pdrh^zghunzdksme,f twjg(4)? trswf3buhkawguae&aom pm;0wfaea&;esifh usef;rma&;wdky twguf...
TRANSCRIPT
aA'rsm;ESifh tmumoqdkif&m tif*sifeD,m paom
acwfrDenf;ynm xkwfukefrsm;wdk;jr§ifh&ef aqmif&Guf
cJhMuonf/ tDvufx&Gef;epf? csnfrQifESifh txnf?
oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;? armfawmf,mOf
xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;ESifh pwD;vkyfief;rsm;onf ta&;
BuD; xkwfukeftcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhonf/
xdkYodkY tifwdkuftm;wdkuf aqmif&GufcJhrIrsm;
aMumifh awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;onf tm&S
wdkuf\ pwkw¬tBuD;qkH;jzpfNyD; EdkifiHwum tqifhwGif
(11) ckajrmuf tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/ tqdkyg ykHpHonf
tdrfaxmifpk0ifrsm;rS yl;aygif;yg0ifonfh a&maxG;
pD;yGm;a&;ykHpHjzpfonf/ EdkifiHonf urÇmh tqif;&JqkH;
EdkifiHrS rsKd;qufoufwrf;wpfcktwGif; 0ifaiGtqifh
jrifhrm;aom zGHUNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHtjzpf wufvSrf;Edkifonfh
twGuf urÇmhtv,fwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onf/
Miracle on the Han River [k xif&Sm;aom awmifudk;&D;
,m;EdkifiH\ tHhMozG,fpD;yGm;a&; ajymif;vJrIonf urÇmh
csr f ;om aomEd ki fi Hr sm;r S 0i fa&mufE d ki fonf h
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development- OECD ESifh G- 20 tzGJU0iftjzpfodkY 0if
a&mufEdkifcJhNyD; rsufarSmufumvwGifvnf; pD;yGm;a&;
atmifjrifrIrsm;tm; qufvufxdef;xm;EdkifjyD; 21
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oabFmwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;? urÇmhtBuD;qkH;
armfawmfum; xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;? "mwfowåK
wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;? aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;? c&D;oGm;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif atmifjrifrIrsm; &&Sd cJhonf/
okH;oyfcsufudk&D;,m;uRef;qG,fppfyGJtNyD; uGefjrLepf?
qdk&S,fvpfESifh t&if;&Sif0g'wdkY tm;NydKifrIaMumifh jzpf
yGm;cJhaom jynfwGif;ppftNyD; EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;tm;
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf apa&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;
taumiftxnfazmfrIrsm;tm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif
pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;? pufrIvkyfief;rsm;tm; rsKd;quf
oufwrf;wpfcktwGif; pD;yGm;a&;aumif;rGefatmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí wdkif;jynf\ 0ifaiGESifh GDP
onf odomxif&Sm;pGm wdk;wufcJhNyD; atmifjrif atmif
taumiftxnfazmfEd kifcJ honf/ 1990 jynfhESpf
aESmif;ydkif;rsm;wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom tm&SpD;yGm;a&;
ysufuyfrsm;aMumifh EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;onf wdk;wufrI
tenf;i,f &yfwefYcJhaomf vnf; cdkifrmaom pD;yGm;a&;
rl0g'rsm;ESifh EdkifiHom;wdkU\ tpdk;&rl0g'rsm;tm;
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tav; teufxm;
vdkufemaqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh tm;aumif;cdkifrm
aom pD;yGm;a&;udk wnfwHhcdkifrmatmif xdef;odrf;xm;
EdkifaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/
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twGuf tpdk;&\ rl0g'rsm;aumif;rGef½kHjzifh wdk;wuf
rIrsm; &&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ x<uvkHYv
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onf/
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ Saemaul Undong Movement in the Republic of
Korea.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saemaul_ Undong
2/ NakdongxRiver
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakdong_River
3/ South Korea, Economic Reform Process
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea
4/ Economic Sectors of South Korea
http://www.indexmundi.com/south_korea/
5/ Sharing Knowledge on Community-Driven
Development, Asian Development Bank
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
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jzifh ,aeYtcsdefxd jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; tajccs vkyf
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jr§KyfESHcGifhudk cGifhjyKay;vsuf &Sdygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH&if;
ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif rS 1988 - 2011 ckESpf rS 2016 -
2017 b@mESpftxd e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP)
tajccH txnfcsKyfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;aygif; 303 ckESifh
e0vDvufcpm; pepf (CMP) tajccHtjcm;csKyfvkyfrI
vkyfief;aygif; 136 cktm; cGifhjyKay;cJhNyD; pkpkaygif;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI yrmPusyfoef;aygif; 1486.363
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46
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tudkiftcGifhtvrf;qdkif&m? tcGefqdkif&m? wifydkYrI^
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aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif EdkifiHwumESifh jynfwGif;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;trsm;tjym; wdk;wufxGef;um;
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rsm;pGm teufrS þpmwrf;wGif txl;jyKvsuf wifjy
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rsm;udk &nfñTef;aqG;aEG;&ef &nf&G,fxm;ygonf/
taMumif;&if;rSm trsm;vufcHxm;onfhtwdkif;
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onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;twGuf t"du pdef
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a&mif;csEdkifcGifh&Sd r&Sdudk okH;oyfEdkifayrnf/ (odkY&mwGif
jynfywifydkYrIpepft& CMP vkyfief;rsm;tm; jynfy
wifydkYrI\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;tm; tavtvGifhjzpfcGifhtjzpf
ay;xm;onfudk owdjyK&efvnf; vdktyfayonf/ xdkY
twl ukefMurf;ESifh xkwfukefnDrQ&efvnf; vdktyfay
rnf/)
txufazmfjycsuf ESpfckudk EdIif;,SOfMunfh
vQif odomrnf[k ,lqrdygonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd
CMP vkyfief;trsm;pkonf wpfqifhcHpmcsKyfrsm;om
csKyfqdkxm;EdkifNyD; ukefMurf;tjzpf wifoGif;vmrIudk
MunfhvQif ydkrdkodomonfqdk&ayrnf/ Oyrmay;&
vQif tusÐwpfxnfwGif yg0if&rnfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;
udk ukefMurf;tjzpf wifoGif;NyD; wGJpyfcsKyfvkyfí &&Sd
vmaom tusÐtm; rlvEdkifiHodkY jyefvnfwifydkYjcif;
rsKd;jzpfonf/ CMP pmcsKyfrsm; wdkuf½dkufcsKyfqdkxm;aom
EdkifiHrsm;&Sd puf½kHrsm;onf txufazmfjyygtwdkif;
ESpfzufoabmwlpmcsKyfcsKyf qdkxm;onfhtwdkif;
xkwfvkyfí tqifhqifhjyKjyifxdef;odrf; xkyfydk;onf
txd vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;udk&&Sdxm;NyD;
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkYvnf; wpfqifhcH pmcsKyfrsm;jzifh
vufcpm; jyefvnftyfESHjcif;rsKd;vnf; vkyfaqmifEdkif
onf/ ,if;wdk Y wpfqifhcH csKyfvkyfapjcif;tm;jzifh
jzpfay:aeaom vkyftm;c jrifhrm;rIjyóemrsm;udk
vnf; ajz&Sif;NyD;jzpfonf[kvnf; qdk&ayrnf/
txufazmfjyyg t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf ESpfckudk
MunfhvQifyif jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh CMP pepf tajccH
vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifaeonfh tm;avsmfpGm csKyf
vkyfjcif;rSonf xkwfvkyfjcif;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;oifh
onfudk owdrlMu&rnfh tcsdefodkYa&muf&SdaeNyDvnf;
jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; jy|mef;cJUaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefhxm;rIqdkif&m tcGifUta&;rsm;þtydkif;wGif 2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhaom
EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ESifh
vuf&SdusifhokH;aeaom jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefYxm;rIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhNyD; EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;yg jy|mef;csuf
rsm;udkMunfhvQif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief; pwifonfhESpfrS
yxrESpfESpfwGif uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om; 75 &mcdkifEIef;
ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; 25 &mcdkifEIef;cefYxm;cGifh? aemuf
xyf ESpfESpfwGif uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
om; 50 &mcdkifEIef;pD cefYxm;EdkifcGifhESifh aemufxyf
ESpfESpfwmumvwGif jrefrmEdkifiHom; 75 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
49
uRrf;usifEdkifiHjcm;om; 25 &mcdkifEIef; cefhxm;Edkif
cGifhwdkYtjyif uRrf;usifrI rvdktyfonfhae&mwdkif;wGif
jrefrmEdkifiHom;vkyfom;rsm;udkom cefYxm;&rnf[k
wdusaom jy|mef;csufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vuf&Sd
usifhokH;aeonfh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'wGif
vkyfom; cefYxm;rIESifhywfoufonfh jy|mef;csuftjzpf
&mcdkifEIef;owfrSwfcsufrsm; ryg&Sdaomfvnf; ,cif
Oya'rsm;wGif awGUBuHKcJh&onfh pdefac:csufrsm;tm;
jznfhqnfhí &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif owfrSwf t&nftcsif;
udkufnDonfh rnfhonfhEdkifiHom;udkrqdk tBuD;wef;
pDrHcefYcGJrI? enf;ynm? vkyfief; uRrf;usifolESifh tBuH
ay;tjzpf Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD cefYtyfEdkifNyD; tqifhqifh
aom pDrHcefYcG JrI? enf;ynm? vkyfief;uRrf;usifol?
ae&mrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; cefYtyfEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
pGrf;aqmif&nf jr§ifhwifa&;tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif&Gufí
tpm;xdk;cefYxm;&rnfhtjyif uRrf;usifrI rvdkaom
vkyfief;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;udkom cefYxm;
&rnf[k twdtus azmfjyxm;onf/
2012 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhaom EdkifiHjcm;ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrI Oya'atmufwGif
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwdkYtaejzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfonfh
vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;rS ac:,lcefYxm;onfh vkyfief;
qdkif&m uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;twGuf jrefrmEdkifiH
&if;ESD;jrIyfESHrIaumfr&SifwGif wpfae&mwnf;ü wpfpk
wpfpnf;wnf; tvkH;pkH0efaqmifrIay;onfh OSS (One
Stop Service)wGif jrefrmjynftwGif; tvkyfvkyfudkifEdkif
&eftwGuf tvkyfADZm? aexdkifcGifhADZm ESifh jynfjyef0if
cGifhADZm (tBudrfBudrfESifh wpfBudrfjynfjyef0ifcGifh) wdkYudk
vsifjrefvG,fulpGm ulnDay;aeonfhtjyif vuf&Sd
jy|mef;xm;onfh tvkyform;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;
ESifhtnD pdppfíac:,lcefYxm;onfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;
twGuf tvkyfvkyfcGifhuwfrsm;udk xkwfay;vsuf&Sd
aeonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
Oya'a[mif;onf t&yftac:t& t0ifcufí
cGifhjyKrdefY&NyD;umvwGif pdppfrItm;enf;csufrsm;onf
[k yifqdk&ayrnf/ Oya'ygjy|mef;csuft& vkyfom;
cefYxm;rItygt0if wnfqJOya'ESifhtnD cefYxm;rI
&Sd^r&Sd tay: pdppfrItm;enf;csuf ponfh pdefac:rI
rsm;pGm&SdaecJhNyD; tvkyform;ESifh tvkyftudkif &SmazG
a&;twGuf vkyfief;&Sifrsm;rSom wdkuf½dkufcefYxm;
cJhonfh "avhom acwfpm;cJhNyD; EdkifiHtwGif; rnfhonfh
OD;a& tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;&&SdcJhonfudk wdus
aomtajzxkwf&efvnf; cufcJcJh onfudk awGU&Sd&
ayrnf/ xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif
odkY wifjyonfh tqdkjyKvTmrsm;wGifvnf; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olrsm;\ uwdu0wfpmrsm;pGmudk awmif;cHxm;Mu&NyD;
Oya'yg jy|mef;csuf\ vdktyfcsuftay: jznfhqnf;cJh
Mu&onf/ uGif;qif;ppfaq;&mwGifvnf; n§dEdIif;
tajz&Sm ay;Edkif½kHom&SdcJhNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'wGif
udk;um;p&m tm;enf;cJhonfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/
vuf&Sd touf0if usifhokH;aeaom jrefrm
EdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'atmufwGifrl vkyfief;vkyf
aqmifEdkif&ef vsifjrefvG,fulpGm ulnDay;xm;aomf
vnf; EdkifiHjcm;om;cefYxm;rIwGif owfrSwf t&nf
tcsif; udkufnDrI (vkyfief;uRrf;usifrIvufrSwf^ bGJU
vufrSwfrsm;ESifh vkyfudkifrnfh vkyfief; udkufnDrI) &SdrS
om aexdkifcGifhADZm? tvkyfvkyfcGifhADZm ponf ADZm
qdkif&mrsm; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ t&yftac:t& vuf&Sd
Oya'onf t0ifvG,fí pdppfrItm;aumif;onf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ xdkYtwl vuf&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya't&
twnfjyKrdef Y^ cGif hjyKrdef Yxkwfay;onfh rnfonfh
vkyfief;wGifrqdk cefYxm;rnfh EdkifiHjcm;om;^jynfwGif;
uRrf;usifvkyfom; tygt0if^uRrf;usifrI rvdkaom
vkyfief;rsm;\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;taejzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olwdkY\ wm0ef0wå&m;udk Oya'wGif wduspGm jy|mef;
xm;NyD; wnfqJOya'rsm;ESifhtnD vdkufem&ef jy|mef;
xm;onfudk awGU&S d&rnfjzpfonf/ tvkyform;?
