peace corps armenia welcome book | october 2006

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Armenia Welcome Book | October 2006

1/95

PBL VLDKL KOZV[ ]LCKOGL[ QO\ POD Z G L H A D

D V L D K L K O Z V [ V \ J C A K D P A O H

E O Z H L ] U O C \ H P L L Z [

O k p o j l z : 6 6 5


2/95

Dzglhad


3/95

]LCKOGLPODZGLHAD

@ldz Vldkl Kozv{ Ahuapll#

Oh jlbdce oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdee# A }o|c` cail po

kohmzdp|cdpl qo| oh qo|z ahuapdpaoh po {lzul ah Dzglhad( ]l

dzl ulzq ldmlz po bdul qo| d{ vdzp oe o|z `lulcovglhp pldg(

]l iho} qo| g|{p jl ulzq j|{q zambp ho}# vzlvdzahm eoz

qo|z `lvdzp|zl dh` {dqahm qo|z moo`jql{( Bo}lulz# ap a{ ulzq

agvozpdhp po {lp d{a`l {ogl |hahplzz|vpl` pagl po kdzle|ccq

zld` pba{ ]lckog l Jooi( Pbl aheozgdpaoh kohpdahl` ah pba{

jooi bd{ jllh kdzle|ccq d{{lgjcl` dh` |v`dpl` jq Vldkl

Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdee dh` Uoc|hpllz{( Ap a{ pbl ezl{bl{p dh`

go{p dkk|zdpl aheozgdpaoh djo|p Uoc|hpllz {lzuakl dh` cauahm

koh`apaoh{ ah Dzglhad(

Dzglhad a{ d ed{kahdpahm ko|hpzq pbdp a{ e|cc oe kohpzd{p{( Ap a{

d qo|hm ko|hpzq# bduahm mdahl` ah`lvlh`lhkl {bozpcq deplz

pbl jzldi|v oe pbl [oualp \haoh( Qlp ap a{ dc{o dh dhkalhp

{okalpq pbdp kdh jl pzdkl` jdki po klhp|zal{ J(K( ]bacl |zjdh

Dzglhadh{ dzl go`lzh L|zovldh{ ah lulzq {lh{l# gdhq z|zdc

Dzglhadh{ bdul zlp|zhl` po {|j{a{plhkl edzgahm dh` d gozl

pzd`apaohdc cael( Dzglhadh{ dzl ulzq vzo|` oe pblaz hl} hdpaohdh` oe pblaz blzapdml# qlp gdhq lgamzdpl jlkd|{l oe pbl cdki

oe vda` lgvcoqglhp ah pbl ko|hpzq( Dcpbo|mb Dzglhadh{

bdul lgjzdkl` `lgokzdkq# ezll gdzilp{# dh` j|{ahl{{# gdhq#

l{vlkadccq oc`lz Dzglhadh{# cohm eoz pbl oc` [oualp `dq{ }blh

pbahm{ }lzl gozl {pdjcl dh` pblaz caulcaboo` }d{ m|dzdhpll`(

Dzglhadh ozmdha~dpaoh{# Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee# dh` Uoc|hpllz{

bdul a`lhpaeal` d mzldp hll` po }ozi }apb z|zdc Dzglhadh

{kbooc{ dh` ah bldcpb# lhuazohglhpdc# dh` j|{ahl{{ l`|kdpaoh(

Pblzl a{ dc{o mzldp ahplzl{p ah Dzglhad ah pbl dvvcakdpaoh

oe aheozgdpaoh p lkbhocomal{( Uoc|hpllz{ dzl }oziahm }apb d

hdpaoh}a`l vzonlkp pbdp kohhlkp{ {kbooc{ dh` kogg|hapal{ po

pbl Ahplzhlp(


4/95

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdee a{ bdz` dp }ozi po lh{|zl

pbdp qo|z d{{amhglhp }acc jl zl}dzàhm# qo|z vbq{akdc bldcpb

pzo|jcl'ezll# dh` qo|z bo|{ahm d`lt|dpl( Pblzl dzl udzadjcl{#bo}lulz# pbdp dzl {agvcq jlqoh` dhqohl{ kohpzoc( Po jl

{|kkl{{e|c# qo| }acc bdul po |{l qo|z zl{lzul{ oe vdpalhkl dh`

vlz{lulzdhkl( Qo| }acc jl pl{pl` p agl dh` dmdah jq qo|z bo{p {

po d{klzpdah qo|z clulc oe iho}cl`ml dh` kogvlplhkl( [ogl

Dzglhadh{ gdq t|l{paoh qo|z koggapglhp dh` jl vlzvclrl`

jq }bq qo| dzl }accahm po maul |v d ulzq kogeozpdjcl cael ah

Dglzakd eoz {|kb kbdcclhmahm {|zzo|hàhm{( Pblq }acc dc{o jlvcld{dhpcq {|zvza{l` }blh pblq bldz pblaz hdpaul cdhm|dml

kogahm ezog qo|z cav{$

@|zahm vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm# qo|z bo{p edgacq }acc pl{p qo|z

kzo{{'k|cp|zdc {lh{apauapq po ap{ cagap( J|p jq dh` cdzml# qo| }acc

cooi jdki dp pba{ lrvlzalhkl ah }oh`lzglhp dh` zlglgjlz

pbl bo{vapdjcl dh` jld|pae|c vlovcl dh` pblaz zakb k|cp|zdc

blzapdml# pbl eoo`# pbl g|{ak# dh` pbl `dhkahmdcc oe pbl{l

d{vlkp{ oe }oziahm dh` cauahm ah Dzglhad }acc maul qo| d hl}

dvvzlkadpaoh eoz cael(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdee dh` k|zzlhpcq {lzuahm

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl o|p{p dhàhm ah pblaz `làkdpaoh dh`

koggapglhp( ]l dzl dcc ldmlz po blcv qo| jlkogl vdzp oe pbl

Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad pldg dh` cooi eoz}dz` po {llahmqo| {ooh$

Vdpzaki Bdzp

Ko|hpzq @azlkpoz


5/95

PDJCLOEKOHPLHP[

Gdv oe Dzglhad

D ]lckogl Clpplz 4

Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad Ba{pozq dh` Vzomzdg{ =

Ba{pozq oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{ ah Dzglhad =

Ba{pozq dh` E|p|zl oe Vldkl Kozv{Vzomzdggahm ah Dzglhad 2'1

Ko|hpzq Oulzual}> Dzglhad dp d Mcdhkl 44

Ba{pozq 44'4;

Moulzhglhp 4;

Lkohogq 4;'4 pldkbahm Lhmca{b

d{ d eozlamh cdhm|dml " PLEC!# kogg|hapq dh` j|{ahl{{

`lulcovglhp "KJ@!# lhuazohglhpdc l`|kdp aoh# dh`

kogg|hapq bldcpb l`|kdpaoh "KBL!( O|z ojnlkpaul a{ hop po

pldkb Dzglhadh{ Dglzakdh udc|l{# j|p po blcv pblg blcv

pblg{lcul{ }apbah pblaz o}h k|cp|zdc ezdgl}ozi(

Uoc|hpllz{ ah pbl PLEC vzonlkp bdul jllh pldkbahm Lhmca{b

dp uaccdml dh` po}h {lkoh`dzq {kbooc{# kocclml{# dh` opblzah{pap|paoh{ oe bamblz cldzhahm {ahkl 411:( Ah 4111# d pldkblz'

pzdahahm kogvohlhp }d{ d``l`( Pldkblz'pzdahlz Uoc|hpllz{

dc{o }ozi dp pldkblz'pzdahahm ah{p ap|pl{ dh` glpboòcomq

klhplz{(

KJ@ Uoc|hpllz{ }ozi }apb cokdc hohmoulzhglhpdc

ozmdha~dpaoh{ "HMO{! # l`|kdp aohdc ah{pap|paoh{# dh`

j|{ahl{{ {|vvozp klhplz{ po j|ac` kdvdkapq eoz leelkpaul

vdzpakavdpaoh ah pbl lglzmahm gdzilp lkohogq( Dcgo{p dcc

Uoc|hpllz{ ah pba{ vzonlkp {|vvozp dp cld{p ohl cokdc HMO

ah kdvdkapq'j|acàhm( Pblq dc{o blcv agvclglhp vzonlkp{ ah

lhuazohglhpdc vzoplkpaoh# qo|pb `lulcovglhp# l`|kdpaoh#

kdzllz `lulcovglhp# }oglh ah `lulcovglhp# dh` kogv|plz

dh` Lhmca{b pzdahahm( [lulzdc Uoc|hpllz{ dzl kdzzqahm o|p

{gdcc'{kdcl vzonlkp{ ah kogg|hapq `lulcovglhp# {|kb d{ Joq{

Zldkbahm O|p "JZO! kdgv{# {vozp{ po|zhdglhp{ eoz {p|`lhp{#

dh` po|za{g `lulcovglhp(

Pbl KBL vzonlkp dag{ po ahkzld{l vzlulhpaul bldcpb gld{|zl{

dp pbl kogg|hapq clulc dh` zda{l d}dzlhl{{ oe v|jcak bldcpb

a{{|l{( Uoc|hpllz{ ah pba{ vzonlkp dzl vcdkl` ah kcahak{#

l`|kdpaohdc ah{p ap|paoh{ " l(m(# {kbooc{ dh` glàkdc kocclml{! #dh` bldcpb HMO{( Pblq }ozi }apb vdzphlz{ po pldkb bldcpb

kcd{{l{# koh`|kp bldcpb }ozi{bov{# `lulcov mzdhp vzovo{dc{

eoz bldcpb agvzoulglhp vzonlkp{# koh`|kp aheozgdc bldcpb


11/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD 1

l`|kdpaoh {l{{aoh{ }apb kogg|hapq zl{a`lhp{# ozmdha~l

lhuazohglhpdc bldcpb d}dzlhl{{ bail{ dh` kdgv{# `lulcov

bldcpb k|zzak|c|g m|a`l{ dh` gdplzadc{# dh` pzdh{cdpl dh`d`dvp bldcpb l`|kdpaoh gdplzadc{ eoz pbl Dzglhadh kohplrp(

Kogg|hapq bldcpb l`|kdpaoh Uoc|hpllz{ lhko|zdml vlovcl po

|h`lz{pdh` pbl agvozpdhkl oe cldàhm d bldcpbq cael{pqcl dh`

po gdil moo` bldcpb d vzaozapq(

Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdzpl` pbl lhuazohglhpdc l`|kdpaoh

vzonlkp ah :66;( Uoc|hpllz }ozi ahkc|`l{ kdvdkapq'j|acàhm eoz

lhuazohglhp'zlcdpl` HMO{9 }oziahm }apb koh{lzudpaoh dzld{

dh` zl{lzudpaoh{ po `lulcov {pzdplmal{ po gahaga~l pbl agvdkp

oe b|gdh pzdeeak dh` d{{a{pahm }apb }ac`cael gdhdmlglhp

pbzo|mb `dpd kocclkpaoh dh` gohapozahm9 lkopo|za{g " l(m(#

glzmahm lkocomakdc kohklzh{ }apb po|za{g po `lulcov vzomzdg{

}apb d co} agvdkp oh pbl lhuazohglhp! 9 dh` ahkozvozdp ahm

lhuazohglhpdc l`|kdp aoh povak{ ahpo pbl Lhmca{b dh` bldcpb

k|zz ak|c|g dh` ahpo zlm|cdz pldkbahm d{{amhglhp{(

Ah d`àpaoh po vzonlkp'{vlkaeak dkpauapal{# Uoc|hpllz{ koccdjozdpl

}apb ldkb opblz dh` kogg|hapq glgjlz{ ah opblz {lkpoz{(

Uoc|hpllz{ ahplmzdpl kzo{{'{lkpoz ahapadpaul{ {|kb d{ BAU/DA@[

d}dzlhl{{# mlh`lz dh` `lulcovglhp # aheozgdpaoh plkbhocomq#

qo|pb `lulcovglhp # dh` kauak l`|kdpaoh ahpo pblaz dkp auapal{(

Pblq }ozi po ahkzld{l |h`lz{pdhàhm oe mlh`lz zocl{ dh` polhko|zdml pbl dkpaul vdzpakavdpaoh oe jopb glh dh` }oglh

ah pblaz kogg|hapal{( Uoc|hpllz{ blcv Dzglhadh kogg|hapal{

mdah dkkl{{ po# dh` gdil leelkpaul |{l oe# aheozgdpaoh

plkbhocomal{ dh` zldkb o|p po lgvo}lz Dzglhadh mazc{

dh` joq{ pbzo|mb l`|kdpaoh# kogg|hapq ahuoculglhp# dh`

lrvo{|zl po hl} a`ld{ dh` dvvzodkbl{ po vzodkpaulcq gdhdml

pblaz t|dcapq oe cael(


12/95


13/95


KO\HPZQOULZUAL]>

DZGLHADDP DMCDHKL

Ba{pozq

Dcpbo|mb zlvldpl`cq ahud`l`# koht|lzl`# dh` z|cl` jq opblz{#

Dzglhad bd{ vzl{lzul` ap{ hdpaohdc dh` k|cp|zdc a`lhpapq eoz

gozl pbdh :#566 qldz{( Dzglhadh{ pdil mzldp vza`l ah pbl edkp

pbdp eoz d el} mlhlzdpaoh{ `|zahm pbl p agl oe Vogvlaa dh`

N|ca|{ Kdl{dz# Dzglhad }d{ vo}lze|c lho|mb po kbdcclhml pbl

Zogdh Lgvazl( Ap{ {|j{lt|lhp ba{pozq }d{ gdzil` jq gdhq

{pz|mmcl{ eoz ah`lvlh`lhkl dh` jq pbl `ogahdpaoh oe gdhq

eozlamh vo}lz{(

Pbl eo|h`dp aoh{ oe Dzglhadh kauaca~dpaoh }lzl cda ah pbl {arpb

klhp|zq J(K( oh pbl z|ah{ oe pbl dhkalhp iahm`og oe \zdzp|(Ah djo|p


14/95

VLDKL KOZV[4:

djo|p Dzglhad{ vlzgdhlhp jzldi ezog Vlz{ad dh` pbl Ld{p(

Kbza{padhapq jlkdgl pbl oeeakadc zlcamaoh oe pbl Dzglhadh {pdpl

ah ;66 D(@( Ah djo|p ;16 D(@(# pbl ko|hpzq }d{ àua`l` ahpoJq~dhpahl Dzglhad dh` Vlz{adh Dzglhad(

Pbl dhhlrdpaoh oe Dzglhad jq pbl jzalecq zluaul` Jq~dhpahl

Lgvazl ah pbl 44pb klhp|zq }d{ eocco}l` jq ahud{aoh{ oe

pbl [lcn|i P|zi{# }bo jzo|mbp pbl ko|hpzq |h`lz P|zia{b

ògahdpaoh ah pbl cd{p t|dzplz oe pbl 44pb klhp|zq( Ah pbl 4;pb

klhp|zq# Dzglhad# g|kb oe }bakb }d{ dp pbdp pagl vdzp oe

Mlozmad# }d{ oulzz|h jq pbl Gohmoc{(

Jlmahhahm ah pbl 45pb klhp|zq# Dzglhad }d{ ohkl gozl

pbl ojnlkp oe kohplhpaoh jlp}llh p}o bo{pacl vo}lz{# pbl

Oppogdh Lgvazl dh` Azdh( Pba{ {ap|dpaoh kohpah|l`}apb

d jzale ahplzc|`l oe Dzglhadh ah`lvlh`lhkl ezog 4=:: po

4=;6pbzo|mb pbl 42pb klhp|zq( @|zahm pba{ pagl# pbl ko|hpzq

jlkdgl d pzd`l cahi jlp}llh pbl Ld{p dh` L|zovl(

Pbl dùdhkl oe Z|{{ad ahpo pbl Kd|kd{|{ ldzcq ah pbl 41pb

klhp|zq ah{vazl` d zlhl}dc oe Dzglhadh k|cp|zl( Eocco}ahm pbl

Z|{{o'P|zia{b ]dz oe 42===2 dh` pbl Pzldpq oe [dh [pledho#

pbl a{{|l mzl} ahpo pbl Dzglhadh t|l{paoh( J|p dpplgvp{ po

leelkp zleozg{ zl{|cpl` ohcq ah d {lzal{ oe P|zia{b dh` Z|{{adh

gd{{dkzl{ oe pbl Dzglhadh vov|cdkl(

Eocco}ahm pblaz koht|l{p jq Z|{{ad ah 4145# Dzglhad# Mlozmad#

dh` D~lzjdandh eozgl` pbl Pzdh{kd|kd{adh dccadhkl# j|p }apbah

d el} gohpb{ pbl dccadhkl }d{ à{{ocul`( D {lzal{ oe vocapakdc

|vbldudc{# ahkc|àhm pbl jzale dvvldzdhkl oe dh ah`lvlh`lhp

Dzglhadh zlv|jcak ah 41:6# lulhp|dccq cl` po pbl zl|haoh

oe pbl pbzll {pdpl{ d{ pbl Pzdh{kd|kd{adh [oualp El`lzdpl`

[okadca{p Zlv|jcak# }bakb }d{ ahkozvozdpl` ahpo pbl [oualp\haoh ah 41::( Ah 41;5# pbl hl} [oualp Koh{p ap|p aoh mdul

Dzglhad pbl {pdp|{ oe d zlv|jcak oe pbl \[[Z(


15/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD 4;

Ah 4122# d gd{{aul ldzpbt|dil clulcl` pbl hozpblzh kapal{ oe

Clhahdidh "ho} Mq|gza! dh` [vapdi# iaccahm djo|p :


