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jynfe,fc&D;wGif óuolrsm;uvnf; v,form;ESifh òr@aeqif;&Jom;rsm; trsm;pkjzpfonf?xdkokd@óuqdkolrsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwdkif rvGwfvyfa=umif;/ tcsKyftjc,fcHae&a=umif;/ ajymcsif&majymr&a=umif; awG@vdkuf&onf? TwGif OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifcJ&rnf[kodvdkuf=uonf? “wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” “wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” “wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” “wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” “wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” [k &J&Jwif;wif;ajymvm=uonf? etza&$em;awmfayguf=um;um “acwfpepfa[mif;. aemufqkH;usefaomtarG” wm0efauspepfudkz,f&Sm; (zsufodrf;[k rokH;wm owdðyyg ) ay;ygrnf[k ppftkyfpku ajymvmjcif; jzpf.?

trSefrSm ‘wm0effauspyg;’ om vufuseftarGr[kwf/ ppftkyfpk/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf/ppftpdk;&onfvnf; vufuseftarG jzpf.? t}uD;qkH;tarGvnf; jzpfonf? ‘ppf 3 ppf’ udk rzsufv#ifwm0efauspyg;pepfzsufvnf; bmrSxl;rnf r[kwfyg?

ppftpdk;&u ajrawGtm;vkH; olydkifvkyfxm;onf? wcsKd@udk ppfwyfydkifay;onf? jynfyrSaiG&Sifrsm;udkyif ajrawGiSm;ay;zdk@ tpDtpOf&Sdaeonf? ukr`%Drsm;udk ESpf&SnfvkyfcGifhay;onf?v,form;udkawmh wESpfwcgvkyfcGifhay;onf? Tpepfrzsuf v#if ‘wm0efauspyg;’ zsuf¶kHjzifhtusKd;xl;rnfr[kwfyg?3? etz. xkwfjyeffcsufwGif a0hvnfvnfvkyfxm;wm tuGufqifxm;wm awG@&onf? ‘owfrSwftiftm;pktwGuf qefpyg;’ [laomtokH;tE_ef;onf ‘0efxrf;qeff’ udk ajymjcif;avm/ okd@wnf;r[kwf tjcm;rnfonfhoabmygao;oenf; r&Sif;yg?

3

0,f&if;aps;twdkif; MAPD odk@a&mif;ay;&rnf[kqdkojzifh ukefonfrsm;u p&dwfpdkuf0,fay;&rnf[k ajymovdk jzpf.?ukefonfrsm;twGuf rpkd;&drfyg? olwdk@r¶_H;atmif vkyfwwfygonf? ppftpdk;&uvnf; ypfxm;rnf r[kwfyg? ta&mif;oGuff

ypPnf;rsm;csay;+yD; aoG;pkyffcGifhay;ygvdrffhrnf? aemufqkH;owWKcsvdkufv#iff v,form;yJ qif;&Jom;rsm;yJ cH&ygvdrfhrnf?4? pyg;0,f,la&;rlopff csrSwfjcif;onf ‘b%fftusyftwnf;’ udkyg wygwnf;ajz&Sif;jcif; jzpfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf? ukefonfrsm;vdkrnfhaiGa=u;t&if;tESD;udk b%frsm;uyHhydk;rnf[k qdkxm;onf?

b%ftusyftwnf; udpPESifhywfouf+yD; NLD OD;vGifu ol@tawG@tñuHt& xifjrifcsufay;&mwGif pyg;0,f,la&;umvwGif aiGtvkH;t&if; c¶dkif/ òr@e,f t0,f'dkifrsm;odk@ jzef@cJGcsay;&onf[k qdkonf?

,ckpepft&qdkv#if e,fodk@aiGrsm; jzef@cJGcsay;p&m rvdkawmh? ukefonf}uD;rsm;udk csay;vdkuf¶kHjzifh +yD;rnf? t*FvdyfxGifcJhonfhvuf0g;}uD;tkyf yJGpm;}uD;pepfodk@ jyeffoGm;jcif;yif?5? ra&r&mxkwfjyeffcsufudk oabmxm;ay;&ojzifh a,bk,srSwfcsufom ay;Ekdifygonf? twdtusay;Ekdifonfh rSwfcsufrSm ppftkyfpkwGifEkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJvkyf&eff tpDtpOfr&Sdao;? qefpyg;udpPwGif tajymif;tvJvkyf+yD; tm%mudkxdef;odrf; &efom tm¶kHxm;aeqJ[lIjzpfonf?

wGif; (2) Adkvfpdk;0if;udk wHwm;zGifhyJGavmufom wufckdif;ae&mrS wdkif;jynf.toufaoG;a=um qefpyg;vkyfief;wGif tm%mukefay;vdkufwmudkvnf; owdðyrdonf?

EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJ aqG;aEG;yJGESifhywfouffI wGif; (1) Adkvfcif!Geff@ bmxGufajymrvJ apmifh=unfhaeonf? Adkvfpkd;0if;upyg;0,f,la&;rlopfudkajymv#if Adkvfcif!Geff@u awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;rlopfudk ajym&rnf? vlxku pdwfr&SnfonfrSm wm0efauspyg;udpPomruyg? tcsdefqJGaeonfh aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGudpPvnf; ygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ajymaev#if wkH@jyef&rnfholrSm Akdvfoef;xGef;r[kwf/Akdvfcif!Gef@jzpfonf?

1365 ck/ uqkefvqef; 2 &uf? A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD 2003 ck/ arv 1 &uf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD


4

TwGif OpPm&ifvdk OpPm&ifcJ&rnf[k odvdkuf=uonf?‘wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf’‘wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf’‘wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf’‘wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf’‘wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf’ [k&J&Jwif;wif; ajymvm=uonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

vlxkudk “12 bdk;” usnfawGoHk;+yD; ypfcwfzdk@ etz jyifqifaewmESifhywfoufIvlxkudk “12 bdk;” usnfawGoHk;+yD; ypfcwfzdk@ etz jyifqifaewmESifhywfoufIvlxkudk “12 bdk;” usnfawGoHk;+yD; ypfcwfzdk@ etz jyifqifaewmESifhywfoufIvlxkudk “12 bdk;” usnfawGoHk;+yD; ypfcwfzdk@ etz jyifqifaewmESifhywfoufIvlxkudk “12 bdk;” usnfawGoHk;+yD; ypfcwfzdk@ etz jyifqifaewmESifhywfoufI ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD

ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf 1§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf 1§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf 1§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf 1§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf 1§2003(9 - 1 - 2003)(9 - 1 - 2003)(9 - 1 - 2003)(9 - 1 - 2003)(9 - 1 - 2003)

(1) etz u vlxkudk ajcmufvSef@&muae ypfcwfzdk@txdwufzdk@ jyifae+yD? ykvdyfawGudkifwJhb&if;*ef;awGudk 12 bdk; (twelve - bore) usnf xnfhypfEdkifatmif jyifaeonf? ‘12 - bdk;’usnfu 2 vHk;jyL; - wvHk;cg;csdK;aoewfrSm oHk;wJhusnfawG jzpfonf? =uuftkyfiSuftkyfudkypfonfhusnf jzpfonf? cJvHk;rsm;rsm; xnfhypfEdkifonf? p&dwfESifhypfv#if twHk;t±Hk; '%f&m&Edkifonf? vlxkudk ajcaxmufypf+yD; twHk;t±Hk;'%f&m&atmif a'0'wf m%fjzifh}uHjcif; jzpfonf?(2) ‘ppfwyfuypfv#if rSefatmifypfw,f’ qdkwmudkawmif &ifqdkif0HhwJhvlxkudk 'Dvdkajcmufvdk@&±dk;vm;? &cdkifbufrSm rjzpfnpfus,f &efp&muae wqifhwuf+yD; “12 bdk;” usnfeJ@ ypfrd&iftJ'g[m aemufqkwfvdk@r&wJhpnf;udk ausmfrdwm jzpfvdrfhrnf? 'Drdkua&pDodk@ +idrf;csrf;pGmul;ajymif;a&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk t+yD;tydkif ydwfvdkufwm jzpfvdrfhrnf? bmyJjzpfjzpf vlxk. 'Drdkua&pDodk@ul;ajymif;a&; oEMdXmefuawmh ysufoGm;rnfr[kwf? ydk+yD;cdkifrmvmvdrfhrnf? vlxku tjcm;a&G;vrf;udk a&G;=uvdrfhrnf? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;vrf;udk pcef;ukefvrf;ukef oGm;vdk@r&rS tJ'Dvrf;udk a&G;=urSmjzpfonf?(3) 1988 - 89 u EdkifiHwumhtajctaeESifh ,ck 21 &mpk tajctae rwlawmhonfudk etzppftkyfpk odoifhonf? ajcvSrf;wvSrf; vSrf;awmhrnfqdkv#if t}udrf}udrfpOf;pm;+yD;rS vkyfoifhonf?tv#if;oifhojzifh 1945 - 46 u t*Fvdyfwdk@. pOf;pm;r_udk azmfjyvdkonf? olwdk@vnf; t=urf;udkifzdk@ yxru pOf;pm;cJhonf? ukvm;ppfwyfudk oHk;cGifhr&? tvdkawmf&dppfwyfudkvnf; pdwfrcsojzifhom t=urf;rudkif0HhbJ bk&ifcHtopfcef@um aphpyfa&;pm;yGJodk@ a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf?aphpyfa&;pm;yGJa&mufv#ifum; “vGwfvyfa&;odk@” +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;a&;wHcg; yGifhawmhonf?

'Drdkua&pDodk@ ul;ajymif;&mwGifvnf; aphpyfa&;pm;yGJrSwqifhom vlxku oGm;vdk=uonf?

‘12 - bdk; - b&if;*ef;’ udk oHk;cJhv#ifum; ‘tidkvG,fI t±_dufcuf’ jyifr&onfhtrSm;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k tcsdefrD owday;vdkuf&yga=umif;?

5

b%fffffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufIb%fffffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufIb%fffffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufIb%fffffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufIb%fffffrsm;tusyftwnf;awG@aejcif;ESifhywfoufIArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf

2§20032§20032§20032§20032§2003(23 - 2 - 2003)(23 - 2 - 2003)(23 - 2 - 2003)(23 - 2 - 2003)(23 - 2 - 2003)

1? EdkifiHa&;vdktyfcsufudk OD;pm;ay;um/ tjrifwdkaom pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;a=umifh aiGa=u;azmif;yGaewm =um+yD? ,ckawmh rxdef;odrf;Edkifavmufatmif azmif;yGrnfhtE W&m,f ñuHaeonf? rqv vkyfcJhovdk w&m;r0ifvnf; ra=unm&J? tawm rowf aiGawG±dkufxkwfv#ifvnf; azmif;yGr_ wqifhwdk;vmrSmpdk;ae&onf? tjrifwdkpGm vkyfxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; udkvnf; &yfrypf0Hh? ‘vufwdk t±dk;rsuf’ae+yD? awmifa0S;vJonfudk zdk;olawmf rxlEdkifa=umif; awG@vkduf=u&+yD? zdk;olawmf udkf,fwdkif rvJ[krnfolr# rajymEdkif?2? tjrifwdkaom pD;yGm;a&;cef@cGJr_qdkonfrSm (u) AuyatmufrS cGJxGufvm=uolrsm;udk rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfcGifh ay;cJh&jcif;/ (c) NLD udk axmufcHaom oHCmawmfrsm;tm; odrf;oGif;&ef aoewfcg;=um;xdk;+yD;bk&m;wnfausmif;aqmuf tawmrowf vkyfae&jcif;/ (*) EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmESifh =oZmr&Sdolrsm;jzpfIwyfudk+idrfatmif acsmhae&jcif;/ e,fpm;y,fpm;ay;um xdeff;ae&jcif;/ (C) ppfa&;tjrifoufoufjzihfrvdktyfaom vrf;wHwm;rsm; wnfaqmufaejcif;wdk@onf t"dutcsufrsm; jzpfonf?3? ukpm;&efaq;enf;&Sda=umif; olwdk@vnf; odonf? jynfolvnf; odonf? urBmuvnf; odonf?xdkaq;enf;rSm NLD ESifh tjrefaphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef jzpf.? ,ckawmh xdkodk@rvkyfbJ NLD ausmf tar&duefac:+yD; aphpyfaqG;aEG;csifonf[k ajymaeonf?4? rsufarSmuftusyftwnf;onf tar&duefESifh&efjzpfI ay:aeaomtusyftwnf; r[kwf/jynfolESifhjzpfaeonfh tusyftwnf;jzpfojzifh jynfolESifh/ NLD ESifh tcsdefrqGJbJ tjrefqHk;aphpyfyg[kwdkufwGef;vdkufonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

6

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 3§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 3§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 3§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 3§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 3§2003

2003ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?2003ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?2003ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?2003ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?2003ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 24 &uf?1? tusyftwnf;rsdK;pHkESifh óuHawG@ae&aom etztpdk;&taejzifh bmudkrqdk vkyfvmEdkifa=umif; Armjynfta&; pdwf0ifpm;olwdkif;u wGufqxm;=uonf? odk@aomf tar&dueftpdk;&tm; ajAmifvuf,yfac:vdkufonfh tjzpfudk awG@&aomtcg tm;vHk;vdkvdk tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uonf? etzppftkyfpkonfðryfvkqJqJ oabFmay:u rmvdefrª;vdk tufpftdktufpf (S.O.S.) ac: u,fawmfrlyg a=u;eef;ydk@aejcif;jzpfa=umif; vlwdkif;owdxm;rd=uonf?

,cktxdawmh etzu [efudk,fhzdk@vkyfum 0g±Sifwefodk@ wdkuf±dkufajymonfhyHkrsdK; rvkyfao;bJaeonf? tdrfjzLawmfuvnf; at;ae0if;wdk@tay: ppftpdk;&uvkyfovdk “rdrdwdk@udk bmr#wdkuf±dkufrajymao;yg”qdk+yD; 'l;axmufawmif;yefcdkif;aeonf? etz.tajctae rnfr#qdk;a=umif; bk±Sfwdk@uaumif;aumif;odonf? avmfbDyGJpm;rsm;iSm;um olwdk@xHcpm;zdk@ óud;pm;aeonfrSm =um+yDr[kwfavm?2? etzonf 9 -11 ta&;tcif;rSm tdrfjzLawmfbufrSm uarsmaomyg; &yfjycJhonf? ol@&J@rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;udk todtrSwfðyygrnfhta=umif; rsuf&nfcHxdk;cJhonf? rav;±Sm;wGifusif;yrnfh bufrvdkufnDvmcHudk Adkvfoef;a±$/ Adkvfcif!Gef@tyg/ etz xdyfoD;acgif;aqmifawGwufa&muf+yD; vlawmwdk;a=umif;jyzdk@ pDpOfxm;cJhonf? odk@aomf xdktpnf;ta0;udk wufvdkufygutar&duef. tD&wftay:oabmxm;tyg ay:vpDtrsdK;rsdK;udk a0zefaeonfh rav;±Sm;0ef}uD;csKyf r[moD,mESifh awG@qHk&vdrfhrnf? xdk@jyif xdktpnf;t0;u tD&wftay:ppfðyr_udk qef@usifa=umif; qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;csrnfh taetxm;vnf;±Sdaeojzifh etzxdyfoD; Adkvfoef;a±$u usef;rma&;ta=umif;jyumroGm;awmh[ka=unmvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&; ESmap;wmrSef; vlwdkif;odonf? odvnf; rwwfEdkif/&mZmvDtm; Armjynfodk@zdwfac: jcif;udkyg tcsdefawGa±$@qdkif; cJhonf? Tvkyf&yftm;vHk;rSm 0g±Sifweftm;ajAmifwzufowf ydk;yef;aerSef; tifrwefodomonf? odk@aomf tar&duefurl pD;yGm;a&;t&ydwfqdk@rnfqdkonfhtajymrsdK;jzifhom etzppfAdkvfawGudk 0uftlwif;cJhonf? olwdk@udk }uHzwfvdk t&nfukefatmifapmifhaejcif;jzpf[efwlonf? odk@aomf etz.tajctaeu tcsdefqGJaevdk@ r&awmh?

TwGif ar;p&m±SdvmonfrSm etztpdk;&onf rdrdjy\emudk ukvor*~vdkae&mrsdK;udkrwifjybJ bma=umifh tar&duefudkrS wifjy&oenf;? Ttpdk;&onf udk,fhEdkifiHjynfwGif;a&;udkudk,fhbmom ajz±Sif;Edkifaomt&nftcsif; r±Sd+yDavm? odk@qdkygu Tppftkyfpkonf tpdk;&vkyfxdkufolrsm;r[kwfacs?3? etztaejzifh wdkif;jynf.tusyftwnf;rsm;udk wu,fajz±Sif;vdkygu aqG;aEG;yGJpmyGJ0dkif;wGifajz±Sif;&rnfjzpfa=umif; tm;vHk;uvnf;axmufjy/ olwdk@udk,fwdkifvnf;odonf? odk@aomf olwdk@onfaqG;aEG;aomtvkyfrSty bmudkrqdk vkyfrnfqdkaomyHk azmfjyaeonf?

Armjynf jynfolrsm;url etztpdk;&udk pmyGJ0dkif;qD ydk@ay;jcif;udkom vdkvm;=uayonf?udk,fhjynfwGif;a&;udk udk,fhEdkifiHwGif;0,f ajz±Sif;Edkifonf [laom*k%fudkom wefzdk;xm;=uayonf?

7

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 4§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 4§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 4§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 4§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf trSwf 4§2003

(2003 ckESpf/ rwfv 7 &uf )(2003 ckESpf/ rwfv 7 &uf )(2003 ckESpf/ rwfv 7 &uf )(2003 ckESpf/ rwfv 7 &uf )(2003 ckESpf/ rwfv 7 &uf )

1? etz. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD usqkH;aewm=um+yD? ,ck b¾ma&;bufodk@ul;pufvmjcif;jzpf.?2? etz u ‘wyfrawmf’ udk wif;wif;usyfusyfudkifxm;Edkifv#if vlxkudk umvydkif;wck +idrf0yfydjym;atmiff vkyfEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;udkrl +idrf0yfydjym;atmif rvkyfEkdifyg?‘qlygazmif;yGr_’ rS ‘[dkfufygazmif;yGr_’ odk@ ul;awmhrnfh tajctaeqdkufaeyg+yD?3? olwdk@ESifhtwl wdkif;jynfudkqJGESpfoGm;&ef etzudk cGifhrðyoifhyg? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;wGifwdkif;jynfudku,fwifzdk@ wm0ef&Sdygonf? txl;ojzifh NLD, CRPP wdk@wGif wm0ef&Sdygonf?tðyoabmjzifh 0ifIa&S@aqmifoifh+yD[k xifjrifygonf?

“bufaygif;pkH tajymif;tvJpDrHudef;” wck tcsdefrDcsrSwfvkyfaqmifyg&ef tav;teufwdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

8

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

wm0efauspyg;udpP Adkvfpdk;0if;xkwfjyefcsufeSifhywfoufIwm0efauspyg;udpP Adkvfpdk;0if;xkwfjyefcsufeSifhywfoufIwm0efauspyg;udpP Adkvfpdk;0if;xkwfjyefcsufeSifhywfoufIwm0efauspyg;udpP Adkvfpdk;0if;xkwfjyefcsufeSifhywfoufIwm0efauspyg;udpP Adkvfpdk;0if;xkwfjyefcsufeSifhywfoufIArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/ A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD

ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsufajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuftrSwf 5 § 2003trSwf 5 § 2003trSwf 5 § 2003trSwf 5 § 2003trSwf 5 § 2003(26 - 4 - 2003)(26 - 4 - 2003)(26 - 4 - 2003)(26 - 4 - 2003)(26 - 4 - 2003)

1? jynfyudk tcsufjyaoG;wdk;prf;+yD;/ wGif; (2) udk yGJxkwfum/ wm0efauspyg;udpPudk a=unmcJhonf?a=unmcsufu a,bk,susvGef;ojzifh vSnfhuGufwck zefwD;jcif;[k oHo,&Sdygonf?

Tenf;udk 1962 ckESpfu ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’ vnf; vkyfzl;onf? ajr&Sifpepfzsufodrf;awmhra,mif/ v,fvkyfol v,fydkifa&; vkyfawmhra,mif vkyfjy+yD; ‘tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyfajr&Sif}uD;pepf’ udk usifhoHk;cJhonf?

‘tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ajr&Sif}uD;pepf’ qdkonfrSm ajr,mtm;vHk; tpdk;&uydkif+yD;ajr,mcsxm;jcif;udk tpdk;&uvkyfum ajr,mxGufoD;ESHrsm;udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyf0,f,ljcif; jzpfonf?

wm0efauspyg;0,fonfhpepfrSm tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyfajr&SifpepftwGif;rS tpdwftydkif;uav;wckom jzpfonf?

rnfol ydkifoenf;/ rnfol toHk;ðyoenf;/ txGufypPnf;udk rnfodk@cGJa0oenf;qdkonfudk oHk;oyfavhvmzdk@u ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpf.?2? ESpfaygif; 40 twGif;wGif ajr,mydkifqdkifr_onf tpdk;&vufwGif;rS ppfwyfyd kiftjzpfajymif;oGm;aomajr,mrsm; {uaygif;rsm;pGm &SdcJhonf? ppfwyfydkifajr,maygif; rnfr#&Sdoenf;?Tpm&if;udk (etz) xkwfjyefapvdkonf?

vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vufa0cHukr`%D}uD;rsm;odk@ vkyfydkifcGifhay;xm;aom ajr,mpm&if;udkvnf; xkwfjyef&rnf?

,cktcg a&eufuGif;v,f/ a&oGif;a&wifv,f,mrsm;tjyif zm;uef@vdkae&mrSmyifausmufwGif;av#mufxm;olrsm;udk v,fajrb,favmufazmf&rnfqdkum wm0efay;vkyfcdkif;onfrsm; &Sdygonf? olwdk@ydkifv,fajrawG tajrmuftjrm;jzpfvmaeonf? Tt&mrsm;onfrsufjcnfjywfcHI r&aomudpPrsm; jzpfonf?

odk@rSom awmifolv,form;rsm;vufwGif&Sdaom vkyfydkifcGifh& ajr,m{uudk odEdkifrnfjzpfonf?3? vlOD;a&u wdk;onfxufwdk;+yD; awmifolv,form;rsm;. vkyfydkifcGifh&ajr,mrsm; =umavavsmhenf;av jzpfaev#if - v,form;b0 =umavusyfwnf;av jzpfrnfhta=umif;udk awmifolv,form;rsm; owd&Sd=uzdk@ Ed_;aqmfygonf?4? Adkvfpdk;0if;udk pwifyGJxkwfvdkufjcif;udkvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk@owdðyrdonf? NLD udk t=urf;udkifzdk@ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkzsufzdk@ ppftkyfpkwGif t}uHqdk;&Sdae+yDavm[k u|Ekfyfwdk@pdk;&drfa=umif;udkygxkwfjyefvdkufygonf?

9

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

&mZmvD. ‘10’ }udrfajrmufc&D;ESifh ywfoufI&mZmvD. ‘10’ }udrfajrmufc&D;ESifh ywfoufI&mZmvD. ‘10’ }udrfajrmufc&D;ESifh ywfoufI&mZmvD. ‘10’ }udrfajrmufc&D;ESifh ywfoufI&mZmvD. ‘10’ }udrfajrmufc&D;ESifh ywfoufIArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.

xkwfjyefcsuf (6§2003)xkwfjyefcsuf (6§2003)xkwfjyefcsuf (6§2003)xkwfjyefcsuf (6§2003)xkwfjyefcsuf (6§2003)( 16/ 5/ 2003 )

1? tcsdefqGJtcsdefqGJtcsdefqGJtcsdefqGJtcsdefqGJaewm =um+yD? ,ckvnf; tcsdefqGJOD;rnf[k ,lq&onf? ,ckwavm etz u ‘2rsufESm ay:vpD’ vkyfaeI Todk@,lqjcif; jzpfonf?

- a':atmifqef;pk=unf. c&D;pOfrsm;udk wzufu cGifhðy+yD;/ wzufu }uH@§zGH@ udk tm%m&ygwDwckvdk v_yf&Sm;aponf? wzufu tykyfcs+yD;/ wzufu tjynfht0 ,Hk=unfonf[kajymaeonf?- wzufu ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; aqG;aEG;aeyg+yD[kajym+yD;/ wzufu b,fawmhrSraphpyfbl;/ tm%mrtyfbl;[k ajymaeonf?- tar&duefudk r&Jw&J udkvdkeDe,fcsJ@vufopf[kajym+yD;/ wzufu aqG;aeG;yg&ap[kc,awmif;yefaeonf?

2? wdkuf&mygypPnf;wdkuf&mygypPnf;wdkuf&mygypPnf;wdkuf&mygypPnf;wdkuf&mygypPnf; vufrv$wfcsifwmu tcsdefqGJjcif;. t"duta=umif; jzpfonf? 1990a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk ta=umuftuefjiif;qefjcif;onf 1990 w0dkufuqdkv#if ‘rqv ppftkyfpk’wdkuf,lxm;aom ‘wdkuf&mygypPnf;rsm;’ vufrvGwfapzdk@ tumtuG,fay;ae&jcif; jzpf.? ,ck2000 jynfhESpfw0dkufwGifum; olwdk@udk,fwdkif. ‘wdkuf&mygypPnf;’ udkyg umuG,f&jcif; jzpfonf?xdk@a=umifh ydk+yD;ta=umuftuef jzpfvdrfhrnf?

ukvor*~udktmcHv#if jzpfvmrnfhtusdK;qufudk olwdk@wGufwwfygonf? xdkodk@vkyfv#if‘wdkuf&mygypPnf;’ tm;vHk; qHk;±H_;oGm;rnfudk odygonf? xdk@a=umifh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk,wdjywfy,fcsrnf r[kwfyg? olwdk@vdkcsifaom abmifxJa&mufatmifom vkyfygvdrfhrnf?

olwdk@vdkcsifwmu “EsL&if;bwfcHk±Hk;” rwifygbl;[laom tmrcHcsufr[kwf? ‘wdkuf&mygypPnf;’ udk qufvufcHpm;ap[laom tmrcHcsuf jzpfygonf?3? “trsdK;om;nDvmcHtrsdK;om;nDvmcHtrsdK;om;nDvmcHtrsdK;om;nDvmcHtrsdK;om;nDvmcH” wGif olwdk@vdkcsifwmtm;vHk;udk tjzLtrJa&;xm;+yD; jzpfonf? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jywfjywfom;om;vnf; a&;xm;onf? tESpf 40 twGif; ppftkyfpktqufquf pkaqmif;rdxm;aompnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;udk ‘qdk&S,fvpf t&if;tESD;’ qdk+yD;pkvdkuf/ ‘rm&S,favm’ jzifhpkvdkufpkxm;aompnf;pdrfOpPm wdkufwm+cHajrrsm; vufrvGwfapzdk@ tmrcHcsuf&atmif a&;xm;jcif; jzpf.?

tm%mjzifh pkxm;aom pnf;pdrfOpPmudk tm%mjzifhyif xdef;&rnfqdkwm olwdk@odonf?Adkvfae0if;u OD;ae0if;odk@ tm%mv$Jenf;rsdK; v$JcsifI ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ ac:cJhonf? qHk;jzwfcsufudkr&&atmifvkyfzdk@ }uHpnfpOfrSm yGJysufoGm;cJhonf? cJavor#oJa&us jzpf&ojzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: pdwfemaeonf?

rnfodk@yif pdwfemygap NLD udk ypfy,fI r&a=umif; olwdk@odonf? NLD - CRPP

rygv#if ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ Zmwfudk qufuI r&yg? ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ qufu+yD; olwdk@a&;xm;aom ‘tajccHOya'’ udk vdkwdk;ydkav#mh aphpyfvdk[ef &Sdonf? oabmuawmh trsdK;om;nDvmcHpm;yGJay:wGif aphpyfa&; jzpfonf?

10

ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufwGif ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ udpP rygyg? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf. twGif;oabmudk NLD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGifuajym+yD; jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@vnf; xdktwdkif;yif oabm&ygonf?

1990 a&G;aumufyGJwGif NLD rEdkifv#if ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufyif ay:vmrnf r[kwfyg?1990 atmifyGJ&zdk@ jynfolrsm; tepfemcHcJh&vS+yD? jynfol@om;aumif;rsm; tepfemcHae&qJ jzpfonf? tcsdK@ usqHk;cJh=u+yD?

tcsdK@vnf; uG,fvGef=u+yD? olwdk@tay: u|efawmfwdk@ opPm&Sd=u&ygrnf? ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ vSnfhuGufxJ trdrcHoifhyga=umif;tEl;t!Gwfwifjyygonf/4? &mZmvDodk@ owday;csuf?&mZmvDodk@ owday;csuf?&mZmvDodk@ owday;csuf?&mZmvDodk@ owday;csuf?&mZmvDodk@ owday;csuf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufabmifxufausmf+yD; rvkyfrdzdk@ owdðyoifhonf? etz. tcsdefqGJ enf;y&d,m,fudkausmfv$m;&ef[k ta=umif;jy+yD; ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcHopf’ qdkwmudk a&mif;cszdk@ róu;pm;apcsifyg?

ukvor*~ (wGif;csKyf) . txl;udk,fpm;vS,fonf rav;&Sm;tpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftvkyfudkygwGJ+yD; rvkyfoifhyg? (9)}udrfajrmufc&D;wGif ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcHopf’ [laomtoHudk ay;oGm;wm =um;vdkuf&I tm;ememjzifh owday;jcif; jzpfygonf?ukvor*~uay;aom wm0efudkom aZmufcsvkyfoifhygonf?

topftqef;xdk;xGif;}uHq&rnfh wm0efrSm NLD - CRPP wdk@wGifom &Sdygonf? olwdk@ ‘xdk;xGif;}uHq’ or#udk ykÀm;wdkifvkyf+yD; SPDC odk@ wqifhajymjyjcif;/ SPDC .tmabmfudk NLD - CRPP odk@ wqifhajymjyjcif;udkom vkyfoifhygonf? xdkxufydkrvkyfoifhyg? vkyfrdv#if etz ppftkyfpkbuf vdkufovdk jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

ArmjynfrS ppftkyfpkrsm;ta=umif;udk ArmjynfjynfolawGavmuf rnfolr# rodyg? 'gudkawmh udk,fpm;vS,fawmf}uD;todtrSwfðyapcsifygonf?

u|Ekfyfwdk@ ta&S@wdkif;om;rsm;. “{nfhonfudk rsufESmrysufap&” qdkaom usifh0wf}uD;udkausmf+yD; ajym&ojzifh tm;emygonf?óuwifawmif;yefygonf?


