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THE CONCEPT OF ZERO

The concept of zero was created by the Babylonians and the Mayas but the Indians were the ones who invented the

symbol of the number zero because in their culture “to be” and “not to be” were set on the same level. The Arabs

diffused it in China and Europe.

“Zero” stands for nothing. In the western philosophy the concept of nothing opposed to the concept of infinity

continued to obsess thinkers and writers like a famous Romantic poet, Giacomo Leopardi, who wrote "the origin of

things and of God himself, is nothingness".

“Zero” is a concept that the whole world has in common and can be considered a good example against xenophobia.

Zero is perfect! Look at it and you will see nothing, but if you look through zero more deeply you will see a

completely new world.

INFINITY JOINED

NOTHING

PEACE

FROM

TOGETHER

IN TO

PEYO YAVOROV SCHOOL - BULGARIA

Peyo Yavorov school in Varna

is situated in one of the

biggest housing complexes called Vladislav

Varnenchik. It includes elementary, middle and

high school levels. The students are aged 7 to 19.

Two years ago the school celebrated its 30-th

anniversary.

The school offers a variety of facilities – four

computer rooms, three gyms, a fitness room, a

concert hall, a library, a

school museum, a

swimming pool. The students can attend extra-curricular clubs like Ecology, a choir, Cheer

leaders, basketball, football and handball teams.

Peyo Yavorov school was the first school in Varna region which was awarded the international

prize Eco Schools Green Flag in 2000. Many eco projects have been held so far. The school

community also works on projects in other areas aiming at developing student’s personality

and protecting the physical and the mental health of the children.

Еco Classroom

Folk Celebration

The Bread Day

A Swimming Contest

MY SCHOOL - ITALY

Istituto magistrale statale`Francesco Angeloni'

`F.Angeloni' Institute is located in a town of small dimension, with a long historical past. The urban area occupies the southern part of Umbria and has represented, during the period of industrial revolution, a national pole of the great steel and chemical industry. Unfortunately, nowadays because of the problems of the steel industry in the context of the international globalization, Terni is crossed by a crisis that makes all the area exposed to phenomena of occupational decrement. Engaged in the search of an alternative economic development, the town lives a crisis of identity looking for a new model of development. The town now is a depressed area and it receives incentives, typical of the industrial areas in crisis, addressed towards tourism, and movie production ( “La vita è bella”, Oscar movie by Roberto Benigni ,was in fact produced in Terni ). Also in the technical literature, the “ Terni case” is a metaphor of a social-economic-cultural situation, typical of the crisis and the search for a new anthropological identity. The ‘Magistrale’ Institute, in the Italian school system, is a type of school mainly focused on teachers education. Because of the development of the Italian Educational System, “Angeloni” Institute evolved from the formation of the future teacher to the direction of Courses like : Music Liceum, Linguistic Liceum, Human Sciences Liceum, Dance Liceum maturing a long European experience, with the `mission' focused on the Comenius partnership, careful to the teachers training process. “F.Angeloni” is also a DEURE centre strongly engaged in the planning of the European projects.

MY SCHOOL - LATVIA

Oskara Kalpaka Rudbāržu primary school

History

Rudbarzi school was mentioned in Courland (Kurzeme) province statistics book in 1828. For the

first time officially Rudbarzu school was mentioned in the statement of the nobility in 1849.

Oskars Kalpaks 1882-1919

In 2010 / 2011 school year: kindergarten children and pupils (form 1-9) – 101, teachers –

20, technical staff – 11 were in our school.

School’s motto – poetess words dedicated to Oskars

Kalpaks:

- Where will I get a strenght for Latvia?

- Developing yourself you become this force! (Anna Brigadere)

In honour of Oskars Kalpaks, the commander of the

first armed unit of Latvia, the 1st Latvian Independent

Battalion, in 1919, and his soldiers there is a memorial room

at school - Heroes hall.

In a special way we celebrate the

anniversary of Latvia. On the 18th of November

we gather at the school, light hundreds of

candles in the windows and around the building,

too. We listen to music and enjoy fireworks .

Students participate in international

Comenius projects. Thereby they have

possibilities to improve their personal

development very much.

��

This is Naisiai basic school which is located in Naisiai village, Šiauliai district. In 1904 V.Zubov was the first man in Naisiai who opened the school. In 2004 school celebrated a 100 year anniversary. Our school consists of two buildings. One is wooden school where young pupils, from 0 to 4 classes, learn and a new brick school for 5-10 classes students. In the new school also there is a canteen, a cloakroom, a gym, headmaster and teachers’ rooms. About 100 students from Naisiai and nearby villages study in our school. Our school has its own flag and emblem.

��

Twenty-one teacher

work in our school.

The headmaster is

Vytautas Šimkus and

the deputy is Stasė

Grušienė.

NAISIAI BASIC SCHOOL

Students feel safe and happy in our school so they can choose their favourite activity like dancing, singing, painting and have a tradition atclass from 5 to 10 grade must one event in a year. These eventinvolve all students in this funactivity and make interesting and attractive.

NAISIAI BASIC SCHOOL

Students feel safe and happy in our so they can choose their

rite activity like dancing, painting and other things. We

a tradition at school that every class from 5 to 10 grade must prepare

in a year. These events all students in this funny

activity and make our school more interesting and attractive.

My school

MY SCHOOL - ROMANIA

The School 26 was founded in 1889 on Ion Mos Street, next to the church with the same name. From 1960 the school develops its activity in the building situated on Cobilitei Street.

Our school has classrooms and laboratries where the students learn not only general knowledge but also how to build their future in a Romanian society in permanent change.

In our school functions a kindergarden and a Students’ Club where the children can develop their skills in different fields.

DEPUTY HEADMISTRESS

FOR PRIMARY LEVEL

Mgr. ILDIKÓ STRINKOVÁ

certification: Primary Education

DEPUTY HEADMISTRESS

FOR SECONDARY LEVEL

Mgr. ADRIENA KOREŇOVÁ

certification: Slovak

Ethics

Civics

ZŠ akad. Jura Hronca,

Zakarpatská 12, Rožňava

ABOUT US

456 pupils 22 classes 41 pedagogical employees 18 non-pedagogical employees A canteen, 2 gyms, a fitness 15 special classrooms

ACTUAL AGE STRUCTURE

Primary level : 6 – 9- year-old pupils

Secondary level : 10 – 15- year-old pupils

HEADMASTER OF THE

SCHOOL

RNDr. JÁN DŽUBÁK

certification: Maths Physics

TEAM OF THE TEACHERS

SCHOOL PROJECTS

Infovek

Open school

Socrates – international project

School encouraging health

Reconstruction and

modernisation of the school

Wider introduction of ICT into

teaching

Commenius – school

partnerships

TECHNICAL CONDITIONS

3 PC classrooms with 80 PC

altogether

60 school notebooks for work

and study use

4 interactive whiteboards

13 dataprojectors

Photo and video equipment

Wi-Fi Internet conection in the

whole school building

COMPLETE RECONSTRUCTION AND MODERNISATION

OF THE SCHOOL

MY SCHOOL

GAZİ PRIMARY SCHOOL

Our school was established in 1962. This year we are going the celebrate 50th

Establishment Anniversary. Our school is in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Gazi Primary

School lies within the Yenimahalle District.

VARNA - BULGARIA

Varna is the third biggest town in Bulgaria and is situated by the

Black sea coast. Varna is a cultural and tourist centre. According

to a national survey it is the best place for living in Bulgaria. Lots

of tourists visit Varna especially in summer to have their holiday

in the hotels nearby. The town history can be traced back to a period of 7000 years

ago.

There are a lot of tourist sights which include the Archeological

museum, The Dolphinarium, the Roman baths, the cathedral,

the sea garden. Varna summer is a famous music and theatre

festival that takes place here every summer. Varna is an industrial city. There is a ship repair yard, a big port, chemical

plants. Varna has an international airport and a passenger port.

The Cathedral

The Archeological museum

The Sea Garden

The Royal Residence Evksinograd

The Palace of Culture and Sports

The Sea Garden

The Theatre

The Aquarium

The Swimming Pool

MY TOWN - ITALY

OuOuOuOur Town : TERNIr Town : TERNIr Town : TERNIr Town : TERNI TerniTerniTerniTerni is a town in southern Umbria, central Italy, capital of the province of Terni, located in the plain of the Nera river. It is 104 km (65 mi) N of Rome. The town was probably founded around the 7th century BC by the Umbrians, in a territory inhabited as early as the Bronze Age. In the 3rd century BC it was conquered by the Romans and soon became an important municipium lying on the Via Flaminia. The Roman name was Interamna, meaning "between two rivers". During the Roman Empire the town was enriched with several buildings, including aqueducts, walls, amphitheaters, temples and bridges. During the Middle Ages went under the reign of Longobards and after this directly under the power of the Catholic Church, this up to the end of the 19th Century when in 1861 Italy finally became a Nation under the command of king Vitttorio Emanuele II. In the 19th century Terni took advantage of the Industrial Revolution also because plenty of water sources in the area. New industries included a steelwork, a foundry, as well as weapons, jute and wool factories. In 1927 Terni became capital of the province. The presence of important industries made it a favourite target for the Allied bombings in World War II, totalling 109 raids. Despite of this, the industrial environment increased quickly, in fact the town is called "the Italian Manchester". Terni has three important industrial hubs: the first one is the Stainless called AST (part of the ThyssenKrupp group) , this is a wide area located in the western part of Terni. In the East there is a second industrial hub with four different chemical multinational industries. The third industrial hub is the "TERNI Research", which produces technologies employed for green energies and builds green power plants in Italy.

MY SCHOOL - LATVIA

The rural municipality of Rudbārži

• Status - an unit of the Skrundas self - governing territory

• Centre - Rudbārži village

• Area – 110 km2

• Population (in 2009) - 1099

• Density of population -10 people per km2

LATVIA

RUDBĀRŽI

Oskara Kalpaka Rudb āržu primary school

The white stork in Latvia

symbolizes stable and happy family.

Where live storks, there everything would

be all right!

Small Rudbārži Church 200 m from school

Rudbārži municipality-house

Kalnamuiža manor-house in Sieksāte

MY CITY – ŠIAULIAI

Šiauliai is the fourth largest city in

Lithuania. Every year our town celebrates its birthday on the 22nd of September. The

town is proud of its St. Paul’s Cathedral(8).

��

The name of the city came from the battle of the Sun which took place near Šiauliai in 1236. Seven objects of the Sun 1. The square of Golden Boy with the statue which shows three symbols of the town : the Sun , the Archer and the Time which has passed from the first time the name of the town was mentioned. 2. Stained glass “The battle of the Sun“. 3. The statue of Aušra. It was built in 2003 near the park. The author of this statue is Dalia Matulaitė. 4. St. Paul and Peter’s Cathedral. It was built at the beginning of XVII century. On the southern wall of this church you can see one of the oldest sun clocks in Lithuania which shows the correct time. 5. The memorial for Sun battle was built for the honour of the victory of Sun battle which was one of the most important events in the history of Lithuania. 6. Fountain “Solar disks”. It was opened on 1st October, 2006 during the 770 birthday of Šiauliai city. 7. The square of Rooster’s Clock. It is in the center of the city and welcomes the people. who come to Šiauliai.