tvkyftudkifESifh vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;0efBuD;Xmetae
jzifhvnf; tvkyfcefYxm;&mwGif oufqdkif&mvkyfief;
vkyfudkifonfhae&mrS NrdKUe,ft vkyform;ñTefMum;rI
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
50
OD;pD;Xme½kH;rsm;rSwpfqifh ac:,lcefYxm;&efESifh cefY
xm;NyD; tvkyf&Siftvkyform; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&ef?
tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhuwfrsm; owfrSwf&uftwGif;
avQmufxm;&efESifh uGif;qif;ppfaq;rIrsm;wGif &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm; vdkufemMu&rnfh wm0ef 0wå&m;rsm;ESifh
udkufnDrI &Sd r&Sdudkyg wpfygwnf; pdppfEdkifonfh tae
txm;odkY a&muf&Sdvmonfudk awGU&Sd&onf/ xdkYtwl
tvkyform;Oya't& vdkufemrIr&Sdaom vkyfief;&Sif
rsm;tm; wGefYqkwfrI r&SdapbJ wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;tjzpf taumiftxnf azmfaqmif
Edkifap&ef wnfhrwfay;EdkifrIrsm; &Sdvmonf[k qdk&yg
rnf/
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;udk azmfjy&jcif;onf
,if;Oya'rsm;yg vkyfom;cefYxm;rItay: azmfjycsuf
rsm;onf vufawGUvkyfief;cGifwGif BuHKawGUae&aom
tcuftcJESifh pdefac:rIrsm;udk ajyvnfoGm;ap&ef
wjznf;jznf; taumiftxnfazmf jznfhqnf;xm;
onfudk ay:vGifapcsifí wifjy&jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif vuf&Sdtcsdefxd jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;wGif e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP)
tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrIvkyfief;rsm;uom vkyfom;
tiftm;rsm;pGm cefYxm;Edkifonfhtjyif tvkyform;
jyóemrsm;pGmESifh tjcm;aom pdefac:rIrsm;pGm &Sdae
onfudk awGU&Sd&ayrnf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl txuf
wGif azmfjycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiH\ t"du
pdefac:csufwpfckjzpfonfh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf t"du jznfhqnf;ay;
Edkifonfh vkyfief;onf vuf&Sdtcsdefxd CMP tajccH
vkyfief;rsm;om jzpfaejyefonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS cGifUjyKcJUaom
e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP) tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
vkyfief;rsm;þtydkif;wGif 1988-2011 ckESpfrS 2016-
2017 b@mESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI
aumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKcJhonfh e0vD vufcpm;pepf (CMP)
tajccH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;rS txnfcsKyfvkyfief;
rsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;udk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPD
rsm; ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS &&Sdaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk udk;um;wifjyrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtwl &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;yg tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhESifh oufomcGifh
tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; wpfaygif;wnf; wifjy&ef
&nf&G,fygonf/
1988 - 2011 ckESpfrS 2016 - 2017 b@m
ESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKcJh
onfh e0vDvufcpm;pepf (CMP) tajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
vkyfief;rsm;rS txnfcsKyfvkyfief;rsm;onf wpfESpf
xufwpfESpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk awGUjrif&rnfjzpfNyD;
jrefrmEdkifiHtm; EdkifiHwumrS pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk YrI
umvwGifom odompGm ,kwfavsmhonfudk awGUjrif
&rnfjzpfonf/
ykH (1) wGif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
cJhonfh 1988 ckESpfrSonf 2017 ckESpf? {NyDvukef
bwf*sufESpftvdkuf cGifhjyKcJhonfh txnfcsKyf vkyfief;
rsm;udk azmfjycsufykHjzpfNyD; ykH(2) onf txnfcsKyf
r[kwfonfhtjcm;aom e0vD vufcpm;pepftajccH
(CMP) vkyfief;rsm;jyykHjzpfonf/ ,if;ykHrsm;udk avhvm
jcif;jzifh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;
EdkifcJhjcif;tay: okH;oyfcefYrSef;Edkifrnf[k xifjrifrdyg
onf/ (,ck pmwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfr&SifodkY wifjyonfh ESpfa[mif;umvrsm;rS tqdk
jyKcsufrsm;\ tqdkjyKvTmrsm;wGif vkyfom;tiftm;
cefYxm;rnfh OD;a&azmfjycsuf ryg&SdonfhtwGuf wpfpk
wpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf;wifjyEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkYtjyif
wifjyxm;onfh cefYxm;OD;a&onf ajrjyif tae
txm;t& &&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh uGJvGJEdkifojzifh tvkyform;
ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS xkwfjyefonfh tvkyftudkif&&SdrI
tajctaeonfom trSef[k,lq&ygrnf/)
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
51
ykH(1)/ e0vDvufcpm;pepftajccH (CMP)
txnfcsKyfvkyfief;jyykH/
ykH(2)/ e0vDvufcpm;pepftajccH (CMP)
txnfcsKyfr[kwfonfhtjcm;vkyfief;rsm;jyykH/
txufygykHrsm;udkMunfhvQif jrefrmEdkifiH
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifrS cGifhjyKay;cJhonfh CMP pepf
tajccHvkyfief;rsm;\ wdk;wufrIudk odomxif&Sm;pGm
awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif tvkyftudkiftcGifh
tvrf; zefwD;ay;EdkifrI taetxm;udkvnf; uGuf
uGufuGif;uGif; awGUjrif&rnfjzpfonf/ Oyrmay;
wifjy&vQif txnfcsKyfvkyfief;wpfckonf tenf;
qkH; vkyfom;cefYxm;&ef vsmxm;vkyfom;OD;a& 500
cefYxm;rnfqdkvQifyif bwf*sufESpftwGif; vkyfief;
aygif; 50 cGif hjyKcJ hygrl jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh
tenf;qkH; vkyfcvpmcHpm;cGifhESifhtwl tvkyftudkif
&&SdrIudk csdefxdk;MunfhvQif rsm;pGm xda&mufrI &Sdonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif vufawGU pdefac:aerIrsm;udk
vnf; aemuftydkif;wGif qufvuf aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfyg
onf/
CMP pepf tajccHvkyfief;rsm;onf 100 &mcdkif
EIef; jynfyydkYukeftjzpf rSwf,lxm;onfh tm;avsmfpGm
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jy|mef;cJhaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'
rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfr&SifrS twnf
jyK^cGifhjyKxm;onfh (,cifOya't& tqdkjyKvkyfief;
ESifh wnfqJOya't& twnfjyKvkyfief;trsm;pk)
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh odk Yr[kwf
oufomcGifhudk &&SdEdkifonf/
2012 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;t& CMP pepftajccH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ukefMurf;wifoGif;cGifhtay:
tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh okH;ESpfcHpm;cGifh cGifhjyKrdefY&&SdNyD;
pD;yGm;jzpfpwifonfrS wpfygwnf; cHpm;cGifh&&SdMuonf/
wnfqJ jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya't& ydkYukef
tay: tusKd;cHpm;cGifht& tenf;qkH; 80 &mcdkifEIef;
jynfywifydkYukef tay:wGif wifoGif;onfh ukefMurf;
taejzifh tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ odkY&m
wGif CMP vkyfief; jzpfonfhtavsmuf 100 &mcdkifEIef;
jynfyydkYukeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf ukefMurf;
tay: tcGef uif;vGwfcGifh^ oufomcGifhudkavQmuf
xm;EdkifNyD; cHpm;cGifhtay: ESpfumvowfrSwfcsufrsm;
rawGU&Sd&bJ ajymif;vJoGm;aom wnfqJOya'rsm;ESifh
tnD cHpm;cGifh&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif jynfyydkYukef
tm;ay;aomrlt& jynfywifydkYrIrsm;twGuf wifydkYrI
&mcdkifEIef;tvdkuf tcGeftjzpf uscHcJhonfh aiGaMu;rsm;
udk aemifESpf bwf*sufrsm;wGif wifjyavQmufxm;
xkwf,lEdkifcGifhvnf; &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'rsm;t& rnfonfh &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;udkrqdk^ rnfonfhEdkifiHom;udkrqdk
omwlnDrQ cHpm;cGifhrsm;ay;xm;NyD; ajrjyiftcsufrsm;
t&vnf; pdefac:rIrsm;&SdaeEdkifonfudk owdjyKMu
&rnfvnf;jzpfonf/
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
52
rsufarSmufumvpdefac:rIrsm;þtydkif;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&S d CMP
vkyfief;rsm;taejzifh awGUBuHKaeMu&onfh tcuftcJ
rsm;ESifh pdefac:rIrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumf
r&Sif\ ,if;vkyfief;rsm;tay: cGifhjyKrdefYay;onfh
tay" Xmeqdkif&m tcuftcJrsm;? pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh
ajrjyif vufawGUpdefac:csufrsm;tm; wifjy&ef &nf
&G,fygonf/
txufwGifwifjycJhonfhtwdkif; jrefrmEdkifiH
twGif;&Sd vuf&Sdvnfywfaeaom CMP vkyfief; rsm;
teuf e0vDvufcpm;pepf jzif hom trsm;qk H ;
wpfqifhcH pmcsKyfjzifh csKyfvkyf&onfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifh
wdkuf½dkuf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk xkwfvkyfonfh jynfyEdkifiHrsm;
\ puf½kHcGJtqifhom trsm;pkjzpfaeonfudk ajrjyif
ppfwrf;t& odEdkifonf/ xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifodkY twnfjyKvTm^ ,cif tqdkjyKvTm
wifjyavQmufxm;rIwGifyg0ifonfh CMP pmcsKyfrsm;
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tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ykHrSef vkyfc vpm
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or*¾rsm;rS OD;aqmifí n§dEdIif;&cufcJonfh jyóem
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uJhodkYaom udpö&yfrsm;tay: tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyf
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pm&if;wGif ydwfom;tvGwf jzpfaomfvnf; trSef
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pm&if;wifjy&mwGif xkwfvkyfrnfh&mxm; wGufcsufrI
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54
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twnfjyKrdefh^cGifhjyKrdefhaMumifh CMP pepf tajccH
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puf½kHtcsKdUonf vufcHcsKyfvkyf&onfh atmf'grsm;
tcsdefrD ray;ydkYEdkifojzifh ,if;wHqdyfcsKyfqdkrIudk jrefrm
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tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGm zefwD;ay;Edkifonfh
vkyfief;tjzpf vwfwavmqufvuf vufcHxm;Mu
&rnfjzpfNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Siftae
jzifhvnf; taotcsm pdppfjcif;ESifh wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;&ef wGef;
tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yg
jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifh tjcm;wnfqJOya'rsm; vdkufem
wwfonfh wm0efcHrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;
jzpfapa&;twGufvnf; pepfwus uGif;qif; ppfaq;
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
56
jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk Xmeqdkif&m yl;aygif;tzGJUjzpfaomf
vnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm; pkzGJUxm;onfh
vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf; uGif;qif;ppfaq;
rIrsm; jyKvkyfMu&rnfjzpfonf/
ed*kH;2016 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufwGif
owfrSwfjy|mef;usifhokH;cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI Oya't& &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rwnfaiG&if;yrmP
tar&duefa':vm ig;oef;atmuf odkYr[kwf jrefrm
usyfaiG oef; 6000 atmuf vkyfief;rsm;onf wdkif;
a'oBuD;ESifhjynfe,f&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;rS
twnfjyKrdefYjzifh vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcGifhay;awmhrnf
jzpf&m CMP vkyfief;trsm;pkonf tar&duefa':vm
ig;oef;atmuf vkyfief;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf wdkif;
a'oBuD;ESifh jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfrwDrsm;
(txl;ojzifh &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;ESifh yJcl;wdkif;a'o
BuD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwDrsm;)taejzifh txuf
azmfjyyg vufawGUpdefac:csufrsm;udk ajzavsmhí
aqG;aEG;wifjycsufyg wGef;tm;ay;rIrsm;udk wpfEdkifiH
vkH; [efcsufnD vkyfaqmifoGm;Mu&rnfvnf;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfygí jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif
ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;^jynfe,f &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumfrwD
rsm;onf EdkifiHESifh a'oqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? tvkyf
tudkiftcGifhtvrf; zefwD;ay;Edkifa&;twGuf 0ifayguf
wHcg;rsm;jzpfonfESifhtnD nDrQaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh
pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf 12 &yfESifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g'
rsm; udkifqGJvsuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;
ESifhtnD wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrI&Sdaom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
vkyfief;rsm;tjzpfodkY wGef;tm;ay;vsuf oGufvuf
pGmjzifh a&SUwdk;vkyfaqmifoGm;ju&rnfomjzpfonf/
usrf;udk;pm&if;
(1) EdkifiHjcm;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'
2012
(2) jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' 2016
(3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm; ñTefMum;rIOD;pD;XmerS
CMP vkyfief;qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
57
,ckq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; vlUtcGihfta&;
pum;vkH;rsm;xJrS acwftpm;qkH;pum;ajymygqdkvsif
usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ&Sda&; ( Gender Equality) [k qdk&
rnfjzpfonf/ usm;^ra&;&m wef;wlnDrQwGif
trsKd;om;ESihf trsKd;orD;wdkY\ ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m uGJjym;
jcm;em;jcif;udk todtrSwfjyKaomfvnf; trsKd;orD;
rsm; ¤if;wdkYb0xlaxmifEdkifa&;? zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif
aqmif&Gufa&;wdkYwGif trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wlnDrQ
tcGihfta&;&&Sda&;ESihf wlnDaom*kPfodu©m &&SdcHpm;
EdkifcGihf&Sd&ygrnf/ Gender Equality \ oabmw&m;rSm
wef;wlnDrQa&;udk vlUtcGihfta&; tjrif½IaxmihfrS
Munhf&efjzpfNyD; vdifuGJjym;rI tajcjyKí cGJjcm;qufqH
cH&jcif;rsm;r&Sdapa&;ESihf tcGihfta&;rsm; cHpm;&&Sda&;
wdkYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; csefvSyfxm;jcif;rsKd; rjzpf
apa&;jzpfygonf/
tvkyftudkiftcGihftvrf;rsm;wGif usm;^r
wef;wlnDrQrI? EdkifiHa&;wGiftrsKd;orD;rsm; ydkrdkyg0if
aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf tcGihftvrf;rsm;tm; trsKd;
om;enf;wl&&SdrI? rdrd\wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif;
trsKd;orD;rsm; udk,fwdkif qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifa&;
twGuf trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
vnf; tcGihftvrf;ay;tyfrI? &mxl;wdk;jr§ihf&mwGif
58
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;om;rsm;enf;wl wlnDaom
tcGihftvrf;rsm;jzihf pOf;pm;ay;a&;ESihf tqihfjrihf
&mxl;ae&mrsm;twGuf cefYtyfjcif;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;
tm; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;ay;apvdkrI ? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
vdifuGJjym;rItay: tajccHí cGJjcm; qufqHcH&rI?