11

rvkyf&J&if rajymeJ@ æ vkyfEdkifrSajym/rvkyf&J&if rajymeJ@ æ vkyfEdkifrSajym/rvkyf&J&if rajymeJ@ æ vkyfEdkifrSajym/rvkyf&J&if rajymeJ@ æ vkyfEdkifrSajym/rvkyf&J&if rajymeJ@ æ vkyfEdkifrSajym/pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrSm - tm;yg&w,f?pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrSm - tm;yg&w,f?pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrSm - tm;yg&w,f?pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrSm - tm;yg&w,f?pum;aemuf w&m;ygovdk w&m;aemufrSm - tm;yg&w,f?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

'DyJ,if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufr_ESifhf ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD'DyJ,if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufr_ESifhf ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD'DyJ,if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufr_ESifhf ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD'DyJ,if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufr_ESifhf ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD'DyJ,if; - a&OD; t=urf;zufr_ESifhf ywfouf+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDA[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDA[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDA[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDA[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwDA[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD

ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 7§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 7§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 7§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 7§2003ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefa=unmcsuf 7§2003(2/ 6/ 2003 )

1? ppftkyfpktajymif;tvJ?1? ppftkyfpktajymif;tvJ?1? ppftkyfpktajymif;tvJ?1? ppftkyfpktajymif;tvJ?1? ppftkyfpktajymif;tvJ? ajcvSrf;p+yD[k xifonf? NLD udk tm%mrv$Jbl;qdkaom tajccHrSvmjcif; jzpfonf? ppftkyfpkwdkif;onf olwdk@ukd,fudk txif}uD;avh&Sdonf? vlxktay:=unfhjrif&mrSm - wufºuv_yf&Sm;aeolu tenf;pk - toHwdwfaeolu trsm;pk[k xif=uonf?Adkvfae0if;u ‘qENcH,lyGJ vkyf=unfh&atmif’ [k ajymcJhovdk a'gufwmarmifarmifu toHwdwftrsm;pk (silent majority) [k ajymcJhonf? Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; xdkodk@yif xifaeonf?

xdk@a=umifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk c&D;xGufcGifh ðy=unfhonf? toHwdwftrsm;pkua':atmifqef;pk=unfudk OyuQmðyvdrfhrnf[k wGufonf? Adkvfoef;a&$wGufudef; vGJygonf?vlxku =umavwufºuav/ óuqdkaxmufcHav jzpfaeonf? yxrtnmc&D;xuf 'kwd,tnmc&D;u ydkatmifjrifaeonf? b,ftajctaea&mufv#if bmvkyfrnf pDpOfxm;+yD;jzpfIt"du±k%f;zefwD;+yD; òzcGJvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?2? ppftkyfpktopfppftkyfpktopfppftkyfpktopfppftkyfpktopfppftkyfpktopf - zGJ@csifaeonfh ta=umif;wcsuf Adkvfoef;a&$wGif &Sdonf? Adkvfae0if;zGJ@ay;xm;cJhaom e0w/ etz u ol@=oZmeSifh odyfrudkuf rD;rao? wzufwGif Adkvfae0if;xufolu ydk+yD;atmifjrifaeonf[k rmewufaeonf? 'ga=umifhvJ Adkvfae0if;yif rvkyf0HhaomtvkyfrsdK;vkyfcJhonf? rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf (kitchen cabinet) udk t&Sufta=umufrJhpGm yGJxkwfaeonf?jynfwGif;c&D;omru jynfyc&D;rSmyg yGJxkwfcJhonf? oHtrwfcef@tyfv$m vufcHonfhae&mwckrSmyJ a&Smifonf?

ppftkyfpkrsdK;qufopfu tm%mt&om awG@aeonf? wdkif;rª;topfrsm;wGif ol@vludk,fhvluGJzdk@ vdkonf? Adkvfoef;a&$. aemufqHk;jynfwGif;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif ol@rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufac:oGm;jcif;jzifh olodcsifaomtcsufrsm; odEdkifonf? rsm;rsm;r[kwf (1) wdkif;rª;topfrsm;ol@opPmcH,l§rcH,l? (2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf tay:oabmxm; - 'gyJodcsifonf? tajzudkolodoGm;cJhyHk&onf? Adkvfarmifat;/ Adkvfcif!Gef@ab;a&mufaeovdk jzpfoGm;onf? Adkvfarmifat;uawmh Adkvfoifwef;trSwfpOf (106) ausmif;qif;yGJwkef;u “zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvrSmrsdK;cspfwyfrawmf[m jynfol=um;rSm wyfazsmuf+yD; jynfol@ppfr[mAsL[mudk usifhoHk;cJhw,f”vdk@yJ rdef@cGef;ay;EdkifcJhw,f? b,fol@udk wdkuf&r,fqdkwmawmh xnfhajymroGm;yg? E_wfpGmwJhAdkvfcif!Gef@wa,mufvJ udk,fajymwmudk udk,fhvufatmufi,fom;u acszsufwmawmif bmrSrwkH@jyefbJ tmap;txnhfcHae&ygonf?3? wdkif;rª;topfrsm;wdkif;rª;topfrsm;wdkif;rª;topfrsm;wdkif;rª;topfrsm;wdkif;rª;topfrsm;udk A[dktm%mqD qGJwifzdk@ Adkvfoef;a&$qHk;jzwfykH &Sdonf? wdkif;rª;rsm;uvnf;}uH@§zGH@ udk vufudkifðy+yD; =urf;jy&rf;jycJhonf? 'DyJ,if; - a&OD; ta&;tcif;onf Tenf;jzifhay:vmjcif;yg? pmrsufESmopfu tckrS zGifhyHk&onf?4? NLD acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ acgif;aqmifr_tajymif;tvJ - udk ppftkyfpku vdkvm;onf? tajymif;tvJjzpfatmifvkyfcJhwmvnf; &Sdonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf - OD;wifOD; acgif;aqmifr_ jyef&oGm;wmudk aerxdxdkifrom jzpfcJhonf?

12

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfxm;onfh EdkifiHwckrSm EdkifiHa&;wGif wufºuv_yf&Sm;aeolawGudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifzdk@ ta=umif;jyp&mawGursm;rSrsm;yg? =um=umxm;rvm;´ vdktyfoavmufyJ xm;rvm; - &onf?

tck olwdk@ESpfa,mufudk csKyfxm;vdkufyg+yD? etz bmqufvkyfrvJ(u) &mZmvDvm&if NLD udk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; b,folxGufawG@rvJ(c) trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefprvm;´ nDvmcHtopf vkyfrvm;´(*) a&G;aumufyGJtopf vkyfrvm;´ apmihf=unfh&ygrnf?AuytaeESifh tawG@tñuHwck &SdcJhonf? 48 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &ufwGif OD;Ek - OD;ausmf+idrf; trdef@ESifh ygwDXmecsKyfudk0dkif;/

wjynfvHk;ygwD0ifawGudk zrf;cJhzl;onf? odk@aomf ygwDqdkif;bkwfudk rðzwf/ OD;odef;azjrifhudktyfzdk@ vkyfonf? ñuH&onfuawmhwjynfvHk;vuQ%maqmifwJh ygwD}uD;w&yfrSm OD;odef;azjrifhpkpnf;rdwmu 3 a,mufom &Sdonf? ol&,f/ ol@ZeD;&,f/ udkausmfjrqdkwJhol&,f - 'gyJ? olwdk@tydkifwGufxm;wJh (ol@ZeD;Zmwd) zsmyHkwa'ovHk;uyif wa,mufxGufrvm? NLD wGif OD;odef;azjrifhvdkvlay:rnfrxifyg? ay:zdk@vnf; rvG,fyg? 1948 tajctaeESifh ,ae@tajctaeuvnf; rwlyg?(5) Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csufAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csufAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csufAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csufAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;odk@ owday;csuf - tcsdefraESmif;rD aemufqkwfyg? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;wdk@ tjrefv$wfjyD;&mZmvDESifh aqG;aEG;yg?

rHk&GmESifh teD;w0dkufòr@rsm;wGif jzpfysufcJhonfh t=urf;zufr_rsm;eSifhywfoufI ormorwfusaom oHCmawmfrsm;/vlyk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifonfh pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif tjrefzGJ@yg?

tpD&ifcHpm tjrefxkwfyg? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk ta&;,lyg?oifwdk@aemufrqkwfv#if ae0if;cH&onfxufqdk;onfh jynfol@'%fcwfr_ cH&vdrfhrnf?


13

“““““awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grS

vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?

yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?”””””

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.xkwfjyefcsuf 8§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 8§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 8§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 8§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 8§2003

(4 - 6 - 2003)

1? rpPwm&mZmvD vmrnfqdkonfudk óuqdkygonf? atmufygtwdkif; t}uHay;tyfygonf?2? Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm;taeESifh &mZmvDudk vmcGifhay;rSmyJ jzpfonf? 'g¶dkufwmrSmZmwf!ef;&Sd+yD;om; jzpfonf? &mZmvDudk rnfolESifhawG@ - rnfolESifhrawG@eJ@[k !eff=um;vdk=uonf?3? awG@qkH=u&mwGif NLD bufu udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh CEC wpkHvkH;jzpf&rnf? olwdk@ESifhom ajym&rnf? vlpm;xdk;vdk@ r&yg?

etz bufrSvnf; awG@aeus Adkvfcif!Gef@eJ@ Akdvfoef;a&$yJ jzpf&rnf?4? &mZmvDtaeESifh av#mhaps;ay;vdkufwm rjzpfoifh? a&epfol0g;ulESpfovdkrvkyfzdk@ tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefygonf?

14

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;¶kH;a&;aumfrwD ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol.xkwfjyefcsuf 9§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 9§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 9§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 9§2003xkwfjyefcsuf 9§2003

(17 - 6 - 2003)(17 - 6 - 2003)(17 - 6 - 2003)(17 - 6 - 2003)(17 - 6 - 2003)tidkvG,fI t±d_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpktidkvG,fI t±d_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpktidkvG,fI t±d_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpktidkvG,fI t±d_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpktidkvG,fI t±d_ufcufaeonfh ppftkyfpk

1? NLD udk tm%mrv$JcsifwmyJod+yD; aemufjzpfvmrnfh tusdK;qufudk xnfhrwGufrdI ppftkyfpk 'kuQvSvSawG@ae+yD? rHk&Gm - 'DyJ,if; t=urf;zufr_}uD; zefwD;vdkufrdI Adkvfoef;a&$wa,muf taºu;ykef;&onfhb0a&mufoGm;+yD?

csuf&Smaeonfh tar&dueftwGufvnf; tuGufaumif;qdkufoGm;onf? “EdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmif}uD;”*dkufzrf;aeol “xdyfoD;” rsm;udk ‘vlqdk; vlrdkuf’ (thug) [k tac:cHvdkuf&+yD? xdyfoD;r[kwf&Smonfh ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;’ uawmh qdkzG,f&m r&Sd+yD? zEGrf;yifwGif vlvHk;rvS jzpfae&&Sm+yD?

ae0if;ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;+yD;uwnf;u Armjynftpdk;&. ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;’ qdkolrsm;rSmrnfumrwW jzpfonf?

Adkvfatmif}uD;tmacsmif+yD; EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udpP 0ifajymrdI tðzwfcH&+yD;uwnf;u eHygwf0rf;uyJEdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;udk wdkuf±dkufvkyfcJhonf? ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;’ emrnfcH&olu ae0if;. ‘qufom;’ ae0if;.‘aiGxkwfaiGoGif; vkyfay;&ol’ yJ jzpfcJhonf?

etz acwfa&mufawmh ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;’ qdkolu xyf+yD; tqifhav#m&Smonf? ppftkyfpktwGif;vlr[kwfI twGif;pnf;0dkif;xJ bmjzpfaeonf rodbJ vlyHkv,f yGJxGufae&&Smonf? ,ck zEGrf;yifwGifum;t&SufuGJawmhonf? tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme. ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolu &,foGrf;aoG;onf? udk,fvdkolvdk zdvpfydkif/xdkif;ponfwdk@u 0if+yD;orjyonf? ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;’ crsm ppftkyfpktwGif;vl r[kwfI bmr#rod? odk@aomfEdkifiHjcm;xGuf+yD; ‘txdk;cHzGJtdwf’ b0 a&mufae&&Smonf? tjrD;tarmuf rwnfhaom pum;rsm;ajymumzmax;&&Smonf?2? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;'kuQxuf qdk;wmu wGif; (1) jzpfonf? olu odonf? odor# eHygwf0rf;xuf ydkodonf?odk@aomf olvnf; ‘ppftkyfpk 0HomEk0g'’ &SdoljzpfI atmifhoufoufjzifh aºu;ykef;oludk,fpm; &mZmvDudkxGufawG@&onf? ‘rD;zdkacsmif uufbdeuf’ udk olrausmfEdkifa=umif; avmEkdifiHc&D;pOfwGif oluod+yD; jzpfonf?

odk@aomf olu ‘EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;’ vdk ±l;a=umifrl;a=umif vkyfIrjzpf? xdk@a=umifh rdef@cGef; ‘2’ ckcgawmfrD xGufajymvdkufonf? &mZmvDudk aemufrSawG@onf?

rdef@cGef; ‘2’ ckpvHk;u 'DyJ,if;udpP rSm;onf[k oG,f0dkuf0efcHonf? NLD u prSm;I rSm;&wmyg[kqifa0S@&efa&Smif ajymenf; ajymonf?

xdkodk@vkyf±Hkjzifh r+yD;? 'kOuUXudkyg "m;ckwf&m vufv#dKcdkif;onf? 2 a,mufpvHk;uvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$udktc|efjzifh ‘r’ vdkuf=uonf? Adkvfoef;a&$ wrifa&Smifaewmudk urBmodatmif vkyfvdkuf=uonf?3? ppftkyfpk r}uHwwf rpnfwwf jzpfaewm=um+yD? NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&m ay;vdkuf&+yD;uwnf;ujzpfonf? NLD uvnf; 1990 a&G;aumufyGJEdkifxm;ol/ EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&mavmuf &±Hkjzifhwif;wdrfI rjzpfyg?EdkifiHa&;tm%mtwGufyg pum;ajymzdk@ jynfolu wm0efay;cHxm;&ol jzpf.? ukvor*~uyg 0ifajymay;wmcHxm;&ol jzpf.? acgif;a&SmifI rjzpfyg?

15

&mZmvD. ‘9’ }udrfajrmuf c&D;wGif 15 rdepf tawG@cH+yD; ‘pOf;pm;ygrnf’ [k ajymxm;&onf? Adkvfoef;a&$u ajymvdkufyHkr&?wGif; (1) ajymvdkufyHk ay:onf? 10 }udrfajrmufc&D; jzpfvmv#if tajzrkcsay;&awmhrnf? tajzray;&atmif Adkvfoef;a&$u&mZmvDc&D;pOf ysufapvdkI cJwvHk;eSifh ,kef 2 aumif ypfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf c&D;pOfrysufbJ aºu;ykef;&onfhb0 a&mufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf?4? NLD udk tjywfacsr_ef;a&; Adkvfoef;a&$.wGufudef; vGJcJh+yD? r=umrD a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&AdkvfwifOD;wdk@udk v$wfay;&awmhrnf?v$wfay;&v#if rHk&Gm - 'DyJ,if; tmZmenfrsm;. t±dk;wGefvdrfhrnf?

'DyJ,if;udpPa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk wqifhwuf&awmhrnfrSm aocsmoavmuf jzpfaeyg+yD?


tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;,wd_ywf tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m,wd_ywf tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m,wd_ywf tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m,wd_ywf tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m,wd_ywf tydwfcH&wJhaeh[m

tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?tjurf;zufawmfvSefa&;vrf; zGifhwJhaehyJ?

16

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd BIA. BDA. PBF wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.‘wyfrawmf’ odk@ yef=um;csuf‘wyfrawmf’ odk@ yef=um;csuf‘wyfrawmf’ odk@ yef=um;csuf‘wyfrawmf’ odk@ yef=um;csuf‘wyfrawmf’ odk@ yef=um;csuf

(5 - 6 - 2003)(5 - 6 - 2003)(5 - 6 - 2003)(5 - 6 - 2003)(5 - 6 - 2003)

1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ol&AdkvfwifOD;wdk@. owif;qdk;rsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@=um;od&I rsm;pGm,lñuH;r& jzpf&onf?

aoG; ac|; rsuf&nf ajrmufjrm;pGmus+yD;rS&xm;aom wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh wdkif;jynfwaygif;wpnf; wnf;&Sdr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&onfh ,ae@vdk tajctaersKd;wGif jzpf&ojzifh wdkif;jynftwGuf&ifav;rdonf?

Adkvfarmifat;u “jynfol=um;wyfazsmuf+yD;wdkufrnf” [k ajymoH=um;vdkuf&onf? u|Efkyfwdk@pdwfv_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; jzpf&ygonf? wqufwnf;wGif - trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;r&SdbJ jynfol@=um;wyfazsmufI&ygrnfavm[k pOf;pm;rdygonf? 1945 ckESpfu u|Ekfyfwdk@ wyfazsmufcJhygonf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk &Sdaecsdefjzpf+yD; uGefjrLepfrsm;u tppt&m&m jyifqifxm;ojzifh wyfpcef;ajymif;ovdkyJvkyfcJh&ygonf? pm;0wfaea&;/ vkHðcHa&;udk jynfolu wm0ef,l=uygonf?

,ck tajctaerSmum; “trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;” r&Sdyg? ‘&if=um;apha&;’ uae ‘&if=um;"m;axmufa&;’ odk@ ul;aeonf? jynfol@=um; wyfazsmufzdk@ pOf;pm;jcif;rSm pdwful;,Ofjcif;om jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

quf'rf[lpdefvnf; xdkodk@pdwful;,OfcJhygonf? olu ‘21’ &uf cHygonf? Adkvfoeff;a&$u 21rdepf rcHEdkifyg?2? EdkifiHwumh axmufcHr_ 2? EdkifiHwumh axmufcHr_ 2? EdkifiHwumh axmufcHr_ 2? EdkifiHwumh axmufcHr_ 2? EdkifiHwumh axmufcHr_ &SdrS trsKd;om;ckcHa&;ppfyJG wdkufEdkifygonf? 1945 ckESpfu u|Ekfyfwdk@wyfazsmufwmwc%r#om jzpfygonf? r[mrdwftultnDjzifh jyefwdkufygonf? wyfrawmf emrnfajymif;+yD;wdkufcJhygonf?

,cktajctaewGif oifwdk@Y r[mrdwf&Sdzdk@ rvG,fyg? ukvor*~udk tmcHae&+yD? r=umrDtmqD,Hudk tmcH&rnfh tajctaevnf; ay:aeonf? wyfrawmfwGif;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifqJ wyfrSL;t=uyf wyfom;rsm; tav;teuf pOf;pm;apvdk ygonf?3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzd k @jyif 3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzd k @jyif 3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzd k @jyif 3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzd k @jyif 3? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppfwdkufzd k @jyif jynfwGif;ppfwdkuf&rnfhtcsdef r[kwfyg? jynfwGif;ppfjyif;jyif;xeffxefwdkufae&csdef/ uGefjrLepfudk OD;wnfwdkufae&csdefu rqv rS e0wodk@ tm%mvJ$cJhykHrsKd;,ckvnf; tm%mvJ$ajymif;,lI&rnf[k Adkvfoef;a&$/ Akdvfa&$ref;/ Adkvfpkd;0if;wdk@tpk pdwful;r,OfrdygapESifh?

,ck oifwdk@OD;wnfwdkufae&olrSm NLD jzpfonf? NLD uvnf; ‘t=urf;rzufa&;’ udkay:vpDcsvkyfaejcif; jzpfonf?

‘trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppf’ wdkuf&rnfhtajctae jzpfaecsdefwGif NLD qef@usifa&;/tjrpfjzwfa&;udk vkyfcJhv#if tajrmftjrifrJh&musonf? wdkif;jynf acsmufwGif;okd@ 'DwcgrS trSefusvdrfhrnf?

17

ol&bJG@udk AdkvfwifOD;&onfrSm jynfwGif;ppftwdkufaumif;Ir[kwf? trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;wdkufffyJG wdkuf&if;&cJhjcif; jzpfonf?ol@tajctaeudk u|Ekfyfwdk@ trsKd;rsKd;=um;ae&onf? trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;udk tpazsmufypfv#if oifwdk@tay: rnfolurS cGifhv$wfrnfr[kwf?4? ordkif;trJpuf4? ordkif;trJpuf4? ordkif;trJpuf4? ordkif;trJpuf4? ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmifvkyfaejcif;udk Adkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifyg? tjreffqkH;ðyjyifoifhonf? rsufarSmuffEdkifiHwumhtajctaerSm ‘jynfwGif;ppf’ wdkuf&rnfhtcsdef r[kwf? “trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;ppf” twGuf jyif&rnfhtcsdef jzpfonf?tcsdefraESmif;rD tjrifrSeff&apcsifonf? tm%mavmbudk av#mh=uapcsifonf?

tyfESifhxGif&rnfhudpP ykqdefjzifh raygufyg&apESifh? om;a&$tdk;xrf;vmwm jrif&onfhvrf;jzpfonfh ukvor*~ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfhvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[k wdkufwGef;vdkufygonf?


- ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmif vkyfaejcif;udk- ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmif vkyfaejcif;udk- ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmif vkyfaejcif;udk- ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmif vkyfaejcif;udk- ordkif;trJpuf zsufr&atmif vkyfaejcif;udkAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifygAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifygAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifygAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifygAdkvfoef;a&$ESifh taygif;ygrsm; rvkyfapcsifyg----- tyfESifhxGif&rnfhudpP ykqdefjzifh raygufyg&apeSifh

18

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&SdArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDwGif;&Sd BIA, BDA, PBF wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.wyfrawmfom;a[mif;rsm;.'kwd,t}udrf wyfrawmfodk@yef=um;csuf'kwd,t}udrf wyfrawmfodk@yef=um;csuf'kwd,t}udrf wyfrawmfodk@yef=um;csuf'kwd,t}udrf wyfrawmfodk@yef=um;csuf'kwd,t}udrf wyfrawmfodk@yef=um;csuf

(26- 6- 2003)

1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;wm 56 ESpf&Sdawmhrnf? ol@orD; axmifxJa&mufaewmvnf; wvjynfhawmhrnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;wmu e,fcsJ@vufyg;apvufcsufeJ@ usqkH;&wm jzpfonf?*k%fa&mifajymifonf? igwdk@ajzomonf?

ol@orD;ukdaxmifxJydk@+yD; owfaewmu ppftkyfpk? AdkvfcsKyfwnfaxmifcJhwJhwyfrawmfudktydkifpD;xm;+yD; tm%m odrf;xm;wJhppftkyfpk? wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJrususatmif wGef;csaewJhppftkyfpk?tJ'Dvdkjzpfaevdk@ igwdk@tvGef&ifemonf?2? yxryef=um;csufwkef;u r=umrD tmqD,Hudk tmcH&awmhrnf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@ edrdwfzwfcJhonf? ,ckvufawG@jzpfoGm;+yD? tmqD,H tpnf;ta0;wuf&aom EkdfifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;ESifhtzJG@rSm y,fy,fe,fe,ftESdrfcHvdkuf&onf? wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;aeaom olwdk@. owif;"mwfykHrsm;udk awG@vdkuf&onf?u|Efkyfwdk@0rf;romyg? *k%f,lp&m[k rxifyg? wdkif;jynfudk,fpm; &Sufygonf?3? yxr yef=um;csufwGif “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” vkyfzdk@ wdkufwGef;cJhonf? ,ck tcsdefraESmif;ao;yg?Tvrf;onfomv#if wdkif;jynftwGuf taumif;qkH;vrf;jzpfI wdkufwGef;aejcif;jzpfa=umif;wyfrawmfom;rsm; em;vnfapcsifygonf?

ukvor*~ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufygvsuf tar&duefu tD&wfwGifvkyfovdk vkyfvmv#ifu|Efkyfwdk@ vufydkuf=unfh aernfr[kwfyg? jynfcspfwyfrawmfzJG@+yD; jyefwdkufygrnf? 'kwd, AD,uferfppfrsKd;u|Efkyfwdk@ wdkufEkdifygonf? wdkuf0Hhygonf? odk@aomf w¶kwfjynf/ tdENd,jynfESifh tmqD,HtzJG@. A[kdcsufwGiff&Sdaom Armjynfukd tD&wfrSmvkyfovdk tar&duefvkyf0Hhrnf r[kwf[k u|Efkyfwdk@wGufxm;ygonf?xdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” atmifjrifEdkifygonf?

‘wyfrawmf’ taeESifh *k%fa&mifajymifonfhvrf;udk a&G;Edkiff=uygap[k qENðyygonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

19

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

“etz t}uHay;tzGJ@odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkuf±dkufay;pm”“etz t}uHay;tzGJ@odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkuf±dkufay;pm”“etz t}uHay;tzGJ@odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkuf±dkufay;pm”“etz t}uHay;tzGJ@odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkuf±dkufay;pm”“etz t}uHay;tzGJ@odk@ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDrS wdkuf±dkufay;pm”3§20033§20033§20033§20033§2003

(1)'DyJ,if; ar 30 ta&;tcif;udk &nf!ïef;+yD; Tpmudk a&;om;jcif; jzpfonf? b,fvdk jzpfcJhonf/

etz bmawGqufvkyfaeonfqdkwm oifwdk@ydkodygvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHwumzdtm;udkawmh wurBmvHk;odae=u+yD?

oef;a&$ t}uH}uD;vdk@ olwdk@aiGawG tcJcH&awmhrnf? ynmoifaewJh om;orD;awG aep&mr&Sdjzpf=uawmhrnf? oef;a&$&J@ vlrdkuf*dk%f; vkyf&yfa=umifh erc/ rycvJ vlxkwHawG;cGufxJ yufvufarsm&+yD?

(2)&Spfav;vHk;umv AdkvfxGef;=unf aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;vkyfoGm;wm owdxm;rdonf? 'ga=umifh

rE Wav;rSm taotaysmuf enf;cJhwmyg? &yc u AdkvfxGef;a&$/ &wc u Adkvf m%fvif;wdk@uawmhjynfoludk pmempdwfa=umifh ðywfolðywf (aemufydkif;) aoolao jzpfcJh&onf r[kwfvm;? &efukefyJtaotaysmuf rsm;cJhonf? Adkvfae0if;&J@ tvdkqENudk pdefvGif&J@trdef@t& ppfOD;pD;csKyfapmarmif/'kppfOD;pD;csKyfoef;a&$/ axmufvSrf;a&;cif!Gef@wdk@&J@teD;uyf !ïef=um;csufeJ@ &efukefwdkif; wdkif;rª;rsdK;!Gef@utaumiftxnf azmfay;cJh&onf? wyfxJu b,folawG aysmhaysmif;+yD;/ b,folawG wufwufºuºuvkyf=uonfqdkwm jynfolawGu rarhygbl;?

Adkvfapmarmifu cdkif;or#vkyf&wJh usefaewJhppfom; “usefppfom;” vdk@ rcsdrqef@ aºu;a=umf&if;aooGm;&onf? Adkvfoef;a&$ b,ftcef;u ygovJ - aemifw&&J@vm; - cifAsm;wdk@ todqHk; jzpfrSmyg?ajymcsifwmu wyfrawmfxJrSmvJ jynfoludk pmempdwf&Sdol/ rowf&ufol/ wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&Sdoltenf;eJ@trsm; &SdqJyg?

rqv acwfrSm taz}uD;=oZmeJ@ rif;aygif;pHkpHknDnDeJ@ uef@uGufolr&Sd &efukefrSm 8 - 4 vHk;vlowfyGJ}uD;udk òrifòrifqdkifqdkif vkyfcJh=uonf?

ckawmh róuufolvJ &SdyHkay:onf? 'gha=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$qENudk vufr&GH@pdk;0if;u acsmifuswJhae&mrSm cdkk;a=umifcddk;0Suf vkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf?

(3)ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD? odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@

u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf? tckrS wu,facsmufxJ usawmhrSmyg? wdkif;jynf wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sda&;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf tE W&m,feD;aeyg+yD? 'gudk pdk;&drfoltm;vHk;/ wdkif;cspfjynfcspfpdwf&Sdoltm;vHk; 0dkif;u,fwif=u&rSmyg? oifwdk@tygt0if wyfrawmfxJu rsdK;cspf wyfrª;wyfom;tm;vHk;uvJ “wdkif;jynfudk u,fwifrvm;/ ppftkyfpkudk u,fwifrvm;” pOf;pm;=u&ygvdrfhrnf?

(4)tck oef;a&$&J@t}uH}uD;r_udk tar&duefu 0iftjrwfxkwfvdkufwm oifwdk@awG@=u+yD

r[kwfvm;? '%fcwfcH&rnfhol pm&if;xJrSmygol wcsdK@[m ppftkyfpkeJ@ rywfoufolawG jzpfaeonf?

20

etzudk xdwmtwGuf bmrSajymp&m r&Sd? 'gayrJh aiGa=u;eJ@ ypPnf;awGudk csdwfydwfvdkuf±Hkru tar&duefuae aiGv$Jydk@wmawGudkygydwfqdk@zdk@ vkyfaeonf?

ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk wufwufºuºu taumiftxnfazmfvdkufvdk@ wdkif;jynfemp&mr&Sd/ emcsif;emv#if oef;a&$wdk@wodkufyJ emygvdrfhrnf? 0rf;enf;p&m r[kwfyg?

(5)w±kwfjynf - tdENd,jynfwdk@ESifh ab;eHpyfae&aom ArmjynfwGif;a&;wGif tar&duef 0ifpGufEdkifapzdk@ tuGufazmfay;ovdk

vkyfcJhaom Adkvfoef;a&$.trSm;udk oifwdk@jyifEdkifygao;onf? vufvGefukefv#if wdkif;jynf'kuQvSvS awG@ygvdrfhrnf? ukvor*~.abmifudkausmf+yD; tD&wfrSmvkyfovdk tar&duefu ArmjynfwGif vkyfr&yg? vkyfvmv#ifvnf; jynfcspf0g'Drsm;jzpfaom ArmjynfjynfolESifhuGefjrLepfrsm;u iHk@cHaernf r[kwfyg? ppfudkrvdktyfbJ rwdkufvdkIom oifwdk@ “t}uHay;tzGJ@” odk@ wdkufwGef;ae&jcif; jzpfonf?

1364 ckESpf/ 0gqdkvqef; 4 &uf? A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD2003 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif 2 &uf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD


21

ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?ppftkyfpk tm%modrf;wm 3 }udrf &SdcJh+yD?

odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@odrf;wdkif;vJ wdkif;jynfacsmufxJ usawmhrSmrdk@

u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?u,fwif&onfcsnf; ajymcJh=uonf?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;vuf&SdtajctaeESifhywfouf+yD;ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwDajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (10§2003)ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (10§2003)ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (10§2003)ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (10§2003)ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol. xkwfjyefcsuf (10§2003)

(7 - 7 - 2003)(7 - 7 - 2003)(7 - 7 - 2003)(7 - 7 - 2003)(7 - 7 - 2003)

1? ,ae@wGif “7 &ufZlvdkif” 41 ESpf jynfh+yD? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;onfvnf; xdkpOfutajctaersdK;odk@jyefa&mufae&jyef+yD? ,cifESifh,ck rwlonfu EdkifiHwumhtajctaeESifh jynfwGif;tajctae jzpf.?

,cifu ppfat;acwf/ AD,uferfjynfwGif;ppftwGif; tar&duefajcu|Hvufu|H 0ifrygao;?ta&S@tm&S/ ta&S@awmiftm&S w±kwf - tdENd,qufqHa&;rsm; wif;rmaeonf? xdk@a=umifh ae0if; -atmif}uD; ppftkyfpku ausmif;om;owf/ wuo taqmuftODudkAHk;cGJ vkyfwmudk AuyrSwyg; tjcm;rnfolur# x+yD;ruef@uGufcJhay? ruef@uGuf±Hkr#ru AuyeSifh EdkifiHa&;t,ltq wloa,mifa,mif&Sdolrsm;u tm%modrf;ppftkyfpkbuf vdkufcJhonf? ausmif;om;awGbufu vGefwm[k ajymcJhonf?olwdk@wawG ‘qdk&S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;’ r_dif;rdum awGa0cJh=uonf? jynfyuawmh ajymp&mrvdk?‘wufwJhtpdk;& wdk@tpdk;&’ vkyfcJh=uonf? tvsiftjref ol@xufigOD; ‘awmfvSefa&;aumifpD’udktodtrSwfðycJh=u.?