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My city

“Wujek” coal mine Silesia Insurgents Monument

Spodek – a sports and music hall This is the emblem of Katowice

Silesian Stadium Theatre

MY TOWN - BUCHAREST

Bucharest is the capital city, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city

in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.

Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a

variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its

position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. In the period between the two

World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the

nickname of the "Little Paris of the East" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the

historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of

systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and

cultural boom.

Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European

Union by population within city limits.

Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in

Romania.

Bucharest is situated in the south eastern corner of

the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the

Vlăsiei forest, which, after it was cleared, gave way to

a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to have seven hills, similar

to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă, Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vodă,

Cotroceni, Spirei, Văcărești and Sf. Gheorghe Nou.

In the centre of the capital there is a small artificial lake – Lake Cișmigiu (right picture) – surrounded

by the Cișmigiu Gardens. The Cișmigiu Gardens have a rich history, being frequented by famous

poets and writers. Opened in 1847 and based on the plans of German

architect Carl F.W. Meyer, the gardens are currently the main recreational

facility in the city centre.

Besides Cișmigiu, Bucharest contains several other large parks and gardens,

including HerăstrăuPark and the Botanical Garden. Herăstrău is a large

public park located in the north of the city, around Lake Herăstrău, and the

site of the Village Museum, while the Bucharest's botanical garden is the

largest in Romania and contains over 10,000 species of plants, many of

them exotic; it was once a pleasure park for the royal family.

Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989,

new suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov county.

Welcome to

ROŽŇAVA

The medieval mining town of Rožňava with over 700 years history lies in the heart of North Gemer. The

town and surrounding areas offer a wealth of experiences for tourists in all seasons of the year. Rožňava

is a significant centre of tourism and a good starting point for discovering the natural beauties and

historical sights of this wonderful part of Slovakia. By the end of the 15th century the essential character

of the town had already been created, it was based in a central square consisting of merchant’s houses

and a network of narrow streets. The original medieval town square is the largest of its kind in the whole

of Slovakia and is one of the most interesting heritage sites in the town . Most of the towns architectural

and historical treasures are concentrated around the square and include: the Renaissance Watch Tower,

Bishops Palace, The Convent of the Vincent order, the building of the former Mining Association. Other

well known heritage sites include: the 14th century gothic Bishop´s Cathedral, the Evangelic Church and

the Town Hall. Visitors of the town can admire the architecture and panoramatic views across the town

from the viewing gallery at the top of the Renaissance Watch Tower. The Mining Museum exhibits show

the history of the mining. A separate exhibition shows the natural history of the Slovak Karst area.

Historical sights of Rožňava

Watch Tower Memorial of Františka

Andrassy

Plague Column

Town Hall

Church and Monastery of

Franciscans

Bishop´s Cathedral Jesuit Church

Reformed Church Medieval Burgess House Mining Museum

ANKARA My city, Ankara is the Capital City of Turkey which situated at the core of Turkey.

The history of Ankara and its surroundings stretches back to the Hatti civilisation of the Bronze Age. After Hittites. Ankara has been a part of historic events through several great civilizations, including the Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greek, Romans, Galatians and Ottomans.

The name Ankara comes from the word 'Ancyra', which means 'anchor’.

Ankara is known for its wool, goat, cat, pear and honey In 1923, the founder of Turkish Republic, M. Kemal Ataturk chose the same district to be the capital of newly founded Republic.

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Turkish Republic stands in Ankara.

Ankara today is a center of history and culture. There are very notable museums to be found within Ankara, offering a broad spectrum of information on a range of different topics.

In Ankara there are some sites of natural importance, such as the lakes of Golbasi, Cubuk Dam, Kurtbogazi Dam, Karagol for resting, and Mount Elmadag for winter sports. In addition, Kizilcahamam is a thermal and hot springs center for places such as Ayas, Haymana and Beypazari. Central Ankara has a population of nearly 5 million. and also ,Ankara is home for the multitude of universities.

Ankara has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters due to its elevation and inland location, and hot, dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn.

BULGARIA – БЪЛГАРИЯ

Bulgaria is a parliamentary

republic in Southeast Europe with a territory of

110,994 square kilometers.

Its ancient history has been marked by the presence

of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and

Romans. The First Bulgarian state dates back to the

seventh century. With the downfall of the Second

Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under

Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the

Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. Shortly

afterward, Bulgaria engaged in a series of major

conflicts with its neighbours and allied with Germany

in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a communist

republic and it was a satellite member of the Warsaw

Pact until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed

multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria

transitioned to democracy and introduced free-market

capitalism.

Bulgaria is a member of the European Union, NATO,

the Council of Europe.

The population of 7.36 million people is

predominantly urban and mainly concentrated in the

administrative centres of its 28 provinces. With 1.2

million people, the capital Sofia is the largest city and

concentrates most commercial and cultural activities.

The strongest sectors of the economy are heavy

industry, power engineering and

agriculture, all relying on local natural resources.

There are 3 national parks, 9 nature parks and 55

nature reserves.

Some of the main rivers running through the territory

of the country are The Danube, The Maritsa, The

Iskar, The Yantra. There are five mountains. The Rila

mountain has the highest peak on the Balkan

peninsula – Musala /2925m/ and over 219 lakes. The

Bulgarian Black Sea Coast stretching for 236 miles

offers wonderful beaches and calm sea.

Bulgaria is the birthplace of the Cyrillic alphabet

which was developed in 10th

century. Today more

than 200 million people from different countries use

it.

In Antiquity Bulgarian lands were inhabited by

Thracians. They left us amazing artifacts – unique

tombs with murals and precious golden and silver

treasures.

Bulgaria is one of the biggest producers of rose oil in

the world.

One of the famous Bulgarian folk songs is travelling

in deep space on NASA’s “Voyager”.

MY COUNTRY

Italy officially the Italian Republic

To the south it consists of the entirety of the

the two largest islands in the

islands.

The independent states of San Marino

nation of Italy.

For centuries The capital of Italy,

civilization as the capital of the

endure numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from

Longobards and Ostrogoths, to the

others. Centuries later, Italy would become

immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in

shaping the subsequent course of European thought.

Through much of its post-Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous

kingdoms and city-states (such as the

Two Sicilies and the Duchy of Milan

tumultuous period in history known as "

through World War I, and up to the

empire, which extended its rule to

Rhodes, the Dodecanese and a concession in

Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked the world's twenty

third most-developed country and its

top ten in the world.

UmbriaUmbriaUmbriaUmbria is a regionHeart of Italy”. It’s one of the smallest Italian regions and the only peninsular region that is landlocked. Its capital isThe region was named after the

absorbed by the expansion of the Romans, but our region was also inhabited

by The Etruscans.

They were the chief enemies of the

went from the western seaboard towards the north and east eventually driving the

Umbrians towards the Appennini.

MY COUNTRY - ITALY

Italian Republic, is located in south-central

To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula

the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea – and many other smaller

San Marino and the Vatican City

For centuries The capital of Italy, Rome, was the political centre of

as the capital of the Roman Empire. After its decline

merous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes

, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans

others. Centuries later, Italy would become the birthplace of the

immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in

shaping the subsequent course of European thought.

Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous

states (such as the Kingdom of Sardinia, the

Duchy of Milan), but it was unified in 1861, following a

tumultuous period in history known as "Risorgimento" . In the late 19th century,

, and up to the World War II, Italy possessed a

, which extended its rule to Libya, Eritrea, Somalia,

and a concession in Tianjin, China.

Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked the world's twenty

developed country and its Quality-of-Life Index has been ranked in the

Our Region : UMBRIAOur Region : UMBRIAOur Region : UMBRIAOur Region : UMBRIA

region of modern central Italy. It is defined “the Green Heart of Italy”. It’s one of the smallest Italian regions and the only peninsular region that is landlocked. Its capital is The region was named after the Umbrian tribe, one of those who were

absorbed by the expansion of the Romans, but our region was also inhabited

by The Etruscans.

They were the chief enemies of the Umbrians, and the Etruscan invasion

went from the western seaboard towards the north and east eventually driving the

Umbrians towards the Appennini.

central Europe.

Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia –

and many other smaller

Vatican City are included in the

, was the political centre of Western

decline, Italy would

Germanic tribes such as the

Normans, among the

the birthplace of the Renaissance, an

immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in

Roman history, Italy was fragmented into numerous

, the Kingdom of the

in 1861, following a

" . In the late 19th century,

, Italy possessed a colonial

, Ethiopia, Albania,

Modern Italy is a democratic republic. It has been ranked the world's twenty-

has been ranked in the

. It is defined “the Green Heart of Italy”. It’s one of the smallest Italian regions and the only

Perugia. an tribe, one of those who were

absorbed by the expansion of the Romans, but our region was also inhabited

Umbrians, and the Etruscan invasion

went from the western seaboard towards the north and east eventually driving the

"For Fatherland and

Freedom"

Freedom Monument

erected in 1935

(Again since

independence in 1992,

honor guard stands)

LITHUANIA

� Lithuanian national flag consists of three colours: yellow, green and red.

� Parliamentary republic � The coat of arms of Lithuania is Vytis. � President Dalia Grybauskaitė � Population 3,1 millions, area 65300km². � Lithuania is a member of the European

Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2004).

Lithuania is the only Baltic country

with nearly eight hundred years of statehood tradition, while its name was first mentioned almost one thousand years ago, in 1009. Wedged at the dividing line of Western and Eastern civilizations, Lithuania battled dramatically for its independence and survival. Once in the Middle Ages, Lithuania was the largest state in the entire Eastern Europe, where crafts and overseas trade prospered.

Lithuania is the land of huge forests and wonderful

lakes (3). We are proud of

our seaside (5) and the

great dunes (6). The most famous landmarks in

Lithuania: Trakai Castle

(7), the Hill of Crosses (4), Open air museum of the

centre of Europe, Neringa-

the Curonian Spit.

��

Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania(1). It has

always been a multinational,

multilingual, and multicultural European city. We have a very old Gediminas Castle in Vilnius(2), which was built many years

ago by Duke Gediminas. Now the castle is the pride of Lithuania. . In 1579,

Vilnius University, an important scientific

and education centre of the European scale,

was opened.

��

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My country

MY COUNTRY - ROMANIA

Slovakia is a mountainous country. There are the High and Low Tatras, the Big and Small Fatra, the Slovak

Ore Mountains, the Štiavnica Mountains, etc. These parts are perfect for hiking in summer and skiing in

winter. There are plains in the south with agriculture and the river Danube, the biggest European river.

There are big cities with industry and small historical towns with nice scenery. There are a lot of spas,

thermal parks, caves and mineral springs in Slovakia.