tMurf;zufrIrsm; r&Sda&;ponhfjzihf ,aeY urÇmBuD;wGif
trsKd;om;ESihf trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;udk ae&m
toD;oD; e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif EdIif;,SOfajymqdkvm
MuNyDjzpfonf/
,cifumvrsm;twGif; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm; &SdaecJhonfudk
1979 ckESpfwGif twnfjyKjyXmef;cJhonhf trsKd;orD;
rsm;tm; enf;rsKd;pkHjzihf cGJjcm;rIykHpH tm;vkH; yaysmuf a&;
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vlUtcGihfta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
CEDAW xGufay:vmcJhonfudk Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf od&Sd
Edkifygonf/ urÇmhvlUtcGihfta&;aMunmpmwrf; wGif
vltcsif;csif;cGJjcm;jcif; rjyKbJ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
wef;wl cHpm;Edkifonf[k azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; vdif
uGJjym;rItay: tajcjyKNyD; usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ tcGihf
tvrf;&&SdrIr&SdbJ trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: cGJjcm;qufqH
tMurf;zufrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihf trsKd;orD;tcGihf
ta&; umuG,f&ef oD;oefYazmfjyaom pmcsKyfvdktyf
onhftwGuf CEDAW pmcsKyfay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ tqdkyg pmcsKyfwGif trsKd;orD;rsm; cGJjcm;
qufqHr I (Discrimination Against Women) ud k
atmufyg twdkif; t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkxm;ygonf/ ]trsKd;
orD;rsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;tajctae rnfodkYyif
&Sdapumrl trsKd; om;ESihf trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrItay:
tajccHí vlY tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? jynfolUa&;&m odkYr[kwf tjcm;
e,fy,fwdkYwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; todtrSwf jyKjcif;
? trsKd; orD;rsm; cHpm;cGihf odkYr[kwf usihfokH;ydkifcGihf&Sdjcif;
wdkYudk vdiftay:tajccHí ,dk,Gif;ap&ef odkYr[kwf
ysufokOf;ap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdonhf rnfonhf cGJjcm;
jcif; wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif; odkYr[kwf uefYowfjcif;udk
qdkvdkonf}/
trsKd;orD;rsm;trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wlnDrQ
r&Sdjcif;? zdESdyfcGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm;onf vlom;
wdkY\ *kPfodu©mESihf wef;wlnDrQrItay: wefzdk;xm;rI
tm; csKd;azmufjcif;vnf; jzpfygonf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;
onf trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihfta&;r&&SdcJhrI?
cGJjcm;qufqHcH&jcif;rsm;? vdifuGJjym;rI tay:tajc
jyKí tMurf;zufcH&jcif;rsm;&SdaecJhonhftwGuf tqdk
yg tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfBuD;wpf&yf xGufay:vm
NyD; EdkifiHtrsm;rS vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;jzihf pmcsKyfBuD;
tm; Oya' touf0ifapNyD; trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; trsKd;
om;rsm;enf;wl wef;wltcGihfta&;&&SdEdkifa&; tpdk;&
\ uwdu0wfwpfck? BudK;yrf;rIwpfck jzpfapcJhygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkygpmcsKyfBuD;\ tzGJU0ifEdkifiH
wpfEdkifiHtjzpf 1997 ckESpfrS pwif0ifa&mufNyD; tusKd;
quftjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m trsKd;orD;a&;&m
aumfrwD ay:aygufvmjcif;ESihf tjcm;aom trsKd;
orD;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ay:aygufvmNyD; trsKd;orD;a&;
&mudpö&yfrsm;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufay;vsuf
&Sdygonf/
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wef;wlnDrQ&SdrIonf ,aeYacwfwGif tenf;i,f wdk;
wuf ajymif;vJvmonfudk awGU&rSmjzpfygonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzihf 1990 jynhfESpfrsm;twGif; tm&Swdkuf awmif
ydkif;wGif a,mufusm;av; 100 OD;wdkif;wGif rdef;uav;
74 OD;om rlvwef;ynma&; ausmif;tyfESHrI&Sdaomf
vnf; 2012ckESpfwGif ausmif;tyfESHrItcsKd;rSm rdef;
uav;rsm;ESihf a,musfm;av;rsm;twGuf twlwl
jzpfvmcJhovdk urÇmhEdkifiH 46 EdkifiHwGif trsKd;om;
ygvDrefwGif tenf;qkH; vTwfawmfwpf&yfü trsKd;orD;
trwfae&m 30 &mcdkifEIef;ausmf&SdvmNyDjzpfaMumif;
ukvor*¾rS xkwfjyefaompm&if;t& od&Sd&ygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; tqihfjrihf&mxl;ae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;
orD;rsm; enf;yg;jcif;? EdkifiHa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&; vkyf
ief;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifcGihf
enf;yg;jcif;ESihf tjcm;aom pD;yGm;a&;? tvkyform;
a&;&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
59
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&Sm; aqmif&Gufolrsm;u usm;^r wef;wlnDrQ tcGihf
ta&;&&Sda&; awmif;qdkaeMuqJjzpfygonf/ txl;
ojzihf zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;ESihf zGHUNzdK;rI aemuftusqkH;
EdkifiHrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; cGJjcm;qufqHcH&rIESihf
wef;wlnDrQr&SdrItrsm;qkH; jzpfonf[k avhvmawGU&Sd
csufrsm;u qdkygonf/
avhvmrdoí azmfjy&rnfqdkygu jrefrm
EdkifiH&Sd trsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf (2008)zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'rS tmrcHcsufay;xm;onfrSm yk'fr 348 wGif
trsKd;om;trsKd;orD; qif;&Jcsrf;omwdkYudk taMumif;jyK
í cGJjcm;rI r&Sdapa&;? yk'fr 350wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
wlnDaomtvkyftwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm; cHpm;cGihf&Sd
aom tcGihfta&;ESihf vpmwdkYudk cHpm;cGihf&Sdonf? yk'fr
351 wGif rdcifrsm;? uav;oli,frsm;ESihf udk,f0ef
aqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;onf Oya't& owfrSwfxm;
aom oufqdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tnDtrQ cHpm;
cGihf&Sdonf? yk'fr 352 wGif EdkifiHawmfonf tvkyftudkif
cefYxm;&mwGifjzpfap? EdkifiH0efxrf;a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&m
wGifjzpfap owfrSwfxm;aom t&nftcsif;ESihf jynhfpkH
yg u trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;udk taMumif;jyKvsuf &mxl;
a&G;cs,fceYfxm;jcif;udk cGJjcm;rIrjyK&ponfwdkY jzpfyg
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESihf Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;
pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;tcef; u@arS;rSdefaeqJjzpfyg
onf/ usm;^r wef;wl nDrQ tcGihfta&;&r&Sdjcif;aMumihf
jzpfEdkifovdk trsKd;orD;rsm; EdkifiHa&;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;
rI tm;enf;rIaMumihfvnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/ vkyfydkifcGihf
rsm; ydkrdk&&Sda&; onfvnf; ta&;ygaom tcsufwpf
csuftjzpf xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwGif usm;^r
wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;\ ta&;ygykHudk 2015 ckESpf puf
wifbmv (18) &ufaeYwGif ukvor*¾ taxGaxG
nDvmcH rS ukvor*¾tzGJU0if EdkifiHrsm;\ wnDwnGwf
wnf; oabmwlnDrIjzihf twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhonhf
]pOfqufrjywfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf 2030 vkyfief;
pOf} (The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)
udk Munhfjcif;jzihf od&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ tqdkyg vrf;
pOfwGif pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rIyef;wdkifaygif; (Sustainable
Development Goals, SDGs) (17) ckESihf &nfrSef;csuf
aygif; (169) ckyg&Sdygonf/ tqdkygyef;wdkif (17) ck
teuf usm;^r wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&; ( Gender Equality)
onf (5) ckajrmuf yef;wdkifjzpfygonf/ urÇmBuD;
twGuf? vlom;rsm;twGuf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK; wdk;
wufa&; aqmif&Guf&mwGif usm;^r wef;wlnDrQrIudk
z,f&Sm;xm;cJhír&? usm;^r wef;wl nDrQrIESihfwlnD
aom tcGihftvrf; vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ay;tyfa&;pOf;pm;
aqmif&Gufay;rSom pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufrI
yef;wdkifrsm; atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmif
&GufEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
]pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf2030
vkyfief;pOf} yg pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rS yef;wdkifrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf urÇmhEdkifiHrsm; onf
rdrdwdkYEdkifiHESihf udkufnDonhf pDrHudef;? pDrHcsufrsm; tm;
taumiftxnfazmfa&;qGJ&awmhrnfjzpfonf/
xdkodkYa&;qGJ&mwGif jynfolvlxkudk OD;pm;ay;NyD; jynfol
vlxkA[dkjyK? vlYtcGihfta&;tajcjyK csOf;uyfrI vrf;
pOfrsm;jzihf zGHUNzdK;a&;awGudk aqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfygonf/
zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;udkom y"mexm;NyD; jynfolvlxkudk
csefxm;cJhjcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&yg/ jynfolvlxk A[dkjyKpDrH
udef;? pDrHcsufrsm;jzihfaqmif&Gufonhf tcgwGifvnf;
vlUtcGih fta&;\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfaom
wef;wlnDrQrIESihf wef;wlnDrQrI[kqdk&mwGifvnf;
trsKd;om;^ trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQrI&Sda&;rSm ,aeY
urÇmBuD;u awmif;qdkaeaom ta&;BuD;aom tcsuf
wpfcsuf jzpfygonf/ trsKd;om;^trsKd;orD; wef;wl
nDrQrI&Sda&;onf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf
ta&;BuD;ovdk pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI &&Sd
vdkygu trsKd;om;^trsKd;orD; wef;wlnDrQ tcGihfta&;?
vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ay;tyfrSom yef;wdkifrsm;qD ta&muf
vSrf;EdkifrSm jzpfygonf/
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
60
urÇmhvlOD;a&onf 1900 jynhfESpfwGif oef;
1500 cefYrS 2000 jynhfESpfwGif oef; 3000 odkY vnf;
aumif;? vuf&Sd tajctaewGif 7 .5 bDvD,HrS 2030
jynhfESpfwGif vlOD;a& 8 bDvD,Hausmf? 2100 jynhfESpf
wGif vlOD;a& 11.2 bDvD,Htxd wdk; vmrnf[k urÇmh
ukvor*¾rS cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/ vlOD;a& tqrwef
wdk;yGm;vmrIonf vlom;rsm;\ tajccH vdktyfcsufrsm;
jzpfonhf pm;0wfaea&; tcuf tcJrsm;? pdkufysKd;ajr
tcuftcJrsm;? obm0ywf0ef;usif a*[pepf
,dk,Gif;rIrsm;udk &ifqdkif&rnf jzpfovdk wpfzufwGif
vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rIrSwpfqihf vkyfom; tiftm; BuD;xGm;
rIudk zefwD;EdkifrnfjzpfNyD; pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk
taxmuftul jyKaprnf jzpfojzihf aumif;usKd;?