,ckum; xdkodk@r[kwf? t}uD;tus,f ajymif;vJcJhay+yD? ‘'DyJ,if;udpP’ ESifh ywfouf+yD;etzudk 0dkif;+yD;jypfwif=uonf? ±_wfcs=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfeSifh ol&OD;wifOD;wdk@udk v$wfay;zdk@/NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&may;zdk@ ajymvm=uonf?

jynfwGif;tajctae tajymif;tvJuawmh ydk}uD;onf? NLD onf ausmif;aqmifpnf;urf;udk y,fzsufay;ygvdk@ awmif;qdkaewJh Auo r[kwf? 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif vlxkutm%mtyfESif;xm;jcif; cH&wJhygwD jzpfonf?

NLD udk EdkifiHa&;tqifhae&momru EdkifiHa&;tm%myg v$Jay;&rnf? xdktqifhtxdrwufEdkifv#if *smat;ol@tar±dkuf jzpfaevdrfhrnf?2? oef;a&$ESifh taygif;tygrsm; xGufaygufydwfonfhvrf;udk a&G;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? olwdk@u cgwdkif;vdkEdkifiHwumu vufydkuf=unfhaernf[k xifcJhonf? odk@aomf olwdk@wGufudef; vGJcJhonf? a&S@wdk;xrf;ydk;/aemufqkwfvSnf;wkwf tusOf;tusyfxJ a&mufae+yD?

Auy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhum olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf? xdk@a=umifh‘om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf’ - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk wufºupGmtaumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udkvdkuf=uyg[k wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.? CPB - COC u ‘wdkif;jynfudk u,frvm;/ ppftkyfpkudku,frvm;’ [k ‘etz t}uHay;tzGJ@’ odk@ wdkuf±dkufay;pmjzifh ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonf?

‘etz t}uHay;tzGJ@’ qdkonfrSm oef;a&$ vufrSwfxdk;um a=unmcsuftrSwf (3§97)jzifh zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ,ck [email protected]; ay:ae+yD? 5 ESpfausmf 6 ESpfeD;yg; rnfonhft}uHr#ray;cJh&aom ‘t}uHay;tzGJ@’ onf TwcgwGif t}uHay;oifh+yD?

22

olwdk@udk oef;a&$ESifh taygif;tygrsm;om arhonfr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfuyg arhxm;onf? ,ck olwdk@wpcef; xoifh+yD?t+idrf;pm;,lolrsm;/ t+idrf;pm; ay;xm;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um t}uHay;pmwrf;wck wifjyoifhonf? xdkpmwrf;udk etz odk@omrujynfwGif;jynfyodk@yg jzef@oifhonf?3? ‘+idrf;tzGJ@rsm;’ odk@ Auy u oD;jcm;yef=um;v$m ra&;awmhyg? ppftkyfpk rif;qufopf wufcJhv#if oifwdk@udk ,cktwdkif;xm;rnfr[kwfa=umif;/ Auy - NLD - e0w ppftkyfpk=um;wGif taeacsmifcJhovdk acsmifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ jynfwGif;tajctae ajymif;ovdkEdkifiHwumtajctaevnf; ajymif;cJh+yDjzpfa=umif; owdðyapvdkonf?

&Jabmfa[mif;/ rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm; xdcdkufepfemrnfudk rvdkvm;ojzifh ,ckuJhodk@ twdtvif; owday;Ed_;aqmfjcif; jzpfygonf?


23

Auy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhumAuy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhumAuy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhumAuy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhumAuy u wdkif;jynf.tusdK;udk=unfhumolwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf?olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf?olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf?olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf?olwdk@udk xGufaygufzGifhay;vdkonf?

xdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudkxdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudkxdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudkxdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudkxdk@a=umifh “om;a&$tdk;xrf;vrf;pOf” - ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudkwufºupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[kwufºupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[kwufºupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[kwufºupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[kwufºupGm taumiftxnfazmfaomvrf;udk vdkuf=uyg[k

wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.?wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.?wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.?wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.?wdkufwGef;aejcif; jzpf.?

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zdvdydkif trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpf wyfOD;

2003 ckESpf/ {+yD 13 &uf?

ta=umif;t&m? ? zdvdydkif trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; wnfaxmifonfh tESpfoHk;q,fajrmufae@

tcrf;tem; *k%fðyo0%fv$m?

&Jabmfwdk@ - Tr*Fvmcanmif;wJh ae@xl;ae@jrwfrSm &Jabmfwdk@udk *k%fðyyga=umif;

azmfjyvdkygw,f?

'Dtcrf;tem;udk u|efawmfwdk@wufa&mufzdk@ zdwf=um;cH&wJhtwGuf u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@

rsm;pGm*k%f,lygw,f?

(1) axmifpkESpfESpfckudk cGausmfxm;wJh 'DtESpfoHk;q,ftwGif;rSm zdvdydkiftrsdK;om;

'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD;[m zdvdydkifjynfolawG&J@ ppfrSefwJhtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDeJ@

+idrf;csrf;a&; &±Sda&;wkdufyGJawGrSm }uD;rm;wJhaumif;usdK;awG ðycJhygw,f? &Jabmfwdk@eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@

t=um;rSm ork'N&m}uD;rsm; jcm;em;aewmrSefayr,fh &Jabmfwdk@&J@ atmifyGJrsm;[m u|efawmfwdk@udk

t+rJtm;wuf±$ifvef;apygw,f?

(2) urBm}uD;rSm 2 ESpfqdkwJh umvwdkav;twGif; usL;ausmfr_eJ@ odrf;ydkufr_}uD;wck

xyfrHóuHawG@&jyefyg+yD? urBmhtcif;tusif;opf pwifyHkay:rvdk jzpfaewJh umvrSm 0g±Sifwef[m

'Dppfðyr_uaewqifh olwdk@omv#if t&m&mudk tqHk;tjzwfay;ol tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHjzpfa=umif;

urBmudka=unmowday;aew,fqdkwm omrefpOf;pm;wwfolwdkif; owdxm;rdygw,f? aemuf+yD;

EdkifiHwdkif;udk olcsrSwfwJh pnf;urf;twdkif;vdkufemzdk@ owday;aewmyg? wqufwnf;yJ urBmh

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ppfwck+yD;wck qufay:aerSm aocsmygw,f?

(3) urBmhvlOD;a&trsm;qHk; EdkifiH}uD;ESpfckt=um;rSm wnf±SdaewJh u|efawmfwdk@EdkifiHtaeeJ@

24

tar&duefzefwD;aewJh yÉdyuQawGt=um; nyfygroGm;atmif óud;pm;&ygr,f? wu,fvdk@ yifwm*GeftaeeJ@ ArmjynfxJudk wyfawG

apv$wfr,f qdk&if ol@twGuf qifajcay;p&mawG trsm;}uD;±Sda=umif; u|efawmfwdk@owdðyrdygw,f?

'ga=umifh u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&; t}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udk ydwfyifr,fh

vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;?

zdvdydkiftrsdK;om; 'Drdkua&wpfwyfOD; t"Gef@±Snfygap?

A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD


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u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&;u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&;u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&;u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&;u|efawmfwdk@taeeJ@ tar&duef&J@ urBmpdk;rdk;a&;t}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udkt}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udkt}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udkt}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udkt}uHtpnfawGudk qef@usif±Hkru 'D&mpkESpf&J@ e,fcsJ@0g'udk

ydwfyifr,fh vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;ydwfyifr,fh vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;ydwfyifr,fh vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;ydwfyifr,fh vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;ydwfyifr,fh vkyfief;rSefor#udk axmufcHyga=umif;

taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;.taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;. ta&;ay:tpD&ifcHpm? ta&;ay:tpD&ifcHpm? ta&;ay:tpD&ifcHpm? ta&;ay:tpD&ifcHpm? ta&;ay:tpD&ifcHpm?

(23 - 5 - 2003) (23 - 5 - 2003) (23 - 5 - 2003) (23 - 5 - 2003) (23 - 5 - 2003)

1? Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD1? Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD1? Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD1? Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD1? Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpf+yD? Adkvfae0if;ESifhvrf;cJGt+yD; ae0if;aoawmhrS jzpfvmjcif; jzpf.?ae0if;r&Sdaomtcg/ ol@u|ef,Hkrsm; ikyfoGm;onf? xdk@a=umifh Adkvfoef;a¶$eHygwf0rf; jzpfvm&onf?

Adkvfae0if;onf ol@yk*~vdu=oZmESifh tm%mudk ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ (inner circle)jzifh xdef;odrf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ol@ordkif;udk =unfhv#if xGef;tkyf/ Apdef*dk%f;udk trSDðy&mrS ponf?aemufawmh wyfwGif;wGif qdk&S,fvpfavmif;vsmrsm; jzpfonfh Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/Adkvfatmifa¶$/ Adkvfcspfcdkifudk trSDðyonf? Todk@jzifh wjznf;jznf;csif; wyfwGif;=oZm xlaxmifonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; jynfwGif;ppfjzpfaomtcg ‘qdk&S,fvpf twGif;pnf;0dkif;’udk trSDðyEdkifcJhonf?wyftm%momru 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek.tultnDjzifh tpdk;&tm%myg &cJhonf? 1948 ckESpfuumuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&mavmufom rSef;cJhaomfvnf; 1949 ckESpfwGif 'k0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; jzpfvmcJhonf?

Todk@jzpfvm&onfrSm qdk&S,fvpf0ef}uD;rsm; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf tpdk;&tzJG@rSEkwfxGuf=uojzifh jzpfonf? OD;EkudktusyfawG@apcsifI ‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’u tuGufqifum EkwfxGuf=ujcif; jzpfonf? OD;Ekvnf;wif;rcHEdkifbJ r=umcifrSmyif qdk&S,fvpfrsm;udk tpdk;&tzJG@wGif; jyefxnfh&onf? Adkvfae0if;vnf; wyfodk@jyefoGm;cJhonf? xdktcgupI OD;Ekonf‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’ udk trSDðyum 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfae&jcif; jzpf.? ‘qdk&S,fvpf twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ udkausmf+yD; bmr#rvkyfEdkifcJhay? Adkvfatmifqef;.tajccHjzpfaom tiftm;pkrsm;(jynfol@&Jabmf/ qdk&S,fvpf wpdwfwydkif;) udk OD;EktajcrcHEdkifojzifh ‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’ðyor#Ek&onfhb0 a&mufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?

1956 ckESpfa&mufaomtcg ‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’0ifwOD;jzpfonfh rdwÎDvmvSarmif.t}uHðycsufudk OD;EkvufcHum 0ef}uD;csKyfae&m OD;AaqGodk@ v$JcJhonf? zqyv OuUXyJvkyfum zqyv oef@&Sif;a&; wESpftcsdef,l vkyfrnf[laompDrHudef; jzpf.? rdwÎDvmvSarmifuvnf; w¶kwfjynfoHtrwfvkyfae&if; armfpDwkef;vkyfenf;udk tm;usum OD;EkudkOuUXvkyfzdk@t}uHðyjcif; jzpfonf?

zqyv oef@&Sif;a&;vkyf=unfhaomtcg rnfodk@r#oef@&Sif;Ir&a=umif; OD;EkodoGm;onf? OD;Eku zqyv wzJG@vHk; ‘jc’ awGyJ[k ajym.? xif;¶SL;aowWmpkwf jcpm;onfhOyrmay;um zqyvudk a0zefonf? ppfudkif;wHwm;ay:uae tdk;wkwfvnfyif;qJG+yD; ckefcs=u[ka'gojzifh ajymonf?

tm%mudkrSD+yD; ysufpD;ae=uonfh zqyv tzJG@}uD;wckvHk;udk ðyjyifr&wmodoGm;ojzifh0ef}uD;csKyfae&mudk wESpfrjynfhrD jyef,lvdkufonf? oef@&Sif;csifv#if zqyvudk cJGypf&rnf[laompDrHudef; ajymif;oGm;onf? Todk@jzifh 1958 wGif cJGypfvdkufum oef@&Sif;zqyv trnfcHvdkufonf?‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’ESifh jywfjywfom;om; vrf;cJGvdkufjcif; jzpf.?

OD;Ek.pDrHudef; atmifjrifygonf? zqyv uJGonf? xdktcg ‘qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;’u tm%modrf;onf? xdktwGif;pnf;0dkif;. aus;Zl;jzifh Adkvfae0if; “tdrfapmifhtpdk;&”0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? “}uH@cdkifa&;tzJG@” rsm;zJG@um ‘Auy’ udk tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&; vkyfonf?&efukefòr@awmf oef@&Sif;a&;qdk+yD; &yfuGufrsm;zsuf òr@opfwnfvkyfonf? ( e0w/ etz uTvkyfenf;udk ajc&mvdkufeif;aejcif;om jzpf.)

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1960 a¶G;aumufyJGwGif OD;Ek.oef@&Sif;tjywftowfEdkif/ tm%mjyef&onf? zqyv trnfudkpGef@+yD; yxp jzpfonf?yxptpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? OD;EkwGiftrSDðy&rnfh ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ r&Sdyg? ‘OD;tkyfpk’ ‘Adkvftkyfpk’ ‘ociftkyfpk’ uJGaeojzifh

ol@wGifausm¶dk; rJhaeonf?tuGufacsmif;aeaom Adkvfae0if;onf Adkvfatmif}uD;tpkudk ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ xm;um tm%modrf;vdkufonf?

Adkvfatmif}uD;rSm “qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;” uvl jzpfojzifh wESpfrjynfhrD ðzwfypfvdkufonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifuawmhAdkvfatmif}uD;u ol@udk,fol ‘ewfqm’····· (Nasser) vdk@ xifae+yD; Adkvfae0if;udk em*pf (Naguib) vdk@ xifaevdk@ tðzwfcH&wm[ka&;onf?

“qdk&S,fvpftwGif;pnf;0dkif;” tºuif;tusef Adkvfatmif}uD;ESifhtaygif;ygrsm;udk z,f+yD;aemuf ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;opf’ udkae0if;zJG@onf? Adkvfwifaz/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@tpku twGif;pnf;0dkif; jzpfvmonf? vlxktHkºur_}uD;rsm;ay:aomtcg xdktwGif;pnf;0dkif;udkz,fypf&jyefonf? Adkvfpef;,k/ Adkvfat;udk/ AdkvfpdefvGif/ Adkvfausmfxif/ AdkvfxGef;wifwdk@ygaom ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;opf’ zJG@onf?a'gufwmarmifarmifuawmh ol@aemufqHk;pmtkyfwGif TtzJG@udk ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’[kyJ oHk;ao;onf? aemufawmh ‘twGif;vl,Hkrsm;’(Coterie) [k oHk;onf? Coterie udk “twGif;vl u|ef,Hk” rsm;[kyJ ajym&rnf xifonf? ae0if;/ pef;,kwdk@ rqvrS xGuf+yD;aemufae0if;tyg;wGif cpm;aeolrsm;udk a'gufwmarmifarmifu Coterie [kom oHk;onf? Adkvfpef;,kuawmh a&a¹ryJ? usefwmu u|ef,HkawG[k qdkonf? olwdk@u ae0if;emrnfoHk;+yD; e0w/ etzudk óu;udkifae=u[ef a&;onf? 1988 w0dkufu Adkvfatmif}uD;.a&;yHkrsdK;ESifhwax&mwnf; jzpfonf? Adkvfae0if;udk u,fwif/ Adkvfwifaz/ Adkvfausmfpdk;wdk@udk tjypfyHkcsonfh Adkvfatmif}uD;enf;oHk;um a&;jcif;jzpf.?

a'gufwmarmifarmifu aemufwckvnf; 0efcHonf/ ae0if;wGif rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf (kitchen cabinet) &Sdonf?a':cifaroef;ESifh orD;rsm;u wcgw&H ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ xuf vufapmif;xufonf[k qdkonf? ydk+yD;ae0if;udk t}uHaumif;ay;Edkifonf[k a&;onf? rsufrSefwifOD;udpPudk &nf¶G,frSef; odomonf? ae0if;udk =oZmusatmifvkyfaewm ‘uyfyvD’ awGa=umifh[ka':cifaroef;u tpnf;ta0;wckwGif ajyma=umif;a&;onf? xdktcgu rsufrSefwifOD;udpPa=umifh vifr,m;tcsif;rsm;um tdrfcJGae=upOf[k a&;onf?

cifaroef;r&Sdaomtcg orD;u rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf? ae0if;.aemuf,lonfhrdef;rrsm;uuufbdeufacgif;aqmif vkyfcGifh r&=uyg?

a'gufwmarmifarmiforRw b0uvnf; ae0if;om óu;udkifaeol[k oG,f0d kuf0efcHonf? wckck ta&;w}uD;qHk;jzwf&rnfhtcgwGif Adkvf{udk udkac:+yD; ae0if;xH tcpm;0if&onf[k a&;onf? Adkvf{udkrSm wyf&if; (4) rS u|ef,Hk jzpf.?2? twGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;ESifh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf? ta=umif; wifjyjcif;onf Adkvfoef;a¶$.tcuf rnfr#}uD;a=umif;udk odapvdkI jzpfonf?

Adkvfoef;a¶$wGif twGif;pnf;0dkif;r&Sdao;yg? ae0if;zJG@ay;onfh etzrSm Adkvfoef;a¶$. ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ r[kwfyg? ae0if;vdkESpfaygif; 20 ausmf tm%m&SdcJholyif ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ tajymif;tvJ c%c%vkyf&a=umif; aemufqHk;awmh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufESifhu|ef,Hkrsm;udkyJ tm;udk;p&m &Sda=umif;/ Zmwfodrf;cef;usawmh rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeufrS orD;/ orufESifhajr;rsm;yJ tm;udk;p&musef+yD;ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;a=umif;udk Adkvfoef;a¶$oHa0*&apvdkI tus,fw0ifh a&;ygonf?

ae0if;ESifh ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’onf Adkvfapmarmifudk z,f&aomtcg w¶kwfjynfrS wdef@a¶Smifzif.enf;udk tm;us+yD; ‘etzt}uHay;tzJG@’ zJG@ay;cJhonf? odk@aomf rD;raoyg? ocGwfyifu rD;wusnfusnf vkyfae=uonf? “Adkvfoef;a¶$onf 'kwyfrrSL;b0uwnf;u wyfrrSL;udk ab;csdwfol jzpfa=umif;? 1988 wkef;u Adkvfapmarmifudk ab;csdwf+yD; vlawGaxmifcsDo wfcdkif;oljzpfa=umif;/wwfa,mifum;jzpfa=umif;” rsm;udk EdkifiHwumodk@ 0g'jzef@aewm em;rqef@atmif =um;ae&onf?

ae0if;ao+yD; Adkvfoef;a¶$òyifbufr&Sd eHygwf0rf;jzpfvmaomtcg toHwrsdK;=um;vm&jyefonf? Adkvfoef;a¶$u ‘b0&Sifrif;w&m;}uD;¶l;’ ¶l;aeol/ ol@rdef;ru ‘rdzk&m;acgif}uD; ¶l;’ ¶l;aeol[k =um;&onf? ‘t}uHay;tzJG@’ uvmonfhtoHrsm; r[kwfyg?òyifbufrsm;.toH jzpfonf? ae0if;udkom udk;uG,frnf/ Adkvfoef;a¶$vdk olvdkigvdkvludk rudk;uG,fEdkif=uwm rqef;yg?

Adkvfoef;a¶$uvnf; ol@taeESifh rD;raorSef; odonf? ae0if;vdk=oZmvnf;r&Sd tm%muvnf; wu,f&wm r=umao;ojzifh ‘twGif; pnf;0dkif;’ zJG@&rSef; odaomfvnf; rzJG@0Hhyg?

Adkvfae0if;onf 1962 ckESpfu tm%mudk tjywfodrf;cJhol jzpfonf? a¶SŒu tm%mydkif[lor#udk axmifxJxnfhonf?pdwfwdkif;us ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ zJG@onf? Adkvfoef;a¶$wGif xdktcGifhta&;rsdK; wckr# r&Sdyg?

····· tD*spfbk&if/ zm¶Gwf (Farouk) xHrS AdkvfcsKyf}uD; em*pfESifh AdkvfrSL;}uD;ewfqmwdk@u awmfvSefa&; aumifpDzJG@um/ tm%modrf;cJhw,f?em*pfu orRw/ ewfqmu0ef}uD;csKyf vkyf=uw,f? em*pfu ¶kyfjyorRwyJ? r=umbl; ewfqmu tm%mukef ,lvdkufw,f?


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Adkvfae0if;onf apmapmydkif;u EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf; r}uHKcJh/ qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; rD;¶SL;rD;yef;ypfazmufjyEdkifonf?Adkvfoef;a¶$ 'grsdK; vkyfr&yg? puwnf;u EdkifiHa&;tusyftwnf;}uHKaeol jzpfonf?

1962 ckESpfu Adkvfae0if;udk EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;u u,fwif&Sif[k vufcHcJhonf? Adkvfoef;a¶$udkum; ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh csnfaESmif xm;wm cH&onf?

tm%mudk xm0&udkifrnfhae0if;u ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ awG wckraumif;wckajymif; vkyfEdkifcJhonf? Adkvfoef;a¶$u ,m,Dyg[kqdkum tcsdefqJG ae&onf?

ae0if;u pdwfwdkif;rusv#if armif;csEdkifonf? Adkvfoef;a¶$u atmifhcHae&onf?Todk@jzifh etz wGif;u toH 2 rsdK; wcsdefwnf; xGufaeonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;ae+yD[k wGif; (1) u xdkif;EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;udk

ajymonf? odk@aomf Adkvfoef;a¶$u aphpyfzdk@pum; wcGef;r[?toH 2 rsdK; wcsdefwnf; xGufaejcif;udk ygwDu ‘2 rsufESmay:vpD’ [kajymjcif;rSm etz wckvHk;udk +cHKiHkIajymvdkufjcif;

jzpfonf? toH 2 rsdK; xGufjcif;rSm Adkvfoef;a¶$wGif ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ r&Sdaoma=umifh jzpf.? ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ wm0efwcku wzJG@vHk;udkrD;aoatmifvkyfzdk@ jzpf.?3? '%fcHóu; ( '%fcHóu; ( '%fcHóu; ( '%fcHóu; ( '%fcHóu; (fuse) xm;jcif;?) xm;jcif;?) xm;jcif;?) xm;jcif;?) xm;jcif;? twGif;pnf;0dkif;onf eHygwf0rf;twGuf a xmufvSrf;a&;wm0ef/ }uD;=uyfa&;wm0efESifh tajctaeESifhtnDay:vpDopftwGuf t}uHay;wm0efrsm;udkvnf; ,l&onf?

‘eHygwf0rf;’ae0if;u t}uHay;wmudk oabmusv#if ol@emrnfjzifh rqv CEC odk@ wifonf? CEC u vl 20 rjynfhwjynfh&Sdonf? twGif;pnf;0dkif;u vlrsm;tjyif tjcm;yk*~dKvfawGvnf; ygonf? wifjyonfhtqdkudk trsm;u vufrcHv#if '%fcHóu;zsL;pfjywfjcif; jzpfonf? ae0if;u tomaemufqkwfaevdk@ &onf? "mwfvdkufrcH&?

CEC uoabmwlv#if r+yD;ao;? vl 200 0ef;usif&Sdonfh A[dkaumfrwDwGif wif&onf? tJ'Du vufrcHv#if zsL;pfjywfjcif;jzpfonf?

vufcHv#if EdkifiHawmfaumifpDESihfv$wfawmf wif&onf? zsL;pf 2 qifh &Sdjyefonf? zsL;pf pkpkaygif; 4 ck jzwf&onf? zsL;pf (4)qifh &SdI "mwfrvdkufEdkif? pufwckvHk;vnf; ravmifru|rf;bJ &Sdonf?

a'gufwmarmifarmiforRwvkyfawmh olu pnf;tjyifu vljzpfI ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ t&ifwif&ao;onf? xdk@a=umifhae0if;xH oGm;v#if Adkvf{udk udkac:oGm;&jcif; jzpfonf? zsL;pf 5 ck jzwf&onf?

pdefvGif orRwvkyfpOfuawmh oludk,fwdkifu twGif;pnf;uvljzpfI tazmfrvdk ‘tdrfawmf’ odk@ 0ifEdkifonf? e0wwGifum;zsL;pfr&Sd? pum;zGmaom/ E_wfu|Haom Adkvfapmarmif "mwfvdkufcHvdkuf&&Smonf? rSwfrd=uvdrfhOD;rnf xifonf? Adkvfapmarmifuole,fvSnfh+yD; ajymor# rwnf;jzwfbJ toHv$ifhcdkif;onf? ‘a¶G;aumufyJGEdkifoludk tm%mtyf+yD; wyfjyefrnf’ [k E_wfu|Honf?‘ae0if;twGif; pnf;0dkif;’trsufawmf&S+yD; ol@crsm "mwfvdkufcH&onf?

Adkvfoef;a¶$.'kuQrSmvnf; xdk@twl jzpf.? ,ckawmh ae0if;twGif;pnf;0dkif;udk r_p&mr&Sdawmh/ odk@aomf ae0if;zJG@ay;cJhaomtzJG@etzESifh etz t}uHay;tzJG@rsm;um; yHkpHrysuf &SdaeqJ jzpfonf? rD;aozdk@ rvG,fay?

rD;aocsifv#if udk,fydkif ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ topfzJG@&rnf? ,ck Adkvfpdk;0if;udk wGif; (2) prf;+yD;cef@=unfhonf? olwdk@twGif;v_yfv_yf¶G¶G jzpfoGm;onf? renf;+idrfatmif xdef;ae&onf? rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuftygt0if Adkvfwoif;ESihf bk&m;pHkvSnfhzl;umt}uHxkwfaeonf?4? rD;zdkacsmif uufbdeufrD;zdkacsmif uufbdeufrD;zdkacsmif uufbdeufrD;zdkacsmif uufbdeufrD;zdkacsmif uufbdeuf ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ ESifhpOfòyif jzpfonf? wcgw&H "m;ykdxufwwfonf? zqyv tuJG.tponf uawmfrsm;*k%fwk*k%fòyif vkyf&mu jymom'frD;avmifjcif;[k wcsdK@u ajym=uonf? r[kwfyg? OD;EkuawmfESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;uawmf.yÉdyuQrSmolwdk@a,mufsm;rsm;.yÉdyuQwGif jrpfzsm;cHonf?

tpnf;ta0;wGif&efjzpfvmv#if tdrfa&mufaomtcg rdef;rrsm;udk tm;udk;w}uD;&ifzGifh=u&mrS rdef;rrsm;udkyg yÉdyuQul;pufjcif;jzpf.? trsdK;orD;rsm;u a,musfm;rsm;xuf vluJcwf ydkawmfonf? trsdK;orD;csif; tuJcwftuJjzwf&mwGifum; ydk+yD;aphpyfaocsmonf?

w¶kwfa0g[m&wGif oHwla=umif;uJG pum;wvHk; &Sdonf? wcku “av¹yefa&mifjcif;” [k t"dy`m,f&+yD; wcku ‘teD;uyfwif;usyfwJh ZeD;r,m;’ [k t"dy`m,f&onf? Arm. ‘ajymzefrsm; r,m;pum;atmif’‘tvHjymatmufuvl’ yHkjyifwdk@ESihf eD;pyfonf?

Adkvfoef;a¶$wGif ‘twGif;pnf;0dkif;’ r&Sdaomtcg ‘rD;zdkacsmifuufbdeuf’yJ tm;udk;ae&[ef &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhvnf;olwdk@etzxJrS ‘b0&Sif rif;w&m;ESifh r,fawmfzk&m;’ [laompum;oH xGufvmjcif; jzpf.?5? wdkif;jynfa&S@a&;? wdkif;jynfa&S@a&;? wdkif;jynfa&S@a&;? wdkif;jynfa&S@a&;? wdkif;jynfa&S@a&;? etz bmvkyfrvJtay: wnfaeonf? etz bmvkyfrvJqdkwmuvnf; Adkvfoef;a¶$twGif; pnf;0dkif;zJG@rzJG@tay:wnfjyefonf? twGif;pnf;0dkif; zJG@pnf;onfudk a=unm+yD;zJG@jcif; r[kwfyg? twGif;pnf;0dkif;u aumfrwDvnf; r[kwf/ OD;a&owfowfrSwfrSwfvnf; &Sdrnfr[kwfyg? ppftkyfpkeHygwf0rf; odk@r[kwf tqHk;tjzwfay;Edkifonfh tm%mydkif (0ef}uD;csKyf) udk ta&;}uD;qHk;jzwfcsufcsatmif wGef;aqmfEdkifonhfyk*~dKvf/ tpkuav;udk twGif;pnf;0dkif;[kac: jcif; jzpfonf?


29

1948 wGif jynfwGif;ppfjzpfonfudk =unfhyg? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;OD;ausmf+idrf;u 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk “uGefjrLepfawGu csawmhr,f?olrcscif udk,fuOD;atmifcszdk@” wifjy.? OD;Eku vufcH.? ‘2’ a,mufwnf; aqG;aEG;yJGuae ,cktxd r+yD;EdkifonfhjynfwGif;ppfjzpf&ayawmhonf?

OD;ausmf+idrf;aemufwGif qdk&S,fvpfygwD acgif;aqmifpk&Sd.? owif;pmwdkufawG ¶dkufcsdK;aeaom qdk&S,fvpfawG &Sd.? OD;Ekuwjcm;0ef}uD;awGESihf jynfol@&Jabmfacgif;aqmifawGudk wdkifyifaeonf r[kwfyg? OD;ausmf+idrf;. jynfvHk;u|wfvlzrf;yJG}uD;Y axmifaomif;csD+yD; tzrf;cH&onf? AdkvfoufxGef; aus;Zl;a=umifh Edkif§OD; tzJG@ vGwfonf? olwdk@vGwfIyif A[dkacgif;aqmifr_&Sdaom ckcHppfjyefwdkufEdkifjcif;jzpf.? olwdk@rvGwfv#if [dkwajymuf 'DwajymufyJ wdkufEdkifrSm jzpf.?