16/95

VLDKL KOZV[40

04#066( Pbl Dzglhadh lkohogq a{ jd{l` oh pbl Dzglhadh

@zdg( Ohl \([( òccdz a{ lt|dc po dvvzoragdplcq 066 `zdg{(

Pbl ko|hpzq{ kbale kzov{ dzl mzdah{# ulmlpdjcl{# dh` ez|ap{(

Caul{poki vzo`|kpaoh ahkc|`l{ {bllv# modp{# kbakilh{# vam{#

dh` kdpp cl( Dzglhad a{ zakb ah vzlkao|{ dh` {lgavzlkao|{

glpdc{ dh` gahlzdc{# j|p ap bd{ ho {amhaeakdhp oac zl{lzul{( Ap{

hdp|zdc zl{o|zkl{ ahkc|`l kovvlz# ~ahk# dc|gah|g#

dh` gocqj`lh|g(

Vzomzl{{ bd{ jllh gd`l ah bdzhl{{ahm pbl Bzd~`dh Zaulz eozbq`zolclkpzak vo}lz( D [oualp'lzd h|kcldz vcdhp " hop oe pbl

Kblzhojqc l{amh! gllp{ dcc oe Dzglhad{ vo}lz zlt|azlglhp{#

dh` Dzglhad lrvozp{ {ogl lclkpzakapq po hlambjozahm

ko|hpzal{(

Pbl gdnoz ah`|{pzal{ dzl glkbdhakdc lhmahllzahm# gahahm#

kblgakdc{# plrpacl{# dh` j|acàhm gdplzadc{( K|zzlhp lrvozp {

ahkc|`l k|p mlg{# nl}lczq# {kzdv glpdc# kovvlz# gocqj`lh|g#

plrpacl{# komhdk# ezl{b ez|ap{# vzokl{{l` dmzak|cp|zdc vzo`|kp{#

dh` {ogl gdkbahlzq( Go{p oe pbl cdzml edkpozal{ pbdp {|vvcal`

pbl [oualp \haoh dzl kco{l`# }apb cappcl bovl eoz zluaudc(

Dcpbo|mb pbl pzdh{vozp dpaoh ahezd{pz|kp|zl ah Dzglhad a{

d`lt|dpl# pbl lhpazl ko|hpzq a{ k|zzlhpcq |h`lz d cagapl`

jcokid`l "joz`lz{ }apb P|zilq dh` D~lzjdandh dzl kco{l`! #}bakb à{z|vp{ g|kb oe pbl eozglz agvozp'lrvozp {q{plg(

J|{ahl{{l{ |{l dcplzhdpaul zo|pl{# dh` dkkl{{ po koh{|glz

moo`{ ah pbl kdvapdc a{ lrklcclhp(

[lulzdc lkohogak {lkpoz{ {bo} vzoga{l d{ zlvcdklglhp{ eoz

pbl eozglz blduq ah`|{pzq ah Dzglhad( Po|za{g bd{ mzldp

voplhp adc( Dzglhad bd{ ahkzlàjcl dhkalhp z|ah{# eozpzl{{l{#kb|zkbl{# dh` gohd{plzal{9 Hlocapbak {apl{9 dh` ed{kahdpahm

vcdkl{ {|kb d{ pbl Dzglhadh [pohlblhml( Pbl ko|hpzq{

vlzeozgahm dzp{# ahkc|àhm d jdcclp dh` d {qgvbohq# dzl bambcq

`lulcovl`( Ap{ k|a{ahl a{ dh lkclkpak gar oe L|zovldh dh`


17/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD 4 D{ qo| {|ze pbl Ahplzhlp# jl d}dzl pbdp

qo| gdq eah` j|cclpah jodz`{ dh` kbdp zoog{ ah }bakb vlovcl

dzl ezll po lrvzl{{ ovahaoh{ djo|p pbl Vldkl Kozv{ jd{l`

oh pblaz o}h lrvlzalhkl{# ahkc|àhm kogglhp{ jq pbo{l }bo

}lzl |hbdvvq }apb pblaz kboakl po {lzul ah pbl Vldkl Kozv{(

Pbl{l ovahaoh{ dzl hop pbo{l oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{ oz oe pbl \([(

moulzhglhp # dh` }l bovl qo| }acc illv ah gah` pbdp ho p}o

vlovcl lrvlzalhkl pblaz {lzuakl ah pbl {dgl }dq(

Mlhlzdc Aheozgdpaoh Djo|p Dzglhad

}}}(ko|hpzq}dpkb(kog

Oh pba{ {apl# qo| kdh cldzh dhqpbahm ezog }bdp pagl ap a{ ahQlzludh po aheozgdpaoh djo|p bo} po kohulzp ezog pbl òccdz

po pbl `zdg( N|{p kcaki oh Dzglhad dh` mo ezog pblzl(

}}}(cohlcqvcdhlp(kog/ `l{pahdpaoh{

Ua{ap pba{ {apl po cldzh dcc qo| hll` po iho} djo|p dhq ko|hpzq

ah pbl }ozc`(

}}}({pdpl(mou

Pbl \([( [pdpl @lvdzpglhp { }lj{apl a{{|l{ jdkimzo|h` hopl{

vlzaoàkdccq djo|p ko|hpzal{ dzo|h` pbl }ozc`( Eah` Dzglhad

dh` cldzh gozl djo|p ap{ {okadc dh` vocapakdc ba{pozq(


22/95

}}}(v{z(illcl(dk(|i/ oeeakadc(bpg

Pba{ {apl ahkc|`l{ cahi{ po dcc pbl oeeakadc {apl{ eoz

moulzhglhp{ }ozc`}a`l(

}}}(mlomzdvbq(djo|p(kog/ cajzdzq/ gdv{/ jcah`lr(bpg

Pba{ ohcahl }ozc` dpcd{ ahkc|`l{ gdv{ dh` mlomzdvbakdc

aheozgdpaoh# dh` ldkb ko|hpzq vdml kohpdah{ cahi{ po

opblz {apl{# {|kb d{ pbl Cajzdzq oe Kohmzl{{# pbdp kohpdah

kogvzlblh{aul ba{pozakdc# {okadc# dh` vocapakdc jdkimzo|h`(

}}}(kqjlz{kboocj|{(|h(ozm/ aheohdpaoh/ aheo(d{v

Pba{ \hapl` Hdpaoh{ {apl dcco}{ qo| po {ldzkb eoz {pdpa{pakdc

aheozgdpaoh eoz glgjlz {pdpl{ oe pbl \(H(

}}}(}ozc`aheozgdpaoh(kog

Pba{ {apl vzoua`l{ dh d``apaohdc {o|zkl oe k|zzlhp dh`

ba{pozakdc aheozgdpaoh djo|p ko|hpzal{ dzo|h` pbl }ozc`(

Kohhlkp ]apb Zlp|zhl` Uoc|hpllz{ dh` Opblz Ahuapll{

}}}(zvku(ozm

Pba{ a{ pbl {apl oe pbl Hdpaohdc Vldkl Kozv{ D{{okadpaoh# gd`l

|v oe zlp|zhl` Uoc|hpllz{( Pba{ {apl ahkc|`l{ cahi{ po dcc pbl

]lj vdml{ oe pbl ezalh`{ oe mzo|v{ eoz go{p ko|hpzal{ oe

{lzuakl# gd`l |v oe eozglz Uoc|hpllz{ }bo {lzul` ah pbo{l

ko|hpzal{( Pblzl dzl dc{o zlmaohdc mzo|v{ }bo ezlt|lhp cq mlp

pomlpblz eoz {okadc lulhp{ dh` cokdc uoc|hpllz dkpauapal{(

bppv>/ / }}}(zvku}ljzahm(ozm

Pba{ {apl a{ iho}h d{ pbl Zlp|zhl` Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz

]lj Zahm( Jzo}{l pbl ]lj z ahm dh` {ll }bdp eozglz

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl {dqahm djo|p pblaz {lzuakl(

VLDKL KOZV[:6


23/95

}}}(vldklkozv{}zaplz{(ozm

Pba{ {apl a{ bo{pl` jq d mzo|v oe zlp|zhl` Uoc|hpllz }zaplz{(

Ap a{ d gohpbcq ohcahl v|jcakdpaoh oe l{{dq{ dh` Uoc|hpllzdkko|hp{ oe pblaz Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl(

Ohcahl Dzpakcl{/K|zzlhp Hl}{ [apl{ Djo|p Dzglhad

bppv>/ / mzoohm(|{k(l`|/ hl}{

Dh Dzglhadh hl}{ ah`lr(

}}}(dzgmdpl(kog

DzgMdpl bd{ cahi{ po d udzalpq oe zl{o|zkl{ oh Dzglhad(

Ahplzhdpaohdc @lulcovglhp# Moulzhglhp# dh` J|{ahl{{ [apl{

bppv>/ / {|h{apl(d|d(dg/

D {apl gdahpdahl` jq pbl Dglzakdh \haulz{apq oe Dzglhad#{voh{ozl` jq [|h Gakzo{q{plg{- }ozc`}a`l Aheozgdpaoh dh`

Plkbhocomq Lrkbdhml vzomzdg(

bppv>/ / }}}(|{d(dg/

Pbl {apl oe pbl \([( Lgjd{{q ah Dzglhad(

}}}(dzglhad`ad{vozd(kog

Dzglhad @ad{vozd# d {apl `lulcovl` jq pbl Dzglhadh Gaha{pzq

oe Eozlamh Deedaz{(

}}}(da}d'hlp(ozm/

Dzglhadh Ahplzhdpaohdc ]oglh{ D{{okadpaoh(

Zlkogglh`l` Jooi{ djo|p Dzglhad4( Jdcdiadh# Vlplz(Jcdki @om oe Edpl> D Glg oaz( Hl}

Qozi> Jzod`}dq Jooi{# 4112(

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD :4


24/95

:( Gdz{`lh# Vbacav( Pbl Kzo{{ahm Vdcdkl> D No|zhlq

Dg oh m pbl Dzg lh adh {( Hl} Qozi> Io`dh{bd

Dglzakd# 411;(

;( [|hq# Zohdc` Mzamoz(Cooi ah m Po}dz` Dzdzdp>

Dzg lh ad ah Go`lzh Ba{pozq ( Jcoogahmpoh> Ah`adhd

\haulz{apq Vzl{{# 411;(

Jooi{ Djo|p pbl Ba{pozq oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{

4( Boeegdh# Lca~djlpb Kojj{(Dcc Qo| Hll` a{ Coul> PblVldkl Kozv{ dh ` pbl [v az ap oe pbl 4156{( Kdgjza`ml#

GD> Bdzudz` \haulz{apq Vzl{{# :666(

:( Zakl# Mlzdc` P( Pb l Joc` Lr vlzag lh p> NEI{ Vldkl

Kozv{( Hopzl @dgl# AH> \haulz{apq oe Hopzl @dgl

Vzl{{# 412 Pbl Ca el dh ` Pag l{ oe [dzmlh p[bzaulz( ]d{bahmpoh# @K> [gapb{ohadh Ah{pap|paoh

Vzl{{# :660(

Jooi{ oh pbl Uoc|hpllz Lrvlzalhkl

4( @azcdg# [bdzoh( Jlqoh ` [ajlz ad> P}o Qldz{ ah d

Eozmopplh Vcdkl( [dhpd Jdzjdzd# KD> Gk[ld{Jooi{# :660(

:( Kd{ljocp# Gdznozal @lGo{{( Gdzmdzapd > D M| dplg dcdh

Vldkl Kozv{ Lrvlzalhkl( Mam Bdzjoz# ]D>

Zl` Dvvcl V|jca{bahm# :666(

;( Lz`gdh# [dzdb(Hah l Bacc{ po Hdg joh idbd> P}o

Qldz{ ah pbl Bldzp oe dh Dezakdh Uaccdml( Hl} Qozi#

HQ> Vakd`oz# :66;(

VLDKL KOZV[::


25/95

0( Bl{{clz# Vlplz(Za ulz Po}h > P}o Qldz{ oh pbl Qdh mp~l(

Hl} Qozi# HQ> Vlzlhhadc# :664(


26/95


27/95

CAUAHMKOH@APAOH[DH@

UOC\HPLLZCAEL[PQCL

Kogg|hakdpaoh{

Gdac

El} ko|hpzal{ ah pbl }ozc` oeelz gdac {lzuakl kogvdzdjcl po

pbl \hapl` [pdpl{ dh` Dzglhad a{ ho lrklvpaoh( Eozp|hdplcq#pblzl bdul jllh agvzoulglhp{ oulz pbl vd{p el} qldz{( Dp

qo|z vzl'`lvdzp|zl ozalhpdpaoh "{pdmahm!# qo| }acc jl maulh d

plgvozdzq gdacahm d``zl{{ po |{l `|zahm vzl'{lzuakl p zdahahm(

]l {|mml{p pbdp vlovcl hop {lh` qo| vdkidml{ }bacl qo|

dzl ah pzdahahm( Pblzl a{ d kbdhkl qo| }acc goul po qo|z

vlzgdhlhp {apl jleozl pblq dzzaul( Qo| g|{p vaki |v vdkidml{

ah vlz{oh# }bakb zlt|azl{ dj{lhkl ezog pzdahahm dh` vdqglhp

oe |pq dh`/oz {pozdml ell{( Deplz qo| dzl {}ozh'ah d{ d

Uoc|hpllz# ap }acc jl ld{q po zlklaul vdkidml{ dp qo|z {apl#

dh` qo| }ohp bdul po vdq `|pq ell{ eoz aplg{ {lhp pbzo|mb

pbl \([( Vo{pdc [lzuakl( "Dh dmzllglhp }apb pbl moulzhglhp

lrlgvp{ Uoc|hpllz{ ezog `|pq ell{(! Vcld{l hopl# bo}lulz#

pbdp aplg{ {lhp po Uoc|hpllz{ uad @BC# El`Lr# \V[# lpk(# dzl

hop lrlgvp ezog k|{pog{ ell{ dh` qo| dzl zlt|azl` po vdq d

ell oe :6 vlzklhp oh pbl `lkcdzl` udc|l oe dhq {lhp aplg{(

Qo| dh` qo|z edgacq dh` ezalh`{ {bo|c` h|gjlz qo|z clpplz{ {o

qo| kdh d{klzpdah }bdp a{ dh` }bdp a{ hop dzzauahm( Ah pbl vd{p#

clpplz{ bdul pdilh d{ el} d{ 46 `dq{ dh` d{ cohm d{ {ar }lli{

po dzzaul( @o hop {lh` udc|djcl aplg{ pbzo|mb pbl gdac(

]l {pzohmcq lhko|zdml qo| po zlm|cdzcq }zapl edgacq dh`

ezalh`{( Edgacq glgjlz{ pqvakdccq jlkogl }ozzal` }blh pblq

ò hop bldz ezog qo|# {o ap a{ d moo` a`ld po dùa{l pblg pbdp

gdac kdh jl {co} dh` pbdp pblq {bo|c` hop }ozzq ae pblq ò

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD :


28/95

hop zlklaul qo|z clpplz{ zlm|cdzcq( Ae d {lzao|{ vzojclg }lzl po

okk|z# Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad }o|c` hop aeq pbl Oeeakl oe [vlkadc

[lzuakl{ dp Vldkl Kozv{ bld`t|dzplz{ ah ]d{bahmpoh# @(K(#}bakb }o|c` pblh kohpdkp qo|z edgacq(

Plclvbohl{

Cohm'à{pdhkl plclvbohl {lzuakl a{ mlhlzdccq dudacdjcl j|p

lrvlh{aul( @o hop lrvlkp po bdul koh{pdhp dkkl{{ po d vbohl

dcc oe pbl pagl( Qo| gdq bdul po |{l d hlambjoz{ vbohl oz

pzdulc jq j|{ po dhopblz uaccdml oz po}h ae vbohl{ ah qo|zdzld òhp }ozi( Ae qo| kdcc ezog o|p{a`l pbl kdvapdc# ap gdq

pdil cohmlz po mlp d cahl( Pbl ko{p oe d cohm'à{pdhkl kdcc a{

dvvzoragdplcq :(06 vlz gah|pl# dcpbo|mb gdhq ho} |{l

Ahplzhlp oz kdccjdki {lzuakl{ dp co}lz ko{p{( [pdee glgjlz{

bdul bd` {|kkl{{ ah |{ahm [vzahp# GKA# dh` DP%P kdccahm

kdz`{ ezog cokdc plclvbohl{( Ae qo| }a{b po |{l pba{ ovpaoh#

ojpdah d kdz` jleozl qo| cldul pbl \hapl` [pdpl{( Ahlrvlh{aulahplzhdpaohdc kdccahm kdz`{ dzl dc{o dudacdjcl ah go{p po}h{ dh`

ah Qlzludh(

Dùa{l qo|z edgacq pbdp ah dh lglzmlhkq# pblq {bo|c` kohpdkp

pbl Oeeakl oe [vlkadc [lzuakl{ ah ]d{bahmpoh# @(K( Pbl

`dqpagl plclvbohl h|gjlz a{ 266(0:0(2


29/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD

[gdcclz kogg|hapal{ dzl dc{o mdahahm Ahplzhlp dkkl{{ pbzo|mb

pbl {kbooc kohhlkp auapq vzonlkp( Pba{ vzonlkp# gdhdml` jq

Vzonlkp Bdzgohq# }acc kohhlkp dcc Dzglhadh {kbooc{ oulz pblhlrp el} qldz{( Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ }ozi{ kco{lcq }apb Vzonlkp

Bdzgohq# dh` Uoc|hpllz{ dzl blcvahm {kbooc{ dvvcq eoz

kohhlkp auapq dh` lt|avglhp ( Uoc|hpllz{ dc{o pldkb kogv|plz

dvvcakdpaoh{ dh` Ahplzhlp |{l dp pbl{l {kbooc{(

Bo|{ahm dh` [apl Cokdpaoh

@|zahm vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm# dcc pzdahll{ dzl zlt|azl` po caul