qdk;usKd;tjzmjzm 0da&m"drsm;udk BuHKawGU &rnfjzpfonf/
vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmjcif;ESih ftwl pOfquf
rjywf zGHUNzdK;rI yef;wdkif(3)jzpfonhf touft&G,f
ra&G; vlwdkif;aphusef;rma&;ESihf om,m0ajyma&;ESihf
yef;wdkif(4)jzpfonhf vlom;tm;vkH; tusKH;0ifum
nDnGwfrQwNyD; t&nftaoG;&Sdonhf ynmoif,lEdkif
a&;ESihf b0wpfavQmuf tpOfavhvmoif,lEdkifaom
tcGihftvrf;&&Sda&;wdkYonf tajccH ta&;BuD;onhf
aqmif&Guf&rnhf udpörsm;yifjzpfonf/ vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;
jcif;\ jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef 1989
ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonhf urÇmhukvor*¾ zGHUNzdK;a&; tpD
tpOf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD tBuHjyKcsufESihftwl
vlOD;a&qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;\ ta&;BuD;rIESihf ta&;
ygrIwdkYtay: urÇmol? urÇmom;rsm;rS ydkrdkí tm½kH
pl;pdkufvmap&efESihf urÇmhvlOD;a& oef;(5000) jynhf
onhf 1987 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 11 &ufaeYudk *kPfjyKaom
tm;jzihf urÇmhvlOD;a&aeYtjzpf owfrSwf jy|mef;cJhNyD;
ESpfpOf txdrf;trSwfaqmifyk'frsm; csrSwfNyD; tcrf;
tem;rsm;jzihf *kPfjyK usif;yvsuf&Sdygonf/ ,ckESpf
2017 ckESpf urÇmhvlOD;a&aeY\ aqmifyk'ftjzpf
"Family Planning: Empowing People,Developing Nation"
61
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NrdKUjypDrHudef;ESifh nDnGSwfrI &Sd r&Sdudk ,if;NrdKU\ pDrHudef;
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65
(Site Selection Report) udk xkwfay;onf/ xdkYaemuf
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jrLeDpDy,fa'owpfckonf ¤if;\ pDrHudef; tokH;p&dwf
rsm;twGuf &aiGudk &SmazGNyD; pDrHudef;qdkif&m qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;udk udk,fydkif csrSwfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif
a'opDrHudef;tzGJUrsm;\ pDrHudef;t& xdef;csKyfjcif;
pepf (Development Control)udk xda&mufpGm aqmif
&GufEdkif&ef NrdKUjypDrHudef;Oya'u taxmuftuljyK
vsuf&Sdonf/
jynfolvlxkyg0ifEdkifrIw½kwfjynfolUor®wdkifiH\ Top-down pDrH
udef;a&;qGJjcif;pepfwGif jynfolvlxk tjynfht0
yg0ifEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;udk tpdk;&Xme
rsm;tcsif;csif;om n§dESdkif; aqmif&Gufonf/ taemuf
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;\ pDrHudef;a&;qGJjcif;pepfwGif jynfol
vlxk yg0ifEdkifrIonf rQwaom pDrHudef;pepf ay:xGuf
vma&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; w½kwfEdkifiH
twGufrl rQwaompDrHudef;pepf jzpfay:a&;twGuf
A[dkxdef;csKyfrIrSwpfqifh azmfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/
w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiH\ pDrHudef;pepf
wGif tpdk;&uom t"ducsKyfudkifxm;aomfvnf;
tcsKdUa'oqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh jynfolvlxk
yg0ifEdkifrIudk wdk;jr§ifhEdkif&eftwGuf pDrHudef;jycef;rsm;
wnfaxmifjcif;? uRrf;usifolaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; usif;y
jcif;wdkYudk pwifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif
tao;pdwfpDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf; jynfolodkY
today;jcif; (Publicity Reveal) tpDtpOf wpf&yf
xm;&Sdonf/ ,if;tpDtpOft& a&;qGJxm;onfh
pDrHudef;rsm;udk jynfolvlxkxH today;tBuHÓPf
awmif;cHNyD; jynfolvlxk\ tBuHjyKcsufrsm;t& pDrH
udef;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJonf/
w½kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiHonf A[dkpDrHudef;
cs pD;yGm;a&;pepfrS EdkifiHydkifESifh yk*¾vdydkif a&m>yrf;
pD;yGm;a&;pepfodkY ajymif;vJvmjcif;ESifhtwl pDrHudef;
a&;qGJjcif;pepfonfvnf; ajymif;vJrIrsm;&Sdvmonf
udk awGU&onf/ w½kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiHonf pD;yGm;
a&; wdk;wufvmrI twljzpfay:vmaom NrdKUjyajr
tokH;csrI? &moDOwkajymif;vJrIESifh tjcm;NrdKUjy vlrIa&;
jyóemrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf pDrHxdef;csKyfEdkif&ef
twGuf tao;pdwfpDrHudef; a&;qGJ aqmif&Gufvsuf
&SdaMumif; avhvmwifjytyfygonf/
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
66
uRe fronf "Stakeholders" [ laom
pum;vkH; udk pí awGUjrifywfouf&aom tcsdefwGif
]pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif tpk&S,f,myg0ifywfouf
olrsm;} [kvnf;aumif; ? "Mission" [laom pum;vkH;udk
½kyf&Sif rif;om;wGrfc½k\ Zmwfum;rsm; jzpfaom
"Mission Impossible"ESih f wG Jvsuf ]txl;wm0ef
ay;tyfjcif; cH& ol (odkYr[kwf) omoemjyKtzGJU}[k
vnf;aumif; rSwfom;cJholjzpf onf/ KDI School wGif
Public Policy Analysis (PPA) bmom&yfudk oif,l&
onfhtcg cH,lxm;onhf wm0eftm;wifjyjcif;
(Mission Statement) [lonhf Assignment ay;jcif;
cH&awmhonf/ xdkodkY rSwf om;xm;cJhaom uRefrtm;
'Dtdrfpmu 'DtdrfpmxJrSmygwJh pum;vkH;awG
taMumif;udk xJxJ0if0if pOf;pm; rdatmif? ususee
em;vnfatmif pOf;pm;apawmh onf/ oGm;vnf;
'Dpdwf? pm;vnf; 'Dpdwf ezl;ay: vuf wifí "My
Stakeholders & Mission" \ qufEG,fykHudk awG;awm
&awmhonf/ rpOf;pm;vdkYvnf;r& Assignment wifrS
pmar;yGJatmifzdkY taxmuftuljzpfrnfjzpf onf/
wpfoufeJYwpfudk,f igbmpD;yGm;a&;vkyfNyD; b,f
ukrÜPDaxmifcJhí 'Dvdk "Stakeholders" eJY ywf oufcJh
rdygvdrhf[kvnf; &,f&TifzG,fawG;rdNyD; NyHK;cJhrd onf/
odkYESihf vGefpGmt&nftaoG;jynhf0vSaom
q&mh&JU oifMum;jcif;aemufu q&mh tmabmfrsm;udk
rdatmif [yfxdk;vdkufavhvm&if; rdrd&JU xdk;xGif;ÓPf
(Creative Thinking) udk EdI;qG&\/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m
ausmif;om;rsm;Mum; uRefrudk,fuRefr tm;rvdk
tm;r&jzpf&onf/ r0Hhr&J tm;i,f&onfrSmvnf;
67
tcgcgyif/ olrsm;wumawG Concept rdonhftcsdefxd
uRefrrSmawmh csdwfquf pÚf;pm;ae&onfrSm rNyD;Edkif
rpD;Edkif/ 'Dbmom&yfwGifrSr[kwf tjcm;bmom&yf
rsm;wGifvnf; þtwdkif; þodkYyif Mumanmif;NrJ/
wu,hfwu,f EdkifiH&yfjcm;ü bGJUwpfck&&ef ½kef;uef
&mü udk,folUru,fEdkif oludk,hf ru,fEdkif udk,hftm;
udk,fom udk;&onfyif/ pdwftm; ½kyftm;BuHhcdkifrIonf
wpfjynf&yfjcm;ü vGefpGmta&;BuD;vSonf/ rBuHhcdkifyg
u t&m&mtEkwfjy t½IH;&onfom/ ÓPfaumif;vS
aom PPA q&m ( Geneous Professor) rSvnf; tjcm;
olqDrS rSDjirf;orIjyKvmaom tdrfpmrsm;tm; olu
odjyefonfqdk\/ xdkodkYaom tdrfpmrsm;tm; Grade
ray;[k qdkvmaomf tjcm;olqDrS ul;,lusifhr&Sdaomf
jim; e*dktm;i,f&aom uRefrrSm rsufpdoli,fjzpf&jyef
um ar;vmaomar;cGef;rsm;tm; rdrdpdwful;jzihf
wpdrhfpdrhfawG;um zef;wD;&ayawmhonf/
q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;tay: tuJjzwf
pepfü bufpkHpepf (360 Degree System) udk okH;onf
[k ,lqygonf/ pmoifcsdefwpfcsdefNyD;vQif xdkoifcef;
pmtwGuf rdrd em;vnfrSwf,lvdkufonfudk tenf;qkH;
0guswpfaMumif;? trsm;qkH;0gus ig;aMumif;avmuf
jzihf xdkaeYn oef;acgifrwdkifcif aemufqkH;xm;í
Class Assistant (CA) xH Email jzih f ay;yd k Y&onf/
oifcef;pmydkYcspOftwGif; yg0ifaqG;aEG;rI? ar;cGef;
ar;jref;rIrsm; (class participants) udkvnf; trSwfay;
jcif;? twef;ac:csdef (class attendance) ppfjcif;?
Group Presentation vkyf&mwGifvnf; PPT Slide wpfck
wnf;om zefwD;&jcif;? odkYaomf yg0ifol Group member
tm;vkH; udk,hftydkif;ESihfudk,f tcsdeftwdtus &Sif;
vif;wifjy&jcif; tp&Sdonhf bufpkHavhusihfrIrsm;jzihf
tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKdU ausmif;om;rsm;onf
tvGefwwfodem;vnfvQif tcsdefudkrav;pm;bJ
aemuftzGJU\ tcsdeftm; okH;pGJum r&yfrem;wifjyavh
&Sdonhf udkrdkufcJ? rrdkufcJrsm;&Sd&m owfrSwfcsdef twGif;
vdktyfonfrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf xkwfazmfajym
Mum;wwf&ef þodkY pnf;urf;owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf
xifygonf/ Format twdtusowfrSwfxm;aom
Assignment udkvnf; q&mhxHodkY owfrSwfcsdeftwGif;
tD;ar;vfjzihfay;ydkY&onf/ q&mrS vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
Comments jzihf jyefvnfay;ydkY&m jznhfpGufí q&mhxH
jyefvnfay;ydkY&onf/
odkYayaMumihfvm;rod tawG;tac: rxl;cRef
aomfvnf; twwfEdkifqkH; q&mh oifMum;rIenf;vrf;
ESihftwl pnf;urf;vdkufemaomaMumihf tppt&m&m
udk,hfxufawmfonf[k ,lqxm;olrsm;tMum; udk,hf
&v'frSm tv,ftvwf&&SdcJhí auseyf&onf/
þodk Y jzih f uRefr\ "Mission Statement"
Assignment tm; PPA Professor \ pnf;urf;csufrsm;
ESihftnD atmufygtwdkif; zefwD;cJhygonf/
Policy Process Analysis Paper - "Mission Statement"
Who am I?