Edkif § OD; tzJG@wGif ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifbwif (*dk&S,f)/ ocifAodef;wif (3) OD;&SdonfhtxJrS ocifbwifu aus;vuftajccH+yD;wdkufzdk@ tm;roefcJhyg?

uGefjrLepf qdk&S,fvpf rxdcvkwf tajctaexd wif;rmaecsdefwGif Ek - ausmf+idrf;aqG;aEG;yJGu jynfwGif;ppfudk cvkwfðzwfvdkufjcif; jzpf.? ,ckvnf; NLD etz &ifqdkifawG@aecsdefwGif cvkwfðzwfol ray:ygapESifh[k qkawmif;onf?

tm%mudk irf;irf;wufrufaeaom vli,fajcwuf ppfAdkvfrsm;u “N L D udk tjywfESdrfzdk@ ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufab;csdwfzdk@”twGif; pum;ajymonfudk Adkvfoef;a¶$em;a,mifrdv#if ig;yg;arSmufvdrfhrnf? olwdk@omru wdkif;jynf yg ysufudef;&Sdonf? u|efawmfwdk@vufydkuf=unfhraeEdkifyg?

ae0if;wdkufcJhaomppfrsdK; wdkuf&rnf[k pdwful;,Ofaev#if rSm;=uvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDu oG,f0dkufowday;cJhonf?,ckwdkuf¶dkuf owday;aejcif; jzpf.? ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdoltaeESifh tajctaeESifhwajy;nD xkwfjyefaernf jzpfonf? ‘ºuufrEdkif usDrD;¶SdKŒ’onfhtawG;tac:udk ygwDu vufrcHyg? ygwDu +idrf;csrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkif;jynfwvHk;wpnf;wnf;&Sda&;twGuf wdkufyJG0ifrnf?ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf taumiftxnf azmfa&; wGef;aqmfrnf? ukvor*~abmifjyifbufrSae+yD; tar&duefvkyfvmv#if qef@usifrnf?usL;ausmfonftxd vkyfvmv#if a¶SŒwef;u wdkufrnf? tmz*efepfpwef/ tD&wftjzpfrsdK; ArmjynftjzpfrcHEdkifyg?6? ed*Hk;?ed*Hk;?ed*Hk;?ed*Hk;?ed*Hk;? 1948 ckESpfrSpI ygwDonf 'Drdkua&pDa&;tvHudkif vkyfcJhonf? jynfol@'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf &yfcHumwdkufyJG0ifcJhonf? 1989ta&;edrfhr_}uD; }uHK+yD; ,m,DaemufqkwfcJh&onf? ,ck jyefvnfemvefxlae+yD?

1990 rSpI 'Drdkua&pDa&;tvHudkifolrSm NLD jzpfonf? vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pDa&; &yfcHcsufjzifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif; jzpfonf?“ppftm%m&Sifpepf csKyf+idrf;a&; - tajccH'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;” twGuf vkyfwmrSefor# ygwDu jywfjywfom;om; axmufcHrnf?

ppftkyfpku NL D udk acsr_ef;vmv#if ygwDu xdkif=unfhaernf r[kwf? wufºuonfhtiftm;pkrSefor#ESifh pnf;vHk;um“'Drdkua&pDa&;tvH” rvJatmif umuG,foGm;rnf? ppftm%m&SifpepfcsKyf +idrf;onftxdvnf; wdkufoGm;rnf? Tonfrsm;um;Auy.oEMdXmef jzpfygonf?

Auy[m rmhufpf0g'ygwD jzpfw,f?Auy[m rmhufpf0g'ygwD jzpfw,f?Auy[m rmhufpf0g'ygwD jzpfw,f?Auy[m rmhufpf0g'ygwD jzpfw,f?Auy[m rmhufpf0g'ygwD jzpfw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm jynfcspf0g'ygwDvJ jzpfw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm jynfcspf0g'ygwDvJ jzpfw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm jynfcspf0g'ygwDvJ jzpfw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm jynfcspf0g'ygwDvJ jzpfw,f?wcsdefwnf;rSm jynfcspf0g'ygwDvJ jzpfw,f?

EdkifiHwumhwm0efeJ@ jynfcspf0g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckudkEdkifiHwumhwm0efeJ@ jynfcspf0g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckudkEdkifiHwumhwm0efeJ@ jynfcspf0g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckudkEdkifiHwumhwm0efeJ@ jynfcspf0g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckudkEdkifiHwumhwm0efeJ@ jynfcspf0g'wm0ef - 'Dwm0ef 2 ckudkaygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?aygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?aygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?aygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?aygif;pyfusifhoHk;&r,f?

xkwf_yefajunmcsuf

Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; [email protected]ðycsuf [email protected]ðycsuf [email protected]ðycsuf [email protected]ðycsuf [email protected]ðycsuf

(1)tcsdefqJGIr&tcsdefqJGIr&tcsdefqJGIr&tcsdefqJGIr&tcsdefqJGIr&

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; wdk;rdwdkufrdonfhacwfudk urBm}uD;jzwfoef;ae+yD? Armjynf.trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufaomudpPudk tcsdefrqJGbJ qHk;jzwf&awmhrnf? tcsdefqJGv#ifwdkif;jynfemvdrhfrnf?

uGefjrLepfwdk@. pOf;pm;csufudk!êdEd_if;&ef wifjyygonf?Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm-Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm-Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm-Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm-Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm-

(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESifh trSDcdkuif;a&;(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifh e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&;ESihf zHG@òz;a&;wdk@ jzpfoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?

(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;(u) vGwfvyfa&;ESihf trSDcdkuif;a&;EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyf¶Hkjzifhr+yD;/ pD;yGm;a&;t&yg trSDcdkuif;&ygrnf? trSDcdkruif;v#if

wEG,fiif wpifyg tjcm;a&;&m rsm;wGifvnf; rSDcdkae&vdrfhrnf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; acwftqufquftrSDcdkruif;cJha=umif;udk tus,fcsJ@wifjyaep&mrvdk[k xifygonf?

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;[lonf ,m,Dr[kwf/ xm0&jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;aºu;onftpdk;&aºu;r[kwfyg? wufor#tpdk;&u vufvJ$,l&ygonf? tpdk;&a[mif;acs;cJhoHk;cJhI tpdk;&opfuqyfp&mrvdk[k ajymvdk@r&yg? awmfvSefa&;enf;jzifh wufvmaom tpdk;&yifv#if a&&SnfrqyfbJaeIr&wm awG@&ygonf? wenf;enf;jzifh qyfygonf?

trSDcdkuif;r_udk csufcsif;&&Sdrnf r[kwfyg? a&&SnfvHk;yef;&ygrnf? vlxkóuuftpdk;&ESihfvlxkvufwJG+yD;vkyfv#if wjznf;jznf; trSDcdkuif;r_ &ygvdrhfrnf?(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;(c) tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHka&;

vGwfvyfa&;a=unm¶HkESifh T (2) ck &vmjcif; r[kwfyg? tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk t}udrf}udrf pdefac:cHcJh&+yD;rS &vmjcif; jzpfonf? ESpf 60 eD;onftxd xdkif;ESihfvG,fvef;e,fajrudpP rjywfao;yg? e,fajrydkifeufudpP tm;vHk;jywfoGm;v#ifvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&OD;rnf? xdk@a=umifh TudpPudk trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;xJ xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf?

urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHku ¶_yfaxG;ygonf? e,fajrudpPa=umifh tD&efESihftD&wf ppfjzpfcJhonf?tD&wfudk tar&duefulcJhonf? tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;*k¶k}uD;qdkaom upfqif*smu olwdk@csif;owfvdk@aoukef&iftaumif;qHk;yJ[k ajymcJhzl;onf? tD&wfESifhtD&ef tcsif;csif;owfI vloef;csDaocJhonf?

xdk*k¶k}uD;udk bk&Sfu tdrfjzLodk@ yifhxm;onf[k owif;wcku qdkonf? TwcsDwGif rnfol@udkrsdK;ðzwfcsifoenf;? tD&wfjynfol umh'f (Kurd) avm/ qGefeDrlqvifavm/ &Stmrlpvifavm/ygvufpwdkif;avm apmifh=unfh&rnf? tm&yfawGeJ@a&eH rwefbl;[k qdkxm;&m tjcm;tm&yfrsm;udkvnf; rsdK;ðzwfwm jzpfEdkifonf?

ArmjynfESifh o,HZmw rwefbl;[k rnfonhftcgajymvmrvJ pdk;&drfrdonf? “tar&duefu

30

vufeufawG *dka'giftjynfheJ@ apmifhae+yD” qdkaom xifa,mifrSm;r_rsdK;vdk “a':vmawGydkuf+yD; apmifhaeonf” [k xifa,mifrrSm;zdk@vdkygonf? rSDcdkvdkaompdwfup+yD;jyifrS rSDcdk&r_uif;rnf? rSDcdkae&ol b,fawmhrS rvGwfvyf?(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@òz;a&;(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@òz;a&;(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@òz;a&;(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@òz;a&;(*) +idrf;csrf;a&;/ wnf+idrfa&; ESihfzHG@òz;a&;

1948 ckESpfuwnf;u r&SdcJhyg? rqva=umifh zHG@òz;r_tenf;qHk;EdkifiH (LDC) jzpfcJh+yD? e0w - etz ppftkyfpku pdwfrausyJGE$Jaeojzifh LDC rS qHk;¶_H;oGm;aomEdkifiHjzpfa&;odk@ wmplae+yD;/ trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; wdk;rdwdkufrdaeonfh acwf}uD;wGif Armjynfonfrdrd.trdsK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk vspfvsL¶_rdygu qHk;¶_H;oGm;aomEdkifiH rkcsjzpfvdrfhrnf?

ppftkyfpku “vufeJ@a&; ajceJ@zsuf” wm qufvkyfaecJhv#if Armjynf. trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;rSm pkH;pkH;ðryf&efom &Sdawmhonf?tcsdefraESmif;rD wdkif;cspfjynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;u 0dkif;0ef;xdef;odrf;=uyg&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfwdk@u Ttqdkðycsuf udk

wifoGif;jcif; jzpfyga=umif;?

(2)tqdkðycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;tqdkðycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;tqdkðycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;tqdkðycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;tqdkðycsuftm; &Sif;vif;jcif;

ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;onf trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;r[kwf?1988 ckeSpfuwnf;u “trsdK;om;wm0ef”/ “trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;” udk 0tDaeatmif=um;&onf? rqv tpdk;&acwfu

“jynfol” udk em;rqef@atmif =um;&ovdkyif e0w§etz acwfwGif “trsdK;om;” udk zefw&mawatmif =um;&onf?Armppfbk&if¶kyfwkrsm;xkjcif;/ eef;awmfaqmufjcif;/ qifjzLudk;uG,fjcif;/ a&S;acwfrif;crf;rif;em;rsm; jyefaz:xkwf jcif;/ t+idrhf

- ¶kyfao;udk wcgw&Hjyefazmfjcif;/ ,leDazmif;0wfudk t&yf0wfu vuftkyfcsDjcif;udkyif trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; xifaeovm; rajymwwf?Tonfrsm;rSm ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;udk trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;uJhodk@ yHkrSm;¶dkufaejcif; jzpf.? ya'o&mZfacwfwGif

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm; ray:ao;yg? taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemif/ tavmif;bk&m;wdk@ trsdK;om;ppfwdkufcJhjcif; r[kwfyg? ya'o&mZfppfbk&ifrsm;udk ppftkyfpku tr$rf;wifjcif;rSm ppftkyfpktm%mouf&Snfatmif t}uHtzefvkyfjcif;om jzpf.?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk ppftkyfpka=umifh rxdcdkufap&?

ppftkyfpku EdkifiHa&;udk &mE_ef;jynhfvkyfaeygvsuf EdkifiHa&;rvkyf[k ajAmifvdrfaeonf? Adkvfae0if; (rqv) avmufyif oduQmr&Sd?EdkifiHa&;rvkyfvsif ppfwef;vsm;odk@ jyefoifhonf? EdkifiHa&;tvkyfudk EdkifiHa&;vkyfolrsm;odk@ v$JcJh&rnf? EdkifiHa&; qufvkyfvdkv#ifEdkifiHa&;ygwDzJG@&rnf? xdkygwDudk acwfòyifEdkifiHa&;ygwDwcktjzpf owfrSwfrnf? “Armjynf.trsdK;om; tusdK;pD;yGm;” udpPudk aqG;aEG;rnf?

EdkifiHa&;avmu. txufuaecsifaom ppftkyfpkudk “'dkifvl}uD;” vkyfcGihf ray;Edkifyg? ppftkyfpka=umifh Armjynf 'kuQ a&mufrnfudkpdk;&drfygonf?jyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyJGjyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyJGjyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyJGjyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyJGjyif;xefvmrnfh urBmhpepfopfvGefyJG

tD&wfppfyJGonf vGefqJGyJGZmwfxkyf}uD;xJrS Zmwf0ifcef;wckom jzpfonf? tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u Zmwfxkyf+yD;onf txdqufvufujy=uvdrhfOD;rnf?

ZmwfcHku tm&SwGif (rdp>m0if¶dk;wef; (3) EdkifiH tm&Sucsnf;) jzpfae&m/ ArmjynfrygcsifI r&/ udk,furygcsifv#ifvnf; qJGoGif;ol&Sdvdrfhrnf?trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJGtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJGtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJGtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJGtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJG

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;.abmif us,fjyef@&rnf? odk@rSom wm&SnfcHrnf? ygwDwck/ tkyfpkwck/ tpdk;&wzJG@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udktajccH+yD;a&;v#if usOf;ajrmif;+yD; oufwrf;wdkvdrhfrnf?

urBmhta&;tcif;wcktay: tajccHxm;v#ifum; ydkIyif oufwrf;wdkvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh a&&SnfcH&ef a&&Snftjrifjzifha&;qJGtyf.?

(3) csufygtqdkðycsufudk wdkif;cspfjynfcspf tm;vHk;odk@ av;pm;pGmwifjyjcif; jzpfyga=umif;?

1364 ckESpf/ waygif;vuG,fae@? A[dkpnf;±Hk;a&;aumfrwD2003 ckESpf/ {+yDv 1 &uf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD


31

tD&wfppfyGJ/tD&wfppfyGJ/tD&wfppfyGJ/tD&wfppfyGJ/tD&wfppfyGJ/urBmhtcif;tusif;opftwGuf

wdkufaomppf jzpfonf? urBmhpepfopfwckvdktyfae+yDqdkonfudk tm;vHk;u vufcH=uaomfvnf; 0if¶dk;wckwnf;avm/ 0if¶dk;trsm;avm 0d0g'uGJ=uonf? 0if¶dk;wckurBmpepf jzpfa&;twGuf bk¶Sftpdk;&uvufawG‹ vkyfjyvdkufjcif; jzpf.?

tD&wfudk a¶G;wdkufonfrSm olutxD;useftjzpfqHk; jzpfonfhtjyif tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;vnf; ¶Sdonf? ewfqmESifhtD&efudkqef@usif&ef rdrdwdk‹arG;xm;onfhtm%m¶Sifu rdrdudkjyefjyD;tefwkaejcif;/tD&wfESi f htmz*efud kud ki f +y D; tD&efud kESpfbuf!‡yfEdkifjcif;/ ¶k¶Sm;udk 0dkif;ydwfEdkifjcif;paomta=umif;tcsufrsm; ¶Sdonf?

tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh ta=umif;tcsufrSm [pfwvm/ wdk*sdKwdk‹vkyfcJhonfhig;=uif;qDjzif h ig;=uif;a=umf ppfenf;y&d,m,fudk oHk;EdkifIjzpfonf? odrf;ydkufrdonfhEdkifiHrS o,HZmwudk csufcsif;xkwf,loHk;pGJ/ rdrdudk,fudktm;jznfh/ wqifhwufjyD;xdk;ppfqifqdkaom “ppfudkppfjzifh arG;jrLonfhenf;y&d,m,f” udkk vkyfEdkifIjzpfonf?tmz*efvdk/ ajrmufudk;&D;,m;vdk wdkif;jynfrsdK; odrf;rdvdk‹uawmh rdk;rqHk;ajrrqHk; arG;jrLae&rnf jzpf.? xdk‹a=umifh bufpHk tqiftajyqHk; tD&wfudk a¶G;vdkufjcif; jzpf.?

tD&wfppfyGJjzpfaomtcg 0if¶dk;

trsm;¶Sdonfh urBmhpepfudkvdkvm;olrsm;ucgwdkif;vdk +idrfraeEdkif=uawmhbJ v_yf¶Sm;vmonf? rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;udk wdkuf¶dkuf+cdrf;ajcmufcH&vsSif t!Gef‹wkH;olom jidrfcHrnf jzpf.?uvifwef‹aqmif;yg;uvifwef‹aqmif;yg;uvifwef‹aqmif;yg;uvifwef‹aqmif;yg;uvifwef‹aqmif;yg;

orRwa[mif; uvifwefwpcef;xvmonf? (International

Herald Tribune) wGif “tar&duefua¶S@aqmifyg/ rv$rf;rdk;csifeJ@” [k acgif;pD;ay;um aqmif;yg;a&;onf?

ol@aqmif;yg;wGif tar&duefuEdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;wGif v$rf;rdk;onfhtaetxm; &Sdonf? vlom;ordkif;wGif'grsdK; b,fwkef;urS r&Sd[k ed'gef;ysdK;onf?

odk@aomf ESpf (30) twGif;wGifw¶kwfpD;yGm;a&;u rDvmwm/ ausmfwufwm jzpfEdkifonf? tdENd,uvnf; ygupPwefeJ@ &efjzpf+yD; aiGawG/ vufeufawG ðzef;wD;ypfraev#if w¶kwfvdk jzpfvmEd kifonf[ka&;onf/

tar&duefu tm;}uD;aecdkufrSmudk,fjzpfcsifwmudk t=urf;udkif vkyfcdkif;rvm;? 'grSr[kwf acgif;aqmifr_ay; - erlemvkyfjy - qJGaqmifwm vkyfrvm;[k ar;cGef;xkwfonf? t=urf;udkifv#if 0Ëfvnfwwfonf[kyif ajcmufvdkufao;onf?

uvifwefu ppftiftm; }uD;atmif rvkyf&awmhbl;vm;/ ppftiftm;

b,fawmhrS roHk;&awmhbl;vm;/ vl@toufawGu,fzd k @ tiftm;oH k ;wmrvkyf&awmhbl;vm;[k ar;cGef; (3) cGef;ar;+yD; vkyf&r,f[k ol@bmom ajzonf?bk&SfESifh oabmxm;tajccHtm;jzifh ruJG/uJGvJGonfu vkyfenf;jzpfonf[k qdkvdk[ef&Sd.?

EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&; uJGjym;jcm;em;aeaom urBm}uD;wGif tjyeftvSef trSDo[Jðyaezdk@ vdkonf?udk,futm;}uD;aewkef; wm0efodwwfzdk@vdkonfpojzifh tawmfuav; a&;onf?rm&S,fpDrHudef; (Marshall Plan) ESihf zl;b¶dkuf tpDtpOf (Fulbright Program)

udk twk,l&rnf[k qdkonf?rs d K;EG,ft&/ rs d K;¶d k;tkyfpkt&/

,Ofaus;r_t&/ bmoma&;t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& rdrdESif hwlolrsm;tay: tðyoabmaqmif qufqHwwf+yD;/ rwlolrsm;tay:tysufoabmaqmif qufqHonfh tðytrlum; vl@tzJG@tpnf;tay: usa&mufaeonfh usdefpmyJ[kqdkonf? tm;enf;olESifhudk,fhudk,fudk rumuG,fEdkifolrsm;tay:zdESdyfcsif=uonf[k aqmif;yg;udk ed*kH;csKyfonf? bk&Sfudk owday;vdkufjcif; jzpfvdrhfrnf?

orRwa[mif;jzpfI oHwrefpum;vHk;awGESif h zHk;zdxm;aomfvnf;ol@oabmxm; ay:vGifygonf? ol@oabm

urBmhtcif;tusif;opfurBmhtcif;tusif;opfurBmhtcif;tusif;opfurBmhtcif;tusif;opfurBmhtcif;tusif;opf (((((New World Order)))))vGefyGJESifhvGefyGJESifhvGefyGJESifhvGefyGJESifhvGefyGJESifh

Arm\ynf○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

32

xm;rSm tar&duefudk olrsm;awGupD;yGm;a&;t& rDvmvdrfhrnf? ausmfwufcsifwufrnf/ odk@aomf EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;t&rrDapESifh ausmfrwufapESifh [kqkdjcif; jzpf.?

olrsm;awGqdkwmxJwGif Oa&myor*~ EU udk xnfhrxm;yg? rm&S,fvfpDrHudef;udk twk,lzdk@ajymojzifh EU udk+ydKifbufjzpfrvmapESifh[k ajymvdkufjcif;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;oGm;onf?

ukvor*~udk tm;ay;zdk@ a&;xm;ojzifh ukvor*~jyifbufxGuf+yD; vkyfwmudkvnf; vdkvm;yHk ray:acs?

aqmif;yg;u bk&Sf.vkyfenf;udka0zefjcif;om jzpfonf? ol@&yfwnfcsufuvnf; 0if¶dk;wckwnf;&Sdaom urBmyifjzpf.?

ol @oabmxm;u EU .axmufcHr_jzifhom 0if¶dk;wck&SdonfhurBmhpepfyHkazmfcsifonf? ukvor*~wGif tqHk;tjzwf,l+yD; tD&wfudk wdkufvdkonf?

jyifopf/ *smr%D? ¶k&Sm; vufwJG+yD; qef@usifvmvdrhfrnf[k a,mifvdk@yifwGufrdyH k ray:? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf&a&;uvnf; EU ESifh wJGrdv#if vG,frnf[kxifcJhonf?jyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJG=u+yDjyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJG=u+yDjyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJG=u+yDjyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJG=u+yDjyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJG=u+yD

olwdk@(3) OD; rnfonfhtcgur#vufrwJGcJ hzl;ay? eydkvD,HppfyJ Gumvu*smr%D (y&yf&Sm;)/ ¶k&Sm; vufwJ G +y D;jyifopfudk wdkufonf? yxrESihf 'kwd,urBmppfwGif *smr%Dudk ¶k&Sm;/ jyifopf wJG+yD;wdkufonf? ppfat;umvwGif jyifopf/*smr%D vufwJG+yD; ¶k&Sm;udk qef@usifonf?21 &mpkwGifum; olwdk@vufwJGrd=u+yD? TonfrSm xl;jcm;.?

aemuf xl;jcm;onfhtcsufrSm*smr%Du EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmwGif ae&m,lvmjcif; jzpf.? Tonfu ppf¶_H;*smr%Db0udk jynfzHk;um;csvdkuf+yD[k a=unm&ma&mufonf?

*syefuawmh tar&duefxD;&dyfatmufrS rxGufcsifao;? ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;utar&duefESifhvufwJGa&;udk jyXmef;xm;Ijzpfonf? w¶kwfuawmh 0if¶dk;trsm;buf

jywfjywf&yfonf? odk@aomf tar&duef.ypfuGif; rjzpfatmifvnf; owdxm;+yD;ajcvSrf;vSrf;aeonf? ol@wGif txdrcHEdkifonfh xdkif0rfjy\em &Sdaeonf? tdEdN,uvnf; xd k @twlyif ol@wGi fvnf;ygupPwefjy\em &Sdaeonf?

csKyfIqdk&v#if wdkif;jynf}uD;wdkif;rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;udk tajccH+yD; &yfwnfae=uonf? &yfwnfcsufcsif; yËdyuQrSwqifh &efbufyËdyuQodk@ ra&mufatmifowdxm;a&Smif=uonf? [email protected];pD;yGm;t& a&Smifzdk@vnf; vdktyf=uonf? odk@aomf tav#mhtwif; tay;t,lrwnfh=uv#if a&SmifIr&aom tcsdefodk@a&mufwwfonf?urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?urBmhpepf b,folawGb,fvdkcs=uovJ?

a¶S@wef;a&muf tiftm;}uD;olrsm;om csonf? yxr tm;prf;=u+yD;rSEdkifonfhbufu csonf? ¶_H;onfhbufuemcH¶HkuvJGI bmr#rwwfEdkifonhf b0a&mufrS pepfopfcsonf?

pepfopfcsyJGwGif EdkifiHi,fwcsdK@uyJG=unhfy&dowfoufouf r[kwf tavsmftpm; tay;t,lvkyfcH&onhf wdkuif(token) jym; jzpfavh&Sdonf?

20 &mpktukef 21 &mpk tpa&mufaomtcg urBmhpepfopfcszdk@ jzpfvmonf? odk@aomf cufonfu ¶_H;olEdkifol jywfjywfxifxifr&Sdonfh tar&duef qdkAD,uftm;prf;yJGt+yD;csjcif;jzpfI uarmufurjzpfonf?

ta&S@Oa&myrS “wdkuifjym;”rsm; vufvJ$vufajymif;vkyfwm wpHkw&macsmarmaomfvnf; ,l*dkqvyfjy\emwGifppfjzifh tm;prf;vdkuf&ao;onf? ¶k&Sm;uvnf; ,l*dkpvyfudpPa=umifh &efrjzpf0Hh?aemifawmh NATO ta&S@bufwdk;jyefonf? ¶k&Sm;u bmrSrjzpfovdk bmodbmom aejyvdkufonf?

tD&wfudpPay:awmh NATO

tufoHay;+yD; jyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm;vufwJGrdoGm;=uonf? tjzpftysufawGujrefvGef;vSonf? ZmwfqefvSonf? wl&uDuawmh ppfat;acwfwGif zl;zl;r_wf cH&onfh

b0rS ‘wdkuifjym;’wydkif; jzpfoGm;+yD? t¶_H;xJrS tjrwfxkwfzdk@ tm;xkwfae&onf?tD&wfppfyJ Gu Z&yfay:uolawmif;pm;wufaxmif;&jcif;jzpfI jrefjref+yD;rnf?aemufquf+yD; vdkuf&rnfuawmh tvGefr sm;onf? tmz*efr Smvd k pp fE d ki f +y D ;acsmifxdk;xm;vdkufwmrsdK; vkyfIr&Edkifay?udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@udk,fhta&; udk,fpOf;pm;=updk@

tD&wfppfyJGu Armjynfudk wpHkw&m *,uf¶dkufygonf? EdkifiHa&;avmuudkuGufI *,uf¶d kufjcif; jzpf.? omrefjynfoluawmh *¶krðytm;yg? 1930 ckESpfawGwkef;u Armjynfvlxk.b0ESif h cyfqifqif wlygonf? w¶kwf - *syef ppfyJGjzpfaewmudk Armjynfa&mufw¶kwfrsm;ESihf(Auy) avmif;vsmrsm;om pdwf0ifpm;+yD;omrefvlxku pdwfr0ifpm;=uovdk jzpfaeygonf?

EdkifiHa&;avmu uawmh pdwf0ifpm;&rnf? ar;oljref;ol&Sdv#if ajz=u&onf?rajzbJaeI raumif;yg?

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuawmhEdkifiHwumhtajctae rnfonfhbufodk@OD;vSnfhaeovJ? ppftm%m&SifpepfudkjynfwGif;tm;jzifh rnfodk@z,f&Sm;ypf&rvJ?Tonfudkom pOf;pm;ygonf?ed*Hk;ed*Hk;ed*Hk;ed*Hk;ed*Hk;

urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHk ajymif;vJaeyg+yD? tajymif;tvJudk trDrvdkufEdkifv#if19 &mpku ya'o&mZfwdk@ }uHKcJ honfhuH=urRmqdk;rsdK; rkcswdk;&ygvdrhfrnf?

xd kacwf xd ktajctaewGi fArmjynf=urRmqdk;wdk;ojzif h owfowfrSwfrSwf rnfol@udk tjypfwif&rSef; rodEdkifaomfvnf; ,ckacwf ,cktajctaewGifum; wdkif;jynf=urRmqdk; wdk;ygu tm%mudktirf;r& zufwG,fxm;aom ppftkyfpkomjzpfrnf hta=umif; tcs de fr D owday;vdkufygonf? ¡TpmpkwGif New World Order udktcif;tusif;/ pepf/ Ed ki fi Ha&;ZmwfcH koifhovdk oHk;xm;ygonf? pmwnf;tzJG@¢


33

(1)trdef@'Du&Drsm;trdef@'Du&Drsm;trdef@'Du&Drsm;trdef@'Du&Drsm;trdef@'Du&Drsm; wck+yD;wck xkwfjyefumtm%mouf&Snfatmif vkyfcJhaom ppftkyfpkonf ,ckwavmwGif trdef@'Du&Drxkwf0HhbJ enf;opfwck wDxGifonf?

NLD udk ausmf+yD; tar&duefudkzdwfac:onfh udpPrSp+yD; Tenf;opfudkoHk;aejcif; jzpfonf? r=umcifu wm0efauspyg;udpPwGif oHk;cJhonf? ,ck a':atmifqef;pk=unf. csif;jynfe,fc&D;t+yD;wGif oHk;cJhjyefonf?

,cifuqdkv#if e0w§ etzqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk trdef@t&[kqdkumeHygwfpOfxdk;um Ad kvfcif!ëef@trnfESif hxkwfjyefavh &Sdonf?

,ckawmh ypfpmqefqef EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xmeodk @ trnfrazmfaomoluowif;pum;yg;onfhenf;vkyfaeonf?

(2),cifESif h,ck tajctaecsif;

rwlaoma=umifh etzu enf;opfxGifaejcif; jzpfonf?

,cifutajctaerSm EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk rnfol@udkr# vJ$ray;Edkif tm%m[lor# ppftkyfpku csKyfudkifxm;rnf[ktwdtvif;ajymzdk@ vdktyfonfh tajctaejzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh trdef@'Du&Drsm;udkjywfjywf&Sif;&Sif;a&;+yD; xkwfjyefcJhonf?

,cktajctaerSmum; aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; rvkyfEdkif[k &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywfa&;Irjzpf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf}uD; &Sdae

onf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk tomw=unf zsufodrf;ay;rnfavm - vlxkenf;jzifh zsufodrf;ypf&rnfavm[k &mZoHay;aecsdef jzpfonf?

Tod k @aom usO f ;xJusy fxJtajctaewGif ppftm%m&Sifpepfud kxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef ^m%feD^m%feuf xkwf&ojzifh tar&duefudk aoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf/v,form;udk aoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf? NLD udkaoG;wdk;prf;vdkuf vkyfae&jcif;jzpf.?

aoG;wdk;prf;v#if trdef@'Du&Djzifhprf;Ir&? ypfpmjzifh prf;rS&ojzifh Tenf;udkoHk;aejcif; jzpfonf?

(3)etzu aoG;wdk;prf;aeonfrSm

jynfyESi f hywfoufv#if jynfyzdtm;avsmhoGm;apvdkIjzpf+yD;/ jynfwGif;ESif hywfoufv#ifum; olwdk@ cif;xm;onfhvrf;twdkif; jynfolvlxkESifh NLD u vdkufapvdkI jzpfonf?

twdtus ajym&v#if tar&duefESifh Oa&myor*~EdkifiHrsm;udk 1958ckESpfu “tdrfapmihftpdk;&” udk qufqHcJhovdk ‘etz’ tay: qufqHyg[k owif;pum;yg;jcif; jzpf.?

v,form;rsm;udk yg;onfhowif;pum;rSm - wm0efauspyg;0,f,la&;pepf zsufay;zdk@ pOf;pm;aeyg+yD[kajymjcif; jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;uvJGv#if olwdk@bmudkrqdkzsufodrf;ay;rnf[k uwday;0Hhygonf?

NLD ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k ay;onf howif;pum;r Smvnf;v,form;udkay;onfh owif;pum;rsdK;yifjzpf onf? EdkifiHa&;tm%muvJGv#if tjcm;udpPrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vdkygonf[k ajymjcif;jzpfonf?

¶dk;¶dk;wef;wef;ajymjcif; r[kwfbJtxufpD;avoHESihf ajymjcif;jzpf¶Hkru NLD

udk NGO wckvdk oabmxm;+yD; ajymvdkufovdk jzpfaeygonf? NLD udk }uHh§zGH@ ESifh &ifqdkifapjcif;onf oabm¶dk; r[kwfyg?

csif;jynfe,fc&D;wGif NLD ESifh}uhH§zGH@udk xdyfwdkufawG@apjcif;? }uHh§ [email protected];aqmifrsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;rsm;udk yJ GxGufapjcif;/ NLD ESifh pifòyif }uH@§ zHG@ udkqdkif;bkwf wifapjcif;wdk@onf NLD udktqifhav#mhcsaejcif; jzpfygonf?