}apb bo{p edgacal{( Deplz kogvclpahm vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm

dh` {}ldzahm'ah# dcc Uoc|hpllz{ caul }apb bo{p edgacal{ eoz d

gahag|g oe eo|z gohpb{ dp pblaz vlzgdhlhp {apl( Cauahm }apb

d bo{p edgacq vzoua`l{ {lulzdc jlhleap{ ahkc|àhm dkklclzdpl`

cdhm|dml dkt|a{apaoh9 d `llvlz dh` gozl vzoeo|h` kzo{{'

k|cp|zdc |h`lz{pdhàhm9 dh` dh agvzoul`# ah'`lvpb kogg|hapqahplmzdpaoh( Jlahm d zl{vlkpl` dh` lt|dc glgjlz oe d edgacq

hop ohcq vzoua`l{ {pzohm vlz{ohdc dh` vzoel{{aohdc zl}dz`{#

ap kdh lh{|zl qo|z {delpq dh` {lk|zapq d{ }lcc( Bo{p edgacq

dkkoggo`dpaoh{ }acc udzq `lvlhàhm oh pbl kogg|hapq( [ogl

gdq jl dvdzpglhp{ oz {lvdzdpl `lpdkbl` bo|{l{9 {ogl gdq

bdul L|zovldh'{pqcl jdpbzoog{ }bacl opblz{ gambp |{l *o|p'

bo|{l{* oz *{t|dp* poaclp{( Zlmdz`cl{{ oe pbl {ap|dpaoh# pzdahll{dh` Uoc|hpllz{ caul d{ pbl glgjlz{ oe pblaz kogg|hapq ò(

Deplz pbl eo|z'gohpb vlzao`# Uoc|hpllz{ gdq zlgdah }apb

bo{p edgacal{ oz kbdhml po dhopblz cauahm {ap|dpaoh ah pblaz

kogg|hapal{ `lvlhàhm oh dudacdjacapq dh`

vlz{ohdc vzlelzlhkl{(

Cauahm Dcco}dhkl dh` Gohlq Gdhdmlglhp

D{ d Uoc|hpllz# qo| }acc zlklaul d h|gjlz oe dcco}dhkl{ ah

cokdc k|zzlhkq( D ohl'pagl {lp pcahm'ah dcco}dhkl a{ vzoua`l`

ah oz`lz po j|q jd{ak bo|{lboc` aplg{ }blh qo| goul po

:=


30/95

qo|z {apl( Qo| }acc dc{o zlklaul d ohl'pagl dcco}dhkl po koulz

bldpahm'zlcdpl` lrvlh{l{ "l(m(# po v|zkbd{l oe d }oo` {poul

dh` }oo` oz ah{pdccdpaoh oe d`lt|dpl lclkpzakdc }azl eozlclkpzak bldplz |{l oz po oee{lp ahkzld{l` lclkpzakapq ko{p{

ah }ahplz ! (

Qo|z gohpbcq cauahm dh` p zdulc dcco}dhkl{# }bakb dzl vda`

àzlkpcq po qo|z dkko|hp blzl lulzq gohpb# dzl ahplh`l` po

koulz eoo`# |pacapal{# bo|{lboc` {|vvcal{# kcopbahm# zlkzldpaoh

dh` lhplzpdahglhp# p zdh{vozpdp aoh# zldàhm gdplzadc{# dh`

opblz ahka`lhpdc{( Ko{p{ zlcdpl` po pbl cauahm dcco}dhkl dzl

zlual}l` dhh|dccq "mlhlzdccq ah Eljz|dzq! ( Qo| }acc dc{o

zlklaul d bo|{ahm dcco}dhkl jd{l` oh pbl cld{l dmzllglhp

{amhl` jlp}llh qo| dh` qo|z cdh`coz`( Pbl bo|{ahm dcco}dhkl

a{ vzoua`l` dp pbl {dgl pagl d{ pbl cauahm dcco}dhkl(

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl dc{o lcamajcl eoz d p|poz dcco}dhkl po vdq eoz

kohpah|ahm cdhm|dml {p|`q( Vdqglhp{ dzl gd`l gohpbcq |vohvzl{lhpdpaoh oe d kogvclpl` p|poz zlagj|z{lglhp eozg(

D cldul dcco}dhkl a{ vzoua`l` }apb pbl cauahm dcco}dhkl( Ae qo|

dzl d{il` jq Vldkl Kozv{ po pzdulc eoz oeeakadc# glàkdc# oz

vzomzdggdpak zld{oh{# qo| }acc jl maulh d`àpaohdc gohlq eoz

pzdh{vozpdp aoh dh` co`mahm(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ {lp{ |v d jdhi dkko|hp ah cokdc k|zzlhkqeoz ldkb Uoc|hpllz dh` `lvo{ap{ dcc pbl dcco}dhkl{ dh` opblz

vdqglhp{ ahpo pbl{l jdhi dkko|hp{( Uoc|hpllz{ kdh {lp |v

vlz{ohdc dkko|hp{ ah òccdz{ ae pblq kboo{l(

Go{p Uoc|hpllz{ eah` pblq kdh caul kogeozpdjcq ah Dzglhad

}apb pbl{l dcco}dhkl{( Qo| dzl {p zohmcq à{ko|zdml` ezog

{|vvclglhpahm qo|z ahkogl }apb gohlq jzo|mbp ezog bogl(Koh{a{plhp }apb pbl vbaco{ovbq pbdp `lulcovglhp dh` cldzhahm

dzl go{p leelkpaulcq dkbalul` }blh vlovcl caul dh` }ozi

pomlpblz# ap a{ agvozpdhp pbdp Uoc|hpllz{ caul dp pbl {dgl

{pdh`dz` d{ pbl vlovcl }bog pblq {lzul(

VLDKL KOZV[:2


31/95

Hlulzpblcl{{# gdhq Uoc|hpllz{ ò jzahm lrpzd gohlq "ah kd{b#

pzdulclz{ kblki{# oz kzlàp kdz`{! eoz udkdpaoh{( Kzlàp kdz`{

kdh jl |{l` ohcq ah {ogl oe pbl gozl lrvlh{aul boplc{ dh` del} jam {pozl{ ah pbl kdvapdc# j|p dzl bdh`q eoz p zdulc o|p{a`l

pbl ko|hpzq( Pblq kdh dc{o jl |{l` dp DPG{ ah Qlzludh po

ojpdah kd{b " ah `zdg{! ( Zlpdac o|peap{ ah Dzglhad ò hop

dkklvp pzdulclz{ kblki{# j|p pblq kdh jl kd{bl` eoz d ell dp

{ogl jdhi{(

Eoo` dh` @alp

G|kb oe Dzglhadh {okadc cael zluocul{ dzo|h` eoo`# g|{ak#

{ahmahm# dh` `dhkahm( Pqvakdc gldc{ ahkc|`l jldh dh` jllp

{dcd`{# kdjjdml# cdud{b " pbah jzld`! # {cakl` koc` k|p { " l(m(#

{dcdga dh` jocomhd! # kbll{l# dh` vopdpol{ oz vacde(

[ogl oe pbl jl{p ezl{b ulmlpdjcl{ dh` ez|ap{ eo|h` dhq}blzl

dzl dudacdjcl ah Dzglhad `|zahm pbl {|gglz( Pbl dvzakop{ dh`

pogdpol{ dzl oe lrpzlglcq bamb t|dcapq( @|zahm pbl cohm }ahplz

gohpb{# kdjjdml# vopdpol{# dh` gldp dzl gdah{pdq{(

Ap a{ vo{{ajcl j|p àeeak|cp eoz ulmlpdzadh{ po gdahpdah d

gldpcl{{ àlp( Pbl Ga``cl Ld{plzh ahec|lhkl ah Dzglhad bd{

jzo|mbp ulmlpdzadh eoo`# j|p pba{ a{ gozl zldàcq dudacdjcl

ah Qlzludh dh` cdzmlz kapal{( Dcpbo|mb qo|z zle|{dc po ldpgldp gdq {llg {pzdhml po qo|z bo{p edgacq# pblq dzl cailcq

po zl{vlkp qo|z `lka{aoh dh` dkkoggo`dpl qo|z hll`{

dkkozàhmcq( Dcpbo|mb kdjjdml{# kdzzop{# dh` vopdpol{ dzl

}a`lcq dudacdjcl pbzo|mbo|p pbl }ahplz# qo| gdq }dhp po

vzlvdzl vzl{lzul{ `|zahm pbl {|gglz dh` edcc po duoa`

bduahm po v|zkbd{l opblz vzo`|kl ah pbl kdvapdc( ]apb d capp cl

vcdhhahm# qo| {bo|c` jl djcl po gdahpdah d bldcpbqdcplzhdp aul àlp (

Pqvakdc `zahi{ dzl pdh "gd`l oe qom|zp# }dplz# dh` {dcp!#

boglgd`l ez|ap n|akl{# Dzglhadh dh` Mlozmadh }ahl# dh`

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD :1


32/95

Dzglhadh jzdh`q dh` uo`id( Dzglhadh{ dzl hopl` eoz pblaz

lh`cl{{ pod{p{# j|p qo| {bo|c` hop ellc kogvlccl` po `zahi d

cdzml t|dhpapq oe dckoboc n|{p po dvvld{l qo|z bo{p( Dzglhadh{zl{vlkp {lce'kohpzoc# dh` go{p }acc zl{vlkp qo|z{ ae qo| `zahi

go`lzdplcq oz hop dp dcc(

Pzdh{vozpdpaoh

Go{p Uoc|hpllz{ pzdulc ah pbl ko|hpzq ah v|jcak j|{l{# udh{# oz

pdra{( Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad vzobajap{ Uoc|hpllz{ ezog o}hahmoz `zauahm ulbakcl{ ah Dzglhad eoz dhq zld{oh( Uaocdpaoh oe pba{

vocakq }acc zl{|cp ah plzgahdp aoh oe qo|z Uoc|hpllz {lzuakl(

Dcpbo|mb pbl Vldkl Kozv{ vzoua`l{ Uoc|hpllz{ }apb

pzdh{vozpdpaoh bogl dp pbl lh` oe pblaz {lzuakl# {ogl kboo{l

po zlgdah ah'ko|hpzq oh pblaz o}h oz po pzdulc po opblz

ko|hpzal{ oh pblaz }dq bogl( Ae qo| kboo{l po `o pba{# qo| kdh

ojpdah d kd{b vdqglhp ah cal| oe pbl moulzhglhp'zdpl dazvcdhl

pakilp po qo|z bogl oe zlkoz`( Pba{ jlhleap a{ hop dudacdjcl po

Uoc|hpllz{ }bo plzgahdpl pblaz {lzuakl ldzcq(

Mlomzdvbq dh` Kcagdpl

Dzglhad cal{ ah pbl go|hpdaho|{ Kd|kd{|{ zlmaoh( Pbl

cdh`cokil` ko|hpzq a{ joz`lzl` jq P|zilq ah pbl }l{p# Azdh ah

pbl {o|pb# D~lzjdandh ah pbl ld{p # dh` Mlozmad ah pbl hozpb(

Jlkd|{l oe ap{ vzoplkpl` vo{apaoh dh` mlhlzdccq bamb lcludpaoh#

Dzglhad{ kcagdpl a{ go{p cq zq dh` kohp ahlhpdc# dcpbo|mb

pblzl dzl zlmaohdc udzadpaoh{# {|kb d{ bop# `zq {|gglz{ ah pbl

Dzdi{ Udcclq dh` kooclz# gozl b|ga` {|gglz{ ah pbl gozl

lcludpl` dzld{( Ahplh{l {|h{bahl okk|z{ eoz gdhq `dq{ oe pblqldz# dh` pbl {|gglz a{ cohm dh` bop "lrklvp dp pbl bambl{p

VLDKL KOZV[;6


33/95

lcludpaoh{! # }apb dh dulzdml N|cq plgvlzdp|zl ah Qlzludh oe

== `lmzll{ Edbzlhblap# }bakb kdh z a{l d{ bamb d{ 462 `lmzll{(

]ahplz{ plh` po jl go`lzdplcq {lulzl# }apb dh dulzdmlplgvlzdp|zl ah Qlzludh oe :5 `lmzll{( D|p|gh a{ mlhlzdccq

gac`# {|hhq# dh` cohm# }bacl {vzahm a{ |{|dccq {bozp dh` }lp(

[okadc Dkpauapal{

Oh }llilh`{ dh` ah pbl lulhahm# Dzglhadh{ coul po {pzocc

}apb pblaz edgacal{ dh` ezalh`{( Ah {|gglz gohpb{# ah {ogl oepbl cdzmlz kapal{ pbzo|mbo|p Dzglhad# {a`l}dci kde{ dvvldz

oh lulzq kozhlz dh` ah lulzq {bd`q {vop( Dzglhadh{ lhnoq

zlcdrahm dp pbl{l kde{ cdpl ahpo pbl lulhahm(

Ah {gdcclz po}h{ dh` uaccdml{# dkpauapal{ plh` po eok|{ oh

{vlhàhm pagl }apb edgacq( Kbl{{ dh` jdkimdggoh "kdccl`

hdzà! dzl vov|cdz# dh` Dzglhadh joq{ dh` mazc{ vcdq

jd{ilpjdcc# {okklz# plhha{# jd`gahpoh# dh` vahm'vohm( Ah

d`àpaoh po vdzpakavdpahm ah pbl{l dkpauapal{# Uoc|hpllz{ lhnoq

baiahm dh` lrvcozahm cokdc ba{pozakdc {apl{(

Vzoel{{aohdca{g# @zl{{# dh` Jlbduaoz

O|p{a`l pbl kdvapdc# Dzglhadh{ plh` po jl koh{lzudpaul ah

jopb `zl{{ dh` jlbduaoz( Ohl oe pbl àeeak|cpal{ oe eahàhm

qo|z vcdkl d{ d Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz a{ eappahm ahpo pbl cokdc

k|cp|zl }bacl gdahpdahahm qo|z a`lhpapq dh` dkpahm cail d

vzoel{{aohdc dcc dp pbl {dgl pagl( Vldkl Kozv{ }acc vzoua`l qo|

}apb m|a`lcahl{ }l bovl }acc vzoul blcve|c d{ qo| gdil

pba{ pzdh{apaoh(

Qo| }acc jl {lzuahm d{ d zlvzl{lhpdpaul oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{ dh`}acc jl lrvlkpl` po `zl{{ dh` jlbdul dkkozàhmcq( ]bacl {ogl

oe qo|z ko|hplzvdzp{ gdq `zl{{ ah {llgahmcq }ozh oz {bdjjq

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ;4


34/95

VLDKL KOZV[;:

kcopbl{# pba{ a{ jlkd|{l oe lkohogak{ zdpblz pbdh jq kboakl(

Pbl cailcaboo` a{ pbdp pblq dzl }ldzahm pblaz jl{p kcopbl{( D

eozlamhlz }bo }ldz{ zdmml`# |hglh`l` kcopbahm a{ cailcq pojl koh{a`lzl` dh deezohp ( Eoz glh# vzoel{{aohdc `zl{{ kdcc{

eoz koccdzl` {bazp{# {cdki{# dh` okkd{aohdccq {|ap ndkilp{ dh`

pal{( Eoz }oglh# vzoel{{aohdc zl{{ kdcc{ eoz `zl{{l{ oz {iazp{

"ihll' oz ga`'kdce clhmpb#! go`l{p jco|{l{ oz pov{# dh` `zl{{

{cdki{( ]oglh {bo|c` jl vzlvdzl` po okkd{aohdccq }ldz {|ap{

oz eozgdc }ldz eoz vzl{lhpdpaoh{ oz opblz j|{ahl{{'

zlcdpl` lulhp{(

Uoc|hpllz{ hll` po kohp ah|dccq {pzaul po gdahpdah hldp dh`

kcldh kcopbahm dh` bdaz( Pba{ gdq jl dh oh'moahm kbdcclhml#

d{ }dplz a{ zdp aohl` ah gdhq zlmaoh{ dh` ap kdh jl àeeak|cp po

bldp }dplz }blh qo| bdul ap(

[ahkl Dzglhad a{ edazcq koh{lzudpaul }blh ap kogl{ po vlz{ohdc

dvvldzdhkl# cohm bdaz dh`/oz vohqpdac{ oh glh dzl koh{a`lzl`|hdkklvpdjcl( "Bo}lulz# pbl bdaz qo| k|p oee ko|c` mo po d

moo` kd|{l dh` mlp qo| d ezll bdazk|p$ Coki{ oe Coul " }}}(

coki{oecoul(ozm! a{ d hop 'eoz'vzoeap ozmdha~dpaoh pbdp vzoua`l{

bdaz vzo{pblp ak{ eoz kbac`zlh pbdp bdul `lulcovl` cohm'plzg

glàkdc bdaz co{{( Ap a{ d mzldp }dq po jlmah `lgoh{pzdpahm

qo|z k|cp|zdc {lh{apauapq dh` dp pbl {dgl pagl blcvahm kbac`zlh

ah hll`(! Ho{l zahm{ dh` opblz edkadc valzkahm{# ah jopbglh dh` }oglh# dzl dc{o |hdkklvpdjcl( Pbzo|mbo|p pbl

ko|hpzal{ oe pbl eozglz [oualp \haoh# pdppoo{ bdul d hlmdpaul

kohhopdp aoh dh` ba{pozakdccq bdul jllh d{{okadpl` }apb pbl

|h`lz}ozc`# gdead# dh` vza{oh{( ]blh `zl{{ahm# lulzq leeozp

{bo|c` jl gd`l po lh{|zl pbdp cdzml ojuao|{ pdppoo{ dzl

koulzl` jq kcopbahm(

Vlz{ohdc a`lhpapq dh` ahàua`|dcapq a{ ulzq agvozpdhp ah

Dglzakdh k|cp|zl dh` bdaz# valzkahm{# dh` pdppoo{ dzl {ogl

oe pbl }dq{ pbdp Dglzakdh{ lrvzl{{ pbdp ahàua`|dcapq( Pbl

kbdcclhml cal{ ah jdcdhkahm pbdp lrvzl{{aoh dh` dkklvpdhkl


35/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ;;

ahpo qo|z kogg|hapq dh` |h`lz{pdhàhm oe pbl k|cp|zl( Ah pbl

lh`# qo|z bdaz }acc mzo} jdki# qo|z ho{l kdh jl zl'valzkl`#

dh` d P'{bazp ah{pld` oe d pdhi pov kdh ld{acq koulzqo|z pdppoo(

Zl}dz`{ dh` Ez|{pzdpaoh{

Pbl cauahm kohàpaoh{ oe Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl deelkp Uoc|hpllz{