SLOVAKIA

GENERAL INFORMATION

Area: 49 035 km²

Population: 5 500 000

Location: Central Europe

Official name: The Slovak Republic (SR)

State formation date: 1 January 1993

State system: republic

Political system: parliamentary democracy

President: Ivan Gašparovič

EU member since 1 May 2004

Currency: Euro

Bratislava the Capital of the SR

The Hight Tatras

Košice Banská Bystrica

Spa Piešťany Chateau Betliar

Caves Domica

Ivan Bella

the first Slovak astronaut

colonel of Slovak Army

he flew to the Space Station MIR within the

mission Sojuz TM – 29 20 February 1999

Ivan Gašparovič

PRESIDENT

MY COUNTRY

TURKEY

Turkey stretches over two continents and bridges

Europe to Asia.

Turkey , encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea

to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the

Mediterranean to the south, has been the cradle of several

civilizations.

Istanbul is the only city in the world to straddle two

continents. Once was capital of the Ottoman Empire,

still remains the commercial, historical and cultural

pulse of Turkey.

Two of the original Seven Wonders of the (Ancient)

World, The Temple of Artemis and the Mausoleum of

Maussollos are in Turkey.

Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and the

population of the country is 73 million.

Republic of Turkey is a parliamentary representative

democracy.

Agriculture, industry and tourism are the major

pillars of the Turkish economy.

There are seven regions in Turkey and each has a

different climate depending on its location from the

mountain ranges, seas. You can swim under the sunshine

while others are skiing.

Turkish culture is as diverse as its climate, and reflects its

rich cultural heritage.

Mount Nemrut Sumela Monastery Pamukkale Cappadocia

PEACE LETTER - BULGARIA

PEACE LETTER - ITALY

Hi! My name is Leonardo Ungarini , I’m sixteen years old and my birthday’s on the 17 July . I am

from Terni and I’m attending F. Angeloni high school , the third school year specialised in

languages . My favourite subjects are : English , French , History , Spanish , and Art . I am tall and

thin , I’ve got short, brown hair and brown eyes . I’m easy-going , generous , sociable , cheerful ,

chatty and I like staying with people .

I live in a flat with my mother Rita and at the week-end I usually stay with my father Gustavo . I

haven’t got any pet but I love animals . During the week I go to school ,

I do my homework , and I go out with my friends . I don’t practise any sport but three times a

week I go to the gym . I like reading books to the children at the public library , I like going to the

cinema , I like listening to music and I love eating : pizza , every type of pasta , meat etc.. One of

the things I love most is travelling and sightseeing ; for example I visited : Madrid , Prague ,

Budapest , Munich , Paris and Innsbruck . I hope I’ll meet you as soon as possible to share our

ideas on young people’s lifestyles

Peace. It sounds so nic

to do. You can just keep the peace

the world. If one person takes over the anger, the anger

like a ship in the sea. If one person takes over the anger and the other

all fly into a rage. You

continent and in the world

of the sea. Someone who ha

oneself, and this one pulls

world now. We all are happy.

sea for a long time. Now y

country, continent and in the

anger, because there is someone who can pull

will hope it never happen.

Quite honestly, raise your

don’t understand. It's hard to

dispute with each other

this dispute. If someone

Author - Annija Elizabete Meija

Form - 6

School - Oskara Kalpaka Rudb

Country - Latvia

PEACE LETTER - LATVIA

Dear friend,

I will tell you about peace. Tell that it is difficult

to keep the peace and that it is difficult to control

anger. I think my classmates won’t understand

text, but the teacher will. I hope all

Peace. It sounds so nice, but so difficult to realize. Peace is such a difficult thing

ou can just keep the peace for yourself, just keeps it in the country

erson takes over the anger, the anger takes over

If one person takes over the anger and the other

ou cannot retain peace for yourself, in your town, country,

world. But there is someone who can pull the Peace ship out

omeone who has a clear heart. Someone who can keep the peace

d this one pulls the Peace ship out of the sea. There is a peace in the

all are happy. The Anger ship sinks and doesn’t show above the

Now you can keep the peace for yourself, in

in the world. But you must be ready for the next battle with

re is someone who can pull the Anger ship out

never happen.

, raise your hand, who understands! Once again,

It's hard to keep the peace. If one is angry,

each other and all are in hostility, but there is someone

someone can do it, then man will be special.

Annija Elizabete Meija

Oskara Kalpaka Rudbāržu primary school

LATVIA

Dear friend,

peace. Tell that it is difficult

and that it is difficult to control

won’t understand this

I hope all will understand.

Peace is such a difficult thing

in the country and in

over all. Peace sinks

If one person takes over the anger and the others see it, then

your town, country,

pull the Peace ship out

one who can keep the peace for

There is a peace in the

doesn’t show above the

yourself, in your family, city,

for the next battle with

ship out of the sea, but we

Once again, for those who

, it searches for a

there is someone who can settle

Letter

Dear Friend!

My name is Marta. I’m thirteen years old and I’m from Poland.

When I look at the world around I can see many people arguing and warring.

Sometimes I wonder how to stop this and then I think there is no hope for a change,

because so far no one has ever done anything about it. It seems wars will never end. But is

the situation really hopeless? I remember one film about a boy who decided to do

something special. He came up with the project called “Pay it forward”. He wanted to help

three people, and those three people were to help some other three people. That’s how the

chain was created. In the end, he made many people happier. And I think this is the key.

Maybe we cannot save the world, but we can make some small changes first. Let’s start with

ourselves. Let’s just be nice and kind to everyone, beginning with the members of our

family. Let’s try to get to know our neighbors better. If we can, let’s help people around us –

even if it was only the matter of carrying some shopping bags for an elderly lady. Let’s stop

our anger and annoyance, whenever possible. And what is most important, let’s take care

of our friends and make some new ones as often as we can. This may be our small, but in

the end, a very big role in peace – making!

Greetings from Poland!

PEACE LETTER - SLOVAKIA

PROVERBS - BULGARIA

BETTER STALE BREAD IN PEACE THAN PLENTY OF MEALS IN HATRED

In Turkish: Barış döneminde kuru ekmek, nefret dönemindeki ziyafetten iyidir.

In Slovak : Lepší je kúsok chleba v pokoji než mnoho jedla s nenávisťou.

In Bulgarian: По-добре сух хляб с мир, отколкото много ястия със зехир

In Latvian: Labāk cieta maize mierā dzīvojot, nekā bagāti mielasti naidā.

In Italian: Meglio essere poveri nella pace che ricchi nell’odio.

In Romanian : Mai bine o paine veche in pace,decat o multime de mese cu ura.

In Polish:Lepszy czerstwy chleb w czasach pokoju niż wykwintne posiłki w czasach nienawiści.

In Lithuanian: Geriau sužiedijusios duonos riekė taikoje, negu perteklius nesantaikoje.

In Turkish:

Sevginin olduğu yerde, Barı

In Slovakian:

Kde je láska, tam je mier a dôvera.

In Bulgarian:

Където има любов

In Italian:

Dove c'è amore, c'è pace e verità.

In Romanian:

Unde este dragoste,este si pace si adevar.

In Lithuanian:

Kur meil ė, ten vyrauja taika ir tiesa.

In Polish:

Gdzie jest miłośćtam pokój i prawda.

Kur m īlestība, tur miers un paties

ğu yerde, Barış ve Dürüstlük vardır.

Kde je láska, tam je mier a dôvera.

любов, там има мир и истина.

Dove c'è amore, c'è pace e verità.

Unde este dragoste,este si pace si adevar.

vyrauja taika ir tiesa.

Gdzie jest miłość, tam pokój i prawda.

lestība, tur miers un patiesLatvian

Where love is, there’s peace and truth

ve Dürüstlük vardır.

.

ba, tur miers un patiesība. Latvian proverb

Where love is, there’s peace and truth.

LIVE LIKE BROTHERS, LOVE LIKE SISTERS

� In Turkish: Erkek kardeşler gibi yaşa, kız kardeşler gibi sev.

� In Slovak Language: Žite ako bratia, milujte ako sestry.

� In Bulgarian: Живейте като братя, обичайте се като сестри

� In Latvian: Dzīvot kā brāļiem,

� In Italian: Vivete come fratelli, amatevi come sorelle.

� In Romanian Language: Traieste ca fratii,iubeste ca surorile.

� In Lithuanian: Gyvenkime kaip broliai, mylėkime kaip

seserys.

� In Polish: Żyjcie jak

Mantas Grigalauskas, 6th form, 2011

5th meeting in Poland,

LIVE LIKE BROTHERS, LOVE LIKE SISTERS

In Turkish: Erkek kardeşler gibi yaşa, kız kardeşler gibi sev.

In Slovak Language: Žite ako bratia, milujte ako sestry.

Живейте като братя, обичайте се като сестри .

In Latvian: Dzīvot kā brāļiem, mīlēt kā māsām.

In Italian: Vivete come fratelli, amatevi come sorelle.

In Romanian Language: Traieste ca fratii,iubeste ca surorile.

In Lithuanian: Gyvenkime kaip broliai, mylėkime kaip

In Polish: Żyjcie jak bracia, kochajcie jak siostry.

form, 2011

10th form students, 2011

2011 Lukas Šimkevičius, 9th form, 2011

LIVE LIKE BROTHERS, LOVE LIKE SISTERS

form, 2011

3ed meeting in Lithuania, 2011

Words of peace

Gość w dom, Bóg w dom.

A Guest is coming, God is coming.

Turkish: Misafir geliyor, Tanrı geliyor.

Slovak: Hosť do domu, boh do domu.

Bulgarian: Гост е дошъл, Бог е дошъл.

Latvian: Ciemiņš nāk, Dievs nāk.

Italian: Quando arriva un ospite arriva Dio.

Romanian: Un invitat vine, Dumnezeu vine.

Lithuanian: Jei svečiai ateis, Dievas kartu su jais.

ROMANIAN PROVERB

Let peace be your thought, your word, your greatest virtue = Fie ca pacea sa-ti fie gandul,

cuvantul, cea mai mare virtute.

PROVERBS Slovakia

Turkish Proverb: Peace at Home, Peace in the World.

In Slovak Language: Mier doma, mier vo svete.

Romanian Proverb: Peace means prosperity.

In Slovak Language: Mier znamená rozvoj.

Slovak Proverb: Offer bread to the man who throws a stone at you.

In Slovak Language: Kto do teba kameňom, ty doňho chlebom.

Italian Proverb: Peace would be great if there weren’t “mine and yours”

In Slovak Language: Mier by bol úplný, keby nebolo “tvoje a moje”.

Lithuanian Proverb: Live like brothers, love like sisters

In Slovak Language: Žite ako bratia, milujte ako sestry.

Bulgarian Proverb: Better stale bread in peace than plenty of meals with hatred.

In Slovak Language: Lepší je kúsok chleba v pokoji než mnoho jedla s nenávisťou.

Latvian Proverb: Where love is, there’s peace and truth.

In Slovak Language: Kde je láska, tam je mier a dôvera.