(4)oabm¶dk;ESifh ‘etz’u vkyfjcif;

jzpfv#if ‘etz’ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tjzpfxkwfjyef&rnf?

xkwfjyefcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywfa&;&rnf? “wm0efauspyg; twif;tusyfay;oGif;apjcif;pepfudk rnfonfhae@&ufwGifzsufodrf;vdkufonf? vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fEdkif=u+yD” [kvnf;aumif;/ “NLD ESifhrnfonfhae@&ufwGif aqG;aEG;yJGvkyfawmhrnf/ wdkif;a&;jynf&m udpP&yftm;vHk;udkaqG;aEG;=urnf” [kvnf;aumif; xkwfjyef&vdrfhrnf?

bmajumifhtckrS rxkwf0HhovJ?bmajumifhtckrS rxkwf0HhovJ?bmajumifhtckrS rxkwf0HhovJ?bmajumifhtckrS rxkwf0HhovJ?bmajumifhtckrS rxkwf0HhovJ?

34

repfwJhav,mOfwifoabrepfwJhav,mOfwifoabrepfwJhav,mOfwifoabrepfwJhav,mOfwifoabrepfwJhav,mOfwifoabFmmmmmtm;enf;+yD;txD;usefjzpfaeonfh wdkif;jynfrsm;udk

csnf; tar&duefu a¶G;wdkufaeonf? pdrfajyeajy ususeejyifqif+yD;rS wdkufonf? xGufaygufydwf+yD; wdkufonf? tcsdefwdktwGif; tqHk;tjzwfusatmifvnf; wkdufonf?

xdkodk@wdkufEdkif&ef yifv,fbufrSqdkv#if av,mOfwifoabFm tppfESifhtwkudk oHk;onf? twkqdkwm u|ef;uav;rsm;udk wifpm;jcif; jzpfonf? “repfðryfEdkifaom av,mOfwifoabFm” [k ac:onf?

ukef;wGif;ydkif;wGifum; olrsm;EkdifiHu av,mOfuGif;}uD;rsm;udk oHk;cGifh&atmif vkyfonf? aiGawGyHkay;/ EdkifiHa&;zdtm;ay;+yD; okH;Edkifatmifvkyfjcif; jzpfonf? tmz*efppfwGif OZbuf/wm*spf/ ygupPwefEdkifiHrsm;u av,mOfuGif;rsm; oHk;cJhonf? ,cktD&wfppfwGif wl&uDudkoHk;zdk@ óu;pm;cJhonf?

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yifv,fbufwGif tm;omIjzpfonf? rdrd.udkvdkeDjzpfI EdkifiHa&;bufu pOf;pm;axmufxm;p&m vHk;0rvdk?av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;rsm;uvnf; óuufovdk a&$@ajymif;okH;Edkifonf? repfEdkifaom av,mOfwifoabFm}uD;uvnf;ra&$@ajymif;EdkifwmwckyJ tm;enf;csuf &Sdonf?av,mOftqif;twuf aumif;¶Hkru b,fawmhrS repfEdkif?

,ckaqmif;yg;wGif “repfwJh av,mOfwifoabFm”ta=umif;udk rdwfqufay;rnf? tm;vHk;u tm¶SwGifom&Sdonf? ppfat;acwfuwnf;u taotcsmjyifqifwnfaqmufxm;ojzifh vdkavao;r&Sd tqifhjrifhonf?oHk;zdk@toifhtaetxm;wGif &Sdonf?

udkvdkeDpepfa[mif;csKyf+idrf;pOfu Tu|ef;uav;rsm;udktar&dueft*Fvdyfwdk@u vufrv$wfbJxm;cJhonf?vufrv$wfbJxm;Edkifonfh tajctaevnf;&Sdonf?trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_r&Sd/ vGwfvyfa&;awmif;rSm*¶kpdkufp&m rvdk? “,ef;uD;awG tdrfjyef” [k awmif;qdkrnfholrsm; r[kwf? tar&duef.ay;pmurf;pm pm;ae&olrsm;jzpfonf? tar&duefu vGwfvyfa&; ay;oGm;rSmudkawmifpdk;&drfae&olrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@onf e*dkuawmht!Gef@wkH;olrsm; r[kwf? ay;pmurf;pm pm;oHk;+yD;

udkvdkeDb0wGif tom;usoGm;um t!Gef@wkH;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf?tmz*efppfESifh tD&wfppfwGifta&;ygvmrnfh

'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m; (Diego Garcia) u|ef;udk yxrrdwfqufygrnf?

Diego Garcia

tdENd,jynf.awmifbufwGif &Sdonf? wcsdefut*Fvdyfu tkef;+cHrsm;vkyfxm;onf? 1965 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfutar&duefudk (2036) ckESpftxd ppftajccHpceff;vkyfcGifhay;vdkufonf?

u|ef;ay:wGifaeonfh (Ilois) vlrsdK; (4000) cef@udkarmf&pf&Syfpfu|ef;odk@ twif;a¶$@ajymif;ypfonf? armf&pf&Syfpfu|ef;rSm rdkif 1200 tuGmwGif &Sdonf? xdku|ef;ay:wGifoGm;+yD;pGef@ypfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? tkef;oD;cl;/ ig;r#m;om vkyfwwfolrsm;jzpfI tcufawG@=uonf?

tar&duefrsm;u 'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m;u|ef;ay:wGiftajccHpcef;wnfaqmufjcif;udk v#dK@0Sufxm;vdkonf?tdENd,ork'N&mtay: qdkAD,uf+cdrf;ajcmufr_udk umuG,f&ef[kqdk+yD; tajccHpcef;aqmufjcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf qdkAD,ufESihf&ifrqdkif&bJ teD;tem;wdkif;jynfi,frsm;udk usL;ausmfonfhtajccHpcef;yJ jzpfoGm;onf? aemifwGifum; bmjzpfrnfrajymwwf?

rw&m;ESifxkwfcH&onfh (Ilois) rsm;u+Adwdo#w&m;¶Hk;wGif w&m;pJGonf? TwGift*Fvdyftar&duefwdk@. vlrqefaomvkyf&yf bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:onf?olwdk@u xdku|ef;rSmvlraeonfh ysHusrsm;omaeonfhu|ef;[kajymonf? xm0&aewJhvlawG r&Sdap&/yifv,fysHv$m;awGomaewJhu|ef;jzpfatmif vkyfypfrnf[kajym+yD; vlawGudk a¶$@ajymif;ypfjcif;jzpfa=umif; 0efcHvdkuf&onf?

w&m;¶Hk;u Ilois rsm; jyefaecGifhay;a=umif;qHk;jzwfygonf? odk@aomf olwdk@jyefcGifh r&&Sm=u? tar&duefESifh1965 u csKyfxm;aompmcsKyft& tar&duefppftajccHpceff;jzpfaeI jyefcGifhray;bJxm;onf? tenf;qHk; (pmcsKyfoufwrf;ukefqHk;rnfh) 2036 txd apmifh&rnf[k ajymaeonf?

“Ilois awGu ppftajccHpceff; ydwfypfapcsifwmr[kwf tJ'DrSmoGm;+yD; tvkyfvkyfcsif=uwm” [k t*FvdyfESifhtar&duefwdk@u ajymaeonf? tar&duefqDu vlwa,muf

pmwnf;tzJG@trSm? 21 &mpktOD;ydkif;wGif usL;ausmfppf/ trsdK;om;umuG,fa&;ppfrsm; jzpfae+yD?t"dutm;jzifh tm&SwGifjzpfaeonf? ppfr_a&;&mrsm;udkavhvmEdkif&ef yifwdkifftcef;wckzGifhjcif; jzpfygonf?

ppfr_a7;7mppfr_a7;7mppfr_a7;7mppfr_a7;7mppfr_a7;7m

35


36

v#if a':vmwoef; avsmfa=u;awmif;a=umif;vnf; a&;onf?vlav;axmifom &Sdonfh acwfaemufusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;rSmt*Fvdyf/ tar&duefwdk@ ðyor#Ek&onfhvlrsm; jzpfonf?vkyfor#cH&+yD; ajymor#udk rnfodk@r#rwkH@jyefEdkifonfhb0 jzpf.?olwdk@u w&m;pJG&aumif;rSef;rod/ pdwf&if;aumif;onfhtar&duef t*Fvdyfrsm;u a&S@aevkyfpJGay;jcif; jzpfonf?

'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m; ppftajcpdkufpcef;wGif B52 ESifh B1

AHk;}uJav,mOf}uD;rsm; csxm;onf? xdkw0dkufwGif òyifbufuif;rif;rlae=uonf? Ttajcpdkufpcef;onf tm&yfurBmudk ,ckOD;wnfaeygonf? aemifwGifum; rnfonfhbufOD;wnfrnfrajymEdkifao;yg? tdENd,urf;ajcESihf teD;uav; [email protected] &Snfygonf? B-52 ESifh B-1 wdk@ tpGrf;uvnf; xufygonf?

Guam

*ltrfu|ef;uawmh 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;uwnf;uausmf=um;onfhppfpcef; jzpfonf? vlOD;a& 150000 ausmf&Sdonf? vlrsdK;u rsm;onf? w¶kwf/ *syef/ udk;&D;,m;rsm;vnf;aeonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf 2000 ausmf uwnf;uaevm=uolrsm; jzpfonf?

pydefuodrf;/ aemuftar&duefvufa&muf/aemuftar&duefu *smr%Dudka&mif;/ aemuf*syefvufatmufa&muf/ aemufqHk;awmh tar&duefatmufwGif Zmwfodrf;aeonfhu|ef; jzpfonf? tar&duefudkvdkeD[k ajym&rnf?tar&duefjynfawmifpkwGif; tusKH;0ifaomfvnf; EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&; r&?

xdk*ltrfu|ef; tajcpdkufpcef;onf ypdzdwftaemufydkif; w0Srf;udk }uD;pdk;onf? AD,uferfppfwGifta&;ygcJhonf? ,ck ajrmufudk;&D;,m;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfhpcef; jzpf.? ol@vufwH ¶ênfonf?

azmfrdkqmudkvnf; w¶kwfjynfwdkufzdk@twGufrepfEdkifwJhav,mOfuGif;vdk oabmxm;cJhonf?

ArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=uArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=uArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=uArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=uArmjynftwGufpOf;pm;=uArmjynfonf 'D,m*dk*g;qD;,m;ESifh *ltrf=um;wGif

&Sdonf? [email protected]? Armjynf.ab;ywfvnf&SdEdkifiHrsm;wGif ppfa&;twGuf toHk;0ifrnfh ukef;wGif;ydkif;av,mOfuGif;}uD;rsm;vnf;&Sdonf? AD,uferfppftwGif;uxdkif;rS av,mOfuGif;}uD;udkoHk;+yD; AD,uferfudk AHk;rdk;¶GmcJhzl;onf?

Armjynf. wHwm;OD;u tjynfjynfqdkif&mavqdyf}uD;uvnf; bmrSaumif;usdK;ray;cJhaomfvnf;wae@wGif qdk;usdK;ay;vmrvm;qdkwm apmifh=unfh&rnf?

tD&wfjynfolwdk@. b0rsdK;rusa&mufzdk@ vdkonf?olwdk@b0um; tonf;emp&m aumif;vS.? udk,hfudkwdkufzdk@jyifaewmudk bmrS rwHk@jyefEdkifbJ tE W&m,fusa&mufrnfudkapmifhae&onfhb0 jzpf.? udk,hfudkumuG,fay;zdk@ wm0ef&Sdonfhtpdk;&udkvnf; tm;rudk;Edkif udk,hfudk,fwdkifuvnf; udk,hf=urRm

udk,fhvufxJa&mufatmif rvkyfEdkifonhfb0 jzpf.?TtjzpfrsdK; Armjynf jynfolawG vHk;0rusa&muf

ap&efrSm jynfol@bufom;tm;vHk;[email protected].? Twm0efausyGef=u&vdrfhrnf?

“OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;”“OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;”“OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;”“OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;”“OD;atmifcs / aemufrS&Sif;”(1)

“OD;atmifcs-aemufrS&Sif;” qdkwm tckrSay:wJhvkyfenf;awmh r[kwf/ bk&SfwDxGifwmvJ r[kwf? vl@yÉdyuQawGpay:uwnf;u &SdcJhwmyg? 'gudku wjcm;wd&p>mefavmueJ@,SOf&if wdk;wufw,f qdk&rSmyg? wd&p>mefuawmhOD;atmifcswmyJ&Sd+yD; aemufrS&Sif;wm rygbl;? vluawmholvkyfwm w&m;w,fqdkwmjzpfzdk@ &Sif;jyzdk@ vdkw,f?

“OD;atmifcsw,f” qdkwm cscsifwdkif; csvkd@&wmr[kwfbl;? tm;}uD;oljzpfzdk@ vdkw,f? tm%m&SdolvJjzpfzdk@vdkw,f? 'grS OD;atmifcsEdkifwm jzpfw,f? 1837 wkef;uawmh+Adwdo#u tm;}uD;aecsdefjzpfvdk@ tar&duef “OD;atmiftcs”cH&zl;w,f? tar&duefoabFm “Caroline” ay:wuf+yD;t*Fvdyfu vlowf/ oabFmudk a&wHcGefxJ arsmcswmcH&zl;w,f? +Adwdefajymwmu oabFmay:rSm tar&dueftzsuftarSmifhorm;awG ygaevdk@ OD;atmifcs&wmygwJh?

tckacwfu tar&dueftm;}uD;wJhacwfyJ?OD;atmifcsEdkifwm - cscsifwm olyJ&Sdw,f? olrsm;ucscsifOD;awmh rcsEdkifbl;/ rcs0Hhbl;? “OD;atmifcs” wmrSmwzufcH&olu OD;usdK;ysyf0yfoGGm;&ifawmh ab;vludkudk,fvkyfwm w&m;w,fvdk@ &Sif;jyvdk@ &w,f?

wzufcH&olu jyefvSefae&if - wdkif;jynfwjynfwnf;twGif; cswmqdk&if jynfwGif;ppf jzpfr,f? &Sif;vdk@qHk;EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHcsif; “cs”wmqdk&if 2 EdkifiH ppfjzpfr,f?ol@buf udk,fhbufr[mrdwfzJG@+yD; wdkuf=u&if a'oE W&ppf?urBmeJ@csD r[mrdwfzJG@wdkuf=u&if urBmppfjzpfr,f? tckawmhtar&duefbufygwJh “r[mrdwf” qdkwmawGyJ &Sdao;w,f?wzufu ppfr[mrdwf rzJG@ao;bl;?

(2)ppfeJ@tEdkift¶H_; qHk;jzwf+yD;&if Edkifolu ¶HSK;oludk

w&m;cHvkyf=uwmyJ? &Sif;jywm vkyfp&mrvdkawmhbl;?&Sif;jywmudk wul;wu rvkyfawmhayr,fh

EdkifwJhvluEdkif+yDqdk+yD; ayg@raebl;? aemifjyefrvSefEdkifatmif urBmhtzJG@tpnf;}uD; zJG@w,f? urBmhukvor*~qdkwmvJ tJ'grsdK;yJ?

ukvor*~&J@yÉdnmOfpmwrf; yk'fr 51 rSm ‘udk,fhudkvufeufeJ@ twdkufcH&&if ckcHydkifcGifh&Sdw,f’ vdk@ a&;xm;w,f?‘twdkufcH&&if’ vdk@qdkwm ‘twkdufcH&p&m &Sd&if’vdk@ rqdkbl;?'Dpmydk'fu ppfat;acwfrSm tvkyfjzpfcJhw,f?

'gayrJh tckurBmhtajctae ajymif;oGm;awmh 'Dyk'fr‘51 ’ u tvkyfrjzpfawmhbl;? tar&duefu csdK;azmuf


37

vdkufw,f?bma=umifh tar&duefcsdK;azmufovJqdkawmh

wzufu wdkufvmr,fholu wdkif;jynfr[kwfbl;/ tpdk;&tzJG@r[kwfbl;? t,fvfau'gvdk tdkprmbifvm'ifvdk[mjzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh “twdkufcH&p&m&Sd&if” “OD;atmifcsa&;”vdk@ tar&duefu ol@oabmeJ@ol jyifypfvdkufwmyJ?ukvor*~udkausmf+yD; vkyfwmyJ?

tD&wfudk rwdkufcif ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD&J@axmufcHcsuf&rvm;qdk+yD; vkyfcJhygao;w,f?vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDrSm tD&wf&J@ “tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf” “t,fvfau'geJ@ tquftpyf”qdkwmawG tar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u qvdkufawGbmawGeJ@ &Sif;jyayr,fh t&mra&mufcJhbl;?

bk&Sfwdk@/ bvJwdk@u vHkðcHa&;aumifpDuaeaxmufcHcsuf&p&m r&Sdbl;qdkwmodawmh twWvefwdwfork'N&mtv,fu tZdk; (Azores) u|ef;rSm awG@=u+yD;ukvor*~udk ab;csdwfzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f?'kwd,urBmppftpu ¶kpAJh - csmcsDwdk@&J@ “twWvefwdwfcsmwm” udk tm;usyHkay:&J@? olwdk@vJ ordkif;0ifyk*~dKvfawGjzpfcsif=uw,f? ordkif;awmh 0ifrSmyg? 'gayrJh b,fvdkordkif;0ifrvJ qdkwmawmh apmifh=unfh&ayvdhrfr,f? ¶kpAJh - csmcsDwdk@vdkvm; æ [pfwvm - rlqdkvdkeDwdk@vdkvm; æ =um=umawmhapmifh&r,f rxif?

(3)ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufawGudk quf'rfwdk@u

*¶krðybJaevdk@ wdkuf&w,fqdkwJh ta=umif;jycsufuvnf;cdkifrmr_ r&Sdbl;? tpPa&;vfuaum vdkufemcJhvdk@vm;?usL;bm;jy\em qHk;jzwfcsufudkaum tar&duefvdkufemcJhvdk@vm;?

wu,fuawmh bk&SfeJ@taygif;ygawG[m 2004ckESpfrSm vkyfr,fh orRwa¶G;aumufyJG&,f/ urBmhtcif;tusif;opf pdwfwdkif;us csrSwfzdk@&,f/ 'D (2) cktwGufwdkufwmyJ?

tD&wfppfyJGudk tcsdefwdkeJ@ tEdkif&Edkifygw,f? 'gayrJhaemufqufwJGjy\emawGudk &ifqdkif&vdrhfr,f? jy\emawGudk&Sif;Edkif&ifawmh 2004 ck a¶G;aumufyJGrSm tEdkif&aumif;&ygvdrhfr,f? 'gayrJh pdwfwdkif;us urBmhtcif;tusif;opfawmhcsrSwfEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'godyfaocsmw,f?

bma=umihfvJqdkawmh 21 &mpk urBmolurBmom;awGeJ@ tar&dueftpdk;& &ifqdkif&rSm jzpfvdk@yJ? 21 &mpkurBmolurBmom; qdkwmxJrSm tar&duefjynfolawGvJ

ygw,f?tar&duefjynfolawG[m urBm}uD;udk

aumif;usdK;tvDvDðycJhwJh }uD;jrwfwJhjynfolawG jzpfw,f?

tar&duef vGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;udk a&;cJhwJhjynfol/AD,uferfppfudk t¶_H;eJ@ydkif;atmifwGef;tm;ay;cJhwJh jynfoljzpfw,f?

tzdESdyfcH urBmhjynfolawGeJ@ tar&duefjynfolvufwJG+yD; }uD;Edkifi,f!‡if; urBBmhtcif;tusif;udktHkºuqef@usif=urSmjzpfvdk@ bk&SfeJ@taygif;ygrsm; csrSwfcsifwJh“pdwfwdkif;us urBmhtcif;tusif;opf” b,fawmhrS jzpfrSmr[kwfygbl;? (4)

“OD;atmifcsa&;” udk tar&duefu erlemvkyfjyvdkuf+yDjzpfvdk@ ol@udkwk+yD; wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGuyg“OD;atmifcsa&;” vdkufvkyf=u&if cufukefawmhr,f?Oyrmqdkygawmh - tdENd,eJ@ygupPwef &efapmifae=uwm vlwdkif;todyJ? olwdk@u tar&duefudk twk,l+yD; “OD;atmifcs” =u&ifb,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ?

aocsmwmuawmh “OD;atmifcsa&;”vdkufvkyf=u&ifurBm}uD; ajAmif;qefoGm;r,f? tar&duefpdwfwdkif;us urBmhtcif;tusif;opf jzpfrvmbJ xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&ajAmif;qefwJhurBmhtcif;tusif;opfyJ jzpfvdrfhr,f?

urBmeJ@csD ajymaewm[m tm&SrSmjzpfor#tr_Armjynfudk ywfvmrSmjzpfvdk@ ArmjynftaeeJ@ vkyfp&m&Sdwmvkyfzdk@/ jyifp&m&Sdwmjyifzdk@ E_d;aqmfcsifwm t"duyg?

tmz*efppfyGJrSmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJtmz*efppfyGJrSmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJtmz*efppfyGJrSmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJtmz*efppfyGJrSmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJtmz*efppfyGJrSmvlawG b,favmufaocJhovJ(1)

rnfolrS *Ce%rodyg? rSef;ajcjzifh ajymae=u&onf?tD&wfppfyJGwGifvnf; xdkodk@jzpfvdrfhrnf? tar&duefuol@ppfom; b,favmufaoovJ qdkwmom *¶kpdkufonf?usefwmol@wm0ef r[kwf?

tar&duefwa,muf. vl@wefzdk;/ Oa&myvljzL.wefzdk;/ tm&Swdkufom;wefzdk;/ tmz&duwdkufom;wefzdk;/vufwiftar&duwdkufom;wefzdk;udk tar&duefwdk@u wef;wlrxm;yg?

wavmu tar&duefEdkifiHom;jzpfaeonfhusL;bm;jynfajy;wcsdK@u usL;bm;udk av,mOfjzifh usL;ausmf.?usL;bm;u ypfcsI aooGm;=uonf?

'gudktar&duefw&m;¶Hk; wcku tr_zGifhonf?tar&duefEdkifiHom;rsm;tm;a oapr_jzifh usL;bm;uavsmfa=u;ay;&rnf[k pD&ifonf? avsmfa=u;u renf;raema':vmoef;aygif; &mcsDonf?

tDwvDwGif tar&duefavol&JwOD;ujrif;a=umx+yD; aumif;uifaub,fóu;atmufujzwfarmif;onf? óu;udkwdkufrd+yD; óu;jywfusojzifh vlawGaoonf? tar&duefppfcHk¶Hk;u a':vmodef;*%ef; xifonf/avsmfa=u;ay;ap[k pD&ifonf?

awmifudk;&D;,m;wGif oHcsyfumum;wdkufIausmif;ol

2 OD; aoonf? avsmfa=u;b,favmufay;ovJ rod&?aomif;*%ef; tvGefqHk; odef;*%ef;yJjzpfzdk@ rsm;onf?

tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifawmh wjym;rS ray;?ray;¶Hkomruao;/ t&yfom;aowmudk pm&if;rðypk?raeEdkifolrsm;u ðypkawmh òijiifonf?

(2)raeEdkifolrsm; ðypkojzifh tmz*efppfESifh ywfouf+yD;

aoausr_udef;*%ef;wcsdK@ &xm;onf?vl@tcGifhta&;apmifh=unfha&;tzJG@ (NGO) u (3)

OD;yg tzJG@v$wf+yD;/ pm&if;aumuf&m 100 ESifh 350 yJ&onf[kqdkonf? xdktzJG@u xdkodk@yif trsm;}uD;av#mhaygh pm&if;oGif;onfhtusifh &Sdonf?

tar&dueftpdk;&uawmh ol@xuf&Sif;onf? 2001atmufwdkbm 7 &ufwGif p+yD;AkH;}uJuwnf;u “t&yfom;taotaysmufpm&if; raumufeJ@” [k qHk;jzwfxm;onf?olwdk@tar&duefESifh t*Fvdyfu t&yfom; taotaysmufr&Sdatmif odyfudk*¶kpdkuf+yD; AHk;}uJygrnf[kyJ uwdðyonf?olwdk@AHk;awGu odyf+yD;wdusvGef;/ ypfrvJGjzpfvGef;vdk@ “vlqdk;”awGyJao+yD; vlaumif;awG rxd[k ajymonf? od=um;rif;0&ZdefvufeufrsdK;ayyJ?

tjypfrJht&yfom; xdv#ifvnf; vlqdk;rdk@xdwm[kajymvdrfhrnf xifonf? (3)

tpdk;&u oleJ@rqdkifovdk vkyfaeawmh raeEdkifolrsm;eJ@NGO rsm;u pm&if;aumufonf? tzJG@ 9 zJG@ pm&if;aumuf&mwGif/ 8 zJG@u pm&if;xkwfjyefvdkuf+yD? 3500 ao/ 2650 ao/2970 ao[k qdk=uonf? tar&duef ygarmuQwOD;.pm&if;u3125 rS 3620 =um;[k qdkonf? ¶dkufwmowif;Xmeuawmh1000 avmuf[k cef@rSef;onf?

tar&duef ^m%f}uD;&SiftzJG@wcku ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;rSmxuf tmz*efrSmu 4 q ydkaoonf[kqdk+yD; 1000 eJ@ 1300=um;[k ajymonf?

bma=umifh 4 q ydkaoovJ qdkwmudk^m%f}uD;&Sifrsm;. ta=umif;jycsufu/ ,l*dkqvyfrSmvdk wduswJhypfrvJGAHk;csnf; oHk;wmr[kwfbJ/ AHk;rsdK;pHkoHk;vdk@[k ajymonf?aemufta=umif;jycsufu t,fvfau'geJ@ wmvDbefacgif;aqmifawGaewJh tdrfawGAHk;}uJvdk@ ab;uvlawGygxdukefwm[k ajymonf? olwdk@ta=umif;jycsufxJrSmtm&Svl0gvl!dkeJ@ Oa&myvljzLrwlvdk@ AHk;}uJyHkcsif;rwlwmvdk@awmh rajymyg?

atyD owif;Xmeuvnf; pm&if;ðypkonf?&m*%ef;yJ aow,f/ axmif*%ef;csD+yD; rao[k ajymonf?500 / 600 aoonf[k qdkonf? olwdk@pm&if;udk aq;¶HkawG/AHk;}uJwJhae&maw/G rsufjrifoufaoawG qDu&wm[kajymonf? aov#ifcsufcsif; o+*FKd[fwm/ aq;¶Hkra&mufwmudk

olwdk@ xnfhrajymyg?abmfpwGef*vkyf owif;pmuawmh 1000 ESifh

txuf[kqdkonf? NGO wckuawmh pkpkaygif;rajymbJAHk;csonfh 11 ae&mudkom uGuf+yD;ajymonf? 812 a,mufaoonf[k qdkonf?

avmhpftif*svdpfwdkif;uawmh atmufwdkbmESifhazaz:0g&Dt=um;wGif 1067 a,mufrS 1201 t=um;aoonf[k qdkonf?

e,l;a,mufwdkif; owif;axmufuawmh 11ae&mrSm aowm 408 eJ@ 509 =um;[k a&;+yD; t&rf;uma&mAHk;}uJvdk@ 'Davmufaowm[k rSwfcsufay;vdkufonf?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;u a'gojzifh 'Dvdk a&;&aumif;vm;[krmefrJonf?

tar&duefrsm;wGif “AD,uferfa&m*g” pJGuyfqJjzpfonf? trSef rajym&J/ pm&if;raumuf&Jjcif;onf xdka&m*g.a&mifjyef[yfcsuf jzpfonf?

ppfwdkufaewkef; ppfowif; ra&;apcsifovdkppfwdkuf+yD;awmhvnf; wzufu taotaysmufudkra&;apcsif=u? tar&duefppfom; raowmyJ a&;apcsifonf?AD,uferfppfyJGudk ppfa&;t& ¶H_;wmu aemufrS/ aAGaqmfOD;¶H_;wmu rD'D,mwdkufyJGrSm[k xifaeqJ jzpfonf/

xdk@a=umifh 9 - 11 udpP +yD;uwnf;u ‘rsdK;cspfa&m*g’xaeaom tar&duefrsm;onf ppfowif;udk ppfwdkufaewkef;ra&;=u? yifw*Gefu xkwfay;wmyJ wm0efodod a&;=uonf?ppfwdkuft+yD;wGifvnf; t&yfom;rsm;aowmudk a&;zdk@a&Smif=uonf?

tar&dueftpdk;&uawmh vdyfjymrvHkI bmrSra&;apcsif/ olwdk@vkyfxm;wmawGu vlodcHvdk@ r&wmawGjzpfonf?

vrf;ay:wGif v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmaeor# um;rsm;/,mOfrsm;udk ypfcwfAHk;}uJonf? aq;ay;cef;/ toHv$ifh¶Hkwdk@udkwdkufcdkufonf? 'gawGu ppfOya'udk qef@usif+yD;vkyfwmjzpfIppf&mZ0wfr_ ajrmufonf? (4)

9 -11 a=umihf rsufpdjymoGm;wm r=umcifaysmufvdrfhrnf xifonf? ormorwfusonfhtar&duefrsm;u ajym=ua&;=uvdrfhrnf? ,ckaqmif;yg;ygtcsuftvufrsm;rSm tar&duefwuUodkvfwcku ygarmuQMarc Herold . aqmif;yg;udk tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfonf?

tar&dueftpdk;& wdkufaeonfhrw&m;aomppfudk&yfwHhatmif vkyfay;Edkifrnfholrsm;rSm (1) usL;ausmfoludkqef@usif ckcHppfqifE$Jaom awmfvSefonfh jynfol? (2)w&m;r#wr_ vdkvm;aom tar&duefjynfol? (3) w&m;onfhbufudk axmufcHaom urBmhjynfolrsm;om jzpfonf?


38

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

1? urBmppfjzpfzdk@ ta=umif; (2) csufjynfhpHk&rnf? ,ck Tta=umif;tcsuf (2)ckpvHk; r&Sd? xdk@a=umifh urBmppfcsufcsif;xjzpfrnf r[kwf?

ta=umif;tcsuf (2) &yfrSm-- &efbuf r[mrdwf (2) zJ G @

zJG@pnf;+yD;jzpfjcif;ESifh- tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; yÉdyuQudk EdkifiH

a&;enf;t& rajz&Sif;EdkifbJ ppfjzifhajz&Sif;&efenf;vrf;wckom usefawmhonfh tajctae jzpfaejcif; - - - [lI jzpfygonf?2? r[mrdwfzJG@jcif;udk aumufumiifumzJ G @ =uonf r[kwfyg? tcsdef,l !‡ dE_ di f;=uonf? ol@tusdK;pD;yGm; udk,hftusdK;pD;yGm;udk !‡d=uonf? !êdEd_if;tqifajyrS r[mrdwfzJG@a=umif; urBmudk today;onf? vl=um;aumif;wmudkom today;+yD;/ v#dK@0Suf+yD;tay;t,lvkyfxm;wmudk xkwfjyefavhr&Sdyg? odk@aomf olwdk@. v_yf&Sm;aqmif¶GufyHkudk apmifh=unfhv#if tuJjzwfI &wwfonf?3? wnf&SdqJ urBmhpepfudk b0ifrus rausvnfolu pepfudkzsufvdk+yD; &efvdk+rJ jzpf.?b0ifusoluawmh pepfudk umuG,favh&S donf? urBmppfqdkonfrSm urBmhpepftwGuf wdkuf=uaomppf jzpf.? ¶_H;olutºuif;rJhvufeufcs&+yD;/ Edkifolu urBmhpepfa&;qJG+rJ jzpf.?