àeelzlhpcq( @o qo| hll` d cop oe vzaudkq oz ulzq cappcl? Dzl

qo| ojcauao|{ po àzp oz edazcq {lh{apaul? Hldzcq dcc Uoc|hpllz{#dp {ogl voahp# eah` pbl kohàpaoh{ |h`lz }bakb pblq caul dh`

}ozi po jl àeeak|cp oz kbdcclhmahm( Go{p lrvlzalhkl ellcahm{

oe à{ko|zdmlglhp dh` e|pacapq|{|dccq `|zahm pbl eaz{p qldz

oe {lzuakl( Pbahm{ pbdp {llgl` kcldz jlkogl |hkcldz( Pbl

àzlkp aoh po pdil {llg{ oj{k|zl`( Qo| gdq oeplh ellc pbdp

qo| dzl hop ah kohpzoc# dh` pba{ kdh jl ezambplhahm( ]blh pba{

bdvvlh{# qo| gdq }oh`lz }blpblz qo| dzl zldccq |v po pblnoj# }blpblz qo| gdq bdul kd|{l` pbl vzojclg# }blpblz ap a{

zldccq vo{{ajcl po dkkogvca{b dhqpbahm# oz }blpblz }bdp qo|

dzl òahm a{ zldccq }ozpb}bacl( Qo| gdq ellc edpam|l` dcpbo|mb

qo| bdul jllh }oziahm ho bdz`lz pbdh |{|dc( Qo| gdq eah`

qo|z{lce {bozp'plgvlzl` oz dhhoql` }apb qo|z{lce dh` opblz{(

Pblzl a{ ho gdmakdc oz ld{q glpbo` eoz oulzkogahm pbl{l

ellcahm{ j|p# eozp|hdplcq# pblq dzl |{|dccq {bozp'caul`( Jldz

ah gah` pbdp pbl ez|{pzdpaoh oe hop mlp pahm dhqpbahm òhl

|{|dccq `lzaul{ ezog pbl zldcapal{ oe pbl ko|hpzq# hop ezog qo|z

o}h ahd`lt|dkal{( Ap a{ oeplh blcve|c po jzldi |v d vzojclg

ahpo {gdcclz |hap{ dh` }ozi dp ap ohl {plv dp d pagl( Ae qo|

kdh {plv jdki dh` pzq po d{{l{{ pbl vzojclg dezl{b# qo| }acc

ellc gozl vo{apaul djo|p pbl bld`}dq qo| bdul gd`l dh`

dzl gdiahm( ]apbo|p d ò|jp # }blh qo| bdul kogvclpl` qo|z

{lzuakl# qo| }acc zlkdcc qo|z pagl blzl }apb eoh`hl{{# dh` qo|

}acc jl dgd~l` jq pbl vlz{ohdc kbdhml pbdp bd{ zl{|cpl` ezog

oulzkogahm pbl kbdcclhml{(


36/95


37/95

VLDKLKOZV[PZDAHAHM

Oulzual} oe Vzl'[lzuakl Pzdahahm

Vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm a{ dvvzoragdplcq 46 }lli{ cohm( Pzdahahm

pdil{ vcdkl {ar `dq{ d }lli dh` gdq ahkc|`l {ogl lulhahm

{l{{aoh{( D`lt|dpl pagl a{ dcco}l` eoz cla{|zl dkpauapal{ dh`

o|p ahm{ }apb qo|z bo{p edgacq( Qo| }acc zlklaul ah{pz|kpaoh ah

pbl Ld{plzh Dzglhadh cdhm|dml# kzo{{'k|cp|zdc d`dvpdp aoh

{iacc{# Dzglhadh ba{pozq dh` k|cp|zl# vlz{ohdc {delpq

d}dzlhl{{# p lkbhakdc {iacc{ zl cdpl` po qo|z vzonlkp# dh`

glàkdc povak{( Qo| }acc dc{o zlklaul agvozpdhp aheozgdpaoh

djo|p pbl d`gaha{pzdpaul {a`l oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{ d{ ap zlcdpl{

po Uoc|hpllz dcco}dhkl{# zl{voh{ajacapal{# dh` oeeakl vocakal{(

@|zahm pzdahahm# qo| }acc caul }apb dh Dzglhadh edgacq ah d

uaccdml hldz pbl pzdahahm {apl( Pba{ maul{ qo| pbl ovvozp|hapq

po vzdkp akl qo|z cdhm|dml {iacc{ dh` po `lulcov kzo{{'k|cp|zdc

|h`lz{pdhàhm oh d `llvlz clulc( Pbzll gldc{ d `dq }acc jl

vzoua`l` jq qo|z bo{p edgacq( D{ glhpaohl` ldzcalz# bo{p

edgacq dkkoggo`dpaoh{ udzq `lvlhàhm oh pbl kogg|hapq9

zlmdz`cl{{ oe pbl {ap|dpaoh# qo| }acc caul d{ pbl gdnozapq oe pbl

opblz glgjlz{ oe qo|z kogg|hapq(

@|zahm pzdahahm# qo| }acc jl ludc|dpl` oh bo} }lcc qo|

d`dvp po pbl k|cp|zl # cldzh pbl cdhm|dml# dh` ahplzdkp }apb

Dzglhadh{ dh` oh qo|z `lmzll oe vzoel{{aohdca{g( Pbl Vldkl

Kozv{ {pdee }acc gdil lulzq leeozp po vzoua`l pbl {|vvozp

hlkl{{dzq po lh{|zl qo|z {|kkl{{e|c kogvclpaoh oe pzdahahm(

Qo| g|{p gllp pbl gahag|g pzdahahm zlt|azlglhp{ jq pbl lh`

oe vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm po jl {}ozh ah d{ d Uoc|hpllz(

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ;


38/95

VLDKL KOZV[;5

Plkbhakdc Pzdahahm

Plkbhakdc pzdahahm vzlvdzl{ qo| po }ozi ah Dzglhad jq

j|acàhm oh pbl {iacc{ qo| dczld`q bdul dh` jq blcvahm qo|

`lulcov hl} {iacc{ ah d gdhhlz dvvzovzadpl po pbl hll`{ oe

pbl ko|hp zq( Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee# Dzglhadh lrvlzp {# dh`

k|zzlhp Uoc|hpllz{ }acc koh`|kp pbl pzdahahm vzomzdg( Pzdahahm

vcdkl{ mzldp lgvbd{a{ oh cldzhahm bo} po p zdh{elz pbl {iacc{

qo| bdul po pbl kogg|hapq ah }bakb qo| }acc {lzul d{

d Uoc|hpllz(

Plkbhakdc pzdahahm }acc ahkc|`l {l{{aoh{ oh pbl mlhlzdc

lkohogak dh` vocapakdc lhuazohglhp ah Dzglhad dh` {pzdplmal{

eoz }oziahm }apbah {|kb d ezdgl}ozi( Qo| }acc zlual} qo|z

plkbhakdc {lkpoz{ modc{ dh` }acc gllp }apb pbl Dzglhadh

gaha{pzal{ dh` dmlhkal{ pbdp ahuapl` pbl Vldkl Kozv{ po

d{{a{p pblg(

Cdhm|dml Pzdahahm

D{ d Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz# qo| }acc eah` pbdp cdhm|dml {iacc{

dzl pbl ilq po vlz{ohdc dh` vzoel{{aohdc {dpa{edkpaoh `|zahm

qo|z {lzuakl( Pbl{l {iacc{ dzl kzapakdc po qo|z noj vlzeozgdhkl#

pblq blcv qo| ahplmzdpl ahpo qo|z bo{p kogg|hapq# dh` pblq

kdh ld{l qo|z vlz{ohdc d`dvpdpaoh po pbl hl} {|zzo|hàhm{(

Dzglhadh cdhm|dml ah{pz|kpoz{ pldkb eozgdc cdhm|dml kcd{{l{ah {gdcc mzo|v{ oe eo|z po eaul vlovcl( Pbl Dzglhadh cdhm|dml

a{ dc{o ahpzo`|kl` ah pbl bldcpb# k|cp|zdc# dh` p lkbhakdc

kogvohlhp { oe pzdahahm(

Qo|z cdhm|dml p zdahahm }acc ahkozvozdpl d kogg|hapq'jd{l`

dvvzodkb( Ah d`àpaoh po kcd{{zoog pagl# qo| }acc jl maulh

d{{amhglhp{ po }ozi oh o|p{a`l oe pbl kcd{{zoog dh` }apbqo|z bo{p edgacq( Pbl modc a{ po mlp qo| po d voahp oe jd{ak

{okadc kogg|hakdpaoh {iacc{ {o pbdp qo| kdh vzdkpakl dh`

`lulcov cdhm|dml {iacc{ e|zpblz ohkl qo| dzl dp qo|z {apl(


39/95

Vzaoz po jlahm {}ozh'ah d{ d Uoc|hpllz# qo| }acc }ozi oh

{pzdplmal{ po kohpah|l cdhm|dml {p|àl{ pbzo|mbo|p qo|z p}o

qldz{ oe {lzuakl(

Kzo{{'K|cp|zdc Pzdahahm

Pbl lrvlzalhkl oe cauahm }apb dh Dzglhadh bo{p edgacq a{

`l{amhl` po ld{l qo|z pzdh{apaoh po cael dp qo|z {apl( Edgacal{

mo pbzo|mb dh ozalhpdpaoh koh`|kpl` jq Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee po

lrvcdah pbl v|zvo{l oe vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm dh` po d{{a{p pblg

ah blcvahm qo| d`dvp po cauahm ah Dzglhad( Gdhq Uoc|hpllz{eozg {pzohm dh` cd{pahm ezalh`{bav{ }apb pblaz bo{p edgacal{(

Kzo{{'k|cp|zdc dh` kogg|hapq `lulcovglhp pzdahahm }acc blcv

qo| agvzoul qo|z kogg|hakdpaoh {iacc{ dh` |h`lz{pdh` qo|z

zocl d{ d edkacapdpoz oe `lulcovglhp ( Qo| }acc jl lrvo{l` po

povak{ {|kb d{ dvvzovzadpl }dq{ po lhplz d kogg|hapq dh`

l{pdjca{b vzo`|kp aul zlcdpaoh{bav{# mlh`lz dh` `lulcovglhp #

hoheozgdc dh` d`|cp l`|kdpaoh {pzdplmal{# vocapakdc {pz|kp|zl{#

dzp # caplzdp|zl# dh` ba{pozq(

Bldcpb Pzdahahm

@|zahm vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm# qo| }acc jl maulh jd{ak glàkdc

pzdahahm dh` aheozgdpaoh( Qo| }acc jl lrvlkpl` po vzdkpakl

vzlulhp aul bldcpbkdzl dh` po p dil zl{voh{ajacapq eoz qo|zo}h bldcpb jq d`blzahm po dcc glàkdc vocakal{( Pzdahll{ dzl

zlt|azl` po dp plh` dcc glàkdc {l{{aoh{( Pbl povak{ ahkc|`l

vzlulhpaul bldcpb gld{|zl{ dh` gahoz dh` gdnoz glàkdc

a{{|l{ pbdp qo| gambp lhko|hplz }bacl ah Dzglhad( H|pzapaoh#

glhpdc bldcpb# {delpq dh` {lk|zapq# {lppahm |v d {del cauahm

kogvo|h`# dh` bo} po duoa BAU/DA@[ dh` opblz {lr|dccq

pzdh{gappl` à{ld{l{ "[P@{! dzl dc{o koulzl`(

[delpq Pzdahahm

@|zahm pbl {delpq pzdahahm {l{{aoh{# qo| }acc cldzh bo} po

dòvp d cael{pqcl pbdp zl`|kl{ z a{i{ dp bogl# dp }ozi# dh`

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ;=


40/95

VLDKL KOZV[

`|zahm qo|z pzdulc{( Qo| }acc dc{o cldzh dvvzovzadpl# leelkp aul

{pzdplmal{ eoz kovahm }apb |h}dhpl` dpplhpaoh dh` djo|p qo|z

ahàua`|dc zl{voh{ajacapq eoz vzogopahm {delpq pbzo|mbo|pqo|z {lzuakl(

D`àpaohdc Pzdahahm{ @|zahm Uoc|hpllz [lzuakl

Ah ap{ koggapglhp po ah{pap|paohdca~l t|dcapq pzdahahm# pbl

Vldkl Kozv{ bd{ agvclglhpl` d pzdahahm {q{plg pbdp vzoua`l{

Uoc|hpllz{ }apb kohpah|dc ovvozp|hapal{ po lrdgahl pblazkoggapglhp po Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl }bacl ahkzld{ahm pblaz

plkbhakdc dh` kzo{{'k|cp|zdc {iacc{( @|zahm qo|z {lzuakl# pblzl

dzl |{|dccq pbzll pzdahahm lulhp{( Pbl p apcl{ dh` ojnlkpaul{ eoz

pbo{l pzdahahm{ dzl d{ eocco}{>

Ah '[lzuakl Pzdah ah m> Vzoua`l{ dh ovvozp|hapq eoz

Uoc|hpllz{ po |vmzd`l pblaz plkbhakdc# cdhm|dml#

dh` vzonlkp `lulcovglhp {iacc{ }bacl {bdzahm pblazlrvlzalhkl{ dh` zldeeazgahm pblaz koggapglhp deplz

bduahm {lzul` eoz pbzll po {ar gohpb{(

Ga`'[lzuakl Koh elzlh kl> D{{a{p{ Uoc|hpllz{ ah

zlual}ahm pblaz eaz{p qldz# zld{{l{{ahm pblaz vlz{ohdc dh`

vzonlkp ojnlkpaul{# dh` vcdhhahm eoz pblaz {lkoh` qldz

oe {lzuakl(

Kco{l'oe'[lzuakl Koh elzlh kl> Vzlvdzl{ Uoc|hpllz{ eoz

pbl e|p|zl deplz Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl dh` zlual}{ pblaz

zl{vlkp aul vzonlkp{ dh` vlz{ohdc lrvlzalhkl{(

Pbl h|gjlz# clhmpb# dh` `l{amh oe pbl{l pzdahahm{ dzl d`dvpl`

po ko|hp zq'{vlkaeak hll`{ dh` kohàpaoh{( Pbl ilq po pbl

pzdahahm {q{plg a{ pbdp pzdahahm lulhp{ dzl ahplmzdpl` dh`

ahplzzlcdpl`# ezog pbl vzl'`lvdzp|zl ozalhpdpaoh pbzo|mb

pbl lh` oe qo|z {lzuakl# dh` dzl vcdhhl`# agvclglhpl`# dh`ludc|dpl` koovlzdpaulcq jq pbl pzdahahm {pdee# Vldkl Kozv{

{pdee# dh` Uoc|hpllz{(

;2


41/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ;1

H OP L [


42/95


43/95

QO\ZBLDCPBKDZLDH@

[DELPQAHDZGLHAD

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ bambl{p vzaozapq a{ gdahpdahahm pbl moo`

bldcpb dh` {delpq oe lulzq Uoc|hpllz( Vldkl Kozv{ glàkdc

vzomzdg{ lgvbd{a~l pbl vzlulhpaul# zdpblz p bdh pbl k|zdpaul#

dvvzodkb po à{ld{l( Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad gdahpdah{ d

kcahak }apb p}o e|cc'pagl glàkdc oeeaklz{# }bo pdil kdzl oeUoc|hpllz{ vzagdzq bldcpbkdzl hll`{( D`àpaohdc glàkdc

{lzuakl{# {|kb d{ pl{pahm dh` jd{ak pzldpglhp# dzl dc{o

dudacdjcl dp cokdc bo{vapdc{( Ae qo| jlkogl {lzao|{cq acc# qo| }acc

jl pzdh{vozpl` po pbl \hapl` [pdpl{(

Bldcpb A{{|l{ ah Dzglhad

Gdnoz bldcpb vzojclg{ dgohm Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz{ ah