Polish Proverb: A Guest is coming, God is coming.

In Slovak Language: Hosť do domu, boh do domu.

MAN OF PEACE - BULGARIA Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov ( 1909 -1942)

Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov –( 1909 -1942) was a Bulgarian poet and revolutionary. Working

most of his life as a machinist, he only wrote in his spare time. Despite the fact that he

ever published only one poetry book, he is considered one of the biggest Bulgarian poets.

Trained as a machine engineer at the Naval Machinery School in Varna, which was later

named after him, his first service was on the famous Drazki torpedo boat.

Later he went to work in a factory - at first as a stoker and eventually as a mechanic. He

was elected Chairman of the Association protecting worker rights in the factory. He

successfully led a strike of about 300 workers in 1936 to reinstate workers after a lock-

out.

In early 1941 Nazi forces were allowed to enter Bulgaria and take control of the country as a prelude to the attack on the

USSR. Vaptsarov joined the armed resistance movement and was active in the ‘military centre’. His training as an engineer

and mechanic proved useful at this juncture. This was an extremely tiring and hazardous task and Vaptsarov found little

time to write poems. Yet he was urged by his comrades to keep writing as one of them put it, ‘Though at the moment the

fate of the world is being decided by arms, a stirring contemporary poem is no less important than arms.’

Vaptsarov was arrested in 1942 and subjected to inhuman torture and finally executed on 23rd July, 1942. He continued to

write till the very end, and indeed his last verse addressed to his wife is one of the most moving and inspiring.

His only released book of poetry is Motoring Verses (1940).

In 1952, he received posthumously the International Peace Award.

His poetry has been translated in 98 languages throughout the world.

History

History, will you mention us

In your faded scroll?

We worked in factories, offices –

Our names were not well known.

We worked in fields, smelled strongly

Of onion and sour bread.

Through thick moustaches angrily

We cursed the life we led.

For life, showing no mercy,

With heavy brutish paw

Battered our hungry faces.

That’s why our tongue is raw.

That’s why the poems I’m writing

In hours I steal from sleep

Have not the grace of perfume,

But brief and scowling beat.

For the hardship and affliction

We do not seek rewards,

Nor do we want our pictures

In the calendar of years.

Just tell our story simply

To those we shall not see,

Tell those who will replace us –

We fought courageously.

SAN FRANCESCO – A MAN OF PEACE – ITALY

The Canticle of the CreaturesSan Francesco d'Assisi

Most high, all powerful, all good Lord All praise is yours, all glory, all honor and all blessing. To you alone, Most High, do they belong and no human being is worthy to pronounce your name. Praised be You, my Lord, through all that you have made, and first my lord brother Sun, who brings the day and light you give us through him; How beautiful is he, how radiant in all his splendour: of you, Most High, he bears the likeness. ………

Praised be You, my Lord, hrough our sister mother Earth, who sustains and governs us, producing varied fruits with coloured flowers and herbs. Praised be You, my Lord, through those who grant pardon for love of You, and bear sickness and trial; blessed are those who endure in peace, by You, most High, they will be crowned. Praised be You, my Lord, through our corporal sister Death, from whom no mortal can escape: woe to those who die in mortal sin; blessed are they she finds doing your will, no second death can do them harm. Praise and bless my Lord, and give him thanks and serve him with great humility.

Francis was born in Assisi in 1181. Son of a cloth merchant, he wanted to become a member of the lesser nobles in his town: He took part in the war against Perugia and, while he was travelling to Puglia to participate in the Crusade, he heard a voice which invited him to rebuild his Church. Francis obeyed and left his family and friends to lead a poor, solitary and penitential life for several years. In 1209 he started to preach the Gospel in various towns and, together with his followers, he went to Rome to gain the Pope’s approval of his choice of life. From 1210 to 1224 he wandered in the streets and the squares of the Italian towns gathering crowds and crowds of people and followers called by him friars. He welcomed Clare who started the second Franciscan order and next he founded a third order for those who wished to live a life as penitents with rules suitable for laical people. He died during the night between the third and the fourth of October in 1228. Francis is one of the leading figures in the human history and still speaks to every generation. His charm comes from his great love for Jesus from whom he received the stigmata.

Assisi "World Heritage of HumanityIt is a “Holy City” loved by God,

gate of the Paradise for the salvation of many, called to return to the splendour of

Saint Francis’ s times, the most beloved Saint of the world, who, before dying

blessed Assisi with this prayer:

Lord, I believe that this city was in ancient times shelter and home of evil wicked men, infamous in all these regions. But for your abundant

mercy, in the time that pleased you, I see that you have shown the overabundance of your goodness, so that the city has become refuge and

stay of those who know you and give glory to your name and spread scent of holy life, direct doctrine and good reputation among all the Christian people. I pray you therefore, O Lord Jesus Christ, Father of

mercy, not to look at our ingratitude, but to remember only the abundance of your goodness, that you have shown. This city may always be land and home of those who know you and glorify your name, blessed

and glorious in the centuries of the centuries. Amen.“

World Day of Prayer for Peace summoned at Assisi by John Paul II on October 27th, 1986.

11.09.1865 – 12.09.1929

Rainis’ idejas

• oposse to uncritical treatment of the past heritage and ostentatius transformation of

national identity,

• through folklore images found national unity, independence and the struggle for human

freedom, ethical issues and talk about responsibility for the future ahead.

Rainis about peace

Rainis literary works are immortalized in the songs, plays and films.

Choral songs by Rainis words to the Latvian people have become the same symbols as the

anthem, flag, coat of arms.

When you listen to these songs people experience stronger feelings of patriotism and even

greater attachment to their nation, land.

One of the most popular Latvian writer:

• poet;

• playwright.

Social and political figure.

Rainis poem „The Broken Pines” has

gained great popularity since it was written in

1905 and dedicated to the revolutionaries who

fought for workers’ freedom and rights. This

poem translated into 43 languages. Emils Darzins

composed the music for this poem. This song has

become one of the choral song pearls for Latvian

people.

„Only man achieved

freedom of great peace

inwardly, can go to the

great life…”

„Not the nation against

nation will be at war,

but all together against

the darkness.”

„God gave funny, enjoyable blessed

peace of mind - full of peaceful labour.”

SIGITAS KU

Sigitas Kučastronomy institute and his fellow Lithuanians were the organizers of this daring experiment traditions of peace embedded in many cultures".

THE GREAT Millennium Peace Ridecountries existence.

The idea of cycling around the world was initiated by a small international

group of cyclists in Athens, Greece in 1993, who proposed that hundreds of cyclists should come together to promote peace around the world and create opportunities for people of different nationalities to live and cooperate together. Hundreds of people from 185 countries worked together to plan the route through 64 countries and raise funds for the Peace Ride project.

With the Peace flag and love in their hearts theyMillennium. During the seventeen around the world, they visited 45 countries in North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Asia. They23,500 km by bike; more than 600 cyclists joined themshorter or longer distances in different parts of the route. On the road there were thousands of people enthusiastically supporting the ideas of

Only four cyclists began and ended the journey, with likeminded cyclists joining along the way to support these determined individuals. Sigitas Ku(physicist), Edvardas Žižys (economics professor), Goda CiplytLithuanian Prime Minister's office), of Lithuania, and Slavomir Platek, of Poland, were the original cyclists.

"If you can change yourself, you can change the world."

SIGITAS KUČAS , A MAN OF PEACE

Sigitas Kučas, a 47- year – old physicist from Vilnius Theoretical physics and astronomy institute and his fellow Lithuanians were the organizers of this daring experiment – "a social experiment to celebrate diversity and honor traditions of peace embedded in many cultures".

THE GREAT Millennium Peace Ride - eleven cyclists from seven different countries were the people spreading a message of peaceful crossexistence.

he idea of cycling around the world was initiated by a small international

group of cyclists in Athens, Greece in 1993, who proposed that hundreds of cyclists should come together to promote peace around the world and create opportunities for people

ferent nationalities to live and cooperate together. Hundreds of people from 185 countries worked together to plan the route through 64 countries and raise funds for the

Three Lithuanians, two Italians, two Poles, a German, a Mexican, a Croat and a Peruvian, all committed cyclists, began their odyssey on August 6, 1998 in Seattle. Their final destination was Nagasaki, Japan, where they arrivein January 2000. The cycling marathonbetween the ages of 23 and 62.

"This trip is really from the heart. Each of us can personally appreciate what peace in the world means to the ordinary person." Sigitas Kučas

h the Peace flag and love in their hearts they reached Hiroshima on the eve of the New Millennium. During the seventeen months of cycling

visited 45 countries in North and ca, Africa, Europe, and Asia. They made

more than 600 cyclists joined them for shorter or longer distances in different parts of the route.

there were thousands of people enthusiastically supporting the ideas of the Peace Ride.

Only four cyclists began and ended the journey, with like-minded cyclists joining along the way to support these determined individuals. Sigitas Ku

vardas Žižys (economics professor), Goda Ciplytė (English translator in the Lithuanian Prime Minister's office), of Lithuania, and Slavomir Platek, of Poland, were the original

"If you can change yourself, you can change the world." Sigitas.

1

AS , A MAN OF PEACE

old physicist from Vilnius Theoretical physics and astronomy institute and his fellow Lithuanians were the organizers of this

"a social experiment to celebrate diversity and honor

eleven cyclists from seven different spreading a message of peaceful cross-cultural co-

Three Lithuanians, two Italians, two Poles, a German, a a Croat and a Peruvian, all committed cyclists,

began their odyssey on August 6, 1998 in Seattle. Their Nagasaki, Japan, where they arrived he cycling marathon‘s riders were

is really from the heart. Each of us can personally appreciate what peace in the world means to

čas

reached Hiroshima on the eve of the New

minded cyclists joining along the way to support these determined individuals. Sigitas Kučas (English translator in the

Lithuanian Prime Minister's office), of Lithuania, and Slavomir Platek, of Poland, were the original

Man of peace POPE JOHN PAUL II

Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born

Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the

Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City

from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005.

John Paul II has been acclaimed as one of the most

influential leaders of the 20th century. It is widely held

that he was instrumental in ending Communism in his

native Poland and eventually all of Europe as well as significantly improving the Catholic Church's

relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion.

…THERE’S NO PEACE WITHOUT JUSTICE, THERE’S NO JUSTICE WITHOUT

FORGIVENESS…

Nie ma pokoju bez sprawiedliwości, nie ma sprawiedliwości bez przebaczenia…

…BE DEMANDING OF YOURSELF EVEN IF OTHERS DON’T DEMAND IT…

Wymagajcie od siebie choćby inni od was nie wymagali…

A RICH MAN IS NOT THE ONE THAT OWNS A LOT BUT THE ONE WHO GIVES…

Bogatym nie jest ten co posiada, lecz ten kto daje…

NICOLAE TITULESCU (1882 -1941)

Nicolae Titulescu has occupied, for almost four decades, a leading part in the public life of Romania,

and became, between the Two World Wars, one of the remarkable personalities of the international

life.