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
68
ar;cGef;eHygwf (1) ]uRefrb,folvJ− Who
am I?}twGuf uHMur®mu a&;qGJxm;NyD;jzpfaom uRefr
jzpfwnfrIudk uRefrpOf;pm;cJhygonf/ rdbrsm;twGuf
wm0efausaom orD;wpfa,muf? armifESrrsm;
twGuf wm0efausaom tpfrwpfa,muf? q&m^
q&mrrsm;twGuf wm0efausaom wynhfwpf
a,muf? oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG^ vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;
twGuf wm0efausaom oli,fcsif;^ vkyfazmfudkif
zuf? oufarG;0rf;ausmif;aom tvkyftwGuf wm0ef
ausaom t&m&Sd wpfa,muf? EdkifiHtwGuf wm0ef
ausaom EdkifiHom;aumif; wpfa,muftjzpf twwf
EdkifqkH; &yfwnfcJhonfudk azmfjycJhygonf/ rnfolUudk
rqdk uRefrwwfEdkifoavmuf taumif;qkH;udkom
ay;cJh&m tjcm;zufrS vkHvkHavmufavmuf wm0efaus
onf[k ,lqonfjzpfap? r,lqonfjzpfap ? xdkYtwl
rnfoluyif todtrSwfjyKjcif; &Sdonfjzpfap^ r&Sd
onfjzpfygap? þ&yfwnfrIonf b0wpfavQmuf
touf&Sifaexdkif&ef vdyfjymvkHonf[k uRefr ,lq
íjzpfonf/ wjznf;jznf; touf& vmonfESihftrQ
&,ljcif;? ay;qyfjcif;[lonhf cHpm;csufrsm; arS;rSdefvm
um wm0efaus&efom t"duvdktyfrI[k odjrifvm
&onf/ odkYaomfyif odkYaomfjim; ae&mwdkif;ü BuD;pdk;
aeonfrSm wm0efa&SmifrIrsm;yif/ vlwdkif;udk,hfwm0ef
udk,fausvQif avmuonf om,mvSyrnfrSm {uef
rkcsyif/
(2) Who are my key stakeholders whom I want to
live and workfor?
ar;cGef;eHygwf(2) ]uRefr twl&Sifoefaexdkif
vkyfudkifay;csifwJh uRefr&JUyg0if ywfoufolawGu
b,folawGvJ−Who are my key stakeholders whom
I want to live and work for? }'Dar;cGef;twGuf pOf;pm;
vm&onfrSm b,folawGvJ[k ar;aomfvnf; q&m
ajzcdkif;onhf ykHpHrsm;wGif bmaMumihf þuJhodkY owfrSwf
pOf;pm;&wmvJqdkwJh taMumif;aMumihf tusKd;jzpfjcif;
qdkwJh pHEIef;awGyg&Sdvmonfudk awGU&onf/ þodkY pOf;
pm;&if; cGJjcm;&m ½dk;½dk;omrmefvljzpfonhf uRefrtwGuf
ta&;BuD;onhf t"du tydkif;(2)ckrSm rdom;pkeSihf
tvkyfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ rdom;pktydkif;wGif
rdbESpfyg;ESihf uRefru cspfaom^ uRefrudkcspfaom
olrsm;udk xnhfoGif;vdkufygonf/ cspfonhf olawGu
om rdrdtusKd;&Sd&m&SdaMumif; jrifvdkonfr[kwfygvm;/
xdkrQru uRefrcspfaom tdrfarG; wd&pämefrsm;yif xnhf
oGif;vdkufygonf/ tvkyftydkif;wGif 0ifaiG (Income)
ESihf rdrdudk,fudk ,kHMunfrI (Confedence)udk t"du
awG;awmum aygif;xnhfvdkufonf/ zGHUNzdK;rI tenf;
qkH; EdkifiHrsm;wGif wpfEdkifiHjzpfonhf jrefrmEdkifiH\ or®m
tmZD0 EdkifiHh0efxrf;vpmonf vlwpfa,muf pm;0wf
aea&;twGuf vkHavmufatmif rzefwD;Edkifao;aomf
vnf; pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vkHNcHKrItwGuf vlwpfa,mufwGif
tenf;qkH; or®mtmZD0ESihf *kPfodu©m&Sdaom tvkyf
wpfck&Sd&ef vdktyfvSayonf/
¤if;tdrfpmonf ar;cGef;(5)ckjzihf zGJUpnf;xm;
aomfvnf; ,ckaqmif;yg;wGif þae&mü &yfwefY&if;
awGUBuHKoifMum;avhvm&onfrsm;ESihf uRefr\ t,l
tqrsm;udk a0rQygonf/ tcsdefay;zwf½IonhftwGuf
aus;Zl;txl;wif&SdygaMumif;..../
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
69
jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHonf udkvdkeD
vufatmufusa&mufpOf 1875 ckESpf uwnf;uyif
roefpGrf;olrsm;twGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif tjrif
tm½Hk roefpGrf;olrsm;twGuf rsufrjrifoifwef;
ausmif;udk 0efxrf; oHk;OD;jzifh pwifwnfaxmifcJhyg
onf/ 1954ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH Gwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf
vlrI0efxrf; qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;udkcsrSwfNyD; roefpGrf;ol
rsm;twGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyf
aqmifcJhMuygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGifh
ta&;rsm;qdkif&m ukvor*¾uGefAef;&Sif; oabm
wlpmcsKyf tzGJU0ifEdkifiHjzpfonfhtjyif tmqD,Htodkuf
t0ef;twGif; roefpGrf;olrsm; yg0ifrIESifh roefpGrf;ol
70
rsm;\ tcef;u@jrifhrm;a&;qdkif&m bmvDaMunm
csuf? tmqD,HroefpGrf;olrsm; qdkif&m q,fpkESpf
vkyfief;pOfjzpfonfh tifcRef;r[mAsL[m (2013-
2022) uJhodkUaom a'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwum r[m
AsL[mESifh vkyfief;tpDtpOfwdkUudkvnf; vdkufem
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/
jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykH
taNccHOya'(2008) tcef;(1)? tydk'f 21(u) wGif
EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf þzGJUpnf;ykHtaNccHOya'wGif
owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onfh wef;wlnDrQrI tcGifhta&;?
vGwfvyfrItcGifhta&;? w&m;rQwrItcGifhta&;wdkU
cHpm;cGifh&SdonfESifh tcef; (1)? 32 (u)wGif EdkifiHawmf
onf rdcifESifhuav;oli,frsm;? rdbrJhuav;rsm;?
usqkH;aom wyfrawmfom;rsm;\uav;rsm;? tdkrif;
rpGrf;olrsm;? roefpGrf;olrsm;tm; Munfh½Iapmifha&Smuf
&rnf[k yg&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf
roefpGrf;olrsm;\ vlrIb0zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf
tpOftav;xm; aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/
vlrI0efxrf;u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&m
csxm;a&;0efBuD;Xmevufatmuf&Sd vlrI0efxrf;OD;pD;
Xmeonf uav;oli,frsm;? vli,frsm;? trsdK;orD;
rsm;? roefpGrf;olrsm;ESifh oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm; apmifh
a&Smufa&;ESif h zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdk YtwGuf vlrI
0efxrf;vkyfief;rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
&Guf&mwGif BudKwifumuG,fjcif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf
jcif;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmif jcif;ponfh vlrI0efxrf;
enf;pepfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
aqmif&Guf&mwGif umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efESifh tcGifh
ta&;jr§ifhwifay;&ef vdktyfaomtkyfpkrsm;udk vlrI
todkuft0ef;twGif; jyefvnf0ifqHhEdkif&eftwGuf
jrefrmEdkifiH roefpGrf;olrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; trsKd;
om; tqifhr[mAsL[m (2016-2025) udk EdkifiHwum
pHEIef;rsm;ESifhtnD a&;qGJcsrSwfaqmif½Gufvsuf &Sdyg
onf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGifhta&;Oya'udkvnf;
2015 ckESpfwGif jy|mef;cJhygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif roefpGrf;olrsm;onf ab;z,f
xm;jcif;? csefvSyfxm;jcif;wdkYudk trsm;qkH; MuHKawGU
aeMu&NyD; trsm;enf;wl vlUtodkif;t0dkif;twGif;
0ifqHhEdkifa&;twGufvnf; vpfvsL½IcH aeMu&ygonf/
2014 ckESpf? vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&m oef;acgif
pm&if;t& jrefrmEdkifiH pkpkaygif;vlOD;a& 51 oef;ausmf
&Sdonfhteuf 2 'or 3 oef;ausmfonf roefpGrf;ol
rsm;jzpfMuojzifh pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif 4 'or 6
&mcdkifEIef;onf roefpGrf;olrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ¤if;
roefpGrf;olrsm;wGif tjriftm½kHroefpGrf;ol 54 'or
1 &mcdkifEIef;? vrf;avQmuf? tjrifhwuf? ypönf;udkif
wG,f&mwGif cufcJol 41 'or 1 &mcdkifEIef;? oif,l
avhvmjcif;? rSwfÓPf? tm½kHpl;pdkufjcif; tcuftcJ
&Sdol 36 'or 2 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh tMum;tm½kHcufcJol
29 'or 1 &mcdkifEIef;&SdjyD; roefpGrf;rIudk trsdKom;rsm;
(45.72%) ESifhEIdif;,SOfvQif trsKd;orD;rsm; (54 'or
28%) wGif ydkrdkawGU&ygonf/ roefpGrf;olrsm;wGif
pmwwfajrmufrIEIef; 74 'or 8 &mcdkifEIef;om &Sd
aMumif; ESifh roefpGrf;olOD;a& rsm;jym;vmonfESSifhtrQ
pmwwfajrmufrIEIef;rsm;pGm avsmhusoGm;onfudk
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ xdkUtjyif roefpGrf;rI tenf;i,fom
&Sdolrsm;\ 58 'or 2 &mcdkifEIef;om tvkyftudkifu@
wGif yg0ifonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef;
taMumif;t&m &mcdkifEIef;
pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&wGif roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 4 .60
trsKd;om; roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 2 .10
trsdK;orD; roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 2 .50
NrdKUjya'owGif roefpGrf;olyg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 1 .06
aus;vufa'owGif roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 3 .54
touf(0-14)ESpf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 0 .39
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
71
touf(15-29)ESpf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 0 .34
touf(65)ESpftxuf&Sd roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef; 1 .62
tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtouftydkif;tjcm; touf(15-64)ESpf&Sd
roefpGrf;ol yg0ifrI&mcdkifEIef;
1 .62
Zmpfjrpf/ 2014 ckESpfvlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&moef;acgif
pm&if;
roefpGrf;&mcdkifEIef;onf {&m0wDwdkif;
a'oMuD;wGif (7 'or 6) &mcdkifEIef;jzihf tjrihfqkH;jzpfjyD;
csif;jynfe,fwGif (7 'or 4) &mcdkifEIef;? weoFm&Dwdkif;
a'oBuD;wGif (7 'or 0) &mcdkifEIef; toD;oD;&SdaMumif;
od&Sd&ygonf/ roefpGrf;&mcdkifEIef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\
NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh aejynfawmfwGif tenf;qkH;jzpf
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aiGyrmPxuf ausmfvGefNyD; rufvkH;ay; ac:,lonfh
twGuf vkyfom;rsm;taejzifh ae&mopfqDodkY ajymif;
a&TUoGm;Muygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
taejzifh azmufonf&Sdaeaomfvnf; vkyfom; tcuf
tcJaMumifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIyrmPr&Sdjcif;? ukefMurf;
ypönf;rsm;udkvnf; tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfckxd apmifh
qdkif;NyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMu&ygonf/ tcsKdUvkyfief;rsm;wGif
vkyfom;rsm;taejzifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;xHrS BudKwifaiGrsm;
rqyfbJ wjcm;wpfNrdKUwpf&GmodkY ajymif;a&TUvkyfudkif
aeolrsm;aMumifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;onf tvGwfacs;aiG
rsm;twGuf twdk;ESifh t&if;ay;qyfaeaomfvnf;
wpfzufwGif xkwfvkyfrIr&SdonfhtwGuf 0ifaiGr&bJ
'ku©rsm;ESifh BuHKBudKufMu&NyD; vkyfief;rsm;&yfqdkif;&
onftxd awGU&SdcJh&ygonf/
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
80
puf,uúef;rsm;wGif vkyfudkifMuonfh tvkyf
orm;trsm;pkonf pmroifcJh&olrsm;ESifh rlvwef;