Dzglhad dzl zdzl dh` dzl oeplh pbl zl{|cp oe d Uoc|hpllz{

hop p diahm vzlulhp aul gld{|zl{ po {pdq bldcpbq( Pbl go{p

koggoh bldcpb vzojclg{ ah Dzglhad dzl gahoz ohl{ pbdp

dzl dc{o eo|h` ah pbl \hapl{ [pdpl{# {|kb d{ koc`{# àdzzbld#

koh{pavdpaoh# {ah|{ ahelkpaoh{# {iah ahelkpaoh{# bld`dkbl{#

`lhpdc vzojclg{# gahoz ahn|zal{# [P@{# lgopaohdc vzojclg{#dh` dckoboc dj|{l( Pbl{l vzojclg{ gdq jl gozl ezlt|lhp

oz kogvo|h`l` jq cauahm ah Dzglhad jlkd|{l klzpdah

lhuazohglhpdc edkpoz{ zda{l pbl za{i oz lrdklzjdpl pbl {lulzapq

oe acchl{{l{ dh` ahn|zal{(

Blcvahm Qo| [pdq Bldcpbq

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ }acc vzoua`l qo| }apb dcc pbl hlkl{{dzq

ahok|cdpaoh{# glàkdpaoh{# dh` aheozgdpaoh po {pdq bldcpbq(

\voh qo|z dzzaudc ah Dzglhad# qo| }acc zlklaul d glàkdc

bdh`jooi dh` d glàkdc iap "`l{kzajl` cdplz ah pba{ kbdvplz!(



44/95

@|zahm pzdahahm# qo| }acc bdul dkkl{{ po jd{ak glàkdc {|vvcal{

pbzo|mb pbl glàkdc oeeaklz( Bo}lulz# qo| }acc jl zl{voh{ajcl

eoz qo|z o}h {|vvcq oe vzl{kzavpaoh `z|m{ dh` dhq opblz{vlkaeak glàkdc {|vvcal{ qo| zlt|azl# d{ pbl Vldkl Kozv{ }acc

hop oz`lz pbl{l aplg{ `|zahm pzdahahm( Qo| g|{p jzahm d pbzll'

gohpb {|vvcq oe dhq vzl{kzavpaoh `z|m{ qo| |{l# {ahkl pblq

gdq hop jl dudacdjcl ah Dzglhad dh` ap gdq pdil gohpb{ eoz

{bavglhp{ po dzzaul(

Qo| }acc bdul vbq{akdc{ dp pbl ga`'{lzuakl kohelzlhkl dh`

dp pbl lh` oe qo|z {lzuakl( Ae qo| `lulcov d {lzao|{ glàkdc

vzojclg `|zahm qo|z {lzuakl# pbl glàkdc oeeaklz ah Dzglhad

}acc koh{|cp }apb pbl Oeeakl oe Glàkdc [lzuakl{ ah ]d{bahmpoh#

@(K( Ae ap a{ `lplzgahl` pbdp qo|z kohàpaoh kdhhop jl pzldpl`

ah Dzglhad# qo| gdq jl {lhp o|p oe pbl ko|hpzq eoz e|zpblz

ludc|dpaoh dh` kdzl(

Gdahpdahahm Qo|z Bldcpb

D{ d Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz# qo| g|{p dkklvp koh{a`lzdjcl

zl{voh{ajacapq eoz qo|z o}h bldcpb( Vzovlz vzlkd|paoh{ }acc

{amhaeakdhpcq zl`|kl qo|z za{i oe kohpzdkpahm d {lzao|{ acchl{{

oz {|{pdahahm d {lzao|{ ahn|zq( Pbl oc` d`dml# Dh o|hkl oe

vzlulhp aoh lt|dc{ d vo|h` oe k|zl# jlkogl{ lrp zlglcq

agvozpdhp ah dzld{ }blzl àdmho{pak dh` p zldpglhp edkacapal{

dzl hop |v po pbl {pdh`dz`{ oe pbl \hapl` [pdpl{( Pbl go{p

agvozpdhp oe qo|z zl{voh{ajacapal{ ah Dzglhad a{ po pdil pbl

eocco}ahm vzlulhpaul gld{|zl{>

Gdhq acchl{{l{ pbdp deecakp Uoc|hpllz{ }ozc`}a`l dzl lhpazlcq

vzlulhpdjcl ae vzovlz eoo` dh` }dplz vzlkd|paoh{ dzl pdilh(

Qo|z glàkdc oeeaklz }acc à{k|{{ {vlkaeak {pdh`dz`{ eoz }dplzdh` eoo` vzlvdzdpaoh ah Dzglhad `|zahm vzl'{lzuakl p zdahahm(

Dj{pahlhkl a{ pbl ohcq klzpdah kboakl eoz vzlulhpahm ahelkpaoh

}apb BAU dh` opblz [P@{( Qo| dzl pdiahm za{i{ ae qo| kboo{l

VLDKL KOZV[0:


45/95


po jl {lr|dccq dkpaul( Po cl{{lh za{i# |{l d kohòg lulzq pagl

qo| bdul {lr( ]blpblz qo|z vdzphlz a{ d bo{p ko|hpzq kapa~lh#

d elcco} Uoc|hpllz# oz dhqohl lc{l# ò hop d{{|gl pba{ vlz{oha{ ezll oe BAU/DA@[ oz opblz [P@{( Qo| }acc zlklaul gozl

aheozgdpaoh ezog pbl glàkdc oeeaklz djo|p pba{

agvozpdhp a{{|l(

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl lrvlkpl` po d`blzl po dh leelkpaul gldh{

oe jazpb kohpzoc po vzlulhp dh |hvcdhhl` vzlmhdhkq( Qo|z

glàkdc oeeaklz kdh blcv qo| `lka`l oh pbl go{p dvvzovzadpl

glpbo` po {|ap qo|z ahàua`|dc hll`{( Kohpzdklvp aul glpbo`{

dzl dudacdjcl }apbo|p kbdzml ezog pbl glàkdc oeeaklz(

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl zlt|azl` po }ldz d vzoplkpaul blcglp }blh

zaàhm d jakqkcl dh` po }ldz d {ldp jlcp }blh zaàhm ah Vldkl

Kozv{ ulbakcl{( Edac|zl po kogvcq }apb pb a{ zlm|cdpaoh }acc

zl{|cp ah agglàdpl d`gaha{pzdpaul {lvdzdpaoh ezog pbl Vldkl

Kozv{( Pba{ gldh{ qo| }acc jl {lhp bogl9 pblzl a{ ho dvvldc(

Ap a{ kzapakdc po qo|z bldcpb pbdp qo| vzogvpcq zlvozp po pbl

glàkdc oeeakl oz opblz `l{amhdpl` edkacapq eoz {kbl`|cl`

agg|ha~dpaoh{# dh` pbdp qo| clp pbl glàkdc oeeaklz iho}

agglàdplcq oe {amhaeakdhp acchl{{l{ dh` ahn|zal{( Ah d`àpaoh#

qo| dzl lrvlkpl` po kogvcq }apb dhq pblzdval{ zlkogglh`l`

jq pbl glàkdc oeeakl oz zlelzzdc edkacapq(

]oglh{ Bldcpb Aheozgdpaoh

Vzlmhdhkq a{ pzldpl` ah pbl {dgl gdhhlz d{ opblz Uoc|hpllz

bldcpb kohàpaoh{ pbdp zlt|azl glàkdc dpplhpaoh j|p dc{o bdul

vzomzdggdpak zdgaeakdpaoh{( Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ a{ zl{voh{ajcl

eoz `lplzgahahm pbl glàkdc za{i dh` pbl dudacdjacapq oe

dvvzovzadpl glàkdc kdzl ae pbl Uoc|hpllz zlgdah{ ah'ko|hp zq(

Maulh pbl kazk|g{pdhkl{ |h`lz }bakb Uoc|hpllz{ caul dh`

}ozi ah Vldkl Kozv{ ko|hpzal{# ap a{ zdzl pbdp pbl Vldkl Kozv{

glàkdc dh` vzomzdggdpak {pdh`dz`{ eoz kohpah|l` {lzuakl

`|zahm vzlmhdhkq kdh jl glp(

0;


46/95

VLDKL KOZV[

Pdgvoh{ dzl vzoua`l` jq pbl Vldkl Kozv{ glàkdc oeeaklz ah

Dzglhad( [dhapdzq hdviah{ dzl dudacdjcl eoz v|zkbd{l dp

cokdc gdzilp{(

Qo|z Vldkl Kozv{ Glàkdc Iap

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ glàkdc oeeaklz vzoua`l{ Uoc|hpllz{ }apb d

glàkdc iap pbdp kohpdah{ jd{ak aplg{ hlkl{{dzq po vzlulhp

dh` p zldp acchl{{l{ pbdp gdq okk|z `|zahm {lzuakl( Pbl glàkdc

oeeaklz }acc vzoua`l d`àpaohdc aplg{ }blh dvvzovzadpl eoz qo|zahàua`|dc {ap|dpaoh( Iap aplg{ dzl ahplh`l` eoz qo|z o}h |{l

dh` kdh jl vlzaoàkdccq zl{pokil` dp pbl glàkdc oeeakl(

Glàkdc Iap Kohplhp{

Dkl jdh`dml{

D`bl{aul pdvl

Dg lz akdh Zl` Kzo{{ Eaz{p Da` % [delpq Bdh `jooi

Dhpdka` pdjclp{ "P|g{!

Dhp ajaopak oahpglhp "Jdkapzdkah/Hlogqkah/Vocqgqkah J!

Dhpa{lvpak dhpagakzojadc {iah kcldhlz "Bajakclh{!

Jdh`'Da`{

J|pplzecq kco{|zl{

Kdcdgahl copaoh

Klvdkoc co~lhml{

Kohòg{

@lhpdc eco{{

@avblhbq`zdgahl BKC :< gm "Jlhd`zqc!

Ah{lkp zlvlcclhp {paki "K|pplz{!

Aoàhl pdjclp{ " eoz }dplz v|zaeakdpaoh!

Cav jdcg "Kbdv{paki!

Ozdc zlbq`zdpaoh {dcp{

Ozdc pblzgoglplz "Edbzlhblap!

V{l|òlvbl`zahl BKC ;6 gm "[|`del`!

Zojap|{{ah'@G co~lhml{ " eoz ko|mb!

[ka{{oz{

00


47/95

[plzacl md|~l vd`{

Plpzdbq`zo~dcahl lql`zov{ "Ua{ahl!

Pahdkpah "dhpae|hmdc kzldg!P}ll~lz{

Jleozl Qo| Cldul> D Glàkdc Kblkica{p

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ Oeeakl oe Glàkdc [lzuakl{ g|{p kogvclpl d

eahdc zlual} oe qo|z bldcpb zlkoz`{ vzaoz po qo|z vzl'`lvdzp|zl

ozalhpdpaoh "{pdmahm!( Ap a{ qo|z zl{voh{ajacapq po lh{|zl pbdpdcc glàkdc dh` `lhpdc }ozi dh` zlvozp{ bdul jllh kogvclpl`

vzaoz po {pdmahm( Qo| }acc hop jl dcco}l` po dpplh` |hcl{{ qo|

bdul eahdc glàkdc dh` `lhpdc kcldzdhkl(

Ae pblzl bd{ jllh dhq kbdhml ah qo|z bldcpbvbq{akdc# glhpdc#

oz `lhpdc{ahkl qo| {|jgappl` qo|z lrdgahdpaoh zlvozp{ po

pbl Vldkl Kozv{# qo| g|{p agglàdplcq hopaeq pbl Oeeakl oe

Glàkdc [lzuakl{( Edac|zl po à{kco{l hl} acchl{{l{# ahn|zal{#

dcclzmal{# oz vzlmhdhkq kdh lh`dhmlz qo|z bldcpb dh` gdq

nlovdzà~l qo|z lcamajacapq po {lzul(

Ae qo|z `lhpdc lrdg }d{ òhl gozl pbdh d qldz dmo# oz ae qo|z

vbq{akdc lrdg a{ gozl pbdh p}o qldz{ oc`# kohpdkp pbl Oeeakl

oe Glàkdc [lzuakl{ po eah` o|p }blpblz qo| hll` po |v`dpl

qo|z zlkoz`{( Ae qo|z `lhpa{p oz Vldkl Kozv{ `lhpdc koh{|cpdhpbd{ zlkogglh`l` pbdp qo| |h`lzmo lhpdc pzldpglhp oz

zlvdaz# qo| g|{p kogvclpl pbdp }ozi dh` gdil {|zl qo|z

`lhp a{p {lh`{ zlt|l{pl` koheazgdpaoh zlvozp{ oz R'zdq{ po pbl

Oeeakl oe Glàkdc [lzuakl{(

Ae qo| }a{b po duoa` bduahm `|vcakdpl udkkahdpaoh{# kohpdkp

qo|z vbq{akadh{ oeeakl# ojpdah d kovq oe qo|z agg|ha~dpaoh

zlkoz`# dh` jzahm ap po qo|z vzl'`lvdzp|zl ozalhpdpaoh( Ae qo|

bdul bd` dhq agg|ha~dpaoh{ vzaoz po Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl# pbl

Vldkl Kozv{ kdhhop zlagj|z{l qo| eoz pblaz ko{p( Pbl Vldkl

Kozv{ }acc vzoua l dcc pbl agg|ha~dpaoh{ hlkl{{dzq eoz qo|z

oulz{ld{ d{{amhglhp {bozpcq deplz qo| dzzaul ah Dzglhad(



48/95

Jzahm d pbzll'gohpb {|vvcq oe dhq vzl{kzavpaoh oz oulz'pbl'

ko|hplz glàkdpaoh qo| |{l oh d zlm|cdz jd{a{# ahkc|àhm

jazpb kohp zoc vacc{( Dcpbo|mb pbl Vldkl Kozv{ kdhhopzlagj|z{l qo| eoz pba{ pbzll'gohpb {|vvcq# ap }acc oz`lz

zleacc{ `|zahm qo|z {lzuakl( ]bacl d}dapahm {bavglhp}bakb

kdh pdil {lulzdc gohpb{qo| }acc jl `lvlh`lhp oh qo|z

o}h glàkdpaoh {|vvcq( Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ }acc hop vdq eoz

blzjdc oz hohvzl{kzajl` glàkdpaoh{# {|kb d{ [p( Nobh{ }ozp#

mc|ko{dgahl# {lclha|g# oz dhp aora`dhp {|vvclglhp{(

Qo| dzl lhko|zdml` po jzahm koval{ oe glàkdc vzl{kzavpaoh{

{amhl` jq qo|z vbq{akadh( Pba{ a{ hop d zlt|azlglhp# j|p pblq

gambp kogl ah bdh`q ae qo| dzl t|l{p aohl` ah p zdh{ap djo|p

kdzzqahm d pbzll'gohpb {|vvcq oe vzl{kzavpaoh `z|m{(

Ae qo| }ldz lqlmcd{{l{# jzahm p}o vdaz{ }apb qo|d vdaz dh`

d {vdzl( Ae d vdaz jzldi{# pbl Vldkl Kozv{ }acc zlvcdkl ap# |{ahm

pbl aheozgdpaoh qo|z òkpoz ah pbl \hapl` [pdpl{ vzoua`lòh pbl lqlmcd{{l{ eozg `|zahm qo|z lrdgahdpaoh( Pbl Vldkl

Kozv{ ` a{ko|zdml{ qo| ezog |{ahm kohpdkp clh{l{ `|zahm qo|z

{lzuakl jlkd|{l pbl hlkl{{dzq {oc|p aoh{ dzl hop dudacdjcl ah'

ko|hpzq dh` pbl Vldkl Kozv{ òl{ hop {|vvcq pblg(

Ae qo| dzl lcamajcl eoz Glàkdzl# dzl gozl pbdh


49/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD 0=

[delpq dh` [lk|zapqO|z Vdzphlz{bav

[lzuahm d{ d Uoc|hpllz oulz{ld{ lhpdac{ klzpdah {delpq

dh` {lk|zapq za{i{( Cauahm dh` pzdulcahm ah dh |hedgacadz

lhuazohglhp# d cagapl` |h`lz{pdhàhm oe pbl cokdc cdhm|dml

dh` k|cp|zl# dh` pbl vlzklvpaoh oe jlahm d }ldcpbq Dglzakdh

dzl {ogl oe pbl edkpoz{ pbdp kdh v|p d Uoc|hpllz dp za{i(

Vzovlzpq pblep{ dh` j|zmcdzal{ dzl hop |hkoggoh( Ahka`lhp{

oe vbq{akdc dh` {lr|dc d{{d|cp ò okk|z# dcpbo|mb dcgo{p dcc

Uoc|hpllz{ kogvclpl pblaz p}o qldz{ oe {lzuakl }apbo|p {lzao|{

vlz{ohdc {delpq vzojclg{( Ah d`àpaoh# gozl pbdh 20 vlzklhp

oe Uoc|hpllz{ {|zulql` ah pbl :660 Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz

[|zulq {dq pblq }o|c` noah pbl Vldkl Kozv{ dmdah(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ dvvzodkbl{ {delpq dh` {lk|zapq d{ d

vdzphlz{bav }apb qo|( Pba{ ]lckog l Jooikohpdah{ {lkpaoh{

oh> Cauahm Kohàpaoh{ dh` Uoc|hpllz Cael{pqcl9 Vldkl Kozv{

Pzdahahm9 dh` Qo|z Bldcpb Kdzl dh` [delpq( Dcc oe pbl{l{lkpaoh{ ahkc|`l agvozpdhp {delpq dh` {lk|zapq aheozgdpaoh(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ gdil{ lulzq leeozp po maul Uoc|hpllz{ pbl

pooc{ pblq hll` po e|hkpaoh ah pbl {del{p dh` go{p {lk|zl }dq

vo{{ajcl# jlkd|{l }oziahm po gdraga~l pbl {delpq dh` {lk|zapq

oe Uoc|hpllz{ a{ o|z bambl{p vzaozapq( Hop ohcq ò }l vzoua`l

qo| }apb pzdahahm dh` pooc{ po vzlvdzl eoz pbl |hlrvlkpl`# j|p

}l pldkb qo| po a`lhp aeq dh` gdhdml pbl za{i{ qo|

gdq lhko|hplz(

Edkpoz{ pbdp Kohpzaj|pl po Uoc|hpllz Za{i

Pblzl dzl {lulzdc edkpoz{ pbdp kdh blambplh d Uoc| h pllz{

za{i# g dh q oe }bakb dzl }apba h pbl Uoc| h pllz{ kohpzoc(

Jd{l` oh aheozgdpaoh mdpblzl` ezog ahka`lhp zlvozp{

}ozc`}a`l ah :660# pbl eocco}ahm edkpoz{ {pdh` o|p d{ za{i

kbdzdkplza{pak{ eoz d{{d|cp{( D{{d|cp{ koh{a{p oe vlz{ohdc

kzagl{ koggappl` dmdah{p Uoc|hpllz{# dh` ò hop ahkc|`l

vzovlzpq kzagl{ " {|kb d{ udh`dca{g oz pblep! (


50/95

VLDKL KOZV[

Cokdpaoh> Go{p kzagl{ okk|zzl` }blh Uoc|hpllz{

}lzl ah v|jcak dzld{ " l(m(# {pzllp # vdzi# jldkb# v|jcak

j|acàhm{! ( [vlkaeakdccq# 0; vlzklhp oe d{{d|cp{ pooi

vcdkl }blh Uoc|hpllz{ }lzl d}dq ezog pblaz {apl{(

Pagl oe `dq> D{{d|cp{ |{|dccq pooi vcdkl oh pbl

}llilh` `|zahm pbl lulhahm jlp}llh 66 v(g( dh`

:>66 d(g( }apb go{p d{{d|cp{ okk|zzahm dzo|h`

4>66 d(g(

Dj{lhkl oe opblz{> D{{d|cp{ |{|dccq okk|zzl` }blh pbl

Uoc|hpllz }d{ |hdkkogvdhal`( Ah 2: vlzklhp oe pbl

{lr|dc d{{d|cp{ pbl Uoc|hpllz }d{ |hdkkogvdhal` dh`

ah Ah go{p d{{d|cp{# pbl

Uoc|hpllz à` hop iho} pbl d{{dacdhp (

Koh{|gvp aoh oe dckoboc> Eozpq vlzklhp oe dcc d{{d|cp{

ahuocul` dckoboc koh{|gvp aoh jq Uoc|hpllz{

dh`/oz d{{dacdhp{(

[|ggdzq [pzdplmal{ po Zl`|kl Za{i

Jleozl dh` `|zahm {lzuakl# qo|z p zdahahm }acc d``zl{{ pbl{l

dzld{ oe kohklzh {o pbdp qo| kdh zl`|kl pbl za{i{ qo| edkl(

Eoz lrdgvcl# blzl dzl {ogl {pzdplmal{ Uoc|hpllz{ lgvcoq>

[pzdplmal{ po zl`|kl pbl za{i/agvdkp oe pblep>

Iho} pbl lhuazohglhp dh` kboo{l {del zo|pl{/pagl{

eoz p zdulc

Duoa` bamb'kzagl dzld{ vlz Vldkl Kozv{ m|a`dhkl

Iho} pbl uokdj|cdzq po mlp blcv ah dh lglzmlhkq

Kdzzq udc|djcl{ ah àeelzlhp vokilp{/vcdkl{

Kdzzq d `|ggq }dcclp d{ d `lkoq

[pzdplmal{ po zl`|kl p bl z a{i/agvdkp oe j|zmcdzq>

Caul }apb d cokdc edgacq oz oh d edgacq kogvo|h`

02


51/95


V|p {pzohm coki{ oh òoz{ dh` illv udc|djcl{ ah d coki

jor oz pz|hi

Cldul azzlvcdkldjcl ojnlkp{ dp bogl ah pbl \([( Eocco} Vldkl Kozv{ m|a`lcahl{ oh gdahpdahahm

bogl {lk|zapq

[pzdplmal{ po zl`|kl pbl za{i/agvdkp oe d{{d|cp>

Gdil cokdc ezalh`{

Gdil {|zl qo|z dvvldzdhkl a{ zl{vlkpe|c oe cokdc

k|{pog{9 òhp `zd} hlmdpaul dp plhp aoh po qo|z{lce jq}ldzahm ahdvvzovzadpl kcopbahm

Mlp po iho} cokdc oeeakadc{# vocakl# dh` hlambjoz{

Pzdulc }apb {oglohl }blhlulz vo{{ajcl

Duoa` iho}h bamb kzagl dzld{

Cagap dckoboc koh{|gvp aoh

[|vvozp ezog [pdee

Ah Gdzkb :66;# pbl Vldkl Kozv{ kzldpl` pbl Oeeakl oe

[delpq dh` [lk|zapq }apb ap{ ga{{aoh po eo{plz agvzoul`

kogg|hakdpaoh# koozàhdpaoh# oulz{ambp# dh` dkko|hpdjacapq

oe dcc Vldkl Kozv{ {delpq dh` {lk|zapq leeozp{( Pbl hl}

oeeakl a{ cl` jq dh D{{okadpl @azlkpoz eoz [delpq dh` [lk|zapq

}bo zlvozp{ po pbl Vldkl Kozv{ @azlkpoz dh` ahkc|`l{

pbl eocco}ahm àua{aoh{> Uoc|hpllz [delpq dh` Oulz{ld{

[lk|zapq9 Aheozgdpaoh dh` Vlz{ohhlc [lk|zapq9 Lglzmlhkq

Vzlvdzl`hl{{# Vcdh{# Pzdahahm dh` Lrlzka{l9 dh` Kzagl

[pdp a{pak{ dh` Dhdcq{a{(

Pbl gdnoz zl{voh{ajacapal{ oe pbl Uoc|hpllz [delpq dh`

Oulz{ld{ [lk|zapq @aua{aoh dzl po koozàhdpl pbl oeeakl{oulz{ld{ ovlzdpaoh{ dh` àzlkp pbl Vldkl Kozv{ {delpq dh`

{lk|zapq oeeaklz{ }bo dzl cokdpl` ah udzao|{ zlmaoh{ dzo|h`

pbl }ozc` pbdp bdul Vldkl Kozv{ vzomzdg{( Pbl {delpq dh`

01


52/95

{lk|zapq oeeaklz{ koh`|kp {lk|zapq d{{l{{glhp{9 zlual} {delpq

pzdahahm{9 pzdah pzdahlz{ dh` gdhdmlz{9 pzdah Uoc|hpllz {delpq

}dz`lh{# cokdc m|dz`{# dh` {pdee9 `lulcov {lk|zapq ahka`lhpzl{voh{l vzokl`|zl{9 dh` vzoua`l kza{a{ gdhdmlglhp {|vvozp(

Ae d pzdahll oz Uoc|hpllz a{ pbl uakpag oe d {delpq ahka`lhp#

Vldkl Kozv{ {p dee a{ vzlvdzl` po vzoua`l {|vvozp( Dcc Vldkl

Kozv{ vo{p{ bdul vzokl`|zl{ ah vcdkl po zl{voh` po ahka`lhp{

oe kzagl koggappl` dmdah{p Uoc|hpllz{( Pbl eaz{p vzaozapq eoz

dcc vo{p{ ah pbl deplzgdpb oe dh ahka`lhp a{ po lh{|zl pbdp pbl

Uoc|hpllz a{ {del dh` zlklauahm gl`akdc pzldpglhp d{ hll`l`(

Deplz d{{|zahm pbl {delpq oe pbl Uoc|hpllz# Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee

vzoua`l {|vvozp jq zld{{l{{ahm pbl Uoc|hpllz{ }ozi {apl

dh` bo|{ahm dzzdhmlglhp{ dh` gdiahm dhq d`n|{pglhp{#

d{ hll`l`( Ah {ogl kd{l{# pbl hdp|zl oe pbl ahka lhp gdq

hlkl{{apdpl d {apl oz bo|{ahm pzdh{elz( Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee }acc

dc{o d{{a{p Uoc|hpllz{ }apb vzl{lzuahm pblaz zambp{ po v|z{|l

clmdc {dhkpaoh{ dmdah{p pbl vlzvlpzdpoz{ oe pbl kzagl( Ap a{ ulzq

agvozpdhp pbdp Uoc|hpllz{ zlvozp ahka`lhp{ d{ pblq okk|z# hop

ohcq po vzoplkp pblaz vllz Uoc|hpllz{# j|p dc{o po vzl{lzul pbl

e|p|zl zambp po vzo{lk|pl( [bo|c` Uoc|hpllz{ `lka`l cdplz ah

pbl vzokl{{ pbdp pblq }dhp po vzokll` }apb pbl vzo{lk|paoh

oe pblaz d{{dacdhp# pba{ ovpaoh gdq ho cohmlz lra{p ae pbl

lua`lhkl oe pbl lulhp bd{ hop jllh vzl{lzul` dp pbl p agl oe

pbl ahka`lhp (

Pbl ko|hpzq'{vlkaeak `dpd kbdzp jlco} {bo}{ pbl ahka`lhkl

zdpl{ dh` pbl dulzdml h|gjlz oe ahka`lhp{ oe pbl gdnoz pqvl{

oe {delpq ahka`lhp{ zlvozpl` jq Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz{/

pzdahll{ ah Dzglhad d{ kogvdzl` po dcc opblz L|zovl#

Gl`aplzzdhldh# dh` D{ad "LGD! zlmaoh vzomzdg{ d{ d }bocl#

ezog :664:66

VLDKL KOZV[


53/95



54/95

VLDKL KOZV[


55/95



56/95

VLDKL KOZV[


57/95



58/95

VLDKL KOZV[


59/95



60/95


61/95

@AULZ[APQDH@KZO[['

K\CP\ZDC A[[\L[

Ah e|ceaccahm pbl Vldkl Kozv{ gdh`dpl po {bdzl pbl edkl oe

Dglzakd }apb o|z bo{p ko|hpz al{# }l dzl gdiahm {vlkadc

leeozp{ po {ll pbdp dcc oe Dglzakd{ zakbhl{{ a{ zleclkpl` ah

pbl Uoc|hpllz kozv{( Gozl Dglzakdh{ oe kocoz dzl {lzuahm

ah po`dq{ Vldkl Kozv{ pbdh dp dhq pagl ah zlklhp qldz{(@aeelzlhkl{ ah zdkl# lpbhak jdkimzo|h`# dml# zlcamaoh# dh`

{lr|dc ozalhpdpaoh dzl lrvlkpl` dh` }lckogl` dgohm o|z

Uoc|hpllz{( Vdzp oe pbl Vldkl Kozv{ ga{{aoh a{ po blcv à{vlc

dhq hopaoh pbdp Dglzakdh{ dzl dcc oe ohl ozamah oz zdkl dh`

po l{pdjca{b pbdp ldkb oe |{ a{ d{ pbozo|mbcq Dglzakdh d{ pbl

opblz `l{vapl o|z gdhq àeelzlhkl{(

O|z àulz{apq blcv{ |{ dkkogvca{b pbdp modc( Ah opblz }dq{#

bo}lulz# ap vo{l{ kbdcclhml{( Ah Dzglhad# d{ ah opblz

Vldkl Kozv{ bo{p ko|hpz al{# Uoc|hpllz{ jlbduaoz# cael{pqcl#

jdkimzo|h`# dh` jlcale{ dzl n|`ml` ah d k|cp|zdc kohplrp ulzq

àeelzlhp ezog pblaz o}h( Klzpdah vlz{ohdc vlz{vlkp aul{ oz

kbdzdkplza{pak{ koggohcq dkklvpl` ah pbl \hapl` [pdpl{ gdq

jl t|apl |hkoggoh# |hdkklvpdjcl# oz lulh zlvzl{{l`

ah Dzglhad(

O|p{a`l oe Dzglhad{ kdvapdc# zl{a`lhp{ oe z|zdc kogg|hapal{

bdul bd` zlcdpaulcq cappcl àzlkp lrvo{|zl po opblz k|cp|zl{#

zdkl{# zlcamaoh{# dh` cael{pqcl{( ]bdp vlovcl ual} d{ pqvakdc

Dglzakdh jlbduaoz oz hozg{ gdq jl d ga{kohklvpaoh# {|kb d{

pbl vlzklvpaoh ah {ogl ko|hpzal{ pbdp dcc Dglzakdh{ dzl zakb

dh` bdul jcoh` bdaz dh` jc|l lql{( Pbl vlovcl oe Dzglhaddzl n|{p cq iho}h eoz pblaz mlhlzo|{ bo{vapdcapq po eozlamhlz{9

bo}lulz# glgjlz{ oe pbl kogg|hapq ah }bakb qo| }acc caul

gdq à{vcdq d zdhml oe zldkpaoh{ po k|cp|zdc àeelzlhkl{ pbdp

qo| vzl{lhp(



62/95

Po ld{l pbl p zdh{apaoh dh` d`dvp po cael ah Dzglhad# qo| gdq

hll` po gdil {ogl plgvozdzq# qlp e|h`dglhpdc kogvzoga{l{

ah bo} qo| vzl{lhp qo|z{lce d{ dh Dglzakdh dh` d{ dhahàua`|dc( Eoz lrdgvcl# elgdcl pzdahll{ dh` Uoc|hpllz{ gdq

hop jl djcl po lrlzka{l pbl ah`lvlh`lhkl dudacdjcl po pblg

ah pbl \hapl` [pdpl{9 vocapakdc a{k|{{aoh{ hll` po jl bdh`cl`

}apb mzldp kdzl9 dh` {ogl oe qo|z vlz{ohdc jlcale{ gdq jl{p

zlgdah |hà{kco{l`( Qo| }acc hll` po `lulcov plkbhat|l{ dh`

vlz{ohdc {pzdplmal{ eoz kovahm }apb pbl{l dh` opblz cagapdp aoh{(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee }acc cld` àulz{apq dh` {lh{apauapqà{k|{{aoh{ `|zahm vzl'{lzuakl pzdahahm dh` }acc jl oh kdcc po

vzoua`l {|vvozp# j|p pbl kbdcclhml |cpagdplcq }acc jl

qo|z o}h(

Oulzual} oe @aulz{apq ah Dzglhad

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ {pdee ah Dzglhad zlkomha~l{ pbl d`n|{pglhpa{{|l{ pbdp kogl }apb àulz{apq dh` }acc lh`lduoz po

vzoua l {|vvozp dh` m|a`dhkl( @|zahm vzl'{lzuakl p zdahahm#

{lulzdc {l{{aoh{ }acc jl blc` po à{k|{{ àulz{apq dh` kovahm

glkbdha{g{( ]l cooi eoz}dz` po bduahm gdcl dh` elgdcl

Uoc|hpllz{ ezog d udzalpq oe zdkl{# lpbhak mzo|v{# dml{#

zlcamaoh{# dh` {lr|dc ozalhpdp aoh{# dh` bovl pbdp qo| }acc

jlkogl vdzp oe d àulz{l mzo|v oe Dglzakdh{ }bo pdil vza`lah {|vvozpahm ohl dhopblz dh` `lgoh{pzdpahm pbl zakbhl{{ oe

Dglzakdh k|cp|zl(

]bdp Gambp d Uoc|hpllz Edkl?

Vo{{ajcl A{{|l{ eoz Elgdcl Uoc|hpllz{

Dzglhad bd{ d pzdàpaohdc# vdpzadzkbdc k|cp|zl( Dgohm pbl

kbdcclhml{ oe cauahm dh` }oziahm ah Dzglhad a{ cldzhahm po

kovl leelkpaulcq dh` koh{pz|kpaulcq }apb pbl àeelzlhp {pdp|{

oe }oglh dh` glh dh` pbl àeelzlhp {pdh`dz`{ oe jlbduaoz po

}bakb pblq dzl blc`(

VLDKL KOZV[56


63/95

Elgdcl Uoc|hpllz{ gdq eah` pbdp jlahm d {ahmcl }ogdh cauahm

dcohl mol{ dmdah{p pbl k|cp|zdc hozg{ oe pblaz kogg|hapq(

Jl{a`l{ zlklauahm |h}dhpl` dh` ahdvvzovzadpl dpplhpaoh ezogDzglhadh glh# elgdcl Uoc|hpllz{ gdq dc{o bdul po }ozi

bdz`lz pbdh gdcl Uoc|hpllz{ po mdah pbl vzoel{{aohdc zl{vlkp

oe koccldm|l{ ah pbl }ozivcdkl( Ah d`àpaoh# elgdcl Uoc|hpllz{

gdq lrvlzalhkl zl{lhpglhp ezog bo{p ko|hpzq }oglh oulz

pblaz gdcl'cail vo{apaoh oe d|pbozapq ah pbl kogg|hapq(

Eahdccq# elgdcl Uoc|hpllz{ hll` po illv d co} {okadc vzoeacl

dh` vzdkpakl à{kzlpaoh ah v|jcak "l(m(# hop {goiahm ah v|jcakoz `zahiahm ah jdz{! po duoa` `lulcovahm dh |h`l{azdjcl

zlv|pdpaoh(

Vo{{ajcl A{{|l{ eoz Uoc|hpllz{ oe Kocoz

Uoc|hpllz{ oe kocoz gdq edkl kbdcclhml{ jopb ah{a`l dh`

o|p{a`l pbl Vldkl Kozv{ kogg|hapq( ]apbah pbl Uoc|hpllz

kozv{# qo| gdq jl pbl ohcq gahozapq pzdahll oz Uoc|hpllz ahd vdzp ak|cdz vzonlkp( Qo| gdq hop eah` gahozapq zocl go`lc{

dgohm pbl Vldkl Kozv{/Dzglhad {pdee dh` gdq hop zlklaul

hlkl{{dzq vlz{ohdc {|vvozp ezog opblz Uoc|hpllz{(

Ohkl qo| goul po qo|z {apl # qo| dzl cailcq po }ozi dh` caul

}apb ahàua`|dc{ }bo bdul ho lrvlzalhkl oz |h`lz{pdhàhm

oe d hoh'Kd|kd{adh'Dglzakdh k|cp|zl( Jlkd|{l oe amhozdhkl#

{plzlopqvl` k|cp|zdc vlzklvpaoh{# oz pbl ko|hpzq{ k|zzlhp oz

ba{pozakdc zlcdpaoh{ }apb opblz ko|hpzal{# qo| gdq lhko|hplz

udzqahm `lmzll{ oe bdzd{{glhp( Qo| gdq hop jl vlzklaul` d{

jlahm Hozpb Dglzakdh# oz qo| gdq jl ual}l` }apb {|{vakaoh#

oz qo| gdq jl ludc|dpl` d{ cl{{ vzoel{{aohdccq kogvlplhp pbdh

d }bapl Uoc|hpllz( Ah dhq kogg|hapq ah Dzglhad }blzl qo|

dzl hop iho}h# qo| hll` po jl vzlvdzl` eoz {pdzahm# voahpahm#

dh` kogglhp{( Eahdccq# qo| {bo|c` jl vzlvdzl` po bldz

`lzomdpozq plzg{ dh` zdkadc lvapblp{ pbdp }o|c` jl koh{a`lzl`

kogvclplcq ahdvvzovzadpl ah pbl \hapl` [pdpl{ po`dq(



64/95

Uoc|hpllz Kogglhp

Jl vzlvdzl` po lrvcdah }bo qo| dzl dh` }bq qo| cooid cappcl àeelzlhp ezog }bdp pblq iho} oe Dglzakdh{ ezog