His political activity began in 1912, the year of his election as member of the Parliament. After five

years he got his first mandate at the Ministry for Finance. In early 1918 he went to Paris where he

participated as a member of the Romanian delegation to the Peace Conference. In 1922 he was

named Ambassador of Romania in London.

In autumn 1930 he was elected President of the General Assembly of the League of Nations, as a sign

of recognition of his high reputation on the international ground.

In 1931, contrary to the usual practice (not to renew the mandate of the same person), he was re-

elected President of the General Assembly of the League of Nations, thanks to his sustained activity

in this post.

In 1932 he returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1936. His qualities were utterly

exceptional: passionate and convincing orator who excelled in logic, precision, elegance; versatile

diplomat, constantly defending not only the Romanian interests but also the interests of the

international peace. In a period which gave a lot of political personalities, Titulescu had won the fame

of one of the most imposing orators of his time. A French writer considered him as the greatest

public-speaker in the Voltaire’s language.

Titulescu was called “Ambassador of peace” , ”Minister of Europe” ,“Tribune of peace”. A. Frangulis,

President of the International Diplomatic Academy, described him as “a legendary figure of the

international congresses and meetings”. Moreover, he counted among the founding members of

International Diplomatic Academy in Paris and in 1934 he was elected President of this Academy.

From this position, he presented, at the annual sessions, important speeches about problems of

minorities, collective security, united Europe, indivisibility of peace, principles of non-aggression. He

fought for the respect of the sovereignty and equality of all nations in the international community,

for the preservation of stable borders through the maintenance of peace, for good relations between

both large and small neighbouring states.

In 1942, shortly after his death, W. Steed, professor at King’s College in London, stated that Nicolae

Titulescu, “man of an extreme intelligence and infallible charm”, had two dominant features:

devotion to Romania and devotion to the general cause of “the European peace”.

According to his views about the progress of the international relationships and about the part

played by the International Law in the nations’ life, Nicolae Titulescu considered that peace

represented the central element of reference, the premise and purpose of the harmonious

development of all states, the motivation and dynamic agent which lie at the basis at the general

progress. “Peace”, wrote N. Titulescu in his famous speech in the Reichstag in 1929 (Dynamics of

Peace), “is a phenomenon in permanent movement. It’s something alive that accomplishes itself step

by step. Peace means neither rest nor neglect. Peace means goal and direction.”

He understood, unlike not many in that period, that, to consolidate the friendship relations and

good-neighbour policy, represents the most solid guarantee of peace. He encouraged the efforts to

establish, to maintain and to put on a solid basis the Little Entente and the understanding among the

Balkan countries.

Raymond Cartier, a great publicist of those times, wrote: “Ti-tu-les-cu! The four syllables of his name

filled the diplomatic history after the War. He was one of the great men of Romania, one of the great

men of Little Entente, one of the great men of Europe.” These words synthesize the enormous

prestige Titulescu enjoyed during his life and the exceptional part he played in the very complicated

times of the European and World history.

Milan Rastislav Štefánik

Milan Rastislav Štefánik was born on July 21, 1880 in Košariská and died on May 4, 1919

in Ivanka pri Dunaji. He was a Slovak politician, diplomat and astronomer. During World

War I, he was General of the French Army, at the same time the Czechoslovak Minister of

War, one of the leading members of the Czechoslovak National Council and he contributed

decisively to the cause of Czechoslovak sovereignty.

Finally, Štefánik wanted to return home to see his family. He decided to fly

from Campoformido by Udine in Italy and to use an Italian military plane, a Caproni 450. On

May 4, 1919 around 11am, his plane tried to land near Bratislava (which was a military

conflict area between the First Republic of Czechoslovakia and the Hungarian Soviet

Republic at that time), but crashed near Ivanka pri Dunaji. Štefánik died along with two

Italian officers. The reason for the plane crash is disputed. The official explanation at that

time was that the airplane crashed due to bad weather accidentally. "Just at that

time Šrobár and all his government left Bratislava to Skalica to plant trees as a memorial of

the founding of the new Czechoslovak Republic. It is also unlikely that his plane was shot

down by Hungarian communists standing on the middle of the Franz Joseph bridge of

Bratislava. Štefánik’s sudden death, in combination with his preceding quarrels with Beneš,

contributed to Slovak suspicion towards the Czechs during the First Republic of

Czechoslovakia. Štefánik's tomb was built in 1927-28 on the Bradlo hill in Brezová pod

Bradlom. The monumental yet austere memorial was designed by Dušan Jurkovič.

MEVLANA CELALEDDIN RUMI

Seven advice of MEVLANA

In generosity and helping others be like a river

In compassion and grace be like sun

In concealing others' faults be like night

In anger and fury be like dead

In modesty and humility be like earth

In tolerance be like a sea

Either exist as you are or be as you look

Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi is a 13th century Muslim poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic known

throughout the world for his exquisite poems and words of wisdom.

Mevlana was born in the city of Belh of the Horasan country in 1207 and Rumi and his family

travelled extensively in the Muslim lands, performed pilgrimage to Mecca and finally settled in

Konya. Mevlana, who summarized his life with the words, "I was raw, cooked and then burned" died

on Sunday, December 17,1273. Mevlana believed the day of death to be a day of rebirth, the

reunification to his beloved, that is, the God, he was referring to that day as "Sheb-i Aruz" which

means the bridal night.

Mevlana's philosophy was mainly based on Love of humans, love of God, tolerance of humans to each

other, positive reasoning, goodness, charity and awareness through love. His works speak the

universal language of love and tolerance, Mevlana’s words resonated with readers around the world

and transcending all religions with his common themes of unity and faith in God’s will.

Mevlana’s works have been translated into many languages. Mesnevi, Divan-i Kebir, Fihi Ma Fih,

Mektubat (Letters),Mecalis-i Seb'a (Seven Courts) are among his works.

“Come, come, whoever you are,

Wanderer, worshipper, lover of leaving,

Ours is not a caravan of despair.

Even if you have broken your vows a thousand

times

It doesn’t matter

Come, come yet again, come”

"When we are dead, do not turn your eyes to the ground, seeking my grave! My

grave will be in the hearts of the wise" Hz. Mevlana

NATIONAL HOLIDAY - BULGARIA

3rd March – The National Holiday of Bulgaria – The Day of Liberation

1st March – The Labour Day

6th May - St. George’s Day

24th May – The Day of the Bulgarian Alphabet, Culture and Slavonic Literature

6th September – The Day of Bulgarian Unity

22nd September – The Day of Bulgarian Independence

1st November – The Day of the National Educators

25th -26th December – Christmas

15-16th April 2012 - Easter

ST. JORDAN’S DAY

On this day, according to biblical legend, Jesus

Christ was baptized in the River Jordan by John

the Baptist. At the time of baptism, heaven

opened and the Holy Spirit descended on Christ

as a dove from heaven and spread voice: “ This

is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. “

Hence the name of the holiday – Epiphany.

On the 6th January after the service in the church

the priest throws a cross into the water and it

should be found and taken out. It is believed that

the one who has found the cross in the water will

be healthy and happy. He goes round the village

with the cross.

There is a belief that if the cross freezes in the

water, the year will be healthy and fertile.

Italian Holidays – ITALY

January 1st - New Year

January 6th - Epiphany of Our Lord 1

- Easter and Easter Monday

April 25th – Anniversary of the liberation 2

May 1st - Labour Day 3

June 2nd – Republic Day 4

August 15th - Assumption of Maria

November 1st – All Saints

December 8th – Immaculate Conception

December 25th -Christmas

26 Dicember- Saint Stephen - First Martyr

Holiday of the Patron Saint in Terni:

Saint Valentine February 14th

1 - Epiphany, from theGreek word “koine” which means "manifestation", "striking appearance", or Theophany (meaning "vision of God") which falls on January 6th, is a Christian feast that celebrates the revelation of God’s Son as a human being in Jesus Christ. Western Christians commemorate mainly the visitation of the Biblical Magi to the Baby Jesus, and thus Jesus’s physical manifestation to the people. Eastern Christians commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God.

2 - The Italian resistance day which celebrates partisans forces’ victory during World War II. In 1944, with the Allied forces nearby, the partisan resistance in Italy staged an uprising behind German lines, led by the Committee of National Liberation of Upper Italy (CLNAI). This rebellion led to the establishment of a number of provisional partisan governments throughout the mountainous regions of northern Italy. By the end of 1944, German reinforcements and Benito Mussolini's remaining forces had crushed the uprising, and the area's liberation had to wait until the final offensives of 1945.

3 - May Day : May Day on May 1 is an ancient northern spring festival and usually a public holiday. May Day is also a traditional holiday in many cultures. In many countries, May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, a day of political demonstrations and celebrations organised by communists, anarchists, socialists, unionists, and other activist groups.

4 - Republic Day (literally Festival of our Republic) is celebrated in Italy on the second of June each year. The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government, following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism. With 12,717,923 votes for a republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy, the male descendants of the House of Savoy were sent into exile. To commemorate it, a grand military parade is held in central Rome, presided by the President of the Italian Republic in his role as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister, formally known as the President of the Council of Ministers and other high officers of state are present too.

NATIONAL HOLIDAY - LATVIA

Each year in November Oskara Kalpaka Rudbāržu primary school holds a festive concert on occasion of Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia.

The event begins with a speech by the school headmaster. The best teachers and staff are greeted. The best student families are awarded with diplomas.

After the formal part, pupils’ concert is starting.

Every year after concert candles are lighted in all windows at the school and in the school’s yard, too.

In the evening Rudbarzi residents and guests are welcomed by Skrunda county council chairman, Rudbarzu district manager and principal of the school.

All together sing the national anthem and enjoy the beautiful fireworks.

There are folk dances in the school’s Heroes hall after fireworks. Anniversary of Latvia is celebrated all around the country,

especially in Riga. In the morning there is the ecumenical public worship in

the Dome church. Members of Parliament listen to the Speaker declamation at

the ceremonial meeting. President of the State

and members of parliament put down flowers at the Monument of Freedom.

Concerts are everywhere in Latvia.

In the evening there is a choral singing at the Freedom Monument.

The President’s speech to the people always is expected.

Firework in Riga – in the capital of Latvia

Candle procession at the Freedom Monument in Riga

LITHUANIAN NATIONAL HOLI

The 6th of July - Lithuanian

national festival, the first

Lithuanian ruler king

Mindaugas’ crowning day.

The first and the only

Lithuanian King was crowned

on the 6th of July,

Lithuanian King Mindaugas

united Lithuanians and made

one nation.

LITHUANIAN NATIONAL HOLIDAY

Lithuanian

national festival, the first

Lithuanian ruler king

Mindaugas’ crowning day. The first and the only

Lithuanian King was crowned

of July, 1253.

