chapter 29 lipid synthesis: storage lipids, …rcarlson/bcmb3100/chap29.pdfchapter 29 lipid...
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CHAPTER 29Lipid Synthesis: Storage Lipids, Phospholipids, and Cholesterol
Problems: 3-6, 8, 12, 14-18, 21-22, 27, 29.
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29.1 Phosphatidate is Precursor of Storage and Membrane Lipids
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Synthesis of TGs and neutral phospholipids
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Synthesis of acidic phospholipids
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• Interconversions of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine(PS)
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29.2 Cholesterol Synthesis
2 Acetyl CoA
Acetoacetyl CoA
Thiolase
HMG‐CoA synthase
SCoA
O
OH
O OH
CH3
CH2OHOH
O OH
CH3 OPO3PO3CH2
CH3
‐3
CH3CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
CH3
OH
Isopentenylpyrophosphate
Mevalonic acid
Squalene3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl
CoA
Cholesterol
HMG‐CoA reductase
3 steps
20 steps
3 steps
Isoprene unit
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29.3 Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis
• Via synthesis of HMG CoA reductase mRNA (transcription).
• Via rate of translationof HMG CoA reductase mRNA (nonsterol mevalonatemetabolites).
• Via degradation of HMG CoA reductase.
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29.4 Transport of Cholesterol and Triacylglycerol
ChylomicronsChylomicron remnantsVLDL, IDL,LDL, HDL
VLDL lipoproteinLDL lipoprotein
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Lipoprotein transport
LDL metabolism
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LDL receptor mediated
endocytosis
LDL receptor defect.
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
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29.5 Cholesterol is the Precursor of Steroid Hormones
Bile salts, steroid hormones, vitamin D
Bile salt: detergent for solubilizing dietary lipids.
• Progesterone: maintenance of pregnancy• Androgen: male hormone (also anabolic steroids).• Estrogens: female hormone• Glucocorticoid: gluconeogensis and glycogen synthesis.• Mineralglucocorticoids: salt regulation, blood pressure.
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Vitamin D
Elmer McCollum tested cod liver oil with the vitamin A removed the dogs suffering from rickets still recovered. He named his new discovery vitamin D for the 4th letter of the alphabet (vitamin D was the 4th vitamin discovered). Research continued on this substance and it was eventually discovered that a certain form of vitamin D is created in the human body through exposure to sunlight (UV light). Thanks to the hard work of the scientists working on the discovery of vitamin D rickets is virtually eliminated from developed countries.
Hector DeLuca’s laboratory, Univ. of Wisconsin, demonstrated that vitamin D itself is biologically inactive and must be modified by sequential action by the liver and kidney to prepare the hormone derived from vitamin D, namely 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3.