PU dh` goual{( Dzglhadh{ }acc d{i dh` }oh`lz( @ohp

pdil oeelh{l dp ap( @ohp ellc qo| bdul po lrvcdah }bo qo|

dzl po lulzqohl }bo d{i{( Pzq po gdil ap dh l`|kdpaohdc

ovvozp|hapq eoz pbo{l }bo gdpplz po qo|(

Vo{{ajcl A{{|l{ eoz [lhaoz Uoc|hpllz{

Zl{vlkp kogl{ }apb dml ah Dzglhad( Qo|hmlz Uoc|hpllz{

gdq bdul po }ozi bdz`lz pbdh pblaz oc`lz koccldm|l{ po jl

dkklvpl` d{ vzoel{{aohdc{( Oc`lz Uoc|hpllz{ gdq ellc a{ocdpl`

}apbah pbl Vldkl Kozv{ kogg|hapq oulz{ld{ jlkd|{l pbl

gdnozapq oe Uoc|hpllz{ dzl ah pblaz :6{(

Pzdahahm gdq vzl{lhp ap{ o}h {vlkadc kbdcclhml{( Oc`lz

pzdahll{ gdq lhko|hplz ah{|eeakalhp dpplhpaoh po pblaz hll`{

eoz dh leelkp aul cldzhahm lhuazohglhp# ahkc|àhm pagahm#

vzl{lhpdpaoh oe gdplzadc{# kogeozp clulc# dh` bldcpb( Qo| gdq

hll` po jl d{{lzp aul ah `lulcovahm dh ahàua`|dc dvvzodkb po

cdhm|dml cldzhahm(

Vo{{ajcl A{{|l{ eoz Mdq# Cl{jadh# oz Ja{lr|dc Uoc|hpllz{

Mdq# cl{jadh# dh` ja{lr|dc Uoc|hpllz{ bdul po vzdkpakl

à{kzlpaoh( Dcpbo|mb bogo{lr|dc{ klzpdahcq lra{p ah Dzglhad#

bogo{lr|dcapq a{ acclmdc dh` gdq jl koh{a`lzl` aggozdc jq

{ogl vlovcl( Klzpdah {pqcl{ oe bdaz dh` `zl{{ "l(m(# ldzzahm{

oh glh! dh` gdhhlza{g{ koh{a`lzl` dkklvpdjcl ah pbl \hapl`

[pdpl{ gdq jl ual}l` }apb à{`dah oz {|{vakaoh jq Dzglhadh{(Qo|z jd{ak kauac cajlzpal{ gdq jl amhozl`# dh` qo| gdq jl

bd{{cl` ah jdz{ oz ah pbl {p zllp{(

VLDKL KOZV[5:


65/95

Qo| gdq {lzul eoz p}o qldz{ }apbo|p gllpahm dhopblz

bogo{lr|dc Uoc|hpllz oz Dzglhadh( Go{p Dzglhadh

bogo{lr|dc{ vzojdjcq bdul gamzdpl` po cdzmlz kapal{# }baclgdhq Vldkl Kozv{ Uoc|hpllz{ dzl vo{pl` ah z|zdc {apl{(

Zlcdpaoh{bav{ }apb bo{p ko|hpzq hdpaohdc{ kdh bdvvlh# j|p d{

}apb dcc kzo{{'k|cp|zdc zlcdpaoh{bav{# pblq dzl hop cailcq po jl

ld{q( Cl{jadh{ }acc bdul po `ldc }apb koh{pdhp t|l{paoh{ djo|p

joqezalh`{# gdzzadml# dh` {lr "d{ ò dcc }oglh!( ]ldzahm

dh lhmdmlglhp zahm gdq blcv( Mdq glh g|{p `ldc }apb

gdkba{go> pdci oe koht|l{p"{!# mazc }dpkbahm# àzpq noil{# lpk(

Pbl Vldkl Kozv{ a{ koggappl` po vzouaàhm {|vvozp eoz dcc

Uoc|hpllz{ zlmdz`cl{{ oe {lr|dc ozalhpdpaoh(

Vo{{ajcl Zlcamao|{ A{{|l{ eoz Uoc|hpllz{

Uoc|hpllz{ dzl ezlt|lhpcq d{il` djo|p pblaz zlcamao|{ deeacadpaoh

dh` gdq jl ahuapl` po dpplh` d kogg|hapq kb|zkb( Dcpbo|mb

Uoc|hpllz{ hop ah pbl vzdkpakl oe dpplhàhm kb|zkb gdq bdul

po lrvcdah pblaz zld{oh{ eoz hop dp plhàhm# ap a{ vo{{ajcl po

vocaplcq `lkcahl ae pbl kb|zkb oz zlcamao|{ vzdkpakl a{ hop ohl oe

pblaz kboakl( Go{p Uoc|hpllz{ eah` leelkp aul }dq{ po kovl }apb

pba{ kbdcclhml dh` kogl po ellc t|apl dp bogl ah Dzglhad(

Vo{{ajcl A{{|l{ eoz Uoc|hpllz{ ]apb @a{djacapal{

Ah Dzglhad# d{ ah opblz vdzp { oe pbl }ozc`# {ogl vlovcl gdq

boc` vzln|àkadc dppap|`l{ djo|p ahàua`|dc{ }apb à{djacapal{

dh` gdq à{kzagahdpl dmdah{p pblg( Pblzl a{ ulzq capp cl oe pbl

ahezd{pz|kp|zl po dkkoggo`dpl ahàua`|dc{ }apb à{djacapal{

pbdp bd{ jllh `lulcovl` ah pbl \hapl` [pdpl{(

Pbdp jlahm {da`# d{ vdzp oe pbl glàkdc kcldzdhkl vzokl{{#

pbl Vldkl Kozv{ Oeeakl oe Glàkdc [lzuakl{ `lplzgahl`

pbdp qo| }lzl vbq{akdccq dh` lgopaohdccq kdvdjcl# }apb oz

}apbo|p zld{ohdjcl dkkoggo`dpaoh{# po vlzeozg d e|cc po|z

oe Uoc|hpllz {lzuakl ah Dzglhad }apbo|p |hzld{ohdjcl za{i oe



66/95

VLDKL KOZV[50

bdzg po qo|z{lce oz ahplzz|vpaoh oe qo|z {lzuakl( Vldkl Kozv{/

Dzglhad {pdee }acc }ozi }apb `a{djcl` Uoc|hpllz{ po gdil

zld{ohdjcl dkkoggo`dpaoh{ ah pzdahahm# bo|{ahm# noj {apl{# dh`opblz dzld{ po lhdjcl pblg po {lzul {delcq dh` leelkpaulcq(


67/95


]blzl a{ ap? ]bdp a{ ap cail? ]acc A cail ap pblzl? Dzglhad a{

}oh`lze|c( A ihl} capp cl djo|p ap jleozl A dzzaul`# j|p A kdhp

agdmahl jlahm dhq}blzl lc{l zambp ho}( A zldccq cail gqpo}h dh` ellc kogeozpdjcl blzl( Qo| }acc# poo# j|p ap }acc pdil

vdpalhkl# eclrajacapq# dh ovlh gah`# d {lh{l oe b|goz# dh`

dh ahplzl{p ah jlkogahm vdzp oe qo|z kogg|hapq( Ap òl{hp

bdvvlh ld{acq dh` ap òl{hp bdvvlh zambp d}dq( Ah pagl# qo|

}acc cd|mb }blh qo| pbahi jdki po pbahm{ pbdp }ozzq qo| ho}(

Qo| gambp jl {|zvza{l` jq bo} ld{q {ogl pbahm{ dzl po d`dvp

po# dh` opblz pbahm{ qo| hlulz pbo|mbp djo|p }acc koh{pdhpcq

ez|{pzdpl qo|( Ap{ dcc vdzp oe jlahm d Uoc|hpllz# j|p pblzl dzl

gdhq opblz vlovcl blzlUoc|hpllz{# {pdee# dh` pbl vlovcl ah

qo|z kogg|hapq}bo }acc blcv qo|(

@ohp }ozzq djo|p }bdp po vdki( Pbl jl{p dùakl A bldz`

}d{# qo|zl gouahm po dhopblz ko|hpzq# hop dhopblz vcdhlp(

Go{p pbahm{ qo| hll` kdh jl jo|mbp blzl( Jzahm d el} jd{ak

kcopbl{ eoz {|gglz dh` }ahplz( Go{p kcopbahm kdh jl jo|mbp

blzl oz {bavvl` ezog bogl cdplz( Qo| }acc `leahaplcq }dhp pojzahm cohm |h`lz}ldz dh` qo| }acc hll` d }ahplz kodp( Qo| kdh

mlp d kodp blzl# j|p A }d{ bdvvq pbdp A jzo|mbp ohl dcohm9 ap

mop koc` ldzcalz pbdh A lrvlkpl`(

Pdil dùdhpdml oe pzdahahm po eok|{ oh cldzhahm pbl

cdhm|dml( Ap{ d capp cl {kdzq dp eaz{p # j|p pbl p ldkblz{ dzl mzldp #

dh` qo|cc jl cauahm }apb Dzglhadh edgacal{ {o qo|cc bdul

vclhpq oe ovvozp|hapal{ po cldzh dh` |{l Dzglhadh( @ohp jl

dezda` po |{l pbl cdhm|dml zambp d}dq( Oe ko|z{l qo|cc gdilga{pdil{( A bdul jllh blzl d qldz dh` A {p acc gdil ga{pdil{

lulzq `dq$ Qo| }acc eah` pbl vlovcl blzl dzl ahkzlàjcq vdpalhp #

dh` dzl agvzl{{l` jq bo} g|kb qo| iho}lulh ezog pbl

eaz{p el} }lli{ oe pzdahahm(

VLDKL KOZV[=0


77/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD = @ohp lrvlkp dhqpbahm$ Kogl }apb cod`{

oe vdpalhkl# ovpaga{g# dh` dh ovlh gah`( Pbahm{ }ohp

dc}dq{ mo qo|z }dq# dh` ap{ jlpp lz po dkklvp pba{ ldzcq dh`

dkp dkkoz`ahmcq zdpblz pbdh eambp ap( Pbdp jlahm {da`# qo|cc


78/95

VLDKL KOZV[=5

jl cauahm }apb p}o àeelzlhp bo{p edgacal{ eoz qo|z eaz{p hahl

gohpb{djo|p pbzll gohpb{ ah pzdahahm# {ar gohpb{ }blh

qo| goul po {apl( Dcpbo|mb pblq {dq Vldkl Kozv{ a{ d :0/= noj

pbdp }acc kbdcclhml dh` zl}dz` qo| dh` maul qo| dh lgopaohdc

zocclz'kod{plz za`l# cauahm }apb dh Dzglhadh edgacq }acc lulh

e|zpblz jzldi qo| ah# kbdhml qo|# maul qo| ah{ambp po pbl

Dzglhadh gah`# maul qo| mzldp ezalh`{bav{# dh` okkd{aohdccq

`zaul qo| kzd~q(

Qo|cc t|akicq mlp |{l` po pbl cauahm kohàpaoh{ "}dplz oh

ohkl d `dq# j|kilp jdpb{# d cohm }ahplz! ( \h`lz{pdhàhm pbl

cdhm|dml dh` k|cp|zl pdil{ cohmlz dh` gozl vdpalhkl# j|plulhp|dccq qo|cc mlp pbo{l# poo( Qo|cc mlp {pdzl` dp # kdccl` dp #

l{vlkadccq ae qo|zl d gahozapq# j|p }l Uoc|hpllz{ dzl kco{l dh`

blzl eoz {|vvozp ( Joh uoqdml dh` }lckogl$

Dcca{oh Qo|hm

Qo| dzl djo|p po dzzaul ah d ko|hpzq }apb d zakb ba{pozq dh`

k|cp|zl( Qo| }acc jl }dzgcq }lckogl` jq {gacl{ dh` b|m{

ezog pbo{l }apb }bog qo| }acc caul dh` }ozi( Ap{ d kbdcclhml

po `lka`l }bdp po jzahm }apb qo| eoz pbl p}o'qldz pzav( A bovl

pbdp d{ qo| vzlvdzl eoz qo|z hl} dùlhp|zl# ah pbl ga`{p oe

qo|z j|{q vdkiahm# qo|cc koh{a`lz {ogl glhpdc vdkiahm

d{ }lcc( ]bdp kdh qo| glhpdccq vzlvdzl eoz dh` }bakb

glhpdc pooc{ kdh qo| jzahm }apb qo| po lh{|zl d bldcpbq

dh` vzo`|kpaul Uoc|hpllz {lzuakl? Koh{a`lz pbl{l p}o ulzqagvozpdhp pbahm{> d`dvpdjacapq dh` dkpaua{g(

Agglz{aoh ahpo d hl} k|cp|zl a{ {ag|cpdhlo|{cq lrkapahm

dh` oulz}blcgahm( Kogl `l{azahm po pd{pl dh` vzlvdzl hl}

eoo`{# }d{b cd|h`zq jq bdh`# }dci d el} gacl{ po }ozi#

}ldz pbl {dgl o|peap d el} `dq{ ah d zo}# dh` cldzh po `dhkl

pzdàpaohdc Dzglhadh {pqcl( Glhpdccq vzlvdzl qo|z{lce eoz hl}

dh` |hdhpakavdpl` lrvlzalhkl{ dh` po pdil pblg }apb {p za`l

dh` d {lh{l oe dùlhp|zl( Jl }accahm po d`dvp qo|z bdjap{dh` mo djo|p `dacq cael pbl Dzglhadh }dq( ]blh qo|z kcd{{ a{

|hlrvlkpl`cq kdhklccl` jlkd|{l kbac`zlh bdul po kbov }oo`

eoz pbl }ahplz# eah` dh drl dh` mo dcohm( Ae pbl }dplz{ o|p eoz

d el} `dq{ dh` qo| òhp mlp po pdil d {bo}lz# v|p oh gozl


79/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD ==

`loòzdhp dh` d ezl{b {bazp( ]blh qo|zl cdpl jlkd|{l pbl j|{

oz udh jzoil ò}h# zlcdr# qo|cc mlp pblzl {ooh lho|mb(

Jl }accahm po d`dvp po d hl} vdkl oe }oziahm dh`

zlcdpaoh{bav j|ac ahm( Qo| gdq ua{ap d ko'}ozilz eoz d gllpahm

po à{k|{{ d vzonlkp# dh` lh` |v bduahm koeell dh` `l{{lzp

}apbo|p dhq glhpaoh oe pbl vzonlkp( Lhnoq pbl koeell dh` pbl

kogvdhq d{ d jlmahhahm po d zlcdpaoh{bav pbdp }acc `lulcov

ahpo d vdzphlz{bav( Ae qo| lgjzdkl hl} lrvlzalhkl{ d{ e|h

ovvozp|hapal{ dh` hop ual} pblg d{ {pzdhml oz |hkogeozpdjcl#

qo|cc eah` qo|z pagl blzl g|kb gozl e|ceaccahm(

Qo|z Uoc|hpllz lrvlzalhkl }acc maul qo| pbl ovvozp|hapqpo dkkogvca{b d }ldcpb oe vzonlkp{# gdil dh dj|h`dhkl oe

ezalh`{bav{ dh` lhko|hplz d {kozl oe hl} lrvlzalhkl{( Kogl

`lplzgahl` po mlp pbl jl{p o|p oe qo|z p agl po gdil pbl

jl{p vo{{ajcl agvdkp( Duoa` vzl'`lvdzp|zl vzonlkp vcdhhahm#

j|p ezllcq `zldg djo|p pbl vo{{ajacapal{ dh` kogl zld`q po

vlzeozg( Jl `lplzgahl` pbdp ae pagl{ mlp àeeak|cp dp }ozi oz ap

{llg{ pblzl{ capp cl po ò# qo|cc illv {lliahm ovvozp|hapal{(

Dzzaul }accahm po }ozi o|p {a`l qo|z {vlkaeak d{{amhglhp # hop

hlmclkpahm ap# j|p zld`q po jzdhkb ahpo opblz dzld{ }blzl pblzl

dzl kogg|hapq hll`{( Ae qo|zl d bldcpb Uoc|hpllz ahuapl`

po d cokdc ozvbdhdml po zld` {pozal{# koh{a`lz ap( Ae qo|zl d

j|{ahl{{ Uoc|hpllz d{il` jq d {kbooc po vzl{lhp po pldkblz{

djo|p àeelzlhkl{ jlp}llh Dzglhadh dh` Dglzakdh {kbooc{#

pzq ap( Eah` ovvozp|hapal{ ah qo|z kogg|hapq po jl dkp aul

o|p{a`l qo|z }ozivcdkl d{ }lcc( Vcdq }apb pbl cokdc {okklzpldg# pdil d jdiahm kcd{{# oz {pdzp d goual oz jooi kc|j eoz

qo|z kogg|hapq(

[o# mlp j|{q vdkiahm# j|p òhp eozmlp pbdp {ogl oe pbl go{p

udc|djcl pb ahm{ qo|cc hll` }ohp eap ahpo qo|z {|apkd{l(

Plzd [vzdm|l

]lckogl po pbl Vo{b Kozv{$ Gdhq oe |{ kdcc ap pbdpjlkd|{l lulzqpbahm qo| ko|c` }dhp po caul kogeozpdjcq a{

dudacdjcl blzl# {vlkaeakdccq# ah Qlzludh( Go{p Uoc|hpllz{ bdul

dkkl{{ po }dplz dp cld{p d el} bo|z{ d `dq9 lclkpzakapq :0/= eoz

go{p9 Ahplzhlp {lzuakl }apbah d zld{ohdjcl à{pdhkl ezog {apl9

dh` gdhq VKU{ bdul hdp|zdc md{ eoz kooiahm dh` bldpahm(


80/95

VLDKL KOZV[=2

Cail A à`# qo| gdq bdul po v|cc o|p d gdv po eam|zl o|p

}blzl ah pbl }ozc` pba{ a{( [ogl ezalh`{ gdq jl plccahm qo|

po Bdul d mzldp pagl ah Dcjdhad# oz Dcmlzad# oz# ]blzl a{ ap?