'kwd,urBmppfwGif zufqpfbufu Edkifv#if urBmhpepfudk olwdk@a&;qJG=uvdrhfrnf? urBmudkydkif;jcm;tkyfpdk;=uvdrhf rnf?

tvsOf;oifhojzifh tjzpftysufwckudk wifjyvdkonf? tdEdN,rS acgif;aqmif}uD; qlbwfcsef'&mbdk@pfonf t*Fvdyf*smr%D ppfjzpfaomtcg *smr%D. tul

tnD,l&ef [pfwvmxH oGm;onf? tcsdefaumif; apmifhonf? [pfwvmtultnDjzifh tdEdN,vGwfvyfaprnf[k tm;cJonf?

xdkpOfu *smr%D/ *syef vufrwJGrdao;? *smr%D/ tDwvDom vufwJGrd+yD;“a&mr bmvif 0if¶dk;wef;” zJG@xm;csdefjzpfonf? [pfwvmu Oa&myppfyJ Gwdkuf&if; *syefudk 0if¶dk;wef;xJyg&ef odrf;oGif;onf?

*syefuvnf; w¶kwf - *syefppfyJGud kom rJwd kufae+yD; w¶kwfwjynfvHk;odrf;rda&;udkyJ tm¶Hkxm;onf? t*Fvdyfu[pfwvmESifh raygif;rdap&ef *syefudkvd kufavsmonf? w¶kwfjynfod k @ ppfvufeufypPnf;rsm;/ um;rsm;/ "mwfqDrsm;axmufyHhaeaom w¶kwf - Arm vrf;r}uD;udk ydwfay;vdkufonf? w¶kwfjynfudk*syeftm; xdk;au|;vdkufjcif;yif jzpf.?

odk@aomf [pfwvmu tdEdN,udk*syefodk@ xdk;au|;vdkufaomtcg ol@bufudk,fhbufvk=uaomyJG +yD;jywfoGm;onf?a&mr/ bmvif/ wdkusdK 0if¶dk;wef; zJG@jzpfoGm;onf? xdktcg [pfwvmu *smr%Da&muf tdEdN,acgif;aqmif}uD; bdk@pfudk *syefodk@ v$Jay;vdkufonf?

*smr%/D *syefwdk@ tm&SwdkufudkcJGa0,la&; v#dK@0Suftay;t,lvkyfjcif;udkrxkwfjyefyg? v#dK@0Sufxm;ygonf? a&mr/bmvif/ wdkusdK 0if¶dk;wef;zJG@pnf;a=umif;omurBmu odygonf? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf avhvmaeolrsm;uawmh bdk@pfudk *syefodk@v$Jvdkufjcif;udk=unfhum *smr%Du tdEdN,taemufbufydkif;udk ,l+yD;/ *syefu tdEdN,ESifh tdEdN,ta&S@bufudk,lzdk@ olwdk@csif; oabmwlvdkuf+yDjzpfa=umif; odEdkifygonf?

tdEdN,udk [pfwvmu *syefodk@xdk;au|;+yD;aomtcg Armjynfonf *syef.ppfaoe*FAsL[mwGif ta&;ygvmonf?ocifatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyf *syefa&mufjcif;onf aemufqufwJG jzpfay:r_jzpf.?

'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrDu w¶kwf/tdEdN,wdk@onf e,fcsJ@wdk@. ppfwk&ifyJGwGifxdk;au|;p&m e,f¶kyfrsm;om jzpfcJhonf?odk@aomf 0if¶dk;wef;u ¶_H;ojzifh zufqpfurBmhpepf ay:rvmyg?4? “r[mrdwftzJG@” wGif t&if;&Sifpepftar&duef/ t*FvdyfESifh qdk&S,fvpfpepf -¶k&Sm;wdk@ ygaejcif;rSm ordkif;wGif rjzpfzl;onfhxl;jcm;csuf jzpf.? Txl;jcm;csufa=umifhppfat;acwf urBmhpepf jzpfvm.?

ppfat;acwf ukefqH k ;oGm;yH kuvnf; xl;jcm;aejyefonf? qdkAD,ufuppfat;wdkufyJGwGif tjywf¶H_;oGm;jcif; r[kwfaemufqkwfoGm;jcif; jzpfaeonf? *smr%D/*syefwdk@vdk vufeufcs&jcif; r[kwf/ ¶k&Sm;orRwEdkifiHtjzpf urBmhta&;tcif;wGiftiftm;}uD;EdkifiHtjzpf yg0ifae.?

ppfat;acwf E d ki fi Ha&;tzJ G @tpnf;}uD; ukvor*~ (UN) uvnf;&Sifoefaeonf? EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;(League of Nations) vdk ysufroGm;ay?bufrvdkuftzJG@}uD;uvnf; &SifoefqJ?NATO, WARSAW b,fbufrS rvdkufqdkum zJG@cJhaom “bufrvdkuftzJG@}uD;” rSm0gaqmr&Sdawmhaomtcg aewdk;bufudkrvdkuf[kom t"dy`m,fayguf aeonf?

qd kA D,uf +c dr f ;a jcmufr _ud kta=umif;ðy+yD; zJG@pnf;xm;&aom NATO

r[mrdwftzJG@uvnf; qdkAD,uf +cdrf;ajcmuf

TwifjycsufrSm okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygwD0ifrsm; pOf;pm;csifhcsdef/ aqG;aEG;Edkif&efTwifjycsufrSm okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygwD0ifrsm; pOf;pm;csifhcsdef/ aqG;aEG;Edkif&efTwifjycsufrSm okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygwD0ifrsm; pOf;pm;csifhcsdef/ aqG;aEG;Edkif&efTwifjycsufrSm okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygwD0ifrsm; pOf;pm;csifhcsdef/ aqG;aEG;Edkif&efTwifjycsufrSm okawoDwOD;.tjrifom jzpfonf? ygwD0ifrsm; pOf;pm;csifhcsdef/ aqG;aEG;Edkif&eftpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? (pmwnf;tzJG@tpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? (pmwnf;tzJG@tpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? (pmwnf;tzJG@tpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? (pmwnf;tzJG@tpazmfay;jcif; jzpfonf? (pmwnf;tzJG@ )))))

wwd,urBmppf =zpfcgeD;+yDavm

EdkiEdkiEdkiEdkiEdki fiHwumha&;&mu¾fiHwumha&;&mu¾fiHwumha&;&mu¾fiHwumha&;&mu¾fiHwumha&;&mu¾

39

r_ r&Sdaomtcg udk,fusdK;udk xdyfwifvm=uonf? tar&duef.tusdK;pD;yGm;ESih fxdyfwdkufwdk; vmonf?

qdk&S,fvpfw¶kwfjynfESihf 'Drdkua&pD tdEd N,wdk@u urBmhZmwfcHkay:0,fwGifus,fvmaeonf?

Todk@aom tajctae t&yf&yfudk bk&Sftpdk;&u rvdkvm;/ zsufypfcsifonf?xdk@a=umifh bk&Sftpdk;&wufvm+yD;uwnf;u igwaumaumwm ydkvkyfonf? NMD

(trsdK;om;'Hk;ysHumuG,fa&;) udk pwifvkyfjcif;/ usdKwdkoabmwlnDcsuf/ EsLuvD,m prf;oyfr_ ydwfyifa&;pmcsKyf (CTBT)

paom e*dkuoabmwlxm;onfh pmcsKyfrsm;rS wzufowf EkwfxGufjcif;wdk@jzif haoG;wdk;prf;=unfhonf?

tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;uE_wfjzifhuef@uGufonf? rvdkvm;a=umif;azmfxkwfonf? xdk@xuf ydkrvkyf? 9 - 11udp Pay:aomtcg bk& S f wqif hwufvmonf? tmz*efppfffyJGudk ta=umif;jy+yD;“qdkAD,ufcJ GxGuf” Ed kifiHuav;rsm;udkodrf;oGif;onf? ¶k&Sm;u vdkufavsmvdkuf.?aewdk;tzJG@ta&S•buf ¶k&Sm;e,fpyftxdwd k ;c s J @ =unf h./ ¶ k& Sm;u qdwfqdwfaevdkuf.?

Todk@jzifh bk&Sf twifh&JvmumtD&wfudk t=urf;udkifzdk@ vkyf.? }uD; (5) }uD;tay;t,ltav#mhtwiff;vkyf !‡dE_dif;=uum qH k; jzwfcsuf 1441 csjzpfatmifvkyfvd kuf=u.? odk @aomf tD&wfppfudkwdkufrnfwuJuJ jzpfvmaomtcgwGifum; ¶k&Sm;omru jyifopf/ *smr%D/ w¶kwf

uyg twdtvif;[ef@wm;vmonf? ¶k&Sm;/w¶kwfwdk@u a&S@rxGufbJ/ jyifopfudkyJa&S@wifvdkufonf? olwdk@u aemufuae+yD;axmufcHonf? oHa&;wrefa&; xdyfwdkufwdk;r_}uD; jzpfawmhonf? xdktcg tar&duefu !Gef@aygif;wyfzJG@+yD; tD&wfudk wdkufonf?jyifopf/ *smr%D/ ¶k&Sm;/ w¶kwfwdk@ur[mrdwfrzJG@bJ ukvor*~wGif; tar&duefudk qJGoGif;zdk@yJ vHk;yef;aeonf?

bk&S ftzd k @ ukvor*~udkvnf;tjywf rjzwf0Hh? igwaumaum+yD; tD&wfppfyJG wdkufaeaomfvnf; tD&wfppfyJG+yD;v#iftD&wfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&; jy\emudkukvor*~xJ jyefydk@&rvdk jzpfaeonf?

tar&duef/ t*Fvdyfa&m ¶k&Sm;/w¶kwf/ jyifopfyg urBmppfwdkufa&; qENr&Sd=uwm xif&Sm;onf? urBmppfwdkufa&;twGuf r[mrdwftzJG@ 2 ck pifòyif rzJG@=u?urBBmhpepfopf vGefyJGudkyJ E$Jae=uOD;rnf?urBmh jynfoluvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyif;jyonf/ ppfudk qef@usifvdrhfrnf?

xdk@a=umifh urBmppfjzpfcgeD;+yD[kxifum enf;y&d,m,fcs=uv#if rSm;=uvdrf hrnf? tD&wf+yD;v#if ArmjynfbufvSnfhcJhyg[k zdwfac:aeolrsm; qifjcifoifhonf?

Armjynf. yx0Dtaetxm;udk*¶krðybJ ajcvSrf;vSrf;=uv#if anmifa&ravmif;&bJ ywfxrf;b0a&mufvdrfhrnf?urBm hpep fopftwGuf tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;. vGefyJGtwGif; =um;nyfvdrhfrnf?

ukvor*~onf tajccHtm;jzifh0if¶dk;trsm;&Sdaom urBmhpepfudk udk,fpm;

ðy.? wEdkifiH rJwrJ pepfvnf;&S dojzif hvGwfvyfcgp EdkifiHrsm;twGuf ajymcGifhqdkcGifhwpHkw&m &.?

tar&duefu 0if¶dk;wckwnf;urBmhpepftwGuf ukvor*~tjyifbufxGufvkyfvdkuf/ tjcm;tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHrsm;u ukvor*~0if EdkifiHtrsm;ESihfwJG+yD; tar&duefudk ukvor*~abmifxJ qJGoGif;vdkufjzpfaevdrfhrnf?

Ttcsif;t&monf umvtawmf=um &S daevdrh frnf[k ar#mfvif h&onf?5? 'kwd,urBmppfjzpfcs de fu ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG0ifolrsm; usifhoHk;aomenf;y&d,m,frsdK;udk ,ckacwfwGif usihfoHk;rdygu Armjynf. tusdK;pD;yGm;udk jr‡ifhwif&mra&mufbJ epfrGef;atmifvkyfovdk jzpfrSmpdk;&drfygonf?

urBmhtajctae tajymif;tvJu jrefqefvGef;ygonf? EdkifiHwdkif;u rdrdwdk@tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm;um v_yf&Sm;ae=uygonf? OD;wnfcsuftopfcsrSwf+yD;ae&m,lr_topf vkyfae=uygonf?

rdrdwdk@uvnf; EdkifiHwumh tajctaeudk rjywfavhvm - trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm; csDwuf&ygrnf?

r Se fuefonf h O D ;wnfcsuf /rSefuefonfhaoe*FAsL[m enf;y&d,m,fjzifhcsDwufv#if 'Drdkua&pDjynfh0aom/ wef;wlaoG;pnf;aom jynfaxmifpkudk rkcsazmfxkwfEdkifrnfjzpfyga=umif;?


40

(1)a'gufwmoef;xGef;u ordkif;oif

wm “rt” atmif[k ajymonf? twdwfordkif;rS tawG@t}uHKESihf oifcef;pm rxkwfwwfv#if “t” Edkifovdk ypPKy`efordkif;wGif¶dk;¶dk;pif;pif;awG;rdv#ifvnf; “t” vdrhfrnf?“¶dk;vGef;v#if t” jrefrmqdk¶dk; vnf; &Sdxm;ygonf?

¶_yf¶_yfaxG;axG; jzpfay:wdk;yGm;aeaom urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:wGif ¶dk;¶dk;pif;pif;}uD;/ wa=umif;wdkuf pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfrdv#if “t” &m usvdrhfrnf?

(2)19 &mpkaESmif;ydkif;umv ta&S@

awmiftm&S ord ki f ;pmtky fr sm;ud kbefaumufu jyefvnfxkwfaeonf?“opfcG” “=umjzL” paom emrnfcHxm;onfh pmtkyfwdkufrsm;uxkwfjcif; jzpfonf?tudsK;tjrwfvdkI xkwfjcif;awmh [kwf[efrwl? ppfat;acwftp Armjynf vGwfvyfa&; &cgpu xkwfcJhzl;aom jcaoFhpmtkyfwdkufrsdK;[k oHo,&Sdonf?

,ckxkwfor# pmtkyfrsm;onfta&S@awmiftm&S. tm&Swdkufr}uD;ay:uwdkif;jynfrsm;ta=umif;csnf; jzpfaeonfuxl;onf? tm&S wd kufr}uD;ay:ujzp faomfvnf; rav;ta=umif ;uenf;enf;yJ ygonf? trsm;pku xdkif;/ Arm/uarBm'D;,m;/ avm/ AD,uferfwdk@ jzpfaeonf?

olwd k @wawG ord ki f ;a[mif;jyefvSefaejcif;onf 21 &mpktajrmftjrifjzifhvkyfaejcif;[k jynfcspf0g'Dwdk@u aumufcsufcsygonf?

(3)19 &mpku t*Fvdyfu {&m0wD

ESihf oHvGifudk tydkifpD;rdonf? rJacgifudkjyifopfu tydkifpD;rdonf? TwGif {&m0wD/oHvGif/ [email protected] pl;prf;=uonf?olwdk@u jrpfzsm;ydkif;udkyg ydkifvdk=uonf?oHvGif/ rJacgifu w¶kwfjynfwGif jrpfzsm;cHrSef; od=u+yD; jzpfonf? {&m0wD.tpudkum; rodcJh=u?

{&m0wD.tp wdbufwGif&S donf[k tm;vHk;u ,lqae=uonf?wdbuf&Sd ,mvkpefydkjrpfonf {&m0wD.tp[k xif=uonf? xdktwdkif;vnf;a&;=uonf? (armifomEdk;. bmomjyefwckwGif {&m0wDtp w¶kwfjynfu r[kwf[k 0if&Sif;jywm zwfvdkuf&onf?)

olwdk @ Todk@ ,lqwmvnf;tusdK;ta=umif;awmh &Sdonf? {&m0wDjrpf.a&vHk;u }uD;onf? Tr#}uD;rm; rsm;jym;aoma&rsm; pD;qif;Edkifjcif;onf w¶kwfjynfxJ jrpfzsm;cHIom jzpf&rnf[k xif=uonf? Ttxifu t*Fvdyfyx0Dorm;.txifjzpf.?

yx0DEdkifiHa&;orm; t*Fvdyfuawmh {&m0wDjrpfa=uudk ydkifolonfjrpfzsm;udkyg yd kifoifhonf[k ,lq+yD;“{&m0wD tp wdbufu” jzpfcsif=uonf?

rJacgifjrpfa=uudkydkifonfh jyifopfuvnf; rJacgifjrpfzsm;udk olydkifoifhonf[k,lqonf? xdk@a=umifh t}uD;tus,f óu;pm;onf?

Todk@jzifh jrpfzsm;tp &SmyHkawmfzGifh&if; t*Fvdyf jyifopf yÉdyuQjzpf=uonf?

(4)19 &mpkuppfa&;wGif jrpfa=umif;

udk t"dutm;udk;&onf? 'kwd,tm;udk;&onfu rD;&xm;vrf;jzpfonf? jrpf

a=umif;u obm0uazmufay;onf hvrf;a=umif; rD;&xm;u vlazmufrS jzpfonf?

xdka=umifh t*Fvdyf - jyifopfyÉdyuQwGif jrpfzsm;tp &SmyH kawmfudpPomru rD;&xm;vrf;azmufa&;udpPuygygae onf?

w¶kwfjynfod k @ tòyiftqd ki fr D ;&xm;vrf;azmufa&; yÉ dyuQwGi fjyifopfu vufOD;onf? [EdGKif - cGefrif;r D;&xm;vrf; azmufEd ki fc J honf? xd krD;&xm;vrf; ,ckxd&SdaeqJ - oHk;aeqJjzpfonf?

jyifopfwOD;u ol@pmtkyfwGifw¶kwfjynf}uD;u rkcsòyuJGawmhrSmyJ?rD;&xm;vrf; azmufxm;Edkifolu w¶kwfjynft aemufawmifydkif;udk tvdkvdk&rSmyJ?wdk@jyifopfu rD;&xm;vrf;azmufxm;+yD;+yD[k a&;cJhonf?

ord ki f ;. oa&mfcsufwckud k=um;azmufajymrnf? w¶kwfjynfodrf;a&;twGuf azmufcJhaom [EdGKif - cGefrif;vrf;onf AD,uferfppfyJGwGif AD,uferfjynfcspftiftm;pkrsm;twGuf t"duaxmufyHha&;vrf; jzpfoGm;cJhonf? tar&duef ppf¶_H;&jcif;ta=umif;wGif xdkaxmufyH ha&;vrf;udkrjzwfawmufEdkifjcif;uvnf; tawmfta&;ygaom ta=umif;jzpfcJh.?

(5)yx0DEd kifiHa&;ESih f urBmhpepf

(urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHk) u eD;eD;uyfuyfqufpyfaeonf? 19 &mpk urBmhEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHku ajAmifususe,fcsJ@a&; tcif;tusif; jzpfonf?

41

- rdp>mt,l0g'rsm;ESifh bmoma&;rsm;ud k csKyf +i dr f;ap+yD; wurBmvH k;c&pf,mefbmom v$rf;rdk;a&;?

- odrf;ydkufe,fajrrsm;wGif udkvdkeDpepfusihfoHk;a&;?

- ppftiftm;jzifh e,fy,fcsJ@xGifa&; ———

T (3) ck vkyfydkifcGifhudk tiftm;}uD; EdkifiHwdkif; &xm;onf? rnfonfhurBmhEdkifiHa&;tzJG@tpnf;udkr# ppftiftm;oHk;cGifhawmif;aep&m rvdk (ukvor*~ r&S d)/qHk;jzwfcsufrl=urf; wifaep&mrvdk? tcGifhomv#if 0ifwdkuf¶Hkom jzpfonf? ppfudkvnf; wd kufcsifovdkwd kuf rnfonfhuef@owfcsKyfjc,fr_r#r&Sd? (*sDeDAmuGefAif;&Sif;r&Sd)

tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHwdkif;u c&pf,mefEdkifiHrsm;jzpfI apmapmydkif;uawmhykyf&[ef;rif;xHrS cGifhðycsuf,lonf? aemufawmh c&pf,mef*dk%f;uJGrsm;ay:+yD; ‘ykyf’ udkab;csdwfvdkufonf? t*Fvdyfodrf;rdv#ift*FvDuef/ jyifopfqdkv#if ¶dkrefuufovpf/ tar&duefqd kv#if atbDtrfpojzifh omoemðy=uonf?

udkvdkeDpepf usihfoHk;a&;wGifvnf;yH kp Htrs d K;rs d K; &S donf? vlOD;a&uenf;/e,fajruus,f0ef; / vlr _a&; jzpfay:xGef;um;r_ tqifhu edrfhusvGef;v#if Xmaersm;udk rsdK;ðzwfypf+yD; ajrrsm;udk tydkifodrf;,lrnf? (tar&duwdkufeJ@ =opa=w;vswdkufyHkpH)

trsdK;om;a&;0g'jzifh ya'o&mZfrsm;u tefwkv#if yHkpHwrsdK;/ tefrwkv#ifyHkpHwrsdK; usihfoHk;onf? txufArmjynfwGif ya'o&mZfrsm;u tefwkojzif h

ajrodrf;+yD; t*Fvdyfujym;ESihf ukvm;ppfAdkvfrsm;udk a0ay;onf? Todk@jzif h ukvm;ajr&Si fawG tnmY ay:vmaponf?& Sr f ; jynfwGi fum; ya'o&mZfrsm;.ajr,mudk vufzsm;ESifh rwdk@/ TonfuArmjynfyHkpH jzpf.?

t*FvdyfusifhoHk;onfhyHkpH/ jyifopfusif hoHk;onfhyH kpH/ *syefusif hoHk;onfhyH kpH/tar&duefusifhoHk;onfhyHkpH/ ¶k&Sm;usifhoHk;onfhyHkpH ponfjzifhvnf; uJGao;onf?

21 &mpkwGifum; udkvdkeDopfyHkpHerlemjyp&modyfrrsm;ao;yg? tmz*efyHkpHudkawG@ae&+yD/ tD&wfyHkpH r=umrDawG@& awmhrnf? uHaouHr ajymEdkifonfrSm yHkpHrsm;taxGaxGtxl;xl; &S dvdr f hrnf[komjzpfygonf?

(6)21 &mpkxl;jcm;csufrSm-- rdp>mbmoma&;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;

+yD; c&pf,mefbmomodk@ oGwfoGif;a&;[kvkyfr&yg? vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,fcGifh[k ajymaeolu vkyfr&yg?

- e,fajropfodrf;oGif;&ef[kvnf; ajymIrjzpfyg? urBmay:wGif e,fajropf r&S dawmhyg? tm;vH k; trs d K;om;EdkifiHawmfrsm; jzpfae=u+yD?

- ppftiftm;jzifh xif&m}uJIr&yg? EdkifiHwumhtzJG@tpnf;}uD; (ukvor*~) &S daeonf? tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeonf? &SdwJhvufeuf xkwfoHk;vdk@ r&yg? pmcsKyfawGwoD}uD; &Sdaeonf?

txufyg (3) csufwGif wwd,tcsufESifhywfouf+yD; rdrdwdk@twGif; t,ltqtrsdK;rsdfK; ajymoH=um;&onf? tD&wf

ppfyJGudk tar&duefu wOD;wnf;oabmESihfwdkufaejcif;tay: trsdK;rsdK;ajym=uonf?

Auy u tD&wfppfyJGudk oD;jcm;cJG+yD; r=unfhfyg/ urBmhpepfopf vGefyJGESihfwJG+yD;=unfhygonf?

tD&wfppfyJG.tajzu rwdkufcifuwnf;u ay:ae+yD; jzpfygonf? tD&wfppfyJGu AD,uferfppfyJGrsdK;jzpfoGm; - roGm;udp Pud k tcs de fuke fc H pO f ;pm;raeyg?tD&wf.udkvdkeDopfyH kpH b,fvdkjzpfrvJudkom a pmifh=unfhygonf?

bk&Sfu tmz*efoifcef;pmt&pDpOfrnf[k ajymygonf? tmz*efESihftD&wfrwlI yHkpHwrsdK; vkyf&vdfrfhrnf xifygonf?pdkufxm;&onfh ppfp&dwfjyef&zdk@uvnf;vdkygonf? tmz*efrSmvdk rvkyfEdkifyg?

tar&duef[m ta&S@tv,fydkif; a'oudk abmfvfuefa'oykHoGif;a&;(Balkanisation) pae+yD[k tcsKd@uaxmuffjyonfrSm ,kwWdtawmf&Sdygonf?

apmifh=unfhjcif;rSmvnf; ArmjynftwGuf bmawGqifjcif&rvJ tjrifESifh=unfhjcif; jzpfygonf?rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;aeonfrSm

(1) rsufarSmuf urBmhtajctaewGif trdwdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESifhe,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_udk rnfodk@xdef;odrf;rnfenf;

(2) ppftkyfpk.tusdK;pD;yGm;udkz,f&Sm;+yD; trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk rnfodk@yHkazmfrnfenf;

(3) rnfonfhurBmhpepfonfArmjynftwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfoenf;

T (3) csufudkom tav;xm;ygonf?


42

(1)udkvdkeDwydkif;jzpfp yDuif;rS udkvdkeD

vHk;vHk;jzpfoGm;onfh rE Wav;odk‹ c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; jzpfonf?h

1900 jynfhu t*FvdyfOD;aqmifaom tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;u w&kwfòr‹hawmfyDuif;udk odrf;onf? t*FvdyfwOD;wnf;r[kwf tm;vHk; (8) EdkifiH jzpfonf?

xdk (8) EdkifiHrSm r[mrdwfrsm;r[kwf? tm;vHk;u tm;vHk;udk òyifaeolrsm;jzpfonf? t*FvdyfESifh jyifopf/ t*FvdyfESifh&k&Sm;/ t*FvdyfESifh *smr%D/ t*FvdyfESifh*syef®yifaeonf? &k&Sm;ESif h =opów[efa*&D(xdkpOfu &Sdonf/ yxrurBmppfusrS ®yuJGoGm;jcif; jzpfonf?) =opów [efa*&DESifhtDwvD/ olwkd hu®yifbuf jzpfonf? tar&duefESif h t*Fvdyf/ tar&duefESif h*syefuvnf; ®yifbuf/ odk@aomf tar&duefutiftm;}uD;uvyfxJ 0ifcgpom &Sdao;onf? odyft&ma&mufvSol r[kwf? Adkvfwumhbk&ifu t*Fvdyfjzpfonf? xdk‹a=umifhol‹tiftm; t"duygjyD; yDuif;udkodrf;jcif;jzpfonf? usefEd kifiHrsm;u pwdoabmyg=ujcif; jzpfonf?

(8) EdkifiHu 0ifodrf;jcif;jzpfIta0rwnfh=u/ w&kwfjynfudk wOD;wnf;ydkifvkyfr&/ xdk‹a=umifh w&kwfjynf.e,fajrrsm;udk “iSm;,l” =uonf? xHk;pHtwdkif; taumif;qHk;udk t*Fvdyfu“iSm;”onf? ,ckpmtkyfudka&;ol ta&;ydkif}uD;vkyfaeaom*|efpwefu a0h[dkifa0;

(Weihaiwei) udk iSm;,lonf? ‘a0h[dkifa0;’rSm yDuif;odk‹0if&m yifv,f0 awmifbufjcrf;rS a&wyfpcef;}uD; jzpfonf? yifv,f0udk apmif h=uyfonfh xnf0gcH hnm;aomewfbDvl;}uD;[k t"dy`m,f&onfhpcef;}uD;jzpfonf?

ajrmufbufrSmu *syefodrf;xm;onfh ydk‹tmom (Port Arthur) &Sdonf?t*Fvdyf - *syef &efapmifae=uonfhoabmjzpfonf? odk‹r[kwf w¶kwfjynf taoaumifudk pm;zdk‹ apmifhaeonfh vif;wrsm;[kajymEdkifonf?

a0h[dkifa0;ta&;ydkifonf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJyk*~ d Kvf jzpfonf? ol@ hud kbma=umifh ukef;wGif;vrf;ujzwf+yD; rE Wav;odk‹ oGm;cdkif;ovJ? Tonfudk owdðyp&mjzpfonf? oluvnf; acG;waumifyJ tazmfvkyfum a'ocHulvDrsm;oHk;jyD; oGm;onf?vrf;&dk;twdkif; roGm;/ vlrsdK;pka'orsm;wdbufrsm;/ vdkvdkrsm;/ *sif;azmrsm;/&Srf;rsm;.a'orsm;udk jzwfonf? txl;ojzihf wdbufudk tav;xm;onf? w¶kwfbk&ifESifh wdbufae0ifbk&ifrsm;. qufqHa&; pepfudk avhvmonf/

vrf;c&D;tm;vHk; acsmarmajyjypfygonf? w¶kwftkyfpdk;olrsm;u ulnD=uonf? ppf¶_H;aom w¶kwfwdk‹ usdK;EGHoGm;cJh&jyD?

*|efpwef.pmtkyfwGif ol‹c&D;pOftptqHk; a&;xm;onf? txufodk‹ (Advyfodk‹) tpD&ifcHpmudk pmtkyfvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfyH k&.? aemufyd kif;tcef;rsm;uawmh

ol.tjrifESifh oabmxm;rsm; jzpfonf/t*Fvdy fwd k ‹onf wdbufud k

oddrf;vdkonf/ tdENd,bufuae ppfwyfjzifhxdk;azmuf=unfhzl;onf? jyefvm&onf?[dr0E Wmudk vSefwufjyD; ppfxdk;&I rvG,ful?

Armjynfudkodrf;rdawmh wdbufudk ppfxd k;& vG,fulonf? xdk ‹a=umif hvrf;a=umif; &Smonf? wdbufrsm;udkArmjynfrSaejyD; pnf;&Hk;onf? aEG&moDwGifa'oxGufypPnf;rsm; (om;ar$;/ om;a&/uwdk;qDponfh) vma&mif;olk ukefonfrsm;udk rufvHk;ay; pnf;¶kH;onf? olwdk‹a&muf&mt&yfu t&m&Sdrsm;u ae&mxdkifcif;/ tpm;taomuf tcrJhau|;arG;&onf? oGm;vdk&modk‹ p&dwfjidrf; ydk‹&onf? t&m&Sdrsm; ayghavsmhv#if ta&;,lcH&onf?

aEG&moDwGifvmaom wdbufukefonfrsm;udk pnf;¶kH;¶kHr#jzifh t&mra&mufwdbufbk&ifrsm;udk pnf;¶kH;&rnfjzpfa=umif;t*Fvdyfodonf? xdk‹a=umifh Aef;armfrSaejyD;w¶kwfjynfwGif;odk@ t*Fvdyfrpf&Sif v$wfonf? yef;ao;olykefxaeI vSnfhjyefcJ h&onf?

awmifbufrS xdk;azmufr&ojzifh*|efpwefudk ajrmufbufrSv$wfjcif; jzpfonf? ol@taeESifh wdbufbk&ifrsm;udkaumif;aumif; pnf;¶kH;cJhonf? ppfa&;twGuf toHk;0ifonfhvrf;rsm/; awmif=um;rsm;/ ul;wdk‹rsm;udkvnf; tao;pdwf avhvmonf?