Mindaugas

united Lithuanians and made

People in the capital and

in the smaller towns

celebrate this national

festival reminding the

past of Lithuania and

its traditions. The

President of Lithuania

Dalia Grybauskaitė

makes a speech on that

day. On the 6th of July

the President Dalia

Grybauskaitė honours

the worthy people of

Lithuania and gives

them medals. It’s a

tradition among the

Lithuanians in all over

the world to sing

Lithuanian anthem at 9

pm on that day.

� 1st January New Year’s day The day of Lithuanian flag

� 16th February Day of Restoration of Lithuania’s Independence

� 11th March Day of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania

� 8th April Easter

� 6st May ( first Sunday ) Mother’s day

� 24th June Feast of St.John

� 6th July Lithuanian national festival, the first Lithuanian ruler king Mindaugas’ crowning day.

� 15th August The Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary

� 1st September The beginning of school year

� 5th October Teachers’ day

� 1st November All Saints Day

� 25th December Christmas

��

National holidays

Year after year, The Polish community, whether at home or abroad,

gathers together to commemorate the 3rd of May Constitution

and to honor all the great minds who took part in the creation of this

revolutionary document in 1791. They celebrate because the constitution

symbolizes the spiritual and moral renovation of the Polish nation after

a long period of chaos and disorder. They celebrate because

the constitution established a democratic philosophy of humanitarianism

and tolerance, including entire liberty to all people. And, most of all, they

celebrate because the 3rd of May Constitution is not only a milestone in

the Polish political and social history. but it is also a landmark in the

European tradition, being the second constitution ever written in the

world, and a first on the European soil.

One of the most celebrated days associated with

workers group is St. Barbara's Day on December 4th. St.

Barbara is a patron of coal miners.

Polish Independence Day is a public holiday in Poland

celebrated every year on 11th November.

It marks the restoration of Poland's independence in 1918.

After 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia and Austria

Poland reappeared on the map of Europe as a sovereign

democratic state.

SLOVAK NATIONAL UPRISING

The Slovak National Uprising was an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak

resistance movement during World War II against German Wehrmacht. It was launched on

August 29 1944 from Banská Bystrica .

The rebel Slovak partisan forces consisted 60,000 soldiers, plus

plus 18,000 partisans from over 30 countries, like Russia,

Poland, Czech, France, Bulgaria, etc, The Slovak forces

were defeated by Nazi Germany on October 28 1944 and,

guerrilla warfare continued until the Soviet Army occupied

Slovakia in 1945.

The famous memorial place is the Monument of Slovak

National Uprising in Banská Bystrica, where the celebrations

take place every August.

This feast is during the summer holiday and Slovak people celebrate it individually in each

town or village. We put bunches of flowers on memorial places to remember soldiers fallen in

the uprising.That day celebrations are taken place in town squares where folk groups dance

and sing.

Products of old traditional crafts are shown and sold there and people can buy drinks and

food.

One of the traditions is making big camp fires in all villages and towns. People sit around,

play the guitars and sing songs.

TURKISH NATIONAL HOLIDAYS

April 23: National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Anniversary of the establishment of Turkish Grand

National Assembly)

May 1: Labour and Solidarity Day (recently added in 2009)

May 19: Atatürk Commemoration and Youth & Sports Day ( The arrival of Atatürk in Samsun, and the

beginning of the War of Independence)

August 30: Victory Day

October 29: Republic Day (Anniversary of the declaration of the Turkish Republic)

23 APRIL NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND CHILDREN’S DAY

23 April National Sovereignty and Children's Day is a national day which was dedicated to Turkish

children by the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, to emphasize that they are the future of

the new nation. The first celebration of it was held on April 23rd, 1920, when the Turkish Grand National

Assembly met in Ankara and laid down the foundations of a new, independent, secular, and modern republic.

The festival has been celebrated internationally since 1979 with The Turkish Radio and Television

Corporation. Today, TRT International 23rd April Children’s festival is celebrated every year with participation

of approximately 50 countries. At Children’s Festival, all the children is speaking the same language, World

Peace language.

Every year, children coming from different

countries stay with Turkish families, they

present their folkloric dances in stadiums.

Schools participate in week-long

ceremonies marked by performances in all

fields at schools and in large stadiums.

Stadium shows broadcast from TRT

television channels. Among the activities on

this day, the children send their

representatives to replace state officials and

high ranking bureaucrats in their offices.

GAMES - BULGARIA

Burn, burn handkerchief In this game the children squat in a circle. Only one kid holds a handkerchief and runs around the circle singing “Burn, burn handkerchief, the dog is pulling it!”. The task is to drop the hanky behind one’s back. The one that gets the hanky stands up and starts chasing the other one and tries to take his place in the circle. This game is real fun and you should try to play it.

Wishbone is the name of an old game. It is usually played by two people. The one shouldn’t take any kind of objects that the opponent wants to give him.

To start the game a branched chicken or turkey bone ("furcula", referred to as a jaw bone or the wishbone) need to be broken by two players. Their goal is to pass an object under some pretext that the other will take it. The player who has got the smaller

part is the only one that should not take anything.

When one opponent passes an object to the other, the recipient must say: “I know!”. In this way you show the other that you have not forgotten about the game. If you do not say it, your friend says "One, two, three ... Wishbone " and that’s how he wins the game and you have to carry out his wish.

The game can be played by a different number of students - the more, the funnier.

NATIONAL GAME - ITALY

This game is to be played against a wall and the ground must be without obstacles. The players (not less than two and no more than ten) must draw a line on the ground, 5 steps distance from the wall. Each of the players should take ten coins, while a big coin must remain at their disposal. Standing behind the line, one of the players, drawn lots, throws the big coin, trying to make it bounce against the wall and stop on the ground between the line and the wall. In turn , each player throws one of his/her coins against the wall, trying to make it bounce as close as possible to the big coin. If one of the small coins doesn’t touch the wall , it will be picked up and laid on the ground far from the others . When all the players have thrown, the owner of the coin nearest to the big one, will win all the others, provided that between his/her coin and the big one , there’s a less than 20 cm distance. If this hasn’t been the case, each player will take his/her coin back. The game will continue in the same way, throwing each time the big coin. Who remains without coins, will be eliminated. After a previously established time, the player who owns more coins, will be the winner of the game.

NATIONAL GAME - LATVIA

Game „Knit, children, knit!”

1. All children stand in a circle. 2. Choose a Goat and a Wolf (to rule a game). 3. All go around in a circle, representing the movement of the hand knitting. Song: knit, knit, children, what you knit - knit socks for a wolf! 4. Continue going around in the circle lifting knees high up. Song: wolf’s paws are suffered from cold; wolf’s paws are suffered from cold - walking through swamps and forests. 5. Join hands, raise them up. Song: make, children, high fence; make, children, high fence - let a goat come in a garden! 6. Rise hands up and put down. Song: high, high, not so low; high, high, not so low, that wolf doesn’t catch a goat. 7. Squat down and put hands on the cheek (sleeping). Song: now dogs and domestic animals are sleeping, shepherds themselves are sleeping, too. 8. Clap your hands. Song: now is the time for the wolf to catch the goat in the garden. 9. The Wolf catches the Goat. When the Goat is caught then another Goat and Wolf are choose.

CHILDREN‘S GAME „ THE MOUSE RUNNING IN THE

HOUSE“

This game is very active and busy. It requires a lot of attention and fast reaction.

It is a popular game in the evening parties and other entertainments. The movements illustrate the

text, which is sung. At the beginning all the players make a big circle. The music consists of two

parts. The first part is slow and it consists of 6 bars, time 4/4. The second part is fast and it consists

of 4 bars, time 2/4. The melody of four bars is repeated as many times as wanted.

1. A circle (6 bars) 1-6 bar “

Mouse, mouse

was running in

the house while

the cat was

sleeping „

All dancers in a circle

are turning the circle

round in some

direction (one step

every crotchet).

1 figure

2. Catching the mouse

( 4 bars )

1-4 bar „ The

cat is so bad

because he

can‘t catch the

mouse“

The player who is the

„cat“ tries to catch the

player who is the

„ mouse“.

Party”Let’s be friends playing together!”, the 3rd

meeting in Lithuania, 2011.

National game

THIS IS A SPORTS GAME. THERE ARE TWO TEAMS AND A BALL…

THIS IS THE ARRAGEMENT OF PLAYERS

ONE PLAYER MUST AIM AT OPPONENTS WITH THE BALL

THEY MUST AVOID TO BE HIT

IF YOU ARE HIT YOU LOSE… AND MUST LEAVE

THE GAME…

THE WINNING TEAM CANNOT LOSE ALL PLAYERS

ROMANIAN GAME – SNAILS HUNTING

Participants : 20-25 students Age : 10-14 years old Organization : - 5 students outside the circle : the snails’ team - 3 students inside the circle : the hunters’ team - the others students form the circle, holding by the hand. They are the defenders’ team Development –1. The snailsturn round the defenders outside the circle, and the defenders also turn round but in opposite direction. 2. The hunters try to go out of the circle either by loosening the defenders’ hands or by going out under their hands. 3. When the snails feel the danger, they crouch. This moment they cannot be caught by the hunters. When the danger ceases, the snails raise up and take again their way. 4. The defenders must not let themselves be cheated by the hunters and allow them to go out of the circle. 5. The hunter who catches a snail becomes a snail in his turn and the hunter takes his place. 6. The game can go on by changing the parts. 7. Everybody wins by joy, fun and entertainment.

HAVE A GOOD TIME !

GOLDEN GATE

Lyrics: translation in Slovak

Golden Gate open, Zlatá brána otvorená,

supported by a gold key, zlatým kľúčom podoprená,

who enters into it, kto do nej vojde,

apple finds, jabĺčko nájde,

whether she or he is, či je ona, či je on,

I will not let him out of the gate. nepustím ho z brány von.

Rules:

1. Two children consist the Golden Gate.

2. They agree, what they will be an apple or a pear.

3. They hold their hands and they sing: ,,Golden gate…´´.

4. Others catch by the hands and they create a snake.

5. They go through the Golden Gate.

6. When they say the last world of the song, Golden Gate closes (the last player becomes

a prisoner). Then they ask him what he chooses, whether apple or pear.

7. When he chooses the pear (or the apple), he goes behind the player, who is the pear

(or the apple).

8. They again agree what they will be the apple or the pear and they start singing:

,,Golden Gate…”.

9. The game ends, when two players remain. They consist a new Golden Gate.

YA

In this game, children sit down in a circle facing each other, except one. One person is "it" and walks around the circle carrying a handkerchief.

As “it” walks around, other children sing while clapping Yağ satarım, bal satarım,Ustam öldü, ben satarım.Ustamın kürkü sarıdır.Satsam 15 liradır.Zam-bak Zum-bak Dön arkana iyi bak.“It” will eventually drop the handkerchief behind one of the players. The main idea of the game is to drop the handkerchmust look toward the center at all times, and can’t turn their heads to watch the runner behind them.As soon as the player in the circle discovers that the handkerchief has been dropped behichase “it” around the circle. The goal is to reach the vacant space left by the person chasing.