Zogdhad? Deplz qo|ul caul` blzl d }bacl# qo|cc {ll bo} zakb

Dzglhad{ k|cp|zl dh` ba{pozq dzl dh` qo|cc jlmah po zldca~l

}bo pbl{l Dzglhadh vlovcl dzl dh` bovle|ccq {ll }l dzl

gozl {agacdz pbdh àeelzlhp( ]l dcc coul o|z edgacal{# lhnoq

ldpahm JJT{ dh` moahm po vdzpal{# dh` }l dcc bovl eoz pbl jl{p

eoz pbl e|p|zl(

Vldkl Kozv{ {lzuakl oeelz{ d gqzad` oe lrvlzalhkl{ pbdp

`lvlh` oh qo|z }accahmhl{{ po ovlh qo|z bldzp dh` gah`(Dzglhadh{ dzl bo{vapdjcl dh` mlhlzo|{# dhrao|{ po jl qo|z

ezalh`{( A eah` pbdp pbl vlovcl }bo bdul pbl cld{p dzl pbl

vlovcl }bo maul pbl go{p(

Dzglhadh{ coul po {bdzl vbopo{# {o jzahm vclhpq po {bo}

pblg qo|z edgacq# ezalh`{# bogl# kapq# {kbooc# lpk( Gdv{ dzl

|{le|c9 A eo|h` el} blzl zldca~l pbl dkp|dc {a~l oe pbl \([(

Vlovcl d{i gl bo} edz ap a{ ezog gq bogl ah [dh @almo po

@(K( ]blh A d{i ah zlp|zh# jq vcdhl oz kdz? A {ll {ogl

{|zvza{l` edkl{(

D udzalpq oe kcopbl{ eoz {ld{oh{ pbdp zdhml ezog zldccq bop

po zldccq koc` a{ d g|{p( A jzo|mbp {ogl oe ldkb }apb gl dh`

bd` pbl zl{p {lhp po gl( Pbl `dzilz pbl kcopbl{ pbl jlpplz# {o

àzp òl{hp {bo}( Dzglhadh{ pdil vza`l ah bo} pblq cooi {o

gdil {|zl po jzahm dp cld{p ohl hakl o|peap eoz kohelzlhkl{#

gllp ahm{# lpk( [p|z`q {bol{ dzl d g|{p eoz lulzq okkd{aoh>j|{ahl{{ gllpahm ah `zl{{ {bol{# }dciahm oh {ho} dh` akl ah

}ahplz joop{# baiahm oh g|``q pzdac{ ah joop{# oz kz|a{ahm kapq

{pzllp{ ah {|gglz {dh`dc{(

Opblz zlkogglh`dpaoh{> d {cllvahm jdm eoz kzd{bahm }apb

opblz VKU{# {aki eoo` "{dcpahl kzdkilz{ oz Zdglh hoo`cl{!

eoz qo|z eaz{p p|ggq dkbl# d no|zhdc po zlkoz` zlulcdpaoh{# d

}dpkb po pzdki bo} cdpl pbl j|{ a{# zlkbdzmldjcl jdpplzal{#

ecd{bcambp/bld`cdgv po eah` qo|z }dq po pbl o|pbo|{l ah pblga``cl oe pbl hambp# bojjq aplg{ "m|apdz# ihappahm# jooi{#

mdgl{! po illv qo|z {dhapq `|zahm pbl cohm }ahplz gohpb{#

K@{ po ahpzo`|kl po opblz VKU{(


81/95

D ]LCKOGL JOOI DZGLHAD =1

Go{p agvozpdhp cq# jzahm vdpalhkl dh` |h`lz{pdh`ahm( Qo| dzl

djo|p po lgjdzi oh d no|zhlq pbdp }acc lhzakb qo|z cael ah }dq{

qo| }ohp pb ahi vo{{ajcl( Pba{ ko|hpzq }acc kbdcclhml qo|z

vzlkohklvpaoh{# pl{p qo|z d`dvpdjacapq# dh`# go{p oe dcc# ap }acc

eah` d hakbl ah qo|z bldzp( Vldkl# Coul dh` Vzomzl{{#

Cl{cal Jcdhkbdz`


82/95


83/95

VDKIAHMCA[P

Pba{ ca{p bd{ jllh kogvacl` jq Uoc|hpllz{

dh` a{ jd{l` oh pblaz lrvlzalhkl( \{l ap d{ dh aheozgdc m|a`l

ah gdiahm qo|z o}h ca{p# jldzahm ah gah` pbdp lrvlzalhkl a{

ahàua |dc( Pblzl a{ ho vlzelkp ca{p $ Qo| ojuao|{cq kdhhop jzahm

lulzqpbahm }l glhpaoh# {o koh{a`lz pbo{l aplg{ pbdp gdil

pbl go{p {lh{l po qo| vlz{ohdccq dh` vzoel{{aohdccq( Qo| kdh

dc}dq{ bdul pbahm{ {lhp po qo| cdplz( D{ qo| `lka`l }bdp pojzahm# illv ah gah` pbdp qo| bdul d 466'vo|h` }lambp cagap oh

jdmmdml( Dh` zlglgjlz# qo| kdh mlp dcgo{p lulzqpbahm qo|

hll` ah Dzglhad(

]blh kboo{ahm c|mmdml# zlglgjlz pbdp qo| }acc jl bd|cahm ap

ah dh` o|p oe pdra{ dh` udh{ dh` {oglp agl{ c|mmahm ap dzo|h`

oh eoop( Pbl go{p agvozpdhp t|dcapal{ dzl pbdp ap jl `|zdjcl#cambp}lambp# dh` ld{q po kdzzq(

Mlhlzdc Kcopbahm

Dcpbo|mb qo| kdh j|q kcopbahm ah Dzglhad# g|kb oe ap a{

{qhpblpak dh` ap gdq hop gllp qo|z pd{p l{( Udzalpq ah kcopbahm

a{ hop d{ agvozpdhp d{ bo} ap cooi{( Jzahm {p|z`q kcopbl{pbdp }acc cd{p d cohm pagl( Qo| kdh bdul {ogl kcopbl{ gd`l

cokdccq# {o ap a{ d moo` a`ld po jzahm vdpplzh{ oz vakp|zl{ oe

kcopbl{ qo| cail( Jl {|zl po vdki d moo` {|vvcq oe |h`lz}ldz9

vocqvzovqclhl# }ooc# dh` koppoh {oki{ dh` mcoul cahlz{9 dh`

cohm |h`lz}ldz oe àeelzlhp }lambp{ "l(m(# }ooc dh` {aci!(

Eoz ]oglh

@zl{{q dh` kd{|dc kcopbahm eoz }ahplz dh` {|gglz>

{iazp{# `zl{{l{# jco|{l{# ihap pov{# {cdki{# dh` nldh{#

ahkc|àhm ohl eozgdc o|peap " {iazp{ dh` `zl{{l{ {bo|c`

edcc jlco} pbl ihll!



84/95

Dp cld{p p}o vdaz{ oe ecdp {bol{# dcohm }apb `zl{{q

{dh`dc{# plhha{ {bol{# }ahplz joop{# dh` baiahm joop{ ae

`l{azl` "t|dcapq a{ agvozpdhp!

Nl}lczq dh` gdil|v "}oglh ah Qlzludh }ldz jopb# j|p

pblq dzl hop hlkl{{dzq!

[cav{

Clmmahm{

[bozp{# eoz }ldzahm dp bogl oz }bacl nommahm ldzcq ah

pbl gozhahm "Dzglhadh }oglh ò hop }ldz {bozp{

ah v|jcak! ]dzg kodp# bdp{# dh` {kdzul{

Eoz Glh

Dh d{{ozpglhp oe }ahplz dh` {|gglz kcopbahm#

ahkc|àhm koccdzl` {bazp{ eoz }ozi dh` dp cld{p ohl

`zl{{q o|peap " {vozp kodp# p al# `zl{{ {bazp# dh` {cdki{!9

Uoc|hpllz{ {|mml{p `dzi kocoz{ jlkd|{l pblq cooi kcldh

cohmlz pbdh cambp kocoz{

[bol{ eoz }ozi# plhha{ {bol{# }ahplz joop{# {dh`dc{ eoz

{|gglzpagl# dh` baiahm joop{ ae l{azl` "t|dcapq

a{ agvozpdhp!

]dzg kodp dh` }ooc bdp { dh` }ooc oz {ia'pqvl mcoul{

[bozp{# eoz }ldzahm dp bogl oz {vozp{ "Dzglhadh glh

ò hop |{|dccq }ldz {bozp{ |hcl{{ vcdqahm {vozp{!

Iapkblh

Moo` kdh ovlhlz

[vakl{ "qo|z eduozapl{ gdq jl àeeak|cp po cokdpl#

l{vlkadccq ah }ahplz!

Kooiahm {|vvcal{ "gdhq aplg{ kdh jl eo|h` cokdccq!

Jd{ak kooijooi

Vcd{pak {pozdml jdm{

Gld{|zahm k|v{ dh` {vooh{

VLDKL KOZV[2:


85/95

Vlz{ohdc Bqmalhl dh` Poaclpzq Aplg{

Eduozapl oulz'pbl'ko|hplz gl`akdc {|vvcal{ " aplg{

vzoua`l` jq pbl Vldkl Kozv{ plh` po jl mlhlzak jzdh`{! D pbzll'gohpb {|vvcq oe dhq vzl{kzavpaoh `z|m{ qo|

pdil "po maul pbl Vldkl Kozv{ dgvcl pagl po

oz`lz pblg!

P}o vdaz{ oe lqlmcd{{l{# ae qo| }ldz pblg

"zlvcdklglhp{ kdh pdil {lulzdc gohpb{ po dzzaul!

Kohpdkp clh{ {|vvcal{ "hop dudacdjcl cokdccq dh` hop

{|vvcal` jq pbl Vldkl Kozv{! Po}lc{# dj{ozjlhp dh` oe moo` t|dcapq

Bdaz'kocozahm vzo`|kp{# ae qo| vzlelz d klzpdah jzdh`

Ga{klccdhlo|{

]dpkb "`|zdjcl# }dplz'zl{a{pdhp # dh` ahlrvlh{aul! 9

jdpplzal{ kdh jl v|zkbd{l` ah Dzglhad Pzdulc dcdzg kcoki "jdpplzq ovlzdpl` a{ jl{p!

[|hmcd{{l{# eoz `|{pq zod` pzdulc dh` eoz }ahplz dh`

{|gglz mcdzl

[p|z`q }ozi mcoul{# l{vlkadccq ae qo| cail po mdz`lh

Vohkbo dh` eoc`ahm |gjzlccd

Edhhq vdki

[gdcc `dqvdki }apbo|p d ezdgl " eoz {bovvahm dh`

kdzzqahm jooi{ oz }ozi gdplzadc{!

Kdglzd " eacg dh` vzokl{{ahm dzl dudacdjcl cokdccq!

Uocpdml pzdh{eozglz{ dh` {|zml vzoplkpoz{ " ae qo| jzahm

446'uocp dvvcadhkl{!

Udzadjcl uocpdml d`dvplz# }bakb {}apkbl{ pbl k|zzlhp

ezog DK po @K dh` kdh zl`|kl pbl hll` eoz jdpplzq

zlvcdklglhp{ "dc{o dudacdjcl ah Qlzludh

lclkpzohak{ {pozl{!

Ecd{bcambp{ "dudacdjcl ah Dzglhad# j|p kboakl{

dzl cagapl`!



86/95

VLDKL KOZV[20

Jdpplz al{ " zlkbdzmldjcl ohl{ dzl jl{p!

K@ oz pdvl vcdqlz/zlkoz`lz dh` {bozp}dul zd`ao

Kd{{lppl pdvl{ oz K@{

Ohl oz p}o {lp{ oe o|jcl'{a~l ecdp {bllp{

"dudacdjcl cokdccq!

[gdcc pooc iap "dudacdjcl cokdccq!

[}a{{ Dzgq ihael oz Cldpblzgdh pooc

[l}ahm iap

Vakp|zl{ dh` ua`lokd{{lppl pdvl{ oe bogl " eoz qo|z{lce

dh` po {bdzl }apb ezalh`{ dh` {p|`lhp{!

\([( vo{pdml {pdgv{ " {o pbdp pzdulclz{ moahm bogl kdh

bdh`'kdzzq gdac eoz qo|!

\([( dh` }ozc` gdv{ }bakb gdil moo` pldkbahm da`{

dh` kdh {lzul d{ }dcc bdhmahm{

Ahlrvlh{aul maep{ " l(m(# poq{# ko{p|gl nl}lczq#

gdmd~ahl{# ilq kbdah{# iapkblh md`mlp{ {|kb d{vopdpo vllclz{!

Mdgl{ "l(m(# [kzdjjcl# kbl{{# Pzauadc V|z{|ap!

[vozp{ lt|avglhp "l(m(# Eza{jll# jd{ljdcc# uocclqjdcc!

@lplzmlhp eoz `lcakdpl edjzak{ "l(m(# ]oocapl! 9 `zq

kcldhahm a{ cagapl` ah Dzglhad

[cllvahm jdm zdpl` eoz gah|{ 46 po :6 `lmzll{

Edbzlhblap dh` d vd` "Uoc|hpllz{ dc{o {|mml{p dkogvdkpdjcl jdm dh` ecllkl cahlz!

]ozi'Zlcdpl` Gdplzadc{

Lhmca{b cdhm|dml pdvl{

@akpaohdzq dh` pbl{d|z|{

]oz` mdgl{ [ohmjooi{

Kdclh`dz{ }apb kocoze|c vakp|zl{

[ka{{oz{


87/95


266(0:0(2


90/95

Ah{|zdhkl

Gdil dzzdhmlglhp{ po gdahpdah cael ah{|zdhkl koulzdml(

Dzzdhml po gdahpdah {|vvclglhpdc bldcpb koulzdml}bacl qo| dzl d}dq( "Lulh pbo|mb pbl Vldkl Kozv{ a{

zl{voh{ajcl eoz qo|z bldcpb kdzl `|zahm Vldkl Kozv{

{lzuakl oulz{ld{# ap a{ dùa{djcl eoz vlovcl }bo bdul

vzllra{pahm kohàpaoh{ po dzzdhml eoz pbl kohpah|dpaoh

oe pblaz {|vvclglhpdc bldcpb koulzdml( Ae pblzl a{ d

cdv{l ah koulzdml# ap a{ oeplh àeeak|cp dh` lrvlh{aul po

jl zlah{pdpl`(!

Dzzdhml po kohpah|l Glàkdzl koulzdml ae dvvcakdjcl(

Vlz{ohdc Vdvlz{

Jzahm d kovq oe qo|z klzp aeakdpl oe gdzzadml oz àuozkl(

Uopahm Zlma{plz po uopl ah pbl {pdpl oe qo|z bogl oe zlkoz`(

"Gdhq {pdpl |haulz{apal{ koh{a`lz uopahm dh` vdqglhp

oe {pdpl pdrl{ d{ lua`lhkl oe zl{a`lhkl ah pbdp {pdpl(!

Ojpdah d uoplz zlma{pzdpaoh kdz` dh` pdil ap }apb qo|

oulz{ld{(

Dzzdhml po bdul dh dj{lhpll jdccop eoz}dz`l` po qo|

oulz{ld{(

Vlz{ohdc Leelkp{

V|zkbd{l vlz{ohdc vzovlzpq ah{|zdhkl po lrplh` ezog

pbl p agl qo| cldul qo|z bogl eoz {lzuakl oulz{ld{ |hp ac

pbl pagl qo| kogvclpl qo|z {lzuakl dh` zlp|zh po pbl

\hapl` [pdpl{(

VLDKL KOZV[22

peace corps armenia welcome book | october 2006

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