(From Peking to Mandalay) a&;oa&;oa&;oa&;oa&;ol R F *|efpwef*|efpwef*|efpwef*|efpwef*|efpwef (R F Johnston) }umjzLwdkuf/}umjzLwdkuf/}umjzLwdkuf/}umjzLwdkuf/}umjzLwdkuf/ befaumufrSbefaumufrSbefaumufrSbefaumufrSbefaumufrSxkwfonf?xkwfonf?xkwfonf?xkwfonf?xkwfonf?

yDuif;rS rEWav;odkh pmtkyftay:rSwfcsuf

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

pmtkyfa0zefcef;

43


44

aemifumvwGif armfpDwkef;wdk‹wyfeDawmf c&D;&SnfcsDwufpOf wdkufyJGjzpfcJh&m‘vlwif;wHwm;’ ta=umif;udk ola&;xm;yHkrSm tvGefjynfhpHkonf?

*|efpwefudk Armjynfu aus;Zl;wif&rnfh udpPwckawmh &Sdonf? xdkudpPrSm“Armbk&ifu w¶kwfbk&ifudk ‘10 ESpfwcg’yÀmquf&oavm” qdkonfhudpP &Sif;ay;I jzpf.?

t*Fvdyfwd k ‹onf w¶kwfwd k ‹a&;onfh eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;zwfumArmjynfu w¶kwfudk yÀmquf&onf[k,lqaeonf? tm&Sonf Oa&myr[kwf/ wdkif;jynfwjynfESifhwjynf pmayrsm; tquftpyfr&Sd‘w&kwfeef;wGif;rSwfwrf;’ udk Armu rodovd k Armwd k ‹. “w¶kwfoHa&mufarmfuGef;” “tmoHEdkif armfuGef;” “yif;,umcsif;rsm;” ArmpmaywGif &S dwmudkw¶kwfrod? ola&;awmholEdkif/ udk,fa&;awmh udk,fEdkif a&;ae=uwmawG rsm;onf? *|efpwef.avhvmawG h&S dcsufrSm «wdbufbk&ifudk w¶kwf{u&mZfu cef@a=umif;/ wHqdyfawmf¶dkuf+yD; pmc|efawmfjzifhcef‹a=umif;/ wygwnf; w¶kwft&m&Sdtqifhtwef;yg owfrSwfay;vdkufa=umif;a&;onf?

w¶kwft&m&SdpepfwGif tqifh 9qifh &Sda=umif; « tqifhwdkif;wGifvnf; (u)ESif h (c) cJ Gxm;ao;a=umif; « wdbufbk&ifrsm;onf w¶kwft&m&Sdtqifh (4) (c)ESifh tqifh (5) (c) awG jzpf=ua=umif;a&;onf? ulAvdkifcef (1216 « 94) onfw¶kwfwjynfvHk;udk odrf;jyD;aemuf tm%mpufcsJ hxGif&mwGif wdbufa&m Armyg ol@eif;acsjcif; cH&onf? aemufydkif;wGifum;ArmESif hwdbuf wjcm;pD jzpfay:wdk;yGm;=uonf? rwlyg? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifhjzpfvdrfhrnf?

od k ‹aomf taemufwd ki f ;utwlwljzpfay:onf[k xifcJhonf? ta&S@wdkif;qdkv#if tdENd,ESifh w¶kwfjynfom&Sdonf[k olwdk@,lqcJh=uzl;onf r[kwfavm? xdk@a=umifh uarmufur tac:ta0:rsm; « ta&S h tdEN d,u|ef;pk «

taemuftdENd,u|ef;pk « tif'dkcsdKif;em; «Red Indians (tdEdN,vleD) tac:ta0:rsm;wGifusef&pfcJh.?

*|e fpwefonf Armjynfa&mufaomtcg yk*Hodk‹vnf; oGm;avhvmonf? yk*HydokumESif h tqiftjyifwGifw¶kwf=oZm vHk;0r&Sd[k ,wdjywfa&;onf?*|efpwefonf Armjynfbk&ifcHESifh oD[dkVf(oD&dvuFm) bk&ifcHwdk‹. {nfhonftjzpfaejyD; tpD&ifcHyHkay:onf?

xdktcsdefupjyD; Armbk&ifuw¶kwfbk&ifodk@ (10) ESpfw}udrf yÀmquf&onf[laom t*Fvdyfwd k ‹,lqcsufwcsDwnf; aysmufoGm;onf? *|efpwefudkaus;Zl;wif&rnf?

udk,fhwdkif;jynfordkif;udk avhvmv#if odyHenf;usjzpfzdk‹ vdkonf? ‘xdkif;qdkwm&Srf;yJ’ [kajymwmudkyif rñudufcsifv#ifrjzpf? weoFm&Dwwdkif;vHk;u xdkif;udk&Srf;[kac:ae=uwmudkyg jyifay;&rvdk jzpfvdrhfrnf? ppftkyfpkonf “rsufuef;rsdK;cspf” rsm;tjzpfu pcJhjyD; rsufuef;rsdK;cspfrsm;b0ESifhZmwfodrf;rnfhyHk ay:aeonf?

(2) *|efpwefonf ol hacwfol htcguwdk;wufonfhtjrif &Sdonf? ta&S hwdkif;txl;ojzifh w¶kwfESifh Armtay: pmemonf? ta&S@wdkif;om;udk ESdrfhcsv#ifróuuftumtuG,fay;onf? ol hpmtkyfxJrSxkwfEkwfjyv#if trsm;}uD;xkwfjyEdkifonf?

(2) ckyJ xkwfjyvdkufrnf?ynmwwft*Fvdyf wa,mufu

w¶kwfawG[m vlnHhawG/ tqifhtwef;edrfholawGjzpfa=umif; « uGrf;wkH (Canton)òr‹u vrf;ay:rSm w¶kwfulvDwa,mufudkvufoD;eJ‹xdk;=unfh olujyefxdk;rSm r[kwfbl;[k ajyma=umif;? 'Dvdkoabmxm;rsdK;wjcm; Oa&myom;awGrSmvnf; &Sda=umif;?w±kwfawGtay:omr[kwf wjcm;ta&S‹wdkif;om;awGtay:vnf; Todk‹yif oabmxm;=ua=umif; a&;onf?

[dENLynm&Sd}uD; 0da0ueENm(Vivekananda) . vef'efu tawG‹tñuHrSm t*Fvdyfaumifrav;wa,mufu0da0ueENmudk “&Sifwdk h[dENLawG wdkif;jynf

wjynfudkawmif b,fwkef;urS rodrf;cJhzl;bl;” [k ESdrhfcsajymwm cH&a=umif;? *syefawG&J@,Ofaus;r_ w&Sdefxdk; jrifhrm;vmwm[m olwd k @& J @ O D;a%SmufawGwr[kwfcsif; }uD;vmvdk@ r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh pmrsufESmtrsm;tjym; a&;jyD;aemuf?

apmif h =unfh « olwd k @igwd k @e J @wef;wljzpfvmwJhtcg « igwdk @avmufvufeufaumif; udkifEdkifwJhtcg/ ppfynmjynfh0wJh t&m&SdawG OD;aqmifEdkifwJhtcgolwdk@[m aoG;a=umifwJhvlrsdK;awG r[kwfbl;qdkwm jyvdrfhr,f[k a&;cJhonf?

*|efpwefajymwm rSefonf? ESpf40 avmuf apmifhaomtcg ol ha[mudef;rSefoGm;onf? armufrmvSaom e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;tm;vHk; acG;ajy;0ufajy; ajy;=u&onf? rajy;Edkifol okH@yef;jzpfonf?ql;tufwl;ajrmif; ta&S@bufqdkv#if ajcrcs0Hhatmif a=umufoGm;=uonf?

(3)*|efpwefonf ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk

pdwf0ifpm;onf? avhvmonf? Ak'<bmom,Ofaus;r_udk tawmftwef wD;rdacgufrd&Sdonf? ArmjynfwGif vlodrsm;aom arm&pfaumvpfxufyd k jyD; tjrifus,fonf?wd k ;wufonf? ol‹pmtkyfwGi f (tcs d K ‹rSef;qcsufrsm; vJGaeaomfvnf;) Ak'<bmom,Ofaus;r_ta=umif;/ Armta=umif;taumif;a&;onf?

“,Ofaus;r_csif; xdyfwdkufwdk;onfhacwf” « “ordkif;ed*H k;csKyfoGm;jyD"e&Sifavmuudk rnfolr#pdefac:Ed kifol/®yifEdkifol r&Sdonfhacwf” a&mufjyD[k txifa&muf b0ifjrifhaeonfhumvwGif Tpmtkyfudk “=umjzLwdkuf” u wausmhjyefxkwfvmonff frSm wdkufqdkifr_r[kwf[k,lqonf?

“=umjzLwdkuf” rS xkwfaompmtkyfrsm;pm&if;udk =unfh&jcif;tm;jzifh Tpmtkyfwdkufonf tm&Swdkufr}uD; twGif;rSEdkifiHrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_udk pdwf0ifpm;a=umif;odomonf? befaumufrSyif jzpfonfh“opfcGpmtkyfwdkuf” ESifh wjcm;pD jzpfonf?EdkifiHa&;xuf ,Ofaus;r_udk aZmif;ay;onf?


45

c&l;qdwf (Crusade) ESifh *sD[wf (jihad) toHrsm; nHaeaomumvwGif Todk‹aom pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfvmjcif;onfwckck ay;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfrnf?

19 &mpk urBmhAdkvf}uD; vkyfcJhaom t*Fvdyf.vrf;a=umif;udk/ 21 &mpk urBmh Adkvf}uD;tar&duef vdkufrdv#if t*Fvdyfvdk yifESmacgif;usnfayG@ awG‹hvdrhfrnf[k owif;pum; yg;vdkaoma=umifh jzpfayvdrfhrnf? “jynfcspf0g'” &Sifoefaeaom tm&SudkoGm;rprf;vdkufavESifh[k owday;jcif;vnf; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&yga=umif;?

uGefjrLepf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh/uGefjrLepf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh/uGefjrLepf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh/uGefjrLepf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh/uGefjrLepf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unfh=unfh/jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unhf=unfh/jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unhf=unfh/jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unhf=unfh/jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unhf=unfh/jynfcspf0g'&yfwnfcsufeJ@yJ=unhf=unfh/

ºuufrEdkif usDrD;±d_@tawG;tac:udkºuufrEdkif usDrD;±d_@tawG;tac:udkºuufrEdkif usDrD;±d_@tawG;tac:udkºuufrEdkif usDrD;±d_@tawG;tac:udkºuufrEdkif usDrD;±d_@tawG;tac:udkvufcHvdk@ rjzpfyg?vufcHvdk@ rjzpfyg?vufcHvdk@ rjzpfyg?vufcHvdk@ rjzpfyg?vufcHvdk@ rjzpfyg?

arvtwGif; vSnf hvnfcJ haom a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;wGifòr@}uD;rsm;Y óuqdkonfh vlxky&domwfaomif;odef;ESifhcsDI rsm;jym;ygonf? xdky&domwfrSm òr@aevlxkcsnf; r[kwfyg?trsm;p kr Sm òr@aeqif;& Jom;rsm;E Si f haus;vufae v,form;rsm; jzpf=uygonf?obm0usygonf? ArmjynfwGif v,form;ESifh òr@aeqif;&Jom;wdk@u vlOD;a&trsm;pk jzpf=uygonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;wGifwkwf/ "m;/ aoewf/ avmufav;cGrStpvufeufaygif;pHk enf;rsdK;pHkESifh +cdrf;ajcmufaeonfh=um;rS óuqdkonfh vltiftm;'gavmufrsm;jym;pGm bma=umifh pkpnf;vm&ygovJ ?

a':atmifqef ;p k =unfonfa&G;aumufyGJjzifh jynfol@qENt& tm%mtyfESif;xm;r_ trSwftom; Armjynf'Drdkua&pD.oauFwozG,f jzpfaeygonf?ol@zcif Ad kvfatmifqef;enf;wl a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jynfol@tusdK;twGuf ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwf+yD; owWd&Sd&SdpGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&Guf &yfwnfvdrfhrnf[kjynfolu ,Hk=unfudk;pm;xm;ygonf? xdkr#ruao;yg? jynfolvlxkonf a':atmifqef;p k =unftay:wGi f awG@qH kaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;vnf;pkyHkxm;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh a':atmifqef;

pk=unftm; vlxku aomif;aomif;zszsóuqdk=ujcif; jzpf+yD; TóuqdkyGJrsm;rSmvnf;vlxkqEN azmfjyyGJrsm;vnf; jzpfaeygonf?

ydkI xifomjrifomatmif ajym&v#if vlxk}uD;onf etz tkyfpdk;r_tm;em=unf;ae=uygonf? tajccHusonfhtajymif;tvJwckudk vdkcsifae=uygonf?xdk@a=umifh vrf;ay:xGufI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; óuqdkonfh yHkpHjzifh qENjy=ujcif;[k qdkEdkifygonf?

bmtajymif;tvJudk vdkcsif=uwmvJ ? bma=umifhvJ ?

±dk;±dk;uav; ajymygrnf? tdrfa&S@opfyifrSm ('grSr[kwf) tdrfa&S@0if;x&HrSmxrif;usef[if;usef txkyfuav;rsm;csdwfqGJI pGef@}uJv–'gef;olu v–'gef;+yD; òr@aeqif;&Jom;wdk@u xdkxrif;usef [if;useftxkyfuav;rsm; &,lpm;aomuf&onfhtjzpfrsdK; etzacwfrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:aygufcJhygonf? òr@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;xrif;eyfrSefatmif rpm;Edkifyg? xrif;pm;v#ifvnf; vufzufokyfuav;udk [if;vkyfpm;=u&ygonf? xrif;rwwfEdkifonfhtcgqefðywfaomuf=u&ygonf? qefðywfyifeyfrSefraomufEdkifonfhtwGuf qefðywftv–yGJrsm; ay:aygufvm&ygonf? òr@aevlvwfwef;pm; qd kolrsm;yif rzG H @ òz;rwdk;wufEdkifbJ pD;yGm;a&;t& òyuGJum òr@aeqif;&Jom;rsm;b0odk@ wpwp a&G@avsm

usqif;ae&ygonf? òr@aeqif;&Jom;[email protected];orD;rsm; ausmif;aezd k @ rvG,fyg?odk@r[kwf xef;yifZufjywf ynma&;om&=uygonf? aq;0g;ukop&dwf rwwfEdkifIaoqHk;=u&olrsm;xJwGif òr@ae qif;&Jom;rsm;u trsm;qH k ;y g? raooif honf htcsdefwGif wdk;Iwdk;I aoae=u&ygonf?jynfyodk@ xGufcGm+yD; taoG;tom; a&mif;pm;ae=u&olrsm; b0ysufpD;ae=u&olrsm;xrif;wvkwftwGuf arG;Zmwdudk pGef@cGmum &&mtvkyf vkyfpm;ae=u&olrsm;rSmvlcsrf;om om;orD;rsm; r[kwf=uyg? òr@aeqif;&Jom;ESifh v,form;wdk@. om;orD;rsm; jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;*k%foduQmt!‡dK;EGrf;&qHk;acwf[kyif qdk&ygrnf? olwdk@b0 qdk;0g;EGHepf ae&jcif;udk olwdk@odygonf?xdk@a=umifh b0vGwfajrmufa&; tajymif;tvJudk vdkcsifae=uwmyg?

Armjynf. vlOD;a& trsm;pkjzpfaom aus;vufv,form;rsm;. b0tajctaeum; ydkIajymp&m rsm;ygonf?

olwdk@ txkaxmif; tESdyftpufcHcJh&onfrSm =umvSyg+yD?

udkvdkeDacwfwGif udkvdkeDacwftcGefawmfu v,form;xkudk ESdyfpufcJhygonf? udkvdkeDpepfu ac:oGif;vmaomcspfwD;rsm;ESifh jynfwGif;ajr&Sifrsm;uvnf;ESdyfpufygonf? udkvdkeDpepfu vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;aom pyg;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh

okreausmrSm '!f|mawGeJhokreausmrSm '!f|mawGeJhokreausmrSm '!f|mawGeJhokreausmrSm '!f|mawGeJhokreausmrSm '!f|mawGeJh

46

jynfrodk@ pyg;wifyd k @r_uvnf; ES dyfpufygonf? v,form;rsm;rSm ausmaumhatmif cHcJh=u&+yD; rcHEdkifonfhtqHk; q&mpHv,form;olykeftjzpf tHkºucJh=uygonf?

vGwfvyfa&;&t+yD; zqyvacwfwGifvnf; ajr&Sifpepf qufvufwnf&Sdaeao;aoma=umifh v,form;wdk@vlarG; vlawmif rajymifEdkifcJhyg?

rqvacwf v,form;xkvdkvm;awmifhwae=uaom ‘v,fvkyfolv,fyd kifcGif h’ qdkonfrSm ‘v,fvkyfolv,fvkyfyd kifcGif h’ qdkonfjzifh tpm;xdk;ac| ;ody fvdr fnmjci f ; c H&jye fy gonf?v,fvkyfol v,fydkifcGifhrSm a&$jynfawmfar#mfwdkif;a0; qdkovdk yd kIa0;uGmoGm;jye fy gonf? v,f,mqd ki f&m tcGe ftwkwfESifh zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK;wdk@atmufwGifwHk;atmufuzm;vdk jym;cJh&aom v,form;rsm;rSm pDrHudef;oD;ESH pdkufysdK;a&; tpdk;&vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pyg;0,f,l a&mif;csa&;wdk@a=umifh emvefrxlEdkifonfhb0 a&mufcJh&ygonf? EdkifiHjcm;odk@ pyg;rsm;rsm; a&mif;EdkifonfhtwGuf rqv tpdk;&u vufrwaxmifaxmif jzpfaecsdefwGif pm;p&mr&S d =uaom jynfolwd k @. qefvkyG Jrsm;ay:aygufcJh+yD; iwfI taorcHEdkif=uaomvlxkrSm ppftpdk;& usnfqHa=umifh trsm;tjym; aoqHk;cJh=u&ygonf?

rqvacwf (1967) u oHk;vGef;wif xrif;pm;cJh=u&aom v,form;wdk@rSmetzacwf (1999) wGifvnf; oHk;vGef;wifxrif; pm;=u&jyefwmygyJ? etzonf olpwufvmonfh tcsdefrSp+yD; cktcsdeftxdv,form;tay: wdk;Iwdk;I zdESdyf!‡if;yef;vmcJhwmyg?

EdkifiHawmfu ajrxk avxk a&xkwdk@udk ydkifonfqdk+yD; etz u ajr,mudkvuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfudkifxm;ygonf? xdk@xuf ydkygao;onf? ajr,mu xGuf&SdaomtusdK;pD;yGm;rSefor#udkvnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;ygonf?

1962 ckESpfu qefwjynf jym;60/ etz pwufcgpu qefwjynf 24 usyf25 usyf? 1998 wGif qefwjynf 100usyf/150 usy f 1999 c kE Sp f 200 usy f?

onf haemufy d ki f ; qefw+y Daps;E _e f ;wqif hxufwqif h wufvmcJ honfrSm,ckxufxd wufaeqJ/ qefpyg; aps;wufav uke faps;E _e f ; jri f hwufavjzpfwmuwa=umif;/ etz. aoG;pkyfr_trsdK;rsdK;cH&onfuwa=umif; wdk@a=umifhv,form;wdk @rSm udk,fpd kufonfh pyg;udk,fjyef0,fpm;&onfhtjzpf a&mufcJ hygonf? tdk; cGuf ypPnf;awG xGefwHk; xGefwHawGtp aygifES H+yD; 0,fpm;cJh&onf?xdk@a=umifh etz acwfwGifvnf; ajymufusm;ajymufusm; qefvkyG Juav;rsm;xGufay:vmcJh jyefygonf?

v,form;rsm;rSm trawmfa=u; (pdkufysdK;p&dwf acs;aiG) udkvnf; pyg;jzifhay;qyf&onf? w{uv#i f etzv,f§pdkuf ukefoG,fa&;XmetwGuf (12)wif;/ G.E.C ac: 0efxrf;ortwGuf 10wif; a'ocH ppfwyftwGuf 1 wif;rS 3wif;/ a&cGef 2 wif;/ ukef;cGef 2 wif; pojzifh(aygufaps;xuf rsm;pGmESdrfonfhaps;jzifh)a&mif;csay;&onf? rqvacwfu “ydkvsHpyg; a&mif;ay;onfh OD;}uD;rsm;” qdk+yD;0rf;pmygrusef !‡pfxkwf0,f,lonfESif hbmrS ruGmyg? etz acwfwGif ydkxl;jcm;vmonfrSm “pyg;ra&mif;csv#if aoG;ac|;wdk@jzifh ay;qyf&rnf?” [laom +cdrf;ajcmufr_xyfwdk;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? t=urf;ywrf;enf; okH;vmjcif; jzpfygonf? ykwfvSefusDvSef pyg;0,f±Hkru vlxkwGif; pyg;0,f,la&mif;csr_/ o,f,lr_/ }udwfcGJr_rsm;udk ppfwyfuif;cs+yD; ydwfyifcJhonf? pyg;av; qefav;tenf;tyg; tdrftwGufESifh aqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[rsm;twGuf o,f,lv#if tzdk;}uD;tzGm;}uD;rsm;ygrusef &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyf'%fay;jcif;cH&onf? 'Dvdkenf;jzifh pyg;xGufaumif;aom a'owGif rdrdwdk@pdkufaompyg;xGuf. 50 &mcd ki fE _e f;cef @ tpd k;&vufwGif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;onf?

etz. v,f,majr vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaoG;pkyfr_ wckwnf;ESifhyif v,form;rsm; Akef;Akef;vJzdk@ vHkavmufygonf? odk@&mwGif xdkr#ruyg? ukefaps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhvmapjcif; tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;t& zdESdyfr_rsm;EdkifiHa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;t& zdESdyfr_wdk@

xyfaqmif;cH=u&jyefygonf?etz topfarG;jrLvdkufaom

cspfwD;vufopfrsm; (a&eufuGif; ajr,mvkyfief; ydkif&Sifrsm;) wjynfvHk;rSm usef&Sdaeaom (odk@r[kwf) topfay:vmaomajr&Sifrsm;/ twdk;}uD;pm;aiGacs;olrsm;/tjrwf}uD;pm;ukefonfrsm;. '%fudkvnf;v,form;wdk@u cH&ygonf? wjynfvHk;uv,form;trsm;pkrSm ajruav; 2 uGuf3 uGufom vkyfcGif h&=uwmyg? 'DtxJtpdk;&u ajrodrf; (vkyfyd kifcGif h±kyfodrf;)ygonf? cspfwD;vufopfrsm;u ajrvkygonf? ppfwyfu tEdkifusifh+yD; v,f,majrrsm; odrf;,lonfrSmum; ppfwyf&Sdaomae&mwdkif;rSmjzpf+yD; wjynfvHk;vuQ%maqmifygonf? odrf;,l+yD;ajrudk w{upyg;wif; 30 E_ef;jzif h v,form;tm;jyefvnftiSm;csygonf? wcsdK@a'orsm;wGifrl ppfwyfv,f,mwGif v,form;udktcrJh pdkufysdK;cdkif;jcif;/ v,form;wdk@udkESifxkwfjcif;/ aus;&Gmrsm;udkzsufqD;jcif; wdk@ðyygonf? v,form;rsm;onf ppfwyf.aoG;pkyfr_udkom cH&onf r[kwfyg? etz.&Jabmf&Jbuf cspfwD;vlwef;pm;opfwdk@twGuf ajr±d kif;wl;azmfay;&jcif; vrf;azmufay;&jcif; a&Ekwfa&oG,fajrmif;rsm;wl;azmfay;&jcif; ponfh vkyftm;aoG;pkyfr_wdk@udk cH&ygao;onf? 'Dvdk vkyf+yD;awmhvnf; oD;pm;csI aoG;pkyfwm wzefcH&jyefygonf?

Todk@ acwftqufquf tzdtaxmif;cH&I v,form;wdk@ausmrSm'%f&mawGESif h jynfhESufaeyg+yD? tpdk;&ajr,mvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf. aoG;pkyfr_/tcGe ft& aoG;p ky fr _ / ajr,moD;E S Ha&mif;0,fa&;ay:rS aoG;pkyfr_/ acs;aiGtay:rSaoG;pkyfr_/ vkyftm;t& aoG;pkyfr_ æ pojzifhaoG;pkyfr_rsm; rsm;vGef;I v,form;rSmaoG;rS usefygao;&J@vm;[k xifjrifavmufygonf? xdkodk@ r[kwfyg? zdESdyfr_udk wGef;vSef&eftwGuf eDapG;aom aoG;rsm; usef&Sdaeygao;onf? olwdk@b0 ajymif;vJa&;twGufv,form;rsm;rSm tm;tifusefygao;onf? wOD;c si f ;tm;tif r[kwfyg?pkaygif;tm;tif jzpfygonf?


47

xdktm;tifrsm;ud k pkpnf;+yD;tajymif;tvJudk ar#mfvif hum a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;udkvlxku óuqdk=ujcif; jzpfygonf?

v,form;rsm;onf vufawG@udk =unfholrsm;jzpfygonf? etzESifh 'DcsKyf,Hk=unfr_ wnfaqmuf+yD;+yD? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfawmhrnf qdkonfudk olwdk@=um;xm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif vufawG@tajctaeu olwdk@ ar#mfvifhxm;csufESifhajymif;jyefyg? awG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk rqdkxm;ESifha':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOfudkyif etz u trsdK;rsdK;aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;aeygonf? olwdk@tm;xm;aoma':atmifqef;p k =unf ud k,fwd ki fyi fvGwfvGwfvyfvyf roGm;Ed ki frvmEd ki fvGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm rajymEdkif rqdkEdkifonfhb0udk olwdk@ udk,fwdkifudk,fus jrifawG@&ygonf? etz.aESmifh,Suf[ef@wm;r_rsm;onf a':atmifqef;p k =unfE Si f hxdyfwdkufawG@±Hkomru vlxkESifhvnf;xdyfwdkufawG@ovdk jzpfvmygonf?

TwGif v,form;rsm;u “wdk@bmom wckckvkyfrS jzpfawmhrnf” [kpOf;pm;ajymqdkvmygonf? &J&J0Hh0Hh ajymqdkvmygonf? xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif; oufouf

r[kwfyg? qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufjcif; rnfygonf? owday;acgif;avmif; xdk;vdkufjcif;rnfygonf? TqH k; +zwfcsufonf“a&G;vrf;” qdkif&m qHk;jzwfcsufqDodk@OD;wnfaeygonf?

Tpum;awGudk etz uvnf;=um;ygonf? xdk@a=umifhyif “pyg;a&mif;0,fa&; rlopf” qdkonfudk yGJxkwf+yD; v,form;rsm;udk ac|;odyfzdk@ vkyfvmygonf? v,form;rsm;tm; r_dif;wdkufEdkifzdk@ESifh vdrfnmEdkifzdk@yg?

rqv acwfuvnf; awmifolv,form; ESD;aESmzv,fyGJ}uD;rsm;vkyfumv,form;rsm;udk “OD;}uD; æ OD;}uD;” vdk@ac:+yD; vdrfnmr_dif;wdkufcJhygonf? v,form;rsm;onf vufawG@t& olwdk@udkrqvu vdr fnmaerSe f ; odvm=uaomfvnf; xdktcsdefwGif rqv. ajr,maoG;pkyfr_u aumif;aumif;}uD; ajcukyf,lxm;+yD; aeyg+yD?

,ckw}udrf etz u vdrfnmr_dif;wdkufr_ðyvmcsdefwGifrl v,form;rsm;uwcgaozl;I ysOfzd k;em;vnfae=uyg+yD?tvdrftnm rsm;vGef;aom etztm;rnfonfh twdkuftcH tiftm;pkurSvnf;r,Hk=unfawmhyg?

v,form;rsm;tm; av#mhwGufv#if etz trSm;}uD; rSm;ygvdrfhrnf? ,ae@acwf v,forsm;rSm q&mpHacwfuv,form;rsm; r[kwfawmhyg? q&mpHv,form;olykef. oifcef;pmrsm; &xm;+yD;jzpf±Hkru e,fcsJ@pepf qef@usifa&;ESifh zufqpfpepf qef@usifa&;qdkonfh awmfvSefa&; 2}udrf jzwfoef;+yD;om; v,form;rsm;yg?Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;t&if;ppfvdkufv#if v,form; ppfyGJomjzpfygonf? ,if; jynfol@' Dr d kua&pDvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;ESifh &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkwdk@udk jzwfoef;v_yf&Sm;vmcJhonfh v,form;rsm; jzpfygonf?

v,form;u tifrwef}uD;rm;wJh tiftm;awG pkpnf;pdkufxkwf+yD; ±kef;uefwd kufyG J0ifvmv#if rnfonfh&efbuftiftm;urS [ef@wm;I&rnf r[kwfyg?ordkif;wGif ausmif;om;xk. wdkufyGJ0ifvufeufonf oydwfjzifh qENjyyGJ jzpfcJh+yD;v,form;wdk@. wdkufyGJ0ifvufeufuawmhtm%mzDqefr_ESifh ykefuefr_wdk@ jzpfcJhygonf?

olwdk@ausmrSm &$HawGeJ@yg? olwdk@ausmrSm '%f&mawGeJ@yg? odk@&mwGif olwdk@onf EGHxJrS vl;vGef@Edk;ºu+yD; ±kef;wufzdk@tm;,lvmaeyg+yD?

Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;Armjynf jynfwGif;ppfyGJqdkonfrSmvnf;

t&if;ppfvdkufv#ift&if;ppfvdkufv#ift&if;ppfvdkufv#ift&if;ppfvdkufv#ift&if;ppfvdkufv#if

v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?v,form;ppfyGJom jzpfygonf?


48

(1)wdvyf (Bal Gangadhar Tilak

- 1856 - 1920) [m xif&Sm;wJh t,ltpJGjyif;xefwJh tdENd, trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfw,f? ouUweJ@ euQwWaA'ynm&Sif}uD;jzpf+yD; acwfopftdENd,jynfudkxlaxmif&mwGi f r[wWr*EN De J @wJ G +y D ;aumif;r_ðycJholwOD; jzpfw,f? tdENd,rSmudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; (Home Rule) awmif;qdkr_udk pwifcJholvnf; jzpfw,f?

ol@awmif;qdkr_[m uGef*&ufygwDeJ@ jynfolawGxJrSm qJGaqmifEdkifpGrf;&S dc J hw,f? *EN D*s D ;& J @ acgif;aqmifr_ud kckdifrmatmif vrf;cif;ay;EdkifcJhw,f?

1920 ckESpfrSm oluG,fvGefawmhvl 2 odef;avmufpka0;+yD; *k%fðycJhw,f?*END*sD;u jrifhrm;pGmwefzdk;jzwfcJhw,f?

(2)rE Wav;qdkwmu e,fcs J @qef@

usifa&;ordkif; jzpfw,f? A[dkcsufvnf;jzpfcJhvdk@ +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@u Armjynf wjynfvkH; odrf;&mrSm rE Wav;udk OD;wnf+yD; csDwufcJhwmyg?

