkg aeb ar r`g

geb ic ~iwz {gzsnkg% Nc ~iw bgsghi| a {gzniw{ ogbnkah |zijhgo

bwzned ~iwz {gzsnkg r`g ogbnkah iccnkgz ne Gh [ahsabiz tnhh

kie{whr tnr` r`g Iccnkg ic Ogbnkah [gzsnkg{ ne Ta{`nedrie

B%K% Nc nr n{ bgrgzonegb ràr ~iwz kiebnrnie kaeeir jg rzgargb

ne Gh [ahsabiz ~iw oa~ jg {ger iwr ic r`g kiwerz~ ciz cwzr`gz

gsahwarnie aeb kazg%

\ G A K G K I Z \ [2:


45/105


Oaneranened îwz @gahr`

A{ \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz{ ~iw ow{r akkg|r a kgzrane aoiwer

ic zg{|ie{njnhnr~ ciz ~iwz ite `gahr`% \zi|gz |zgkawrnie{ nc

rafge tnhh {ndencnkaerh~ zgbwkg ~iwz zn{f ic kierzakrned {gzniw{

nhheg{{ aeb {w{ranened {gzniw{ nemwz~% R`g ihb abadg Ae iwekg

ic |zgsgernie n{ tizr` a |iweb ic kwzg jgkiog{ gprzgogh~

no|izraer ne azga{ t`gzg ogbnkah bnadei{rnk aeb rzgaroger

caknhnrng{ azg eir w| ri {raebazb{ ic r`g Wenrgb [rarg{%

Nr n{ kznrnkah ri ~iwz `gahr` ràr ~iw |zio|rh~ zg|izr ri r`gogbnkah iccnkg iz ir`gz bg{ndeargb caknhnr~ ciz {k`gbwhgb

noowen}arnie{ aeb ràr ~iw hgr ~iwz ogbnkah iccnkgz feit

noogbnargh~ ic {ndencnkaer nhheg{{ aeb nemwzng{%

R`g oi{r no|izraer ic ~iwz zg{|ie{njnhnrng{ nekhwbg=

Ab`gzgekg ri zgkioogebgb {raebazb{ ciz ciib aeb targz

|zg|azarnie% Oae~ bn{ga{g{ ràr acchnkr Sihwerggz{ tizhbtnbg

azg gernzgh~ |zgsgerajhg nc |zi|gz ciib aeb targz |zgkawrnie{

azg rafge% R`g{g bn{ga{g{ nekhwbg ciib |in{iened aogjna{n{

dnazbna{n{ `g|arnrn{ A b~{gergz~ tizo{ ra|gtizo{ kìhgza

aeb r~|ìnb cgsgz% îwz ogbnkah iccnkgz tnhh bn{kw{{ {|gkncnk

{raebazb{ ciz targz aeb ciib |zg|azarnie ciz Gh [ahsabiz

bwzned |zg/{gzsnkg rzanened%

[rznkr ab`gzgekg ri zgkioogebgb bzwd zgdnoge ri |zgsger

oahazna% Oahazna n{ gebgonk ne oi{r azga{ ic r`g \gakg

Kiz|{ tizhb% Ciz ahh Sihwerggz{ {gzsned ne oahazna/gebgonk

azga{ iz ciz rì{g rzasghned ne oahazna/gebgonk azga{ nr n{

gprzgogh~ no|izraer ri cwhh~ kio|h~ tnr` r`g zgkioogebgb

bzwd zgdnoge ri |zgsger oahazna% Oahazna kae jg za|nbh~ carah

ne |gi|hg tì àsg ei earwzah noowenr~ ri r`g bn{ga{g% \gakgKiz|{ Sihwerggz{ tì bi eir cwhh~ kio|h~ tnr` r`g zgqwnzgb

|zgsgernsg zgdnoge oa~ jg abonen{rzarnsgh~ {g|azargb% îwz

ogbnkah iccnkgz tnhh bn{kw{{ {|gkncnk zgkioogebarnie{ ciz r`g

|zgsgernie ic oahazna ne ~iwz azga%

2;


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\ G A K G K I Z \ [

\zio|r zg|izrned ri r`g ogbnkah iccnkg ic ae~ |i{{njhg

gp|i{wzg ri zajng{% Zajng{ n{ |zg{ger ne egazh~ ahh \gakg

Kiz|{ kiwerzng{% Ae~ |i{{njhg gp|i{wzg ri a zajnb aenoahow{r jg zg|izrgb noogbnargh~ ri r`g ogbnkah iccnkg% Zajng{

gp|i{wzg kae ikkwz r`ziwd` aenoah jnrg{ {kzark`g{ czio

aenoah{ rggr` aeb kierakr tnr` aenoah {ahnsa% ^iwz ogbnah

iccnkgz tnhh rafg neri kie{nbgzarnie oae~ cakriz{ ri bgknbg r`g

a||zi|znarg kiwz{g ic r`gza|~ egkg{{az~ ri |zgsger zajng{%

Zajng{ nc kierzakrgb n{ 1


47/105

@NS)ANB[ azg feithgbdg aeb |zgsgernie% Ahh Sihwerggz{ ow{r

jg atazg ic r`g cihhitned ja{nk cakr{=

ANB[ n{ a carah snzah bn{ga{g ràr kaeeir eit jg kwzgb% R`g ANB[ snzw{ n{ {|zgab j~ {gpwah nergzkiwz{g j~

kieraoneargb jhiib aeb j~ kieraoneargb `~|ibgzonk

eggbhg{%

A |gz{ie kae hiif aeb cggh `gahr`~ aeb {rnhh jg ajhg ri

{|zgab r`g snzw{ ràr kaw{g{ ANB[%

Ae necgkrgb tioae kae dnsg ANB[ ri `gz k`nhb bwzned

|zgdeaek~ iz bwzned jnzr`% ANB[ à{ eir jgge {ìte ri jg {|zgab j~ ka{wah

kierakr {wk` a{ hnsned ne r`g {aog ìw{g iz {àzned

garned wrge{nh{%

ANB[ à{ eir jgge {ìte ri jg rzae{onrrgb j~ jnrned

ne{gkr{%

Kghnjak~ iz a {rajhg oieidaoiw{ zgharnie{`n| tnr`

aeir`gz wenecgkrgb |gz{ie n{ r`g {acg{r ta~ ri asinbnecgkrnie% Ne ae~ ka{g zgbwkned r`g ewojgz ic {gpwah

|azregz{ zgbwkg{ r`g kàekg{ ic dgrrned ANB[%

W{g ic kiebio{ zgbwkg{ r`g gpkàedg ic jib~ chwnb{

aeb oa~ zgbwkg r`g zn{f ic ANB[ necgkrnie bwzned {gpwah

kierakr%

îwz \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkgz tnhh |zisnbg ~iw tnr` oizg