As soon as this happens, the first player joins the ring, whilst it is now the turn of the

YAĞ SATARIM BAL SATARIM

In this game, children sit down in a circle facing each other, except one. One person is "it" and walks around

As “it” walks around, other children sing while clapping hands: satarım, bal satarım,Ustam öldü, ben satarım.

Ustamın kürkü sarıdır.Satsam 15 liradır. bak Dön arkana iyi bak.

“It” will eventually drop the handkerchief behind one of the players. The main idea of the game is to drop the handkerchief without the other players knowing. The players in the ring must look toward the center at all times, and can’t turn their heads to watch the runner behind them.As soon as the player in the circle discovers that the handkerchief has been dropped behichase “it” around the circle. The goal is to reach the vacant space left by the person chasing.

As soon as this happens, the first player joins the ring, whilst it is now the turn of the second to “Drop the handkerchief.”

In this game, children sit down in a circle facing each other, except one. One person is "it" and walks around

ief without the other players knowing. The players in the ring must look toward the center at all times, and can’t turn their heads to watch the runner behind them. As soon as the player in the circle discovers that the handkerchief has been dropped behind him, he must pick it up and chase “it” around the circle. The goal is to reach the vacant space left by the person chasing.

second to “Drop the handkerchief.”

NATIONAL DANCE - BULGARIA

BULGARIAN FOLK COSTUMES

BULGARIAN FOLK DANCES

Horo is a traditional Bulgarian round dance. The most popular type of horo dance is called “Pravo horo” and is performed by

a group of people holding each other to form a circle. The movement is two steps forward and one- backward. Horo is

played on weddings, local festivals, New Year’s Eve. On 2nd

May 2005 the longest horo took place in Alexahder Nevski

square in Sofia involving more than 13 000 participants.

POPULAR DANCES - ITALY

TARANTELLA

The Neapolitan tarantella is a courtship dance performed by

couples whose "rhythms, melodies, gestures and accompanying

songs are quite distinct" featuring a fast and cheerful music.

Its origins may further lie in "a fifteenth-century fusion

between the Spanish fondango and the Moresque 'ballo di sfessartia.'" The "magic-

religious" tarantella is a solo dance performed to cure through perspiration the

contortions attributed to the bite of a spider at harvest (summer) time. The dance

was later applied as a supposed cure for the behavior of neurotic women

SALTARELLO

Saltarello was a lively, merry dance first mentioned in

Naples during the 13th century. The music survives, but

no early instructions for the actual dance are known. It

was played in a fast triple meter and is named for its

peculiar leaping step, after the italian verb saltare

("to jump").

Pizzica

Pizzica is a popular Italian folk dance, originally from the

Salento peninsula (Lecce in particular) and later spreading

throughout all the Puglia region and eastern Basilicata. It is

part of the larger family of tarantella dances.

NATIONAL DANCE - LATVIA

Dance “Plaukstiņpolka”

Description.

First step

Music part 1

Bar 1. Each clap own hands two times.

Bar 2. Two partners (a pair) clap their right-hand wrists together.

Bar 3. Each clap own hands two times.

Bar 4. Partners clap 2 times the left-hand wrists.

Bar 5. Each clap hands two times.

Bar 6. Partners clap right-hand, then left-hand wrists.

Bar 7. Each clap own hands two times.

Bar 8. Partners clap palms of both hands together.

Music part 2

Bar 9 to 16 (2 times). Dancers, in crosswise grip, dance step dance skip the travel direction.

Second step

Music part 1

Bar 1-8. Repeat First steps bar 1-8 operation.

Music part 2

Bar 9 - 16 (2 times). Repeat First step bar 9-16 operation. Once again, repeating the bar 9-16,

join both hands and held at shoulder height, dancing Gallop dance track direction.

TRADITIONAL LITHUANIAN DANCES AND COSTUMES

The evolution of Lithuanian dance is closely linked to the country's history of occupation and independence. In the 21st century, Lithuania, asan independent nation, enjoys the celebration of a wide variety of dances including ballet, modern and national folk. Dance is on display in numerous festivals held throughout the country.

most famous paired Lithuanian dances are polkas, grinders, dances named “Šokin(Jump, Boys), „Kiškelis“ (The Bunny), „Pjoviau šienmovements and steps do not folk dance owns a unique character.

The Lithuanian Song and Dance Celebrationan undoubtedly significant LiWorld Heritage list as to be an accredited worldhttp://www.way2lithuania.com/en/travel

The dance group of Naisiai Basic school

Lithuanian dance “Rolenderis

RADITIONAL LITHUANIAN DANCES AND COSTUMES

The evolution of Lithuanian dance is closely linked to the country's history of occupation and independence. In the 21st century, Lithuania, as an independent nation, enjoys the celebration of a wide variety of dances including ballet, modern and national folk. Dance is on display in numerous festivals held throughout the country.

One style of

Lithuanian folk dance is called circles (rateliai), a type of dance in the round. Prior to the 19th century, the dances were performed without musical accompaniment.

The traditional costumes of Lithuanian folk dancing are quite colorful, making use of vibrant blues, reds, greens and yellows. Based on ethnographic style, these 19th century peasant costumes are designed to represent various regions of the Lithuanian countryside.

The really deep and rich Lithuanian dance heritage formatted the nowadays dancing culture which is characterized by inward emotional energy. Typical Lithuanian dance has a music of moderate tempo, symmetric jumps of not very large interval. The

most famous paired Lithuanian dances are polkas, grinders, dances named “Šokin(Jump, Boys), „Kiškelis“ (The Bunny), „Pjoviau šieną“ ( Cut the Hay) and so on.movements and steps do not differ much from those of neighboring countries, however, Lithuanian folk dance owns a unique character.

Song and Dance Celebration (Dainų šventė) ,which is an undoubtedly significant Lithuanian cultural tradition and it is even included into the UNESCO World Heritage list as to be an accredited world-line cultural worth.http://www.way2lithuania.com/en/travel-lithuania/dance).

The dancers of the 6

The dance group of Naisiai Basic school

Lithuanian dance “Rolenderis” Lithuanian dance “Jievaro tiltas”

RADITIONAL LITHUANIAN DANCES AND COSTUMES

, a type of dance in the round. Prior to the 19th century, the dances were performed without musical accompaniment.

The traditional costumes of Lithuanian folk dancing are quite colorful, making use of vibrant blues, reds, greens and yellows. Based on ethnographic style, these 19th century peasant costumes are designed to represent various regions of the

The really deep and rich Lithuanian dance heritage formatted the nowadays dancing culture which is characterized by inward emotional energy. Typical Lithuanian dance has a music of

etric jumps of not very large interval. The most famous paired Lithuanian dances are polkas, grinders, dances named “Šokinėkit, berniukai“

“ ( Cut the Hay) and so on. The main differ much from those of neighboring countries, however, Lithuanian

,which is more than 100 years old, is is even included into the UNESCO

line cultural worth. (See more

The dancers of the 6th

form

Lithuanian dance “Jievaro tiltas”

Traditional dances Krakowiak

is a fast, syncopated Polish dance from the

region of Cracow. This dance is known to imitate

horses, the steps mimic their movement, for

horses were well loved in the Cracow region of

Poland for their civilian as well as military use.

In terms of its choreography, the krakowiak is set for several couples, among whom the

leading male dancer sings and indicates the steps.

Kujawiak

is a folk dance from the region of Kujawy in

central Poland. The music is fairly slow. The

dance usually involves couples walking gracefully

on slightly bended knees, with relaxed turns and

gently swaying.

Polonaise is a slow dance in 3/4 time. Its name

is French for "Polish." Frédéric Chopin's polonaises

are generally the best known of all polonaises in

classical music.

Slovak Folk Dances

Most of the Slovak dances had a vocal accompaniment.

Otherwise, the most common musical accompaniment

was bagpipes, violin, bass and flute.

Slovak folk dances are characterized by temperament and some syntactic freedom. Most

dances are danced without holding the partner, in a free position next to him, with hands on

the side. The fast turnings, tramples and swirling variegate the charming choreographic

construction and has a unique temperament.

In the 20th century classical dance folklore was dying. After the World War II folk dancing

became an art scene. Folklore groups were gradually created, which kept folk dances on

professional level. There are more than hundred folk groups in Slovakia. They are seeking

the authentic representation of customs and traditions of their surroundings. This means that

the choreography is built according to the celebrations of the year and includes traditional

songs and spoken word to the given holiday.

In our town there are two folk groups Haviar for adults and Haviarik

for children and in this group pupils from our school dance and sing.

Slovak Folk Costumes

Costumes or folk dress clothes identify the people living in villages, who were farming in

the past. Costumes served as a protection against climate change.The origin and

development of the folk costumes were affected mainly by domestic raw materials, the type

of work and employment, social class and nationality, religion and belief, contact with foreign

countries and historical fashion of the higher social class. The biological characters, sex (men,

women), age (children, youth and adults), the status and belonging to the family (single,

married, widows). Material for the manufacture of folk clothing was determined by natural

conditions and needs. They were manufacturing the skin and fur, flax, hemp and sheep wool

to the textiles.To the oldest part of the male clothing belong the canopy shirt and breeches,

cloth trousers and various kinds of three-quarter and long coats of fur, capes and caps. The

women clothing from canopy are under dress, shirt, apron, skirt, cap, wool aprons, cloth

three-quarter jackets and coats. This also included shoes and coiffure.

Costumes indicate differentiation of the regions. Various embroidery decorations, its

technology, ornaments, color and composition are typical for these regions. At the end of the

19th century Slovak costumes had about 60 variations.

Turkish dances reflect daily life, and others treat social events and matters of the heart. Every dance

has a story. For example, the Kimil dance from Urfa province portrays a kind of pest that harms the crops

and the way that villagers attempt to deal with it.

Folk dances are performed at weddings, engagement ceremonies, when sending young men off to

perform their military service, at national and religious festivals, after victories.

People wear daily or special costumes in line with the reasons behind the particular dance.

In Turkey folk dance is invariably accompanied by musical instruments, and in some regions folk dances are

accompaniment by folk songs.

Singing Yüksek Yüksek Tepeler (To High Hills) is a

tradition during the "henna-night", the night before

wedding.

NATIONAL RECIPE - BULGARIA

BANITSA – BAKED CHEESE PASTRY

Banitsa is a traditional Bulgarian pastry made of eggs, flour and cheese. You can taste different

variations of banitsa all around the country. It can be eaten for breakfast or as a dessert.

On New Year’s Eve there is a tradition to serve banitsa with hidden fortune tickets inside. It is believed

that the wishing written on the ticket you find in your piece of banitsa /for example, “health”, “love”.

“joy”, “marriage”, “child”, etc./ will show your luck for the coming year.

Ingredients:

10-12 sheets filo pastry

500g white cheese - sirene (Bulgarian white

brine cheese) or feta

½ pack butter, melted

3-4 eggs

250 ml soda water and a pinch of salt

How to cook this dish:

Oil a deep, medium size oven dish.