ynmtqifh&Sdoltrsm;pkom jzpfMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkY\
toufudkrod&SdouJhodkY pOf;pm;awG;ac:ÓPfvnf;
enf;yg;Muygonf/ 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,fa'otaejzifh
csnfxnfvkyfief;onf t"du toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;vnf;jzpfonfhtwGuf rnfolwpfOD;wpf
a,mufrQ vkyfief;&Sifu oifwef;ay;cJh&jcif;rsKd;r&Sdyg/
tcsKdUuav;i,frsm;onf touf (8) ESpfavmuf jzifh
vkyfudkifaeonfholrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ NcHKikHokH;oyf
rnfqdkvQif tvkyf&Sifrsm;uvnf; Business Ethnic
r&SdouJhodkY tvkyform;rsm;udkvnf; Department of
Labor wGif w&m;0if pm&if;oGif; rcefYxm;onfhtwGuf
jyóemrsm;BuHKcsdefwGif tvkyform;Oya'r&Sdojzifh
ajz&Sif;&ef cufcJrIrsm; BuHKawGU&vsuf&Sdygonf/
9/ qefpufqefpufvkyfief;rsm;udk jrif;jcHNrdKUe,fwGif
aumuf,l&efryg&Sdaomfvnf; 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f aus;
vufrsm;wGif erlemvkyfief;rsm;udk oGm;a&mufaumuf
,lcJhygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgwGif qefpufvkyfief;
trsm;pkonf vkyfief;tajctaeraumif;awmhbJ
&yfqdkif;onfhvkyfief;rsm;&Sd ouJhodkY e0vDomvkyfudkif
onfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; awGU&SdcJ h&ygonf/ t"du
taMumif;t&if;rSm enf;ynmzGHUNzdK;vmonfhtwGuf
w½kwfqefpufrsm;0ifvmonfhtwGuf ,cifjrefrm
jzpf qefpufrsm;u r,SOfEdkifawmhjcif;jzpfygonf/
,if;enf;ynmtopfjzifh 0ifvmonfh w½kwfqefpuf
vkyfudkif&ef vQyfppfrD;&&Sd&efrSm t"dujzpfygonf/
aus;vuftrsm;pkwGif vQyfppfrD; r&&SdonfhtwGuf
rd½dk;zvm;qefpufjzifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd
ygonf/ w½kwfqefpufjzifh vkyfudkifvQif vltiftm;
odyfrvdkjcif;(ausmufp&pfcJ? zGJ? qefuGJ? pyg;cGHrsm;udk
pufrS atmfwdkcGJay;jcif;)ESifh qef\ t&nftaoG;
aumif;rGefjcif;(qefrSm jzLazG;aejcif;) wdk YaMumifh
0,folrsm;rSvnf; BudKufESpfoufMuygonf/ 2017
ckESpfwGif ukef;Murf;aps;BuD;NyD; ukefacsm aps;usaeonfh
twGuf ta&mif;t0,fat;NyD; vkyfief;vnfywfrI
tajctaeraumif;aMumif; od&SdcJh&ygonf/
10/ w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rsm; (Informal),ck MSME ppfwrf;aumuf,lonfhtcg
vkyfief;ao;i,faom informal rsm;\ ukefxkwfvkyfrI
yrmPrsm;onfw&m;0ifvdkifpif&Sdonfh rkefYvkyfief;
BuD;rsm;\ ukefxkwfvkyfrIyrmPxuf ydkrdkjrifhrm;ae
onfudk od&SdcJ h&ygonf/ ,if;tcsufrSm Informal
vkyfief;rsm;onf tcGefvnf;rod? vdkifpifcvnf;
ray;aqmif&onfhtwGuf ¤if;wdk Y\ xkwfvkyfrI
yrmPESifh 0ifaiGrsm;udk trSefwdkif; ajzMujcif;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ ,if;vkyfief;trsm;pkrsm; &yfwnfEdkif&ef
ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGuf t"du vdktyfcsufrSm
acs;aiG ydkrdkvG,fulpGm &,lEdkifap&ef jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;
ESifh aps;uGuf&SmazG wifydkYjcif;qdkif&m tultnDay;jcif;
wdkYudk ajzMum;cJhygonf/
ed*kH;MSME ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;onf jrefrm
EdkifiHwpfEdkifwpfydkif tao;pm;ESifh tvwfpm; pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief; (ukefxkwfvkyfrI) wdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;pm&if;
tif;trSefrsm; r&&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;\
tm;enf;csuf^tm;omcsufrsm;udk od&SdcJh&ygonf/
rdrdwdkY ajrjyiftajctae uGif;qif;aumuf,l&&SdcJhonfh
,if;ppfwrf;rS EdkifiHawmfwGuf vdktyfaom oufqdkif
&m rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&ef udef;*Pef;tcsuftvufrsm;
jzifh yHhydk;ay;EdkifrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tusKd;aus;Zl;&&Sd
onfh ppfwrf;wpfckjzpfygaMumif; jrif;NcHNrdKUESif h
0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,frsm;rS MSME ppfwrf; tawGUtBuHK
A[kokwrsm;udk a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
81
EIwfajymordkif; (Oral History)qdkonfrSm
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpf a,muf\ EIwfrS ajymqdkcsufrsm;ukd
jzpfap? vlwpfpk\ tjyeftvSef ajymqdk aqG;aEG;csuf
rsm;udkjzpfap toHoGif;wdwfacG? pD'D? 'DAGD'Drsm;jzifh
zrf;,lí odrf;qnf;xm;aom armffuGef;rsm;udk qdk vdkyg
onf/
82
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf[kqdk&mü txl;
ojzihf EdkifiH\trsKd;om; acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;? trsKd;
om; vIyf&Sm;rI (odkYr[kwf) vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJrsm;wGif
udk,fwdkifyg0if vIyf&Sm;cJholrsm;udk qkdvdkygonf/ vl
wpfpk\ tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG; ajymqdkcsufrsm;? tpdk;&
Xme tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufpOf ajymqdk
aqG;aEG;csufrsm; yg0ifygonf/ (Oyrm -vkHNcHKa&;ESifh
tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD trsKd;om;nDvmcH udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;\ aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? jynfaxmifpknDvmcH
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? jynfolYvTwfawmf tpnf;t a0;
aqG;aEG;csufrsm; jzpfygonf/)
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;\ rmefygaomajymqdkrI
rdef YcGef;rsm;onf vli,frsm;twGuf twk,lzG,f?
tm;uszG,fjzpfNyD; ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmefudk wuf<uap
onf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf? EdkifiHcspfpdwfrsm;udk arG;zGm;aponf/
tmZmenfacgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ausmif;om;b0rS ppfaoemywdcsKyfESifh trsKd;om;
acgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfvmonfhtxd wdkif;jynfvGwfvyf
a&;twGuf aeYrem;? nrtm; judk;yrf;aqmif&GufcJh
onf/ jynfolrsm;odkYvnf; rl0g'rsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;?
owday;csufrsm;? yefMum;csufrsm; yg0ifonfh rdefY
cGef;rsm;udk ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfajymMum;
cJhaom vrf;ñTefrSmMum;csufrsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;
jynfolrsm;\ ESvkH;om;wGif euf½dIif;pGm udef;atmif;
vsuf &Sdygonf/ þuJhodkY EdkifiHacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\
rdefYcGef;rsm;? aqG;aEG;csufrsm;onf ordkif;wefzdk;&Sd
armfuGef;rsm;jzpfouJhodkY acwftqufqufudk,fwdkif
yg0ifvIyf&Sm; aqmif&GufcJhMuaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tawGU
tBuHKrsm;tm; ajymMum;aom EIwfajymordkif; (Oral
History) rsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ordkif;rSwfwrf;
jyKpk&mwGif wefzdk;&Sdaom armfuGef;rsm; jzpfygonf/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? umuG,fa&;
0efBuD;Xme? wyfrawmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf
BuD;apmarmifu jrefrmhordkif;jzpf&yfrSef a&;om;jyKpk
a&;udpöESifh ywfoufí okH;oyfwifjyonfrSm ]ordkif;
jyKpk&mwGif a&SUaemufpOfqufrjywfjyKpkrS tusKd;
taMumif; qufpyfrnf[k uRefawmf,kHjunfaMumif;
uRefawmftxufwGif ajymcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ þwGif
a&&SnfjyKpk&rnfh tydkif;ESifh vwfwavmjzpfysufcJhonfh
jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; od&Sdap&ef
tcsuftvuf trSefrsm;udk tajccHí tusOf;csKH;jyKpk
oifhonfhtydkif;[lí &Sdoifhonf[k xifjrifygonf/
xdkodkY ajym&jcif;rSm vGwfvyfa&;&,lcJhonfhtcsdefrS
,aeYtcsdeftxd ordkif;jyKpk&mwGif a&;om;xm;onfh
taxmuftxm;pm&Gufrsm;? ypönf;taxmuftxm;
ay:wGif jyKpk&jcif;&Sdonf jzpfouJhodkY a&;om;xm;jcif;
r&Sdaom um,uH&Sifrsm;om od&SdajymqdkEdkifaom
taMumif; tcsufrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&SdEdkifjcif;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyf vufatmuf&SdpOf EdkifiHa&;
aqmif&GufcJhonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;? wyfrawmf\ ADZ
rsKd;aph0ifrsm;jzpfMuonfh &JabmfokH;usdyf0ifrsm;? touf
xif&Sm;&SdaeqJtcsdefwGif a&;om;xm;jcif; r&Sdonfh
jzpfpOfrsm;udk rSwfrdoa&GUajymjyapNyD; ordkif;taxmuf
txm;tjzpftjref &,ljyKpk&ef vdktyfaeonf[k
xifjrifygonf}[lí jzpfygonf/
]wdkif;&if;om;vlrsK d;rsm;ta&;ESif h 1947
tajccH Oya'} udka&;om;jyKpk&mwGif ordkif;qdkif&m
taxmuftxm;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh ordkif;0if
"mwfykH rsm;udk pkaqmif;í taxmuftxm;rsm;pGmwdkYrS
ta&;ygaompmydk'ftcsKdUudk aumufEkwfí udk;um;
azmfjycJhonf htjyif jrefrmordkif;wGif udk,fwdkifyg0if
vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJholrsm;teuf toufxif&Sm;
yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;udk twwfEdkifqkH;vufvSrf;rDoa&GU
awGUqkHar;jref;rSwfwrf;,lí aqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsKd;wpfpk? tzGJUtpnf;wpfck
pwifjzpfay:vmonfESifh rSwfwrf; [lonf &SdpjrJ jzpf
ygonf/ rSwfwrf;[lonf aemifvmaemifom;rsm;
rSDjirf;udk;um;&ef odrSwfp&mwpfckjzpfjyD; pOfquf
rjywf vufqifhurf;Edkif&ef vdktyfygonf/ ordkif;
rSwfwrf;wpfckonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? tzGJUtpnf;wpfck
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
83
\ aqmif&Gufcsufudk rD;armif; xdk;jyEdkifaom jy,k*f
wpfckjzpfygonf/ rSwfwrf;armfuGef;taxmuftxm;
rsm;udk rysuf rpD; vkHNcHKpGm xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifjcif;onf
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ *kPfodu©mudk azmfaqmifjcif; jzpfyg
onf/
trsKd;om;rSwfwrf;rsm; armfuGef;wdkufonf
pwifwnfaxmifpOfuyif trsKd;om;a&;udk a&SU½I
vsuf rSwfwrf;rsm; &,lpkaqmif;jcif;vkyfief;udk
aqmif&Gufí edkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ordkif;qdkif&m taxmuftxm;
rSwfwrf;rsm;? pmcsKyf? pmcRefvTmrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH
jyefwrf;rsm;? ordkif;0if&Sm;yg;pmtkyfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;
xm;&Sdygonf/ xdktjyif armfuGef;rsm;tm; rSwfwrf;
wif½dkuful;xm;onfh rdkufc½dkzvif? rdkufc½dkzpfcsfrsm;?
rSwfwrf;"gwfykHrsm;? EIwfajymordkif; (Oral History)
toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm; jzpfonfh EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;\
rdefUcGef;rsm;? aqG;aEG;csufrsm;tm; puúLr[kwf
armfuGef; (Non Paper Archives)tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;
&Sdygonf/
xdktjyif EdkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;?