{|gkncnk necizoarnie ne/kiwerz~ aeb tnhh fgg| ~iw necizogb

ic oga{wzg{ ~iw kae rafg ri zgbwkg ~iwz zn{f ic gp|i{wzg

nekhwbned=

Aj{rnegekg czio {gpwah kierakr hnonrned r`g ewojgz ic

~iwz {gpwah |azregz{ aeb asinbned {gpwah kierakr tnr`

{iogieg tì à{ àb oae~ {gpwah |azregz{%

Kie{n{rger aeb kizzgkr w{g ic kiebio{ tnr` gsgz~

akr ic nergzkiwz{g% \zirgkr ~iwz{ghc aeb |zirgkr ~iwz

|azregz%

Asinb ae~ nemgkrnie{ eir jgned |zisnbgb j~ ~iwz \gakg

Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkgz%



48/105

Asinb dnsned iz zgkgnsned a jhiib rzae{cw{nie gpkg|r

webgz r`g {w|gzsn{nie ic r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah

iccnkgz iz ne ka{g{ ic hncg/r`zgargened nemwz~ iz nhheg{{%

Asinb {àzned riir`jzw{`g{ aeb za}iz{ (t`nk` oa~ jg

kieraoneargb tnr` jhiib.%

Asinb ahh |zakrnkg{ ràr zg{whr ne |gegrzarnie ic {fne

{wzcakg{ ({wk` a{ akw|wekrwzg gaz/|ngzkned rarriined

jhiib/jzir`gzìib kgzgoieng{ iz ir`gz nekn{nie{ ic r`g

{fne bwzned rzabnrnieah kgzgoienah iz `gahned |zakrnkg{.%

Tioge{ @gahr` Necizoarnie

Sihwerggz{ azg gp|gkrgb ri ab`gzg ri ae gccgkrnsg ogae{ ic

jnzr` kierzih ri |zgsger we|haeegb |zgdeaekng{% îwz ogbnkah

iccnkgz kae `gh| ~iw bgknbg ie r`g oi{r a||zi|znarg ogrìb

ri {wnr ~iwz nebnsnbwah eggb{% Kierzakg|rnsg ogrìb{ azg

asanhajhg tnrìwr kàzdg czio r`g ogbnkah iccnkgz%

\zgdeaek~ n{ a `gahr` kiebnrnie ràr n{ rzgargb ne r`g {aog

oaeegz a{ ir`gz Sihwerggz `gahr` kiebnrnie{ zgqwnzned ogbnkah

arrgernie jwr oa~ ah{i àsg |zidzaooarnk zaoncnkarnie{%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ n{ zg{|ie{njhg ciz bgrgzonened r`g ogbnkah

zn{f aeb r`g asanhajnhnr~ ic a||zi|znarg ogbnkah kazg nc r`g

Sihwerggz zgoane{ ne/kiwerz~% Dnsge r`g knzkwo{raekg{ webgz

t`nk` Sihwerggz{ hnsg aeb tizf ne \gakg Kiz|{ kiwerzng{nr n{ zazg ràr r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah aeb |zidzaooarnk

{raebazb{ ciz kiernewgb {gzsnkg kae jg ogr% R`g oamiznr~ ic

Sihwerggz{ tì jgkiog |zgdeaer azg ogbnkahh~ {g|azargb%

Cgoneneg `~dngeg |zibwkr{ azg eir |zisnbgb ri ~iw j~ r`g

\gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkgz ne Gh [ahsabiz% R`g{g |zibwkr{

kae jg |wzkà{gb ne Gh [ahsabiz jwr r`g~ azg gp|ge{nsg%[iog Sihwerggz{ i|r ri jzned a {w||h~ tnr` r`go ri Gh

[ahsabiz%

\ G A K G K I Z \ [23


49/105


îwz \gakg Kiz|{ Ogbnkah Fnr

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkgz |zisnbg{ Sihwerggz{ tnr` a

cnz{r/anb fnr ràr kierane{ ja{nk nrgo{ egkg{{az~ ri |zgsger aeb

rzgar nhheg{{g{ ràr ond`r ikkwz bwzned {gzsnkg% Fnr nrgo{ kae

jg |gznibnkahh~ zg{rikfgb ar ~iwz \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkg%

Ogbnkah Fnr Kierger{

Akg jaebadg

Ab`g{nsg ra|g

Aeraknb rajhgr{ (Rwo{.Aern{g|rnk aernonkzijnah {fne khgaegz (@njnkhge{.

Jaknrzakne)Egio~kne)\ih~o~kne J ineroger

Jaeb/anb{

Jwrrgzch~ khi{wzg{

Kahaoneg hirnie

Kg|akih hi}gedg{

Kiebio{Bgerah chi{{

Bn|`ge`~bzaoneg @KH (Jgeabz~h.= :7 od rajhgr{

Ne{gkr zg|ghhaer {rnkf (Kwrrgz{.

Nibneg rajhgr{ (Targz |wzncnkarnie rajhgr{.

Hn| jaho (Kà|{rnkf.

Izah zg`~bzarnie {ahr{ aeb Darizabg

Izah r`gzoiogrgz (Ca`zge`gnr.\{gwbg|`gbzneg @KH ([wbacgb.= ;< od rajhgr{

Zgb Kzi{{ Cnz{r Anb aeb \gz{ieah [acgr~ @aebjiif

Zijnrw{{ne/BO hi}gedg{ (Kiwd` kahogz{.

[kn{{iz{

[rgznhg daw}g |ab{

Rgrza`~bzi}ahneg g~g bzi|{ (Sn{neg.

Rneakrne kzgao (Riheacrarg.Rtgg}gz{


50/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [

Jgcizg îw Hgasg= A Ogbnkah K`gkfhn{r

Nc r`gzg à{ jgge ae~ kàedg ne ~iwz `gahr`|`~{nkah ogerah

iz bgerah{nekg r`g rnog ~iw {wjonrrgb ~iwz gpaonearnie

zg|izr{ ri r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ~iw ow{r noogbnargh~ eirnc~ r`g

Iccnkg ic Ogbnkah [gzsnkg{% Canhwzg ri bn{khi{g egt nhheg{{g{

nemwzng{ ahhgzdng{ iz |zgdeaek~ kae gebaedgz ~iwz `gahr` aeb

oa~ mgi|azbn}g ~iwz ghndnjnhnr~ ri {gzsg%

Nc ~iwz bgerah gpao ta{ bieg oizg ràe a ~gaz adi iz nc ~iwz

|`~{nkah gpao n{ oizg ràe rti ~gaz{ ihb kierakr r`g Iccnkgic Ogbnkah [gzsnkg{ ri cneb iwr t`gr`gz ~iw eggb ri w|barg