Cover the bottom with a sheet of filo pastry, sprinkle melted butter and crumbled white

cheese, and continue layering filo pastry with butter and cheese. Finish with a layer of filo

pastry and butter.

In a separate dish, beat the eggs, add salt and soda water.

Slowly pour the mixture over the dish with banitsa and let it soak in.

Cook in a preheated oven at 180-200°C for about 40 minutes or until the banitsa has risen

slightly and has turned a nice brown colour on top.

Leave to cool for about 30 minutes and serve.

Truffle croutouns

This is an ideal hors - d’oeuvre for a formal dinner. You need good quality

black truffles cleaned carefully with a small brush, washed and then grated

fine. In a small pan slightly heat 3 o 4 tablespoons of olive oil and 1 clove of

garlic. Out of the flame add the truffles, mix well then put the pan back on a

very low flame for just 1 minute. Take care not to let the oil fry or else the

truffles will lose their genuine aroma. Finally add 1 boned and mashed anchovy

and the juice of 1 lemon. Spread this mixture on lightly toasted slices of

bread.

RIBBON-SHAPED PASTA, SPOLETO STYLE

The characteristic of this home-made noodles consists inbeing made without eggs. For 6 people mix together 600gm of flour and enough water to obtain a solid dough. Rollout a thin sheet of dough and cut it into strips 1 cm large.Leave the noodles to dry for some hours. Lightly fry 2cloves of garlic in 1 glass of olive oil, as soon as thegarlic takes on a gold colour, remove it and add about 1kilo of ripe tomatoes, peeled and cut into pieces,abundant basil, salt and pepper. Leave the sauce to cookfor about 30 minutes. Boil the noodles in abundant saltedwater until chewy but not soft (this is one of the secretsthat can ensure the good result of the dish). Seasonimmediately and serve with grated parmesan cheese.

NATIONAL RECIPE - ITALY

NATIONAL RECIPE - LATVIA

Potatoes with herring and cottage cheese.

Recipe of Latvian traditional food

Need - potatoes, herring, sour cream, cottage cheese, curdled milk, salt.

Preparation -

1) Peel potatoes, rinse, place in a pot with water and boil them. Drain.

2) Mix cottage cheese with sour cream, curdled milk and a little salt.

3) Clean, gut and skin a fish - salted herring, cut it into small pieces.

4) Serve on a plate putting the boiled potatoes, mixture of cottage cheese, sour cream

and curdled milk, and pieces of herring. Add cut spring onions.

POTATO DUMPLINGS

This is traditional Lithuanian dish. It would be a sin not to try Lithuania. Hostess in Lithuania often entertain their respectable guests with is a delicious, specific and cooking experience requiring dish. Variety of sauces and fillings is quite wide – each cook decides differently according to his or her experience and taste. The most popular receipe is potato dumplingsprobably the best of all possible varieties

Ingredients for 5 portions

12 uncooked ( raw )potatoes 3 boiled and mashed potatoes 500 grams of minced meat 2 onions some slices of bacon sour cream to taste black ground peppers to tastesalt to taste

• Peel off potatoes, grate them and squeeze dry. Do not pour off the liquid, wait until starch sets in. Then pour off the liquid, put starch and mashed boiled potatoes into grated potwell the mash. • Ready the filling. Chop 1 well. • Form patties from about 80g tablespoon of filling. Double over every filled patty, strangulate ribs well and form oblong dumplings. • Put the dumplings into boiling salted water and boil for 20stirring. • Take out the dumplings and put them into warm bowl.

Serve the dumplings with special sauce

Sauce

• Cut some bacon into small pieces and put it into a hot frying pan on the oven• Chop 1 onion and put it into the frying pan, stir time to time• When the sauce is ready pour 1

to your taste.

OTATO DUMPLINGS - CEPELINAI

Lithuanian dish. It would be a sin not to try it at least one time if you are in Lithuania. Hostess in Lithuania often entertain their respectable guests with is a delicious, specific and cooking experience requiring dish. Variety of sauces and fillings is quite

each cook decides differently according to his or her experience and taste. The most popular potato dumplings with forcemeat. In this way dumplings are very filling and the taste is

probably the best of all possible varieties.

portions:

potatoes potatoes

(beaf or pork)

black ground peppers to taste

potatoes, grate them and squeeze dry. Do not pour off the liquid, wait until starch sets in. Then pour off the liquid, put starch and mashed boiled potatoes into grated pot

1 onion and put it into the minced meat. Add some

80g potatoes mash, spread them well and put on approximatelyble over every filled patty, strangulate ribs well and form oblong

Put the dumplings into boiling salted water and boil for 20-25 minutes slightly and carefully

Take out the dumplings and put them into warm bowl.

ings with special sauce and sour cream.

Cut some bacon into small pieces and put it into a hot frying pan on the ovenChop 1 onion and put it into the frying pan, stir time to time When the sauce is ready pour 1-2 spoons of it onto the dumplings,

Enjoy your meal!!!!!

CEPELINAI

at least one time if you are in Lithuania. Hostess in Lithuania often entertain their respectable guests with potato dumplings as it is a delicious, specific and cooking experience requiring dish. Variety of sauces and fillings is quite

each cook decides differently according to his or her experience and taste. The most popular are very filling and the taste is

potatoes, grate them and squeeze dry. Do not pour off the liquid, wait until starch sets in. Then pour off the liquid, put starch and mashed boiled potatoes into grated potatoes. Salt and mix

. Add some salt and peppers. Mix

potatoes mash, spread them well and put on approximately 1 ble over every filled patty, strangulate ribs well and form oblong

25 minutes slightly and carefully

Cut some bacon into small pieces and put it into a hot frying pan on the oven

2 spoons of it onto the dumplings, add sour cream according

Recipe Traditional Polish dish - BIGOS

Ingredients for 4 people:

- 0,5 kilo white cabbage - 0,5 kilo sauerkraut - 500 g bacon - 500 g sausage - 1 big onion - 1 tablespoon of sour plum jam or a few

dried plums - 250 g tomato paste or 1 can of peeled

tomatoes - salt and pepper - a little of pimento - 1 or 2 laurel leaves

Additional ingredients:

- 2 dried forest mushrooms - a little of red wine

Procedure:

- chop cabbage and put it into boiling water with salt, pimento, a laurel leaf and cook it for 20 minutes, - cut sauerkraut and also put it into boiling water with pimento and a laurel leaf but not salt and cook it

for 40 minutes, - when the cabbage and sauerkraut is soft pour the water out, - in the meantime cut bacon and sausages into little pieces, - fry bacon and sausage in the frying pan, - cut an onion into little pieces and fry it with bacon and sausage, - mix fried bacon, sausage and onion with boiled cabbage and sauerkraut, - put tomato paste and plum jam into the cabbage stew and mix everything.

BIGOS is ready.

Serve it hot and eat with bread. ENJOY IT!!!

Potato Dumplings

with Bryndza

(Bryndzové halušky)

Ingredients: 5-6 potatoes, bryndza, 4-5

slices of bacon, cream, 10 spoons of flour, 3

teaspoons of salt, a big saucepan of water

Prep time: 30 minutes

Slovak traditional dish is bryndzové halušky. Halušky are potato dumplings, and they come in

many varieties. They can be topped with cabbage, sour cabbage, eggs and curd. But when you

mix them with bryndza, a soft crumbly cheese traditionally made by shepherds out of sheep

milk, you get this national dish. Of course, to make them right, you will need bryndza. It’s not

very easy to find it in other countries.

Start by peeling and shredding potatoes (zemiaky).

Drain the liquid and stir in about the amount of potatoes

in flour.

Add salt. Then use a kitchen knife or fork and a cutting

board to toss pieces into a large pot of salted, boiling

water or use a special pot with holes. Be sure the water

is always boiling.

Let cook for few minutes. The dumplings are ready when we can see them on the top of the

water. In the mean time, cut bacon into small squares and fry them to make “škvarky”.

Strain the dumplings. Use a wooden spoon to clear off the goo that clogs up the holes.

Take your bryndza and cream and stir it in.

Top with bacon and few spoonfuls of grease. They also taste great topped with with shredded

“oštiepok” cheese.

MANTI This is one of the oldest dishes of Turkish Cuisine. The city of Kayseri is famous for its mantı.

Ingredients � All- purpose flour 5 cups � Salt 2 teaspoons � Eggs 2 medium size � Water 1/2 cup � Ground meat1 1/4 cups � Onions 2 small size � Parsley 1 /3 bunch � Salt 1 teaspoon � Black pepper 1/2 teaspoon � Water 8 cups � Salt 1 tablespoon � Tomato 1 large size � Butter or margarine 1 /4 cup � Red pepper 1/2 teaspoon � Yogurt 2 2/3 cups � Garlic 6 cloves

Preparation

� 1- Flour: Sift flour in a large bowl, reserving 1/3 cup. Add salt; mix well. Make a hole in center. Blend in eggs and water gradually mixing thoroughly. Knead for 7-8 minutes to make a smooth, medium stiff dough. Divide into 3 portions. Shape into balls. Cover with a damp napkin. Let stand for 10 minutes.

� 2-For filling: Combine ground meat, minced onions and parsley. Season with salt and pepper; mix well. Set aside. Roll first ball out into 1 mm thick circle sprinkling with flour. Cut into 2 1/2 (1 inch) squares. Place 1/2 teaspoon of filling in centre of each square. Bring four corners together sealing and pressing well like a tiny bundle (or fold one corner of square over filling to join opposite corner shaping into triangle. Seal well pressing edges together.) Place on lightly floured baking pan. Repeat same with remaning balls and filling.

� 3-Cooking: Place water in a large saucepan. Add salt; stir. Bring to boil. Stir in mantıs, mixing gently and thoroughly. Reduce heat.

Simmer uncovered for 15-20 minutes or until tender but firm stirring gently and occasionally. � 4-Sauce: Combine minced tomato and melted butter in a saucepan. Simmer for 5 minutes. Stir in red pepper; keep warm.

Combine yogurt and minced garlic in a bowl. Serve mantı with yogurt and tomato sauce. BON APPETIT

European Game

Meaning of the symbols:

- Way ( Start/Finish)

- Activity

- Question

Rules:

1. Throw the dice. The player with the highest number starts the game.

2. Go ahead longways

3. If you come to a field, solve the following tasks:

1 – Sing a nice song!

2 – Count in English from 1 to 10

3 – Say something nice to your left partner

4 – Say three European capitals

5 – Jump up and down like a frog!

6 – How would you ask for the way to the bus station?

7 – Dance your national dance with your friend

8 – Say days of the week in English

4.I you come to a field, draw the card and answer the question. If you are right –

go ahead three steps. If you are wrong or do not know the answer – withdraw three

steps.

First person who reaches Finish line is THE WINNER!!!

QUESTIONNAIRE

Summary of questionnaire about values

Participants of questionnaire

Comenius Project participants – Turkey, Latvia, Lithuania,

Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Poland and Italy.

Students age – 12 to 16, together 514 children.