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ordkif;qdkif&m ynm&yfqdkif&m
e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif tawGUtBuHK&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
ESifh awGUqkHí EIwfajymordkif; (OralHistory) jyKvkyfjcif;
jzifh toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm; &,lpkaqmif;jcif; vkyfief;udk
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ rdrdwdkYOD;pD;Xmetaejzifh
jynfaxmifpk 0efBuD;Xmersm;? Xmeqdkif&mrsm;wGif
wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifhawGUqkHí
vkyfief; tawGUtBuHKrsm;tm; EIwf ajymordkif; (Oral
History) jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh toHzdkifrSwfwrf;rsm;udk &,l
pkaqmif;vsuf &Sdygonf/
EIwf ajymordkif; (Oral History)rsm;onf wefzdk;
rjzwfEdkifaom rl&if;ordkif; taxmuftxm;rsm; jzpf
ygonf/ ,if;wdkUonf armfuGef;wdkufwGif odrf;qnf;
xm;aom armfuGef;rsm;udk NyD;jynfhpkHatmifaomfvnf;
aumif;? aemufqufwGJtaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/ armfuGef;qdkif&m
pkaqmif;rItwGuf wefzdk;&Sdonfh taxmuftuljzpf
um EdkifiHawmf\ EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrI a&; ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifh ordkif;aMumif;rsm;udk ay:
vGifxif[yfapygonf/
odkUjzpfygí EdkifiHawmftpdk;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh ordkif;qdkif&m? ynm
&yfqdkif&me,fy,ftoD;oD;rS todynm&Sif twwf
ynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkY aqmif&GufcJhonfh vkyfief;
tawGUtBuHKrsm;tm; ordkif;armfuGef;wifEdkif&ef trsKd;
om;rSwfwrf;rsm;armfuGef;wdkuf OD;pD;Xme\ EIwfajym
ordkif; (Oral History) tpDtpOfwGif yl;aygif;yg0if
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ordkif;aMumif;twGuf
EIwfajymordkif;rsm;rS oufaownfEdkifMuygap[k
qE´jyKwifjyvdkufygonf/
udk;um;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ta&;ESifh 1947
tajccH Oya'
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
84
]]uRefawmfhom;u t&rf;vnfaeNyD/touf
u 3 ESpfrjynfhao;bl;/ zkef;eJY *drf;awGbmawGawmif
aqmhwwfaeNyD}}
]][kwfvm;/ awmfawmfvnfaeNyDyJ/ tdrfu
uRefrorD;u ykdvnfw,fawmif ajymvkdY&w,f/ olqkd
zkef;vnf;qufwwfaejyD/ tifwmeufvnf; Munfh
wwfaeNyDav}}
½kH;rSm uRefawmfhvkyfazmfukdifzuf tpfukdeJY
tpfru olwkdYom;orD;awG vnfaMumif;? wwfaMumif;
ukd tjyeftvSef<um;vkH;xkwfaeMujcif;jzpfonf/
olwkdUpum;oHawGukd em;axmiftNyD;rSm uRefawmfh
acgif;xJ tawG;rsm;pGm0ifvmcJhonf/
85
tckacwfuav;awG t&G,fa&muf jrefvm
wmuwpfykdif;? 'gukdrdbawGu pepfwus tkyfxdef;rI
r&SdbJ zkef;wpfvkH;? wufbvuf (Tablet)wpfvkH;ay;NyD;
vTwfxm;ygu uav;awG b,fvkdjzpfvmMurvJ/
'Dvkdt&G,fav;awGu twkjrif twwfoif BuD;jyif;
vmwmyJjzpfNyD; trSm;trSef? taumif;tqkd;ukd cGJjcm;
EkdifOD;rnfr[kwfay/ xkdYjyif enf;ynm&JU ab;xGuf
qkd;usdK;awGjzpfonfh t&G,frwkdifcif rsufrSefwyfqif
&jcif;? tm½kHaMumtm;enf;jcif;? txkdifrsm;NyD; tm;tif
csdeJY jcif;? ukd,fcE¨m aoG;auG;usHKvSDjcif;wkdYukdvnf;
BuHKawGUEkdifonfh tEÅ&m,fawG&Sdayonf/
trSefawmh rdbawGtaeeJU 'Dvk dt&G,f
ra&mufao;onfh uav;i,fawG? todÓPf r&ifh
usufEkdifao;onfh uav;i,fawGukd tifwmeufay;
okH;jcif;? Nidrfae&ifNyD;a&m zkef;tokH;jyKcGifhay;xm;jcif;
rsKd;ukd owdjyKqifjcifoifhygonf/ wu,fawmhvnf;
tckacwf rdbawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'g[m tEÅ&m,fvkdY
r,lqMuawmhbJ *kPf,lp&mvkdY vGJrSm;pGm ,lqaeMu
avonf/
'DvkdeJY wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pD&JU xifjrif
,lqcsuf (perception) vGJrSm;&muae vlUtzGJUtpnf;
wpfckvkH;\ xifjrif,lqcsuf (paradigm) rsm;vnf;
vGJrSm;ukefMuygonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh yg&m'kdif;rsm; edrfhus
rI (paradigm deficit) jzpfvm&ygonf/
pma&;olwkdY i,fpOfuqkd tkdifwDenf;ynm
awGaumif;pGm rzGHUNzdK;rwkd;wufao;onfhtwGuf
,if;\ aemufqufwGJaumif;usdK;qkd;usdK;rsm;ukd odyf
rcHpm;cJh&yg/ ausmif;aeonfht&G,f 1993 ckESpfrsm;rS
onf wuúokdvfynmroifMum;ciftcsdef (2005)
txd &GmrSm BudK;zkef;awmif r&SdcJhovkd tjzLtrnf;wDAGD
(black and white television) av;awGom &SdcJhonf/
umvmwDAGD&SdonfholqkdvkdY AD'D,kd½kHykdif&SifwpfOD;om
&SdcJhonf/ nbufawG apmapm tdyf,m0ifavh&SdMu
onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh uav;i,fawGukd vlBuD;rdb
awGu ntdyf,m0ifykHjyifawG ajymjyavh&Sdonf/ a&T,kef
ESifh a&Tusm;ykHjyif? ,kHESifhvdyfykHjyif? aumufuspfaom
ajracG;taMumif;? ½kd;ajzmifhaom opfckwform;ykHjyif
tp&Sdojzifh vli,fawG tysif;ajyapzkdUeJU vdr®ma&;jcm;
&SdapzkdY ykHjyifawGajymqkdqkH;rcJhBuonf/
tazh&JU ÓPftajrmftjrifBuD;rm;rIaMumifh
vnf; pma&;olwkdUuav;wpfokduf pmzwf0goemygcJh
Muonf/ i,fpOftcguwnf;u pmzwf0goemyg
atmif avhusifay;cJhonf/ a&TaoG;? awZ? rkd;aomuf
yef;? jr0wD? rPdaZmw? jrwfr*Fvm pmapmif ponf
jzifh uav;awGpdwf0ifpm;Ekdifonfh ÓPf&nfvnf;
rDrnfh pmtkyfpmayawGukd 0,f,lumol\wynfhawG
ukd zwfapcJhonf/ vufOD;q&mvnf;jzpf rlvwef;
ausmif;tkyfq&m aus;Zl;&SifzcifBuD;\ aus;Zl;rsm;u
BuD;rm;vSaypG/
tazhwynfhawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ynm
wwfbGJU&awGjzpfum avmuaumif;usdK; tvSqifae
MuNyDjzpfygonf/ tenf;i,faom pkef;jyL;av;awG
uvGJvkdYaygh/ wcsdKUvnf; rdbcsdKUwJhvkdY rwwfomwJh
tqkH; ausmif;xGufvkduf&jyD;wcsdKUus ukd,fwkdifu
ynmrvkdcsifawmh wpf0ufwpfysufeJU ausmif;xGuf
vkdufBuonf/
2017 ckESpf? Zlvdkif-Mo*kwf-pufwifbm
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
86
acwfum;t&Sdeft[kefrysuf wkd;wufaeyg
onf/ okdUaomf vlwkdY\ todÓPfrsm;um; vkdufyg
wkd;wufrvmyg/ qifjcifwkHw&m;awG uif;rJhvmMu
onf/t,kHvG,fvmMuonf/ pmempdwfawG enf;yg;
vmMuonf/ wpfa,mufu wpfckckvkyfr,fqk d
aemufwpfa,mufu raumif;ajymzkdY 0efrav;Mu
awmh/ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;vmBuonf/
tpkd;&½kH;XmeawGrSmjzpfjzpf? yk*¾vduvkyfief;awGrSm
jzpfjzpf? vltzGJUtpnf;wpfckvkH;rSm pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI
NydKuGJaeMuonfukd pdwfraumif;zG,f&m awGUjrifae
&avonf/
pepfqkd;atmufrSm &SifoefBuD;jyif;cJh&NyD;
pDrHcefYcGJrItvGJrsm;aMumifh ynma&;pepf ysufpD;cJh&
onf/ tqifhedrfhynma&;aMumifh todÓPfcsdKwJhrI
(knowledge deficit) jzpfukefonf/ pm;0wfaea&;
usyfwnf;rIaMumifh ynmroifEkdif? ynmrwwf/enf;
ynmawGukd ZdrfcHwJhae&meJY tysif;ajyzkdYtwGufom
tokH;csNyD; pmrzwfBuawmh wpfckckqkd t,kHvG,f
ukefonf/ tusdK;quftaejzifh xpfceJ&Sd qJqkd &efjzpff
Muonf/ wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf taumif;rjrif
MuawmhbJ tqkd;oHo&m (vicious cycle)xJ vnf
ukefBuonf/
tm;vkH;yJod&SdMuonfhtwkdif; tpkd;&tae
jzihf ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&SdzkdYtwGuf
tifwkduftm;wkduf vkyfaqmifaeygonf/ oufqkdif
&mtzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;uvnf; yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif
&GufaeMuonf/ jynfolwpfa,muftaejzifh aomf
vnf;aumif;? EkdifiH h0efxrf;wpfOD;taejzifhaomf
vnf;aumif; ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&SdzkdY arQmfvifh
rdonf/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;&rS ppftokH;p&dwfawG avQmhcsEkdif
rnf jzp fovk d ? pp fab;oif ha'oawGtwGuf
ukefusrnfh bwf*sufawGukd wkdif;jynftwGufta&;
BuD;vkdtyfonfh ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;u@awGrSm
wkd;jr§ifhokH;pGJEkdifrSmr[kwfvm;/ 'gukd tpkd;&taeeJY
aumif;aumif;odonfhtwGuf EkdifiHawmf\twkdif
yifcH yk*¾dKvfOD;aqmifNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf txl;BudK;
pm;aeygonf/
pma&;olwkdY jynfolawGtaeeJYvnf; Nidrf;
csrf;a&;twGuf wpfzufwpfvrf;u rulnDEkdifcJh&if
awmif zsufvkdzsufqD; rjyKvkyfoifhyg/ txl;ojzifh
xifa,mifxifrSm; ta&;tom;awG? tjyKtrl tajym
tqkdawGukd ukd,fwkdifvnf; rjyKvkyfoifhovkd wjcm;
olrsm;vkyfonfukd awGUyguvnf; csifhcsdefokH;oyf
,kHMunfMuzkdY tBuHjyKvkdygonf/
wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDu todÓPfawG
jrifhrm;ae&if aoG;xkd;vIHYaqmfrIawG? oyfvQKdaoG;cJGrI
awGukd aMumufp&mrvkdawmhyg/ 'DhtwGuf pma&;olwkdY
pmzwfzkdYvkdygonf/ rdbawGukd,fwkdifvnf; pmzwf
oifhovkdrdrd&ifaoG;i,fawG pmzwf0goemygatmif?
pmzwfvmatmif jyKvkyfay;oifhygonf/ pmzwfjcif;
jzifh A[kokwawGwkd;yGm;vmNyD; ESvkH;om;awG El;nHhvm
rnf jzpfonf/ tcsif;csif;arwåmw&m;jzifh qufqHvm
Murnf/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ,kHMunfrI&Sd&Sd em;vnfrI &Sd&Sd
jzifhtwlwuG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMurnfqkdvQif vkyf
ief;rsm;atmifjrifjzpfovkd wkdif;jynfvnf; zGHUNzdK;wkd;
wufvmrnfrSm rvGJ{uefjzpfonf/
wpfa,mufcsif;pD\ todÓPfawG jrifhrm;zkdY
pmzwfzkdYvkdonf/ pmempdwfjzifh wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;az;r
ulnDay;zkdUvkdonf/ okdYrSom wpfa,mufcsif;pD\
xifjrif,lqcsuf (perception) awG aumif;vmrnf/
xkdrS wpfqifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckvkH;\ xifjrif,lq
csuf (paradigm) rsm;vnf;aumif;vmrnf jzpfonf/
vlrIyg&m'kdif;awG edrfhusaeonfESifhtrQ tcsif;csif;
jiLplapmif;ajrmif;? tjypfwif½Iwfcs? a0zefwkdufckdufae
rnfomjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrIyg&m'kdif;awG jrifhrm;
zkdY pmzwfzkdYvkdygonf/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrI&SdzkdY pmzwfzkdY
vkdygonf/ rdrd&ifaoG;av;awGeJU aemufrsdK;qufopf
awGtwGuf pmzwfzkdYvkdNyDjzpfaMumif; tav;teuf
xm; wkdufwGef;vkduf&ygonf/
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
87
jynfolydkifypönf;[laom t"dyÜm,fudk oifodyg
ovm;/ trsm;olig od&SdaeMuonhf jynfolydkifypönf;
onf wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm;vkH; oGm;a&muf udkif
wG,f awGYxd tokH;jyKEdkifaomypönf;rsm;[k a,bk,s
tm;jzifh owfrSwfEdkifygonf/ jynfolrsm;u ydkifqdkif
onf[k qdk&m0,f wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; aexdkif&m
ae&m a'o EdkifiHwpfvTm;&Sd ywf0ef;usif? taqmuf
tOD? aetdrf? ½k H;? aps;? upm;uGif;? yef;jcHponfh
ae&mrsm;pGm wGif&Sdaom ypönf;wdkif;onf wdkif;oljynf
om;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifaeonfh jynfolydkif ypönf;rsm;yif
jzpfygonf/
Oya'ynm&yfwGif 1947 ckESpf jynfolydkifypönf;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; tuf Oya't& yk'fr 2(1)
wGif jynfolydkifypönf;qdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiHwGif trI
xrf;vsuf&Sdonfh wyfrawmf Munf;? a&? av wyfzGJU
ujzpfap? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&ujzpfap? Oya' wpf&yf&yf
t& zGJUpnf;xm;onfh a'oEÅ&tmPmydkifujzpfap
ydkifqdkifaom tokH;jyK&ef &nf&G,faom ¤if;wdkYudk vTJ
tyfxm;aom odkavSmifypönf;? tokH;taqmifypönf;
ud&d,m(odkY) tjcm;ypönf;wpfckckudk qdkvdkygonf/
tqdkygypönf;rsm;udk cGifhjyKcsufr&bJ vuf0,f
xm;&Sdjcif;? cdk;,ljcif;? tvGJokH;pm;jyKjcif;? tusKd;
zsufpD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfygu þOya'yk'fr-6(1)t&
axmif'Pf(7)ESpftxd ta&;,l tjypfay;jcif; cH&
rnfhtjyif iGa'Pfvnf; csrSwfcH&rnfjzpfonf/
xdkodkYqdkav&m ae&mtESHYtjym;&Sd jynfolydkifypönf;
tm;vkH;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&rnfh wm0efonf
vnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wdkif;wGif &Sdayonf/
jynfolydkifypönf;udk wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY rnfodkY
rnfykH xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufEdkifoenf;/ vltrsm;udk
rpOf;pm;bJxm;OD;? wpfOD;wnf;udk,fwdkif rnfodk Y
xdef;odrf;oifhygoenf;/ rdrdonf 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfí
0efxrf;e,fy,frS pwifvdkygonf/ EdkifiHtESHYtjym;
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;onf
vnf; wdkif;oljynfom; rsm;jzpfay&m jynfolydkifypönf;
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;onf 0efxrf;wdkif;ESifhvnf;
oufqdkifaeygonf/ 0efxrf;wpfOD;csif;onf rdrdESifh
qufpyfywfoufaeaom ywf0ef;usif? vkyfief;cGif?