~iwz zgkizb{% Nc ~iwz bgern{r iz \gakg Kiz|{ bgerah kie{whraer

à{ zgkioogebgb ràr ~iw webgzdi bgerah rzgaroger iz

zg|anz ~iw ow{r kio|hgrg ràr tizf aeb oafg {wzg ~iwz

bgern{r {geb{ zgqwg{rgb kiecnzoarnie zg|izr{ iz P/za~{ ri r`g

Iccnkg ic Ogbnkah [gzsnkg{%

Nc ~iw tn{` ri asinb rafned bw|hnkarg sakknearnie{ ~iw

{ìwhb kierakr ~iwz |`~{nknae{ iccnkg ijrane a ki|~ ic ~iwz

noowen}arnie zgkizb aeb jzned nr ri ~iwz |zg/bg|azrwzg

izngerarnie% Nc ~iw àsg ae~ noowen}arnie{ |zniz ri \gakg

Kiz|{ {gzsnkg r`g \gakg Kiz|{ kaeeir zgnojwz{g ~iw ciz

r`g ki{r% R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh |zisnbg ahh r`g noowen}arnie{

egkg{{az~ ciz ~iwz isgz{ga{ a{{ndeoger {ìzrh~ acrgz ~iw

azznsg ne Gh [ahsabiz% îw bi eir eggb ri jgdne rafned oahazna

ogbnkarnie |zniz ri bg|azrwzg%

Jzned a r`zgg/oier` {w||h~ ic ae~ |zg{kzn|rnie iz isgz/r`g/

kiwergz ogbnkarnie ~iw w{g ie a zgdwhaz ja{n{ nekhwbned jnzr`

kierzih |nhh{% Ahrìwd` r`g \gakg Kiz|{ kaeeir zgnojwz{g ~iw

ciz r`n{ r`zgg/oier` {w||h~ tg tnhh izbgz zgcnhh{ bwzned ~iwz

{gzsnkg%

T`nhg atanrned {`n|ogert`nk` kae rafg {gsgzah oier`{

~iw tnhh jg bg|gebger ie ~iwz ite ogbnkarnie {w||h~%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh eir |a~ ciz `gzjah iz eie/|zg{kznjgb

20


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ogbnkarnie{ {wk` a{ [r% Miè{ tizr dhwki{aoneg {ghgenwo

iz aernipnbaer {w||hgoger{%

îw azg gekiwzadgb ri jzned ki|ng{ ic ogbnkah |zg{kzn|rnie{

{ndegb j~ ~iwz |`~{nknae% R`n{ n{ eir a zgqwnzgoger ahrìwd`

nr ond`r kiog ne àeb~ nc ~iw azg qwg{rniegb ne rzae{nr ajiwr

~iwz ie/àeb r`zgg/oier` {w||h~ ic |zg{kzn|rnie bzwd{%

Nc ~iw tgaz g~gdha{{g{ jzned rti |anz{ tnr` ~iw= a |anz aeb a

{|azg% Nc a |anz jzgaf{ r`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh zg|hakg nr w{ned

r`g necizoarnie ~iwz bikriz ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ |zisnbgb ier`g g~gdha{{g{ cizo bwzned ~iwz gpaonearnie% Ri zgbwkg r`g

zn{f ic bgsghi|ned a {gzniw{ necgkrnie iz ir`gz g~g bn{ga{g

tg bn{kiwzadg ~iw czio w{ned kierakr hge{g{ bwzned ~iwz

\gakg Kiz|{ {gzsnkg% Oi{r \gakg Kiz|{ kiwerzng{ bi eir àsg

a||zi|znarg targz aeb {aenrarnie ri {w||izr g~g kazg tnr`

r`g w{g ic kierakr hge{g{% R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh eir {w||h~ iz

zg|hakg kierakr hge{g{ iz a{{iknargb {ihwrnie{ wehg{{ r`gnz w{gà{ jgge zgkioogebgb j~ ae i|`ràhoihidn{r ciz a {|gkncnk

ogbnkah kiebnrnie aeb r`g \gakg Kiz|{ Iccnkg ic Ogbnkah

[gzsnkg{ à{ dnsge a||zisah%

Nc ~iw azg ghndnjhg ciz Ogbnkazg isgz 7< ~gaz{ ic adg iz àsg

a `gahr` kiebnrnie ràr oa~ zg{rznkr ~iwz cwrwzg |azrnkn|arnie

ne `gahr`kazg |hae{ ~iw oa~ tn{` ri kie{whr ae ne{wzaekg

{|gknahn{r ajiwr wenqwg kisgzadg eggb{ jgcizg ~iwz bg|azrwzg%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh |zisnbg ahh egkg{{az~ `gahr`kazg czio

r`g rnog ~iw hgasg ciz ~iwz |zg/bg|azrwzg izngerarnie wernh

~iw kio|hgrg ~iwz {gzsnkg% T`ge ~iw cnen{` ~iw tnhh jg

gernrhgb ri r`g |i{r/{gzsnkg `gahr`kazg jgegcnr{ a{ bg{kznjgb

ne r`g \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz @aebjiif% îw oa~ tn{` ri

kie{nbgz fgg|ned ae gpn{rned `gahr` |hae ne gccgkr bwzned ~iwz

{gzsnkg nc ~iw r`nef adg aeb)iz |zg/gpn{rned kiebnrnie{ ond`r

|zgsger ~iw czio zg/gezihhned ne ~iwz kwzzger |hae t`ge ~iw

zgrwze ìog%

2>


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[acgr~ aeb [gkwznr~Iwz \azregz{`n|

[gzsned a{ a Sihwerggz isgz{ga{ geranh{ kgzrane {acgr~

aeb {gkwznr~ zn{f{% Hnsned aeb rzasghned ne ae wecaonhnaz

gesnzieoger a hnonrgb webgz{raebned ic r`g hikah haedwadg

aeb kwhrwzg aeb r`g |gzkg|rnie ic jgned a tgahr`~ Aogznkae

azg {iog ic r`g cakriz{ ràr kae |wr a Sihwerggz ar zn{f%

\zi|gzr~ r`gcr{ aeb jwzdhazng{ azg eir wekiooie% Neknbger{

ic |`~{nkah aeb {gpwah a{{awhr bi ikkwz ahrìwd` ahoi{r ahh

Sihwerggz{ kio|hgrg r`gnz rti ~gaz{ ic {gzsnkg tnrìwr {gzniw{

|gz{ieah {acgr~ |zijhgo{% Ne abbnrnie oizg ràe 07 |gzkger

ic Sihwerggz{ {wzsg~gb ne r`g :


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Hikarnie= Oi{r kznog{ ikkwzzgb t`ge Sihwerggz{

tgzg ne |wjhnk azga{ (g%d% {rzggr |azf jgak` |wjhnk

jwnhbned{.%

Rnog ic ba~= A{{awhr{ w{wahh~ riif |hakg ie r`g tggfgeb

bwzned r`g gsgened jgrtgge 7=


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\ G A K G K I Z \ [7:

Hgasg nzzg|hakgajhg ijmgkr{ ar ìog ne r`g W%[%

Cihhit \gakg Kiz|{ dwnbghneg{ ie oaneranened ìog

{gkwznr~

[rzargdng{ ri zgbwkg r`g zn{f)no|akr ic a{{awhr=

Oafg hikah czngeb{

Oafg {wzg ~iwz a||gazaekg n{ zg{|gkrcwh ic hikah

kw{rio{6 bier bzat egdarnsg arrgernie ri ~iwz{ghc j~

tgazned nea||zi|znarg khir`ned

Dgr ri feit hikah iccnknah{ |ihnkg aeb egnd`jiz{ Rzasgh tnr` {iogieg t`gegsgz |i{{njhg

Asinb feite `nd` kznog azga{

Hnonr ahkiìh kie{wo|rnie

[w||izr czio [racc

Ne Oazk` :


55/105

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z 7;

Nc a rzanegg iz Sihwerggz n{ r`g snkrno ic a {acgr~ neknbger

\gakg Kiz|{ {racc n{ |zg|azgb ri |zisnbg {w||izr% Ahh \gakg

Kiz|{ |i{r{ àsg |zikgbwzg{ ne |hakg ri zg{|ieb ri neknbger{ic kznog kioonrrgb adane{r Sihwerggz{% R`g cnz{r |zniznr~ ciz

ahh |i{r{ ne r`g acrgzoar` ic ae neknbger n{ ri ge{wzg ràr r`g

Sihwerggz n{ {acg aeb zgkgnsned ogbnkah rzgaroger a{ eggbgb%

Acrgz a{{wzned r`g {acgr~ ic r`g Sihwerggz \gakg Kiz|{ {racc

|zisnbg{ {w||izr j~ zga{{g{{ned r`g Sihwerggz{ tizf {nrg

aeb ìw{ned azzaedgoger{ aeb oafned ae~ abmw{roger{

a{ eggbgb% Ne {iog ka{g{ r`g earwzg ic r`g neknbger oa~egkg{{nrarg a {nrg iz ìw{ned rzae{cgz% \gakg Kiz|{ {racc tnhh

ah{i a{{n{r Sihwerggz{ tnr` |zg{gzsned r`gnz znd`r{ ri |wz{wg

hgdah {aekrnie{ adane{r r`g |gz|grzariz{ ic r`g kznog% Nr n{ sgz~

no|izraer ràr Sihwerggz{ zg|izr neknbger{ a{ r`g~ ikkwz eir

ieh~ ri |zirgkr r`gnz |ggz Sihwerggz{ jwr ah{i ri |zg{gzsg r`g

cwrwzg znd`r ri |zi{gkwrg% [ìwhb Sihwerggz{ bgknbg hargz ne

r`g |zikg{{ ràr r`g~ taer ri |zikggb tnr` r`g |zi{gkwrnie

ic r`gnz a{{anhaer r`n{ i|rnie oa~ ei hiedgz gpn{r nc r`g

gsnbgekg ic r`g gsger à{ eir jgge |zg{gzsgb ar r`g rnog ic

r`g neknbger%

R`g kiwerz~/{|gkncnk bara kàzr jghit {ìt{ r`g neknbgekg

zarg{ aeb r`g asgzadg ewojgz ic neknbger{ ic r`g oamiz r~|g{

ic {acgr~ neknbger{ zg|izrgb j~ \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz{)

rzanegg{ ne Gh [ahsabiz a{ kio|azgb ri ahh ir`gz Nergz/Aogznkaaeb \akncnk (NA\. zgdnie |zidzao{ a{ a tìhg czio :


56/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [72

aeb rzanegg ~gaz{ (iz S)R ~gaz{ t`nk` n{ a oga{wzg ic 1: cwhh

oier`{ ic S)R {gzsnkg. ri ahhit ciz a {rarn{rnkahh~ sahnb ta~

ri kio|azg kznog bara akzi{{ kiwerzng{% Ae neknbger n{ a

{|gkncnk iccge{g |gz \gakg Kiz|{ kha{{ncnkarnie ic iccge{g{

aeb oa~ nesihsg ieg iz oizg Sihwerggz)rzanegg snkrno{% Ciz

gpao|hg nc rti Sihwerggz{ azg zijjgb ar r`g {aog rnog aeb

|hakg r`n{ n{ kha{{ncngb a{ ieg zijjgz~ neknbger%

R`g kàzr n{ {g|azargb neri gnd`r kznog kargdizng{% R`g{g

nekhwbg saebahn{o (oahnkniw{ bgcakgoger iz baoadg ic

|zi|gzr~.6 r`gcr (rafned tnrìwr cizkg iz nhhgdah gerz~.6jwzdhaz~ (cizknjhg gerz~ ic a zg{nbgekg.6 zijjgz~ (rafned

{iogr`ned j~ cizkg.6 ir`gz |`~{nkah a{{awhr (arrakfned tnrìwr

a tga|ie tnr` oneiz nemwzng{.6 ir`gz {gpwah a{{awhr (ciebhned

1R`g asgzadg ewojgz{ ic neknbger{ azg ne |azger`g{n{ aeb gqwah r`g asgzadgzg|izrgb a{{awhr{ ciz gak` ~gaz jgrtgge :


57/105


dzi|ned grk%.6 addzasargb a{{awhr (arrakfned tnr` a tga|ie

aeb)iz tnrìwr a tga|ie t`ge {gzniw{ nemwz~ zg{whr{.6 aeb

za|g ({gpwah nergzkiwz{g tnrìwr kie{ger.%

T`ge aernkn|arned \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz {gzsnkg ~iw {ìwhb

zgsngt ahh ic r`g {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~ necizoarnie |zisnbgb

ri ~iw nekhwbned r`g {rzargdng{ ri zgbwkg zn{f% R`ziwdìwr

~iwz rzanened aeb Sihwerggz {gzsnkg ~iw tnhh jg gp|gkrgb ri

{wkkg{{cwhh~ kio|hgrg ahh rzanened kio|grgekng{ ne a sazngr~ ic

azga{ nekhwbned {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~% Iekg ne/kiwerz~ w{g r`g

riih{ aeb necizoarnie {àzgb tnr` ~iw ri zgoane a{ {acg aeb

{gkwzg a{ |i{{njhg%

Tàr nc ~iw jgkiog a snkrno ic a snihger kznog9

Cgt \gakg Kiz|{ Sihwerggz{ azg snkrno{ ic snihger kznog{%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ tnhh dnsg ~iw necizoarnie aeb rzanened ne

ìt ri jg {acg% Jwr mw{r a{ ne r`g W%[% kznog à||ge{ aeb

Sihwerggz{ kae jgkiog snkrno{% T`ge r`n{ à||ge{ r`gnesg{rndarnsg rgao ic r`g Iccnkg ic Ne{|gkriz Dgegzah (IND.

n{ kàzdgb tnr` `gh|ned |wz{wg |zi{gkwrnie ic rì{g tì

|gz|grzarg a snihger kznog adane{r a Sihwerggz% Nc ~iw jgkiog

a snkrno ic a snihger kznog r`g bgkn{nie ri |zi{gkwrg iz eir

ri |zi{gkwrg n{ gernzgh~ ~iwz{ aeb ieg ic r`g ra{f{ ic r`g IND

n{ ri oafg {wzg ràr ~iw azg cwhh~ necizogb ic ~iwz i|rnie{

aeb `gh| ~iw r`ziwd` r`g |zikg{{ aeb |zikgbwzg{ nesihsgbne dined ciztazb tnr` |zi{gkwrnie {ìwhb ~iw tn{` ri bi {i%

Nc ~iw bgknbg ri |zi{gkwrg tg azg `gzg ri a{{n{r ~iw ne gsgz~

ta~ tg kae%

Kznog{ ràr ikkwz isgz{ga{ ic kiwz{g azg nesg{rndargb aeb

|zi{gkwrgb j~ hikah awrìznrng{ ne hikah kiwzr{% Iwz zihg n{

ri kiizbnearg r`g nesg{rndarnie aeb gsnbgekg kihhgkrnie tnr`

r`g zgdnieah {gkwznr~ iccnkgz{ (Z[I{. ar r`g W%[% goja{{~

hikah |ihnkg aeb hikah |zi{gkwriz{ aeb ir`gz{ ri ge{wzg ràr

~iwz znd`r{ azg |zirgkrgb ri r`g cwhhg{r gprger |i{{njhg webgz


58/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [73

r`g hat{ ic r`g kiwerz~% IND nesg{rndarnsg {racc à{ gprge{nsg

gp|gzngekg ne kznoneah nesg{rndarnie ne tizfned {ge{nrnsgh~

tnr` snkrno{ aeb a{ absikarg{ ciz snkrno{% Tg ah{i oa~ nekgzrane hnonrgb knzkwo{raekg{ azzaedg ciz r`g zgrgernie ic a

hikah hat~gz ri a{{n{r r`g hikah |wjhnk |zi{gkwriz ne oafned r`g

ka{g adane{r r`g nebnsnbwah tì |gz|grzargb r`g snihger kznog%

Nc ~iw bi jgkiog a snkrno ic a snihger kznog cnz{r oafg {wzg

~iw azg ne a {acg |hakg aeb tnr` |gi|hg ~iw rzw{r aeb {gkieb

kierakr r`g kiwerz~ bnzgkriz iz r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah

iccnkgz iz r`g {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~ kiizbneariz% Noogbnarg

zg|izrned n{ no|izraer ri r`g |zg{gzsarnie ic gsnbgekg aeb

r`g kàekg{ ic a||zg`gebned r`g {w{|gkr% Kiwerz~ bnzgkriz{

ogbnkah iccnkgz{ aeb {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~ kiizbneariz azg

zgqwnzgb ri zg|izr ahh snihger kznog{ ri r`g Ne{|gkriz Dgegzah

aeb r`g Z[I% R`n{ necizoarnie n{ |zirgkrgb czio weawrìzn}gb

cwzr`gz bn{khi{wzg j~ r`g \znsak~ Akr% Zg|izrned r`g kznog

ah{i `gh|{ |zgsger ~iwz cwzr`gz snkrnon}arnie aeb |zirgkr{

~iwz cghhit Sihwerggz{%

Ne kiemwekrnie tnr` r`g Z[I r`g IND big{ a |zghnoneaz~

nesg{rndarnie ic ahh snihger kznog{ adane{r Sihwerggz{

zgdazbhg{{ ic t`gr`gz r`g kznog à{ jgge zg|izrgb ri hikah

awrìznrng{ iz ic r`g bgkn{nie ~iw oa~ whrnoargh~ oafg ri

|zi{gkwrg% Nc ~iw azg a snkrno ic a kznog iwz {racc tnhh tizftnr` ~iw r`ziwd` cneah bn{|i{nrnie ic r`g ka{g% IND {racc n{

asanhajhg :2 ìwz{/a/ba~ 4 ba~{/a/tggf% Tg oa~ jg kierakrgb

r`ziwd` iwz :2/ìwz snihger kznog ìrhneg sna rghg|ìeg ar

::%:>11 iz j~ g/oanh ar snihgerkznogìrhnegL|gakgkiz|{%

dis%


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[gkwznr~ N{{wg{ ne Gh [ahsabiz

T`ge nr kiog{ ri ~iwz {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~ ne r`g \gakg Kiz|{

~iw àsg ri jg tnhhned ri aba|r ~iwz jgàsniz aeb hncg{r~hg

ri onenon}g r`g |irgernah ciz jgned a razdgr ic kznog% A{

tnr` ae~t`gzg ne r`g tizhb kznog big{ gpn{r ne Gh [ahsabiz%

îw kae zgbwkg ~iwz zn{f ic jgkioned a razdgr ciz kznog j~

asinbned {nrwarnie{ ràr oafg ~iw cggh wekiocizrajhg aeb j~

rafned absaekg |zgkawrnie{% Kznog ar r`g snhhadg iz rite hgsgh

n{ hg{{ czgqwger ràe ne r`g hazdg knrng{ t`gzg |gi|hg feit

gak` ir`gz aeb dgegzahh~ tnhh eir {rgah czio r`gnz egnd`jiz{%

Riwzn{r arrzakrnie{ g{|gknahh~ ne hazdg rite{ azg r`g casiznrg

tizf{nrg{ ciz |nkf|ikfgr{%

[ra~ned [acg= Bier Jg a Razdgr ciz Kznog

îw ow{r jg |zg|azgb ri rafg ie a hazdg zg{|ie{njnhnr~ ciz

~iwz ite {acgr~% Ieh~ ~iw kae oafg ~iwz{ghc hg{{ ic a razdgr

ge{wzg ràr ~iwz ìw{g n{ {gkwzg aeb bgsghi| zgharnie{ ne

~iwz kioowenr~ ràr tnhh oafg ~iw ae wehnfgh~ snkrno ic

kznog% Ne kioned ri Gh [ahsabiz bi tàr ~iw tiwhb bi nc ~iw

oisgb ri a hazdg knr~ ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{= jg kawrniw{ k`gkf

r`ned{ iwr a{f qwg{rnie{ hgaze ajiwr ~iwz egnd`jizìib

feit t`gzg r`g oizg zn{f~ hikarnie{ azg w{g kiooie {ge{g

aeb jg atazg% îw kae zgbwkg ~iwz swhegzajnhnr~ ri kznog j~

nergdzarned neri ~iwz kioowenr~ hgazened r`g hikah haedwadg

akrned zg{|ie{njh~ aeb ajnbned j~ \gakg Kiz|{ |ihnkng{ aeb

|zikgbwzg{% [gzsned {acgh~ aeb gccgkrnsgh~ ne Gh [ahsabiz oa~

zgqwnzg ràr ~iw akkg|r {iog zg{rznkrnie{ ri ~iwz kwzzger

hncg{r~hg%

Sihwerggz{ arrzakr a hir ic arrgernie ne hazdg knrng{ aebr`gnz {nrg{ r`g~ jwr zgkgnsg caz oizg egdarnsg arrgernie ne