taqmuftODpaom jynfolydkifypönf;wdkif;udk udk,f
ydkifypönf;uJhodkYyif wefzdk;xm;wwf&efvdkayonf/
&efukefNrdKUrS ½kH;rsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg; aejynfawmfodkY
ajymif;a&TUvmMuNyDjzpfaomaMumifh 0efxrf;wdkif;onf
vma&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ojzifh EdkifiHawmfrS
tdrfaxmifonfrsm;tm; tdrf&mrsm;wGifaeapí
vlysKd? tysKdrsm;udk taqmifrsm;wGif aexdkifapcJhygonf/
0efBuD;Xme½kH;rsm;odkY pDpOfay;onhf BudK^ydkYum;rsm;jzihf
at;csrf;pGm ½kH;wufMu&ayonf/ xdktcg xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smuf&rIonf ½kH;rsm;wGifomru tdrf&mESifh
taqmifrsm;wGifyg wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh &Sdvmay
onf/ rdom;pktdrf&mrsm; wnfaqmufxm;ykHtaejzifh
88
txyfjrifh wdkufrsm;jzpf&m qif0ifatmufwGif¤if;?
avScg; twuftqif;avsmufvrf;rsm;wGifvnf;
aumif;? rD;vkH;rsm;udk vrf;rD;jzifh oG,fwef;ay;xm;
onfudk awGU&ygonf/
xdkodk Y vrf;rD;rsm;tm; tcrJhtokH;jyKcGif h ay;
xm;vQif xdktdrf&mwGifaexdkifaom vlwdkif;onf
rDvkH;uRrf;oGm;vRif rD;vkH;tpm;jyefwyfzdkYwm0ef r&Sd
aybl;vm;/ xdk Ytjyif rdrdrDwmcxJrSrygí reuf
rdk;vif;ae&ifawmifrS rD;ydwfjcif;r&SdbJ arhavsmhía&m
aeoifhygovm;/ rdrdoGm;rnfh ywfvrf;wpfavsmufESifh
qif0ifoGm;&mvrf;wpfavsmufudkvnf; oefY&Sif;ae
atmif rvkyfoifhbl;vm;/ opfyifyef;rmefpdkufysKd;zdkYa&m
rvdkaybl;vm;/ xdktodpdwf"mwfonf jynfolydkif
ypönf; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lq
aom pdwf"mwfyifjzpfygonf/ rdrd wpfudk,fpmvkH
atmif xdef;odrf;EdkifygrS xdkxufydkBuD;us,faom ae&m
udk xdef;odrf;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/
0efxrf;rsm;onf vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk tcsdef
jynhf xrf;aqmif&ojzihf ydwf&ufrsm;wGif rdom;pkESihf
at;at;vlvlaevdkMuayvdrhfrnf/ xdkodkYaom tcsdef
rsm;wGif wdkufoefY&Sif;a&;vkyf&? yef;yifpdkufysKd;&jzihf
tcsdefukefonf[k tvkyf½IyfrcHvdkolrsm;vnf; &Sday
vdrhfrnf/ 'gqdkvQifvnf; em;aevdkYvnf;a&tmif? oefY
&Sif;rIvnf;&Sdatmif rnfodkY vkyfrnfenf;/ pkaygif;
aqmif&Gufonhf pdwf"mwft& tvSnhfusxGufí oefY
&Sif;a&; vkyfrnfvm;/ oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfEdkifonhf tjyif
vliSm;í tvkyfvkyfcGihfay;rnfvm;/ qkH;jzwfcsuf csNyD;
vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfygonf/ oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif&Guf
rI p&dwfudkawmh wdkuf&Sd tcef;tm;vkH;rS a0ykHus rQcH&
rnfjzpfygonf/ [dkvnf;r[kwf? 'Dvnf;rygqdkvQif
awmh rdrdwdkYwdkufom epfemayvdrhfrnf/
tdrf&m&Sdtxyfjrifhwdkufrsm; wnfaqmufxm;ykH
t& a&wdkifuDrsm;onf acgifrdk;rsm; ay:wGif&Sdí
a&jynf h? rjynfhudk a&vQHaygufrsm;rS a&rsm;usvm
onfudk Munfhí od&SdEdkifygonf/ tcsKdUonf a&rsm;
vQHusvmygu csufjcif;ydwfí a&tv[ó jzKef;wD;
rI rjzpfap&ef *½kpdkufrIrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSmrl
arhaeívnf;aumif;? owdrxm;rdívnf;aumif;
tcsdeftawmfMumatmifa&rsm;vQHusaeonfudk
awGU&ygonf/ xdkodkY a&rsm;vQHusaejcif;onf rdk;&moD?
aqmif;&moDrsm;wGif owdrxm;rdMuaomfvnf;
aEG&moD yljyif;jyif;a&mufvQifjzihf owdtaetxm;
jzihf apmihfMunhfae&mrS a&udk ESarsmwGefYwdkpdwfjzihf
a'gopdwfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;wwfMuygonf/
tcsKdUtcsKdUaom pdwful;ÓPfaumif;aom olrsm;
vnf; &SdMuygonf/ þodkYvQHusvmaom a&rsm;udk
atmufqkH;wGif Zvm;uJhodkYaom wdkifuD ta[mif;rsm;
cHxm;jcif;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;um pkaygif;pdkufysKd;xm;
aom tyifrsm;udk avmif;apaomaMumihf tyifrsm;
vnf; &Sifoefap? a&vnf; tv[órjzpfatmif
vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk awGU&ojzifh tvGef0rf;omp&m
aumif;vSygonf/ a&csKdudk *½kwpdkuf xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ pma&;q&m wuúodkvf
yGifholatmifa&;onhf aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif 20 &mpk
ESpfrsm;wGif a&eHtwGuf ta&;tcif; jzpfcJh&ouJhodkY
21 &mpkESpfrsm;wGifvnf; a&csK d&Sm;yg;rIaMumih f
a&wdkufyGJ jzpfEdkifaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfudk jrefrmh
tvif;owif;pmxJwGif aqmif;yg;tjzpf zwf&cJhyg
ao;onf/
xdkUtwlyif aps;rsm;wGifvnf; a&ydkufacgif; zGifh
vsufom; a&rsm;usaeonfudk jrifawGU&onfrsm;
&Sdygonf/ rnfolrSydwfrnfholr&Sd? xyfrHtokH;jyK&ef
twGuf vma&muf rnfholrsm;&Sdrvm;[k tawmfMum
atmif apmifhMunfhaeonf h wdkifatmif rnfolrQa&muf
rvmbJ tv[ójzpfaeom a&rsm;udkvnf; ESajrm
wopGm awGUjrif&ayonf/ raeEdkifolu oGm;ydwf
jyefawmhvnf; a&ydkufacgif;u raumif; ponfjzihf
BuHKMu&ygonf/ þtcsufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd
udk,fydkiftokH;jyK&onfr[kwf ]bkH}okH;&wmyJ[laom
pdwfjzifh ukefcsifukef? ysufcsifysuf oabmrsKd;xm;
twJG(4)? trSwf-3
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
89
vQifjzifh rdrdywf0ef;usifudk tvGefyif tusKd;,kwfap
rnf jzpfygonf/
½kH;odkY a&mufvmvQifa&m rdrdxdkif&m ukvm;xdkif?
pm;yGJckH? uGefysLwmrS tpjyKí ½kH;cef;twGif;&Sd bD'dk?
yefum? avat;ay;puf? rdwåLul;puf? rD;yvyfayguf
tp&Sdaom ypönf;tm;vkH;udk rdrdydkifypönf;uJhodkY xdef;
odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efvdktyfayonf/ rdrdudk,fwdkif
okH;pGJaeomypönf;rsm;udk udk,fydkifqdkifaom om;orD;
uJhodkY wefzdk;xm;oifhayonf/ rdrdudkifwG,ftokH;jyK
aeaomypönf; wpfckckcsKdU,Gif;aevQif rdrdonf wef;í
odEdkifojzifh ysufpD;rI BuD;BuD;rm;rm;rjzpfcif jyKjyifEdkif
vQif Xmeydkifypönf;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&m
a&mufouJhodkY jynfolydkifypönf; xdef;odrf;jcif;vnf;
jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHawmfrSvnf; jynfolU0efxrf;rsm;udk csrSwf
xm;om pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udkem;vnfap&efESifh
jynfolYopömapmifhodrI&Sdap&ef A[dk0efxrf; wuúodkvf
(azmifBuD;)ESifh A[dk0efxrf;wuúodkvf (ZD;yifBuD;)
wdkYwGif avhusifhoifMum;ay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ oifwef;
wGif ,cifu ppfa&;bmom oifMum;cJh&aomfvnf;
,cktcg jynfolYtpdk;&opfvufxufwGif ppfa&;
bmom ryg0ifawmh/ EdkifiHa&;odyHÜ? pD;yGm;a&;? pdkufysKd;
a&;? arG;jrLa&;? ½kH;vkyfief;? Oya' paom bmom
&yftvdkuf ae&mpkH? XmepkHrS oifwef;om;^ol rsm;u
tkyfpktvdkuf rdrdESpfouf&m pmwrf;zwfMum;um
tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; &S dygonf/ xdkod k Y
tawGUtBuHK zvS,fí aqG;aEG;a0zefaxmufjyjcif;
tm;jzifh vkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrsm;udk ydkrdk yGifhvif;
jrifomrI&Sdapum rdrdwdkYXmetvdkuf? ae&mtvdkuf
A[kokwrsm; wdk;yGm;apedkifygonf/
xdkuJhodkY xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;onf tod
tjrif <u,f0rIESifhvnf; oufqdkifvsuf&Sdygonf/
xdkodkY todynm<u,f0ap&efvnf; a[majymyGJrsm;?
ynmay;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk ae&ma'otvdkuf? vlrI
ywf0ef;usiftvdkuf? tzGJUtpnf;tvdkuf vkyfoifhay
onf/ i,f&G,faom tajccHynmoif,laeonfh
ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;i,fb0rS pwifum em;
vnfod&Sdae&ef vdktyfayonf/ ausmif;xJwGif rdrd
xdkifaom pma&;pm;yGJ? xdkifckHponfwdkY rusKd;yJhap&ef
pepfwusxdkifjcif;? aeYzuftvif;a&mif&aeaom
tcef;xJwGif rD;acsmif;rsm;ydwfxm;jcif;? obm0av
&&Sdaomae&mwGif yefumrsm;ydwfxm;jcif;? vufaq;
ae&m? tdrfom ponfwdkYwGif a&okH;NyD;ygu ydkufacgif;
udk jyefydwfjcif;? trdIufrsm;udk trdIufykH;twGif;pepf
wus pGefYypfjcif; paom tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;udk
pepfwusem;vnfae&ef vdktyfayonf/ xdkrSwpfzef
tqifhjrifhynmoif,laeom umvwGifvnf; xdkodkY
xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;aMumihf ywf0ef;usif avxk? a&xk?
ajrxk npfnrf;rI avsmhusjcif;? opfom;ESifhpyfquf
aom ypönf;wpfcktwGuf opfawmrnfrQ qkH;½I H;
onfudk od&SdEdkifjcif;? a&udkpepfwus tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh
obm0a&t&if;tjrpf xdef;odrf;EdkifrIudk od&Sdapjcif;?
rvdktyfonf vQyfppftokH;jyKrIrsm;udk acRwmjcif;jzihf
obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;paom tod
ynmrsm;udk jrifhrm;pGm&&Sd&efvnf; vdkayonf/
,cktcg EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rSvnf; bufpkH? u@
pkHtwGuf Oya'? pnfrsOf;? pnf;urf;rsm;? yk'frrsm;xkwf
í umuG,fapmihfa&Smufvsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
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