`nd`h~ |i|whargb kgergz{ t`gzg r`g~ azg aeie~oiw{% Ne


60/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [70

{oahhgz rite{ caonh~ czngeb{ aeb kihhgadwg{ hiif iwr ciz

r`go% T`nhg t`n{rhg{ aeb gpkhaoarnie{ azg canzh~ kiooie

ie r`g {rzggr r`n{ jgàsniz kae jg zgbwkgb nc ~iw bzg{{kie{gzsarnsgh~ asinb g~g kierakr aeb bi eir zg{|ieb ri {wk`

egdarnsg aeb wetaergb arrgernie% Fgg| ~iwz oieg~ iwr ic

{nd`rw{g ae webgzdazoger oieg~ |iwk` {wk` a{ r`g fneb

ràr àed{ aziweb ~iwz egkf aeb {ra~{ `nbbge webgz ~iwz

{`nzr iz ne{nbg ~iwz kiar% Bi eir fgg| ~iwz oieg~ ne iwr{nbg

|ikfgr{ ic jakf|akf{ ne kiar |ikfgr{ iz ne caee~ |akf{% îw

{ìwhb ahta~{ tahf ar end`r tnr` a kio|aenie%

\`~{nkah aeb [gpwah A{{awhr

Ne Gh [ahsabiz Sihwerggz{ oa~ jg no|akrgb j~ neknbger{ ic

r`gcr bwg ri r`g kwzzger gkieionk {nrwarnie% A{ a Sihwerggz

~iw àsg ri jg tnhhned ri cizgdi kgzrane czggbio{ ràr ~iw

oa~ rafg ciz dzaergb6 czggbio{ hnfg dined ri a bg{gzrgb

jgak` iz cizg{r dined iwr ahieg ar end`r iz tahfned ahieg ie

{iog ziab{% îw ow{r rafg |zgkawrnie{ ràr ~iw oa~ eir jg

akkw{riogb ri rafned ne ~iwz ìogrite iz knr~% Aeb gsge

nc ~iw rafg rì{g |zgkawrnie{ ~iw oa~ jg a snkrno {no|h~

jgkaw{g {iogjib~ taer{ {iogr`ned aeb r`g~ r`nef r`g~ kae

dgr nr czio ~iwnrgo{ {wk` a{ oieg~ ghgkrzienk{ mgtghz~ a

jnk~khg kaogza a||hnaekg iz khir`g{%

\gi|hg zgakr bnccgzgerh~ ri r`g r`zgar ic kznog% R`g kàhhgedgSihwerggz{ cakg n{ ri nbgernc~ tàr r`zgar{ azg zgah aeb r`ge

ri bgsghi| {rzargdng{ ri onenon}g r`g zn{f{ {i ràr r`g~

kae kiekgerzarg ie r`g tizf ràr r`g~ kaog ri bi% R`g

\gakg Kiz|{ tnhh `gh| ~iw webgz{raeb r`g zn{f{ aeb ìt ri

hnsg {acgh~ jwr |gz{ieah {acgr~ n{ r`g zg{|ie{njnhnr~ ic gak`

nebnsnbwah% Jwnhbned ~iwz ite {acgr~ egr aeb àjnr{ n{ ae

no|izraer |azr ic nergdzarned neri ae~ kwhrwzg% Kìi{ned r`gznd`r czngeb{ bzg{{ned a||zi|znargh~ kiekgahned sahwajhg

nrgo{ hnsned ne a {acg egnd`jizìib t`gzg ~iw nergzakr tnr`


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A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z 7>

~iwz egnd`jiz{ {ra~ned ata~ czio n{ihargb |hakg{ w{ned

{acg rzae{|izrarnie ar end`r aeb hikfned ~iwz biiz{ azg ahh

|zgkawrnie{ ràr ~iw ow{r rafg ri geàekg ~iwz |gz{ieah{acgr~ a{ a Sihwerggz%

Nr n{ |i{{njhg ràr bwzned ~iwz \gakg Kiz|{ {gzsnkg ~iw oa~

jgkiog a snkrno ic |`~{nkah iz {gpwah a{{awhr% Nr à||ge{ ne

r`g \gakg Kiz|{ tizhb mw{r a{ nr big{ ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{%

Oizg ràe 27 ~gaz{ ic \gakg Kiz|{ gp|gzngekg tizhbtnbg

nebnkarg{ ràr mw{r a{ ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{ ~iw kae `gh|

asinb iz zgbwkg {iog ic r`g zn{f j~ jgned {ge{nrnsg ri ~iwz

{wzziwebned{ kwhrwzg aeb gesnzieoger6 j~ oibnc~ned {iog

àjnr{ iz jgàsniz6 aeb j~ w{ned kiooie {ge{g% îw tnhh

zgkgnsg a rìziwd` jzngcned ie ìt ri onenon}g zn{f{ ne Gh

[ahsabiz% [ìwhb ~iw jgkiog a snkrno ic snihgekg r`g ogbnkah

iccnkg n{ `gzg ri `gh| ~iw aeb r`g ogbnkah wenr tnhh fgg|

~iwz necizoarnie kiecnbgernah% [ìwhb ~iw jgkiog a snkrno

ic a{{awhr iz ir`gz snihgekg nr n{ no|gzarnsg ràr ~iw necizo

r`g \gakg Kiz|{ ogbnkah iccnkg aeb zgkgnsg a||zi|znarg kazg

nekhwbned kazg ciz ~iwz goirnieah tghh/jgned%

Kznog n{ a |zijhgo r`ziwdìwr r`g tizhb aeb nr n{ a kiekgze

ne Gh [ahsabiz% \gakg Kiz|{)Gh [ahsabiz à{ ah{i rafge {rg|{

ri `gh| Sihwerggz{ hg{{ge r`gnz zn{f ic jgned snkrno{ ic kznog

aeb à{ |wr ne |hakg {acgr~ kznrgzna ciz {nrg |hakgoger aebìw{ned oabg |zidzaooned kàedg{ aeb kiernewiw{h~

no|zisgb {acgr~ aeb {gkwznr~ rzanened bwzned |zg/{gzsnkg

rzanened aeb r`ziwdìwr r`g rti/~gaz |gznib ic Sihwerggz

{gzsnkg% \gakg Kiz|{)Gh [ahsabiz à{ ah{i nekzga{gb Sihwerggz

|zg|azgbeg{{ a{ Sihwerggz{ |a{{ r`gnz atazgeg{{ feithgbdg

aeb `n{riz~ ie ri {wkkggbned dziw|{ ic Sihwerggz{%


62/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [3

N ao a zwzah `gahr` aeb {aenrarnie Sihwerggz aeb N `asg jgge

`gzg ciz ajiwr a ~gaz eit% N hnsg ne Ha Mi~a \gzqwne%

Nr n{ a {oahh ka{gzni (snhhadg. eir caz czio t`ar ta{ iekg r`g

weiccnknah `gabqwazrgz{ ic r`g zgsihwrnie `gzg ne r`g 0


82/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [0


93/105

[fnzr{)bzg{{g{ (ka{wah hnd`rtgnd`r fegg hgedr` iz

hiedgz.

Iwrcnr ciz {tgazned/ne kgzgoie~ (r`n{ n{ a {gon/cizoahgsger jwr ah{i a rnog ri àsg {iog cwe tnr` bzg{{ned/w|.

Eirg= Mgae{ kae jg sgz~ `gas~ aeb ìr% Hnd`rtgnd`r qwnkf/

bz~ned |aer{ azg oizg |zakrnkah% [ìzr{ azg eir dgegzahh~ tize

iwr{nbg ic r`g ìog ne Gh [ahsabiz aeb tgazned {ìzr/{ìzr{

n{ kgzrane ri arrzakr wetaergb arrgernie%

Ri|{

R/{`nzr{

\ihi {r~hg {`nzr{

Jhiw{g{

1: bzg{{ {`nzr{

Raef ri|{ (kie{gzsarnsg.

Chggkg makfgr) Hnd`rtgnd`r makfgr

Hnd`rtgnd`r |iekì iz zane makfgr

R`g earwzg ic r`g zane{ `gzg oafg{ zanedgaz no|zakrnkah ciz

{iog% Sihwerggz{ {wddg{r ràr ~iw jw~ ae wojzghha ne/kiwerz~

aeb {ra~ ne{nbg wernh {rizo{ |a{{%

On{kghhaegiw{

1: {tno{wnr{

Ka| àr aeb)iz {wedha{{g{

Gpgzkn{g)zweened dgaz (nc ~iw zwe.

Jaebaeea{

Tizf dhisg{

Jghr{

Gqwn|oger

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z >1


94/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [>:

Eggbgb Nrgo{

Cha{`hnd`r iz `gabhao|

[rwzb~ jakf|akf)ba~ |akf (tnr` geiwd` ziio ciz r`zggba~{ hnd`r |akfned.

Rzasgh ahazo khikf

Ritgh aeb ta{`khir` (jzned a {razr/w| {gr6 |wzkà{g

oizg iekg ~iw azg {grrhgb.

Negp|ge{nsg tark` (`gh|cwh nc targz/zg{n{raer t)ahazo

aeb hnd`r.

[oahh hikf{ ciz jakf|akf{ aeb hwddadg

Eirg= A [|aen{` bnkrnieaz~ aeb {rwb~ dwnbg{ azg {w||hngb

bwzned rzanened%

W{gcwh Nrgo{

\ikfgr fencg Hgar`gzoae grk%

[oahh Gedhn{` bnkrnieaz~

\izrajhg zabni)KB)O\; |ha~gz (ghgkrznk)jarrgz~/

|itgzgb6 ~iw oa~ ah{i taer ri jzned {|gafgz{.

Zgkàzdgajhg jarrgzng{

[ìzrtasg zabni

Cha{` bznsg

[razr/w| {w||h~ ic {rarnieaz~ |ge{ grk%

Abbzg{{ jiif

KB{)BSB{)tznrgajhg KB{

Kaogza

Kahkwhariz

Oieg~ jghr (tgazajhg webgz khir`ned.

Kazb{ jakfdaooie ir`gz daog{

Jgb {`ggr{ (cwhh/{n}g.

[gtned fnr

Targz jirrhg (kaergge iz jnfg r~|g6 g%d% Eahdgeg.


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A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z >;

7


96/105

\ G A K G K I Z \ [>2

kìi{g ri bgsghi| hikahh~ t`nhg ir`gz{ tnhh àsg r`gnz |ìri{

bgsghi|gb sna oanhgz{ ne r`g Wenrgb [rarg{% Oi{r Sihwerggz{

jzned bndnrah kaogza{% Bndnrah |ìri{ kae jg bgsghi|gb ne/kiwerz~ jwr ah{i bitehiabgb ri r`g Nergzegr ri jg {àzgb tnr`

caonh~ aeb czngeb{ jakf ìog%

Eirg= R`g khnoarg `gzg oa~ ah{i zwne {iog ic ~iwz jghiedned{%

Ciz r`n{ zga{ie bi eir jzned r`ned{ ~iw kaeeir zn{f hi{ned

gnr`gz bwg ri r`gcr hi{{ oin{rwzg grk% \hga{g bi eir jzned

`nd`/|znkgb nrgo{ tnr` ~iw aeb oi{r bgcnenrgh~ bi eir àsg

r`go oanhgb ri ~iw% Gh [ahsabiz n{ a |iiz kiwerz~% îw tnhh

a||gaz znk` iz ar hga{r acchwger ri oae~ [ahsabizae{% R`g

\gakg Kiz|{ big{ eir |zisnbg |anb ne{wzaekg kisgzadg

ciz ~iwz |gz{ieah gccgkr{ ahrìwd` ~iw oa~ |wzkà{g

ne{wzaekg ciz ~iwz jghiedned{ (r`n{ tnhh jg bn{kw{{gb ar ~iwz

|zg/bg|azrwzg izngerarnie.% Whrnoargh~ gak` Sihwerggz n{

zg{|ie{njhg ciz r`g {acgfgg|ned ic r`gnz |gz{ieah jghiedned{%

R`g \gakg Kiz|{ kaeeir zgnojwz{g ~iw ciz hi{{g{%

Tizf [w||hng{

îw oa~ eggb a cgt ja{nk zgcgzgekg jiif{ aeb {w||hng{

ciz ~iwz cnghb ic tizf% îw oa~ jzned jiif{ tnr` ~iw iz

|zgcgzajh~ tanr wernh ~iw {gg tàr zg{iwzkg{ \gakg Kiz|{)

Gh [ahsabiz oa~ |zisnbg% Tg kae ah{i izbgz tizf/zghargb

oargznah{ r`ziwd` \gakg Kiz|{)Ta{`nedrie% Ja{nk tizf aebazr {w||hng{ {wk` a{ {kn{{iz{ kza~ie{ oazfgz{ kahkwhariz{

grk% oa~ jg {qwgg}gb neri ~iwz hwddadg%

Ogbnkneg{ # Zghargb Nrgo{

îw tnhh zgkgnsg a ja{nk ogbnkah fnr a{ {iie a{ ~iw azznsg ne/

kiwerz~% Ogbnkah rzgaroger aeb {w||hng{ azg asanhajhg ar r`g

rzanened kgergz aeb \gakg Kiz|{ iccnkg% R`g \gakg Kiz|{ ah{i|zisnbg{ kierzakg|rnsg{ ri Sihwerggz{ tì zgqwg{r r`go% Tg

{w||h~ a sazngr~ ic isgz/r`g/kiwergz ogbnkarnie{ a{ tghh a{

ae~ ogbnkarnie{ |zg{kznjgb j~ a \gakg Kiz|{ |`~{nknae% Nr

n{ eir egkg{{az~ ri jzned a rti/~gaz {w||h~% A{ ogerniegb


97/105

A T G H K I O G J I I F G H [ A H S A B I Z >7

BI jzned a r`zgg/oier` {w||h~ ic ae~ ogbnkarnie{ ~iw eggb

noogbnargh~ w|ie azznsah aeb ~iwz |zg{kzn|rnie% R`n{ tnhh ahhit

w{ rnog ri izbgz ~iwz ogbnkarnie% R`n{ r`zgg/oier` {w||h~tnhh ge{wzg ràr ~iw àsg a kiernewiw{ {w||h~%

\akfned

AHH hwddadg {ìwhb jg hikfajhg tnr` anz|izr/a||zisgb

hikf{%

\WR hii{g nrgo{ ne {iogr`ned ràr kae jg w{gb hargz

{wk` a{ jipg{ }n|/hikf jad{ Rw||gztazg grk%

OAZF ahh ic ~iwz hwddadg aeb gqwn|oger ne{nbg aeb iwr

FGG\ oi{r ic ~iwz khir`g{ ne ieg jad aeb geiwd`

nrgo{ ciz ciwz ba~{ ri jg w{gb w|ie azznsah ne Gh

[ahsabiz%

Ha{r/Onewrg Absnkg czio r`g Kiwerz~ Bnzgkriz

R`g dgegzah r`gog n{= Bi eir r`nef ~iw azg dined ri r`g

mwedhg ciz rti ~gaz{ eiz azg ~iw gojazfned ie a rti/~gaz

kao|ned rzn|% Oi{r r`ned{ kae jg |wzkà{gb ne/kiwerz~% Ah{i

hnd`rtgnd`r kirrie{ azg r`g jg{r ciz r`g tazo ri ìr tgar`gz%


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99/105

\ZG/BG\AZRWZG K@GKFHN[R

R`g cihhitned hn{r kie{n{r{ ic {wddg{rnie{ ciz ~iw ri kie{nbgz

a{ ~iw |zg|azg ri hnsg iwr{nbg r`g [rarg{ ciz rti ~gaz{% Eir

ahh nrgo{ tnhh jg zghgsaer ri gsgz~ieg aeb r`g hn{r n{ eir ahh

nekhw{nsg ic gsgz~r`ned ~iw {ìwhb oafg azzaedgoger{ ciz%

Caonh~

Eirnc~ caonh~ ràr r`g~ {ìwhb kahh \gakg Kiz|{ Iccnkg

ic [|gknah [gzsnkg{ ae~ rnog nc r`gzg n{ a kznrnkah nhheg{{

iz bgar` ic a caonh~ ogojgz (rghg|ìeg ewojgz=

0


100/105

Azzaedg ri rafg a r`zgg/oier` {w||h~ ic ahh ogbnkarnie{

(nekhwbned jnzr` kierzih |nhh{. ~iw azg |zg{gerh~ rafned%

@gahr` Ne{wzaekg

Oafg azzaedgoger{ ri oanerane hncg ne{wzaekg kisgzadg%

Azzaedg ri oanerane {w||hgogerah `gahr` kisgzadg t`nhg

ata~% (Gsge rìwd` r`g \gakg Kiz|{ n{ zg{|ie{njhg ciz

~iwz gahr`kazg bwzned \gakg Kiz|{ {gzsnkg isgz{ga{ nr

n{ absn{ajhg ciz |gi|hg tì àsg |zg/gpn{rned kiebnrnie{

ri azzaedg ciz r`g kiernewarnie ic r`gnz {w||hgogerah`gahr` kisgzadg% Oae~ rnog{ nc r`gzg n{ a ha|{g ne

{w||hgogerah `gahr` kisgzadg nr n{ bnccnkwhr aeb gp|ge{nsg

ri jg zgne{rargb ciz ne{wzaekg% R`n{ n{ g{|gknahh~ rzwg

t`ge ne{wzaekg kio|aeng{ feit ~iw àsg |zgbnkrajhg

gp|ge{g{ aeb azg ne ae w||gz adg jzakfgr%.

Azzaedg ri kiernewg Ogbnkazg kisgzadg%

\gz{ieah \a|gz{

Jzned a ki|~ ic ~iwz kgzrncnkarg ic oazznadg iz bnsizkg%

Sirned

Zgdn{rgz ri sirg ne r`g {rarg ic ~iwz ìog ic zgkizb%

(Oae~ {rarg wensgz{nrng{ kie{nbgz sirned aeb |a~ogeric {rarg rapg{ a{ gsnbgekg ic zg{nbgekg ne ràr {rarg%.

Ijrane a sirgz zgdn{rzarnie kazb aeb rafg nr tnr` ~iw

isgz{ga{%

Azzaedg ri àsg ae aj{gergg jahhir ciztazbgb ri ~iw

isgz{ga{%

\gz{ieah Gccgkr{

\wzkà{g |gz{ieah azrnkhg{ ne{wzaekg ciz r`g rnog ~iw

hgasg ~iwz ìog ciz {gzsnkg isgz{ga{ wernh r`g rnog ~iw

kio|hgrg ~iwz {gzsnkg aeb zgrwze ri r`g Wenrgb [rarg{%

\ G A K G K I Z \ [>0


101/105

Cneaeknah Oaeadgoger

Ijrane {rwbger hiae bgcgzoger cizo{ czio hgebgz iz

hiae {gzsnkg% Gpgkwrg a |itgz ic arrizeg~ ciz r`g oaeadgoger ic

~iwz |zi|gzr~ aeb jw{neg{{%

Azzaedg ciz bgbwkrnie{ czio zgabmw{roger ahhitaekg

ri |a~ ahnoie~ k`nhb {w||izr aeb ir`gz bgjr{ r`ziwd`

r`g Iccnkg ic Sihwerggz Cneaeknah I|gzarnie{ ar

0


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103/105



104/105

Ciz Bnzgkr)Qwg{rnie{ Rihh/czgg HikahAjiwr= [racc Gprge{nie Ewojgz

\haeg Rnkfgr{ Rzasgh Iccnkgz Gpr% 114< ::%114

peace corps el salvador welcome book | july 2007

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