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49

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50

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51


52

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a':vmeJ@ wefzdk;wef;wljzpf&r,fvdk@wDxGifcJhwJh ,l±dka':vm&J@ordkif;rSm pxkwfcsdefuae 'DppfyGJrwdkifrDtxd a':vmeJ@ ,l±dkwdk@&J@vJvS,fE_ef;[m 1 ; 0³90 w0dkufom jzpfcJhygw,f? ppfvJpwifvdkufa&m bmrSr=umvdkufbl; tcsdK;E_ef;[m tHh=op&maumif;avmufatmif 0³90 ; 1 jzpfoGm; cJhygw,f?a0gvrf;ruvlawG tajcmufwdkuf a=umufvef@aewm r[kwfygbl;?

t*Fvefu a[Zvf[if'gqif(Henderson, Hazel) qdkola&;wJh “bk±Sfwzufowf0g'&J @ [d kr Smbuf” qd kwJ haqmif;yg;xJrSm “tar&duef&J@ Ad kvfus

v$rf;rdk;r_udk Zmwfodrf;Edkifapr,fh tjzpfEdkifqHk;tvm;tvm[m (tar&duef&J@ ta±S@tv,fydkif;a'oeJ@ ywfoufwJh oabmxm;a=umifh ay:xGufvmr,fh) a&eHaps;jrifhwufr_eJ@ a':vmwefzdk; usqif;vmwm(abm*aA'orm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uwGufqxm;=uw,f)/ 'DESpf&yfaygif;pnf;r_yJ”vdk@ yg±Sdygw,f?

ADeDZJGvm;EdkifiHrSm a±G;aumufyGJeJ@orRwjzpfvmwJh csmAufZftpdk;&udk tm%modrf;zd k @ óud;pm;wm&J@ aemufuG,frSmtar&duefygw,fqdkwm vlwdkif;todyg?Ai fe DZ G Jvm;E d ki fi H[m urBmr Sm a&eHpwkwˆtrsm;qHk;xGufwJh EdkifiHjzpf+yD; olwdk@[m vufwiftar&duefEdkifiH 12 EdkifiHtjyifusL;bm;Ed ki fi He J @ yp Pnf;csi f ;zvS,fwJ hbmwmpepfoHk;+yD; ukefoG,fa&; vkyfaeygw,f? tar&duefa':vm&J@ yg0ifaeustcef;u¾[m aysmufuG,frvdk jzpfaeygw,f? jy\emudk ydktm±Hkpdkfufp&m jzpfvmapwmu ADeDZGJvm;vkyfovdk ukefypPnf;eJ@a&eHud k ypPnf;csif;vJwJ h yH kp Hrs d K;wjcm;tdkyufEdkifiHawGyg usifhoHk;vmcJhaomf qdkwmygyJ? tar&duef[m csmAufZfudk ðzwfcszdk@qufóud;pm;aeOD;rSm oHo,±Sdp&m rvdkygbl;?

' Dae@urBmr Sm wnf± S daewJ hEdkifiHwumukefoG,fa&;&J@ wnfaqmufyHku‘tar&duefu a':vmawG±dkufxkwf/ wjcm;EdkifiHawGu ukefypPnf;awGxkwf qdkwmvdkjzpfaeygw,f? 'ga=umif h Ed ki fi HawG[mt&efaiGa':vmeJ@ a':vmeJ@ owfrSwfxm;wJh acs;aiGwdk@udk rsm;rsm;&±Sdzdk@yJ vHk;yef;ae=u&ygw,f?’

a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?a':vm&J@Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_?'D[m&J@t"du toGifvuQ%m

uawmh 'Dae@urBmrSm ta&;ygwJh ukefypPnf;awG - Oyrma&eH - wdk@udk a&mif;0,f&mrSmtar&duefa':vmu t"duta&;ygwJh=um;cHjzpfaewmygyJ? 'gayrJh ,l±dka':vmay:vmwm[m tar&duefa':vm&J @ta&;ygr_udk +cdrf;ajcmufovdk jzpfvmcJhygw,f? 'DrSm wqufwnf; owdðy&rSmutD;,lac: Oa&myor*~0ifE d ki fi H ta&twGuf[m rsm;oxuf rsm;vmaewmyg?


53

ouU&mZf 2004 udk a&muf&if tD;,lEdkifiHawGrSm vlOD;a&u oef; 450/ *sD'DyDac:jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfr_ pkpkaygif;wefbdk;ua':vm 9³6 x&DvsHjzpfvmygvdrh fr,f?'gqdk&if vlOD;a&u oef;250 *sD'DyDu a':vm10³5 x&DvsH±SdwJh tar&duefudk ycHk;csif;,SOf&m usawmhrSmyg? 2002 ckwkef;utdkyuf&J@ a&eHaps;uGuf pl;prf;avhvma&;Xme&J@ Xmerª;jzpfol *smA'f,m*smeD Javad

Yarjani ajymwJhatmufygpum;&yfrsm;[mpOf;pm;p&m aumif;vSygw,f? “urBmhukefoG,fa&;rSm ,l±dk&J@e,fy,fu a':vm&J@e,fy,fxuf us,f0ef;+yD; ,l±dkoHk;ol EdkifiHawG[m tar&duefvd k uke foG,fa&;vdkaiGjywm enf;vSw,f” qdkwmygyJ?

,l±dkEdkifiHawGtaeeJ@ a&eHaps;uGufrSm olwdk@&J@tojym wGifus,fvmwmudkb,frSmróudufbJ ±SdyghrvJ? 'Dvdk wGifus,fvm&if urBmrSm ,l±dkudkvdkcsifwJh EdkifiHawGrsm;vm/ ,l±dk&J@wefzdk;wufvm jzpfrSmyg?aemuf +y D ; 'g[m E d ki fi Hawmfawmfrsm;rsm; twGufvJ aumif;wJhtusdK;aus;zl;awG &rSmyg? 'gayrJh "rRwmyJ 'gudk0g±SifwefuvHk;0vufrcHEdkifygbl;? ol@pD;yGm;a&;&J@ tcsuftcsmydkif;udkomru EdkifiHa&;*k%foduQmudkygt}uD;tus,fxdcd kufr,f r[kwfvm;?tdr f jzLawmf[m 'ga=umif h tD&wfud kvufOD;r_,lwdkufwm (preemptive strike)

vdk@ wcsdK@uoHk;oyf=uwm jzpfygw,f?tdkyufEdkifiHawGtm;vHk; ,l±dktjzpf ajymif;rajymif; pOf;pm;csi f hcs de fae=ucs de fr Smtar&duefu tD&wfudk odrf;ydkufrdw,fqdk&if olwdk@wifwJh tpdk;&udk tdkyufuowfrSwfwJh udkwmxufyd k +yD; a&eHawGxkwfcdkif;r,f? 'DvdkeJ@ a&eHaps; usvmr,f?tdkyufEdkifiHawGtwGif; rnD!Gwfr_awGjzpf/wlnDwJhqHk;jzwfcsuf csr&wmrsdK;awG jzpfvmr,f? a':vmudk,l±dkeJ@ tpm;xdk;zdk@ qdkwmvJarhypfvdkuf&a&m jzpfoGm;r,f?

'Dae&mrSm tar&duefu a&eHudkvdkcsifvdk@ 'Dppfudkwdkufwm r[kwfbl;vdk@tdrfjzLawmftwGuf a±S@aevdkufaeolawGudk owday;axmufjyp&m wcsuf±dSygw,f?tJ'gu tar&dueftaeeJ@ }uD;rm;vSwJha&eHodkufawGydkifqdkifwJh tD&wfudk EdkifiHa&;

t& csKyfudkifxm;Edkif+yDqdkwmeJ@ a&eHEdkifiHa&;rSm ol@ajcol@vufawG trsm;}uD;v_yf±Sm;vdk@&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f? tar&duefEdkifiHuvuf,ma±S;±dk;pGJ0g'DawG/ (bk±Sfrdom;pkvdk)a&eHolºuG,fawG[m 70 pkESpfrsm;qDwkef;utdkyufu tefwk “umjyef” cJhwmudk vHk;0tcJrausygbl;? 'DwauG@rSm tdkyufudktvJxdk;Ed kifp&mawG &oGm;Ed kifygw,f?tD&wfudk tar&duefu urBmhpD;yGm;a&;todkif;t0dkif;xJ jyefoGif;,lygr,f? (tckudkyJwcsefu oludk,fwdkif csrSwfcJhwJh ydwfqdk@r_awGjyefzGif hzd k@ twif;óud;pm;aew,f r[kwfvm;?) +yD;&if tD&wf&J@a&eHvkyfief;awGtxJudk olwdk@&J@t&if;tESD;awG 'va[moGif;,lr,f/ a&eHawG t&rf;xkwfr,f? 'gqdk&if tdkyufvkyfaewJh a&eHxkwfvkyfr_udkav#mh+yD; aps;udkxdef;odrf;w,fqdkwm vkyfvdk@r&awmhbl; jzpfoGm;yg+yD?

tdkyuft!Gef@usdK;w,fqdk&if aemuf

ypfrSwf[m tD;,ljzpfrvmbl;vdk@ b,folajymEdkifrvJ?

aemufwcsufu tar&duef[mtD&wfudkwdkuf&if; wcsdefwnf;rSm ajAmifyJtD&efeJ@ qD;&D;,m;wdk@udk +cdrf;ajcmufcJhwmudk=unfh&if tar&duef[m olwdk@pOf;pm;avh±SdwJh enf;twdkif; ta±S@tv,fydkif; 'dkrDEdkzJcsyfawGvJwmudk ar#mfvifhaeovm;pOf;pm;p&myg?

'gawGudk umuG,fwJhtaeeJ@ tdkyufawG[m tD&wfudpPrSm tar&duefvkyfcJhwJhvufOD;r_,lwdkufw,f qdkwmrsdK; a&eHaps;udkwnDw!Gwfwnf; ,l±dkeJ@ owfrSwfvdkuf&ifawmhvJ yGJ}uD;yGJaumif;wck jzpfvmrSmyg?'gqdk&if tdrfjzLawmftzdk@ racsmifvSwmawmh trSefyg? 'DvkdvkyfEdkifpGrf;[m 'Dae@urBmhtaetxm;rSm wu,fwnf±SdaewJhnpfuGufav;wckvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? 'gufdkvkyfcsifwJh EdkifiH (awG) ±Sdzdk@yJ vdkwmyg?

tjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudktjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudktjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudktjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudktjcm;urBmhaiGrmrsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfygu a':vmaiGusqif;vmyHkudktar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ïef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ïef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ïef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ïef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?tar&duefjynfaxmifpkt&efaiGa=u;Xme. a':vm!ïef;udef;t& awG@&yHk?

udef;*%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udef;*%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udef;*%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udef;*%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udef;*%ef;uajymwJh Zmwfvrf;rsm;

1? urBmhvlOD;a&rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ vlOD;a&yg0ifr_&mE_ef; ] 6µ

2? urBmh"etm;vHk;rSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@"eyg0ifr_&mE_ef; ] 50µ

3? urBmrSm a&eHodkuf 'kwd,trsm;qHk;EdkifiH ] tD&wf

4? wurBmvHk;&J@ ppfbwf*sufpkpkaygif; ] a':vmbDvsH 900ausmf

5? 'DtxJrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ yg0ifr_ ] 50µ

6? tar&duef ppfbwf*suf&J@ b,favmuf&mE_ef;[m urBmom;tm;vHk;twGuf r±SdrjzpfypPnf;rsm; 0,fvdk@&rvJ ] 10µ

('g[m tmz*efppfyGJtwGuf y%mroHk;cJhwmeJ@ twlwlavmufjzpfw,f)

7? 'kwd,urBmppfaemufydkif; ppfa=umifhaoqHk;cJhwJh vlta&twGuf ] 86oef;

8? tD&wfrSm b,fwkef;up+yD; "mwkaA'eJ@ ZD0aA'vufeufawG ±SdcJhovJ? 1980 pkESpfrsm;

9? tD&wfu tD&eftay: "mwk - ZD0vufeufrsm;oHk;pGJawmh tar&duefeJ@ t*Fvdyfu uef@uGufcJhwJht}udrfaygif; ] 0

(tJ'Dvufeufpuf±HkawG tm;vHk;udk tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ t*Fvdyfyk*~vdu ukr`%DawGu wnfay;cJhwmjzpf)

10? 1988ckESpfu [mvmbD,mqdkwJh u'faus;±GmrSm tD&wfu "mwkvufeufeJ@ aoapcJhwJh vlta&twGuf ] 5000

11? tJ'Dwkef;u 'Dvkyf&yfudk ±_wfcscJhwJh taemufwdkif;u EdkifiHta&twGuf ] 0

12? tar&duefu AD,uferfrSm oGef;cscJhwJh vdarRmfa&mif "mwktqdyf&nf *gvHaygif; ] 17oef;

13? 9 - 11 ta&;tcif;rSm tD&wf&J@ywfoufr_ taxmuftxm;awG@±Sdcsuf pkpkaygif; ] 0

14? 1991 ckESpf yifv,fauG@ppfyGJrSm aoqHk;cJhwJh t&yfom;ta&twGuf cef@rSef;csuf ] 35000

15? tJ'DppfyGJrSm tD&wfwyfu wdkufvdk@aocJhwJh tar&duefppfom; ta&twGuf ] 0

16? qkwfcGmwJh tD&wfppfom;rsm;udk tar&duefu x,foGm;wyf wifhum;rsm;eJ@t±Sifvwfvwf ajrzdk@owfwJh ta&twGuf ]

6000

17? ppf+yD;aemuf tD&wfeJ@ ul0dwfEdkifiHwdk@rSm usefaecJhwJh oHk;+yD;,la&eD,H ta&twGuf ] wef 40

18? ukvor*~&@J wGufcsufr_t& 1991 - 1994twGif; tD&wfrSm uifqmjzpfyGm;r_wdk;vmwJh &mE_ef; ] 700µ

19? 1991 ckESpfrSm tD&wf&J@ ppfwdkufEdkifpGrf; b,favmufudk zsufqD;ypfvdkuf+yDvdk@ tar&duefuajymcJhovJ ] 80µ

20? tckaemufqHk;ppfyGJrSm aor,fvdk@ yifwm*Gefu cef@rSef;xm;wJh tD&wft&yfom;ta&twGuf ] 10000

21? 'DtxJrSm yg0ifr,fh uav;ta&twGuf ] 50µ

22? tar&duefu tD&wftay: AHk;}uJaewJh ESpfaygif; ] 11

23? 1998 'DZifbmvrS 1999 pufwifbmvtwGif; tar&duefeJ@ t*Fvefwdk@u tD&wftay: }uJcscJhwJh ,rf;tcsdef uDvdkaygif; ]

45oef;

24? 'DumvtwGif; 'DESpfEdkifiHeJ@ tD&wfwdk@ ppfjzpfwJht}udrfaygif; ] 0

25? tD&wftay: oGif;ukefxkwfukef ydwfqdk@wJhtrdef@csrSwfwJh umv ] 12ESpf

54

26? 1989 ckESpfu tD&wfrSm uav;aoaysmufr_E_ef; ] 1000 rSm 38 a,muf

27? 1998 ckESpfu tD&wfrSm uav;aoaysmufr_E_ef; ] 1000 rSm 131 (345µwdk;vmjcif;)

28? ydwfqdk@r_awGa=umifh aocJh&wJh tD&wfEdkifiHom; ta&twGuf cef@rSef;csuf ] 1500000 (1³5 oef;)

29? 'DtxJrSm yg0ifwJh uav;ta&twGuf ] 750000

30? 1992 ckESpftxd tpPa&;u csdK;azmufcJhwJh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufta&twGuf ] 65 ckausmf

31? 1972eJ@ 1999t=um; tar&duefu ADwdktm%moHk; y,fcscJhwJh tpPa&;eJ@ywfoufwJh ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf ta&twGuf ]

30ausmf

32? tar&duefu tpPa&;udk ESpfpOfaxmufyHhaiG ] a':vm 5 bDvsH

33? 'Dae@urBmrSm EsLuvD,mvufeuf±Sda=umif; ajAmiftoday;xm;wJh EdkifiHta&twGuf ] 8

34? tD&wfrSm±SdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf ] 0

35? tar&duefrSm±SdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf 10000 ausmf

36? ordkif;rSm EsLuvD,mvufeufudk toHk;ðyzl;wJh wckwnf;aomEdkifiH ] tar&duef

37? tpPa&;rSm±SdwJh EsLuvD,mxdyfzl; ta&twGuf ] 400 ausmf

38? ukvor*~&J@ vufeufppfaq;wJh tzGJ@awGudk tpPa&;u vmcGifhðycJhwJh ta&twGuf ] 0

39? 'Dw}udrfppfyGJrwdkifrDeJ@ ppfyGJtwGif; ('Dae@txd) tD&wfEdkifiHtwGif;rSm twdtus ±SmazGawG@±SdcJhwJh "mwk - ZD0vufeuf

'grSr[kwf puf±Hkta&twGuf ] 0

ol@crsm tEkwfESpf jzpfoGm;&Sm+yDol@crsm tEkwfESpf jzpfoGm;&Sm+yDol@crsm tEkwfESpf jzpfoGm;&Sm+yDol@crsm tEkwfESpf jzpfoGm;&Sm+yDol@crsm tEkwfESpf jzpfoGm;&Sm+yD


55

21 7mpkESpfOD; EdkifiHa7;oifykef;}uD;

AkH;cGJ+yD; tjypfrJhwJhvlawGudk aoapoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHa&;orm;?

av,mOfysHay:u AHk;}uJcs+yD; tjypfrJhwJholawGudk aoapoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfrª;?&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfrª;?&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfrª;?&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfrª;?&J&ifhwJh tar&duefav,mOfrª;?

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rdrde,fajrudk odrf;ydkufxm;wJh *sL;awGudk ygvufpwdkif;vlrsdK;awGu taocHwdkufcdkufwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_?t=urf;zufvkyf}uHowfjzwfr_?

tkwfcJudkifxm;wJh ygvufpwdkif;vli,fawGudk tpPa&;u av,mOfay:uae 'Hk;eJ@ ypfcwfowfjzwfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fjcif;?

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udk,fhvdktyfcsufwcktwGuf tpdk;&0efxrf;tm; aiGay;jcif;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?vmbfay;jcif;?vmbfay;jcif;?vmbfay;jcif;?vmbfay;jcif;?vmbfay;jcif;?

{&mraumfydka&;±Sif;}uD;awGu tpdk;&0efxrf;tm; aiGay;jcif;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?a±G;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?a±G;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?a±G;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?a±G;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?a±G;aumufyGJ &efyHkaiGxnfhjcif;?

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vufa±G;pifvlwpku aoG;pkyf+yD;+cdrf;ajcmuftkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&rsdK;udk b,fvdkac:ovJ?tm%m±Siftpdk;&?tm%m±Siftpdk;&?tm%m±Siftpdk;&?tm%m±Siftpdk;&?tm%m±Siftpdk;&?

vufa±G;pifvlwpku aoG;pkyf/ +cdrf;ajcmuftkyfcsKyf+yD; b,fvlwpku tkyfcsKyfygvdk@ vlxku av;ESpfwcg a±G;cs,f&wJh tpdk;&rdsK;udkb,fvdkac:ovJ?'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&?'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&?'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&?'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&?'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&?

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Oya'udk vlwpkuxifovdk vSnfh+yD; w&m;r#wpGm ppfaq;jcif;r±SdbJ vlawGudkowf&if b,fvdkac:ovJ?rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?rw&m;tqHk;pD&ifjcif;?

tar&duefu Oya'udk xifovdkvSnfh+yD; w&m;r#wpGm ppfaq;jcif;r±SdbJ vlawGudkowf&if b,fvdkac:ovJ?vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?vGwfvyfa&; wnf+rJ&efwdkufyGJ?

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56

olaX;awGqDu vk+yD;qif;&Jom;awGudk cGJay;wm b,folvJ?a&mfbif[k'fa&mfbif[k'fa&mfbif[k'fa&mfbif[k'fa&mfbif[k'f(Robin Hood)

qif;&Jom;awGqDuvk+yD; olaX;awGudkcGJay;wm b,folvJ?tar&dueftpdk;&?tar&dueftpdk;&?tar&dueftpdk;&?tar&dueftpdk;&?tar&dueftpdk;&?

vlawGaxmifeJ@csD+yD; aoapEdkifwJhvufeufudk bmac:ovJ?tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?tpkvdkuftòyHvdkufaoapwJhvufeuf?

uav;i,f 5 odef;tygt0if tD&wfEdkifiHom;aygif; woef;cGJudk aoapwJhvufeufudk bmac:ovJ?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_?

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aiGtrsm;qHk;ay;oltwGuf wdkufay;wJhppfwyfudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?a=u;pm;wyf?a=u;pm;wyf?a=u;pm;wyf?a=u;pm;wyf?a=u;pm;wyf?

tmz*efrSm aiGtrsm;qHk;ay;oltwGuf wdkufay;wJhppfwyfudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?ajrmufydkif;r[mrdwfwyfzGJh?

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pufwifbm 11 &ufta&;tcif;rSm vl 3000 ausmf±Hkav; aowmudk b,fvdkajymovJ?&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?&ufpufwJh tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwfr_?

AD,uferfppfyGJrSm vl 5 oef;eD;yg; ao&wmudk b,fvdkajymovJ?rSm;,Gif;r_?rSm;,Gif;r_?rSm;,Gif;r_?rSm;,Gif;r_?rSm;,Gif;r_?

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tifrwefcsrf;omolawGu qif;&Jom;awGqDu vk,lwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?aoG;pkyfr_?aoG;pkyfr_?aoG;pkyfr_?aoG;pkyfr_?aoG;pkyfr_?

tifrwefcsrf;omwJh EdkifiHawGu qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGqDu vk,lwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;?*vdkb,fvdkufaZ;±Sif;?

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+yD;cJhwJh &mpkESpfqDwkef;u EdkifiHwck&J@ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;taqmufttHkawGudk csKyfudkifxm;wJh jynfyu zdESdyfoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?udkvdkeDorm;?udkvdkeDorm;?udkvdkeDorm;?udkvdkeDorm;?udkvdkeDorm;?

'D&mpkrSm EdkifiHwck&J@pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;taqmufttHkawGudk csKyfudkifxm;wJh jynfyu zdESdyfoludk b,fvdkac:ovJ?EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@?

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vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk rsdK;ðywfatmifowfjzwfjcif;udk bmac:ovJ?rsdK;ðzwfppfðyjcif;?rsdK;ðzwfppfðyjcif;?rsdK;ðzwfppfðyjcif;?rsdK;ðzwfppfðyjcif;?rsdK;ðzwfppfðyjcif;?

ajrmuftar&duwdkufrSm vleDawGrsdK;ðywfoGm;atmif owfjzwfcJhwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@ ordkif;xJu *k%fajymifwJhtjzpftysufrsm;?

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vlawGa±S@xGuf+yD; Zmwfvrf;awG qifajymwm b,folvJ?uGufpdyfq&m?uGufpdyfq&m?uGufpdyfq&m?uGufpdyfq&m?uGufpdyfq&m?

yifwm*GefrSm vlawGa±S›xGuf+yD; Zmwfvrf;awGqifajymwm b,folvJ?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; a':e,f&rf;pzJvf?


57

��

toHv$ifhXmewckuae tpdk;&&J@tjrifawGudkom xkwfv$ifh&if b,fvdkajymrvJ?tpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,Etpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,Etpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,Etpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,Etpdk;&0g'jzef@csda&;,E W&m;?W&m;?W&m;?W&m;?W&m;?

AGDtdkatuae owif;cef;rSm yifwm*Gef&J@±Sif;vif;csufudkcsnf; em&D0ufavmufv$ifhwmudk b,fvdkajymrvJ?w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?w&m;r#w/ bufrvdkufwJh toHv$ifhcsuf?

��

qdk;qdk;0g;0g; yHkrrSefr_awG trsm;tjym;±SdwJh 2002 ckESpf ZifbmabGEkdifiHu a±G;aumufyGJudk b,fvdkajym=uovJ?a±G;aumufyGJysuf?a±G;aumufyGJysuf?a±G;aumufyGJysuf?a±G;aumufyGJysuf?a±G;aumufyGJysuf?

qdk;qdk;0g;0g; yHkrrSefr_awG trsm;tjym;±SdwJh 2000 ckESpf tar&duefEdkfifiHu a±G;aumufyGJudk b,fvdkajym=urvJ?'Drdkua&pD. rD;±ª;wefaqmif?'Drdkua&pD. rD;±ª;wefaqmif?'Drdkua&pD. rD;±ª;wefaqmif?'Drdkua&pD. rD;±ª;wefaqmif?'Drdkua&pD. rD;±ª;wefaqmif?

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tar&duefvljzLrsm;u vljzLEdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@twGuf tom;ta&mifrwlolrsm;udk z,f±Sm;zdk@vkyfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_?

tpPa&;u *sL;awGu *sL;EdkifiHxlaxmifzdk@twGuf *sL;r[kwfolawGudk z,f±Sm;zdk@vkyfwmudk b,fvdkac:ovJ?ZZZZZD,Gef0g'?D,Gef0g'?D,Gef0g'?D,Gef0g'?D,Gef0g'?

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58


uGef_rLepfawG[m EdkifiHwumhA[kokw &Sd&r,f?EdkifiHwumhta_ctae od&r,f?

'D 2 ck r&Sd&if vrf;rSm;a&mufwwfw,f?

uAsm[m tcspfeJ@cGJr&ovdk ppfeJ@vJ cGJr&ygbl;? tcspf±Sd&if uAsmawG xGufvmovdk ppf&,fvdk@ ±Sdvm&ifvJ uAsmawG

ay:vmwwfygw,f?

tD&wftay:tar&duefu ppfðyaewmudk uef@uGufae=uolawGxJrSm vlwef;pm; vl@tv$m aygif;pHku yg0if=urSef; odaeawmh

olwkd@&J@uAsmawGudk zwfcsifwmeJ@ tifwmeuf&J@‘±Sm’qdkwJhuGufvyfxJrSm cyf&rf;&rf;yJ “ppfqef@usifr_ - uAsm (Anti-war

poem)” vdk@±dkuf+yD; uGefysLwmudk t±Smcdkif;vdkufygw,f? 'Dvdk a00g;vSwJh trdef@ay;wmrsdK;udk uGefysLwmu ±Smay;Edkifr,fvdk@

odyfrxifygbl;? 'gayrJh rxifbJ pm&if; woD}uD; ay:vmygw,f? trsdK;aygif; 16600 awmifrS ———— ?

tcsdefcGifhðyoavmuf ±SmawG@wJhtxJu udk,foabmuswm wcsdK@udk aumufEkwfbmomjyefvdkufygw,f?

yxruAsmudk a&;ol[m (Margrit Pittman) e,l;a,mufòrd@u rm*&pf ypfref; qdkoltouf 83 ESpft±G,f trsdK;orD;}uD;

jzpfygw,f? ol[m 1938 wkef;u [pfwvmh&efa=umifh xGufajy;ckdvH_vmoljzpf+yD; vli,fb0uwnf;u *smrefvdk uAsmawG

a&;cJhygw,f? touf 80 usrS t*Fvdyfvdka&;wmyg? zwf=unfhyg?

The Hand

The hand holds a gun

It could plant a tree

It could dandle a child

It could build a house

It could harvest a crop

But it fires the gun

The hand could reach out

vuf vuf vuf vuf vuf

vufu aoewfudkudkifw,f?

vuf[m opfyifpdkufEdkifw,f

vuf[m uav;udk ,k,Edkifw,f

vuf[m tdrfaqmufEdkifw,f

vuf[m aumuf&dwfEdkifw,f?

'gayrJh olu aoewfudk armif;qGJw,f?

vufudk qef@wef;vdk@&w,f

59


60

aemuf+yD; rsuf&nfokwfvdk@&w,f

'%f&mudk aq;xnfhay;vkd@&w,f

opfoD;cl;vdk@&w,f

aoewfudk ajr¹r‡Kyfypfvdk@&w,f

aemuf+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;udk vufvSrf;Edkifw,f? ?

And dry the tears

And tend the wounds

And harvest the fruit

And bury the gun

And reach out for peace

aemufwyk'fuawmh 0g±Sifwef qD,ufwJvfu *sdKeoefuif; (Jonathan King) jzpfygw,f? touf 46 ESpf±Sd uif;u

“tHh=owkefv_yf” &ygw,fqdkwJhpum;awG =um;&zefrsm;+yD; +iD;aiG@vmvdk@ 'DuAsmudk a&;w,fvdk@ ajymygw,f? zwf=unfhyg?

Who will die?

Will they be the boys

playing soccer in the dust

behind the sandbags in Baghdad

(people will always play soccer)

Will he be the soldier

sitting on plastic chair

cradling a Kalashnikov and a water bottle

(poor defense against a B-2)

Will she be the widow

who couldn’t leave the city

hugging a visitor tightly

(not wanting to let go)

Will he be the conscript

in sneakers and a tattered uniform

huddling in the observation post

(just across the border)

Will she be the girl

with the blood-splattered shirt

by the side of a desert road

(where did the blood come from?)

We may never know

but somebody will.

Iraq Spring tD&wfaEGOD; tD&wfaEGOD; tD&wfaEGOD; tD&wfaEGOD; tD&wfaEGOD;b,folaorvJ?b*~'ufòrd@wae&m/

oJtdwfawGaemufuzHkawmxJrSm abmhvHk;upm;aewJh

(vlawG[m b,fawmhrqdk abmhvHk;upm;rSmyJ)aumifav;awGvm;?

yvyfpwpf ukvm;xdkifay:rSmatauaoewfwvuf/ a&bl;wbl;eJ@('DvufeufeJ@ bD 52 av,mOfudk b,fvdkumuG,frSmvJ)

xdkifaewJhppfom;av;vm;?

òrd@udk rpGef@cGmEdkifwmeJ@{nfhonf&J@ ajcaxmufudk zufwm;aewJh

(roGm;apcsifvdk@)rkqdk;ravvm;

ywWLzdeyfpD;/ ,leDazmif;pkwf0wfuif;us&mrSm ukyfukyfuav;&yfaewJh

(e,fpyfeJ@ bmrSra0;bl;)wyfom;opfqJGcH&olvm;

oJuE Wm& vrf;eHab;rSmaoG;pGef;tusôav;0wfxm;wJh(b,fuvmwJh aoG;awGvJ)

uav;rav;vm;?

u|efawmfwdk@ odcsifrSodawmhr,f'gayrJh wa,mufa,mufawmh ao&±Smawmhr,f


61

atmufazmfjyyg uAsmuawmh tar&duefuyJ rdkufu,f'Dvef0Jvfcsf (Michael Dylan Welch)qdkola&;wmyg? ol[m

uAsm*sme,fwapmif&J@ t,f'Dwmjzpfygw,f?

Iraqi Boys

Iraqi boys bouncing balls

in their schoolyard

know nothing of the wind

of falling bombs.

Too young to know the crude cost of oil,

they do not recall

the vile liberation that cost them

their uncles’ lives and limbs.

Yet the poet hopes that they might die

only of old age,

and live to buy their grandchildren

red rubber balls of their own.

tD&wfu aumifav;awGtD&wfu aumifav;awGtD&wfu aumifav;awGtD&wfu aumifav;awGtD&wfu aumifav;awG

ausmif;0if;xJrSabmhvHk;ykwfae=uwJh tD&wfaumifav;awG

AHk;usvmr,fhtvm;tvmudkbmrSrod±Sm=ubl;?

a&eHaps;E_ef;odzdk@ i,fvGef;ao;olawGolwdk@OD;av;awG&J@ toufawG ajcvufawGay;cJh&wJh

±GH±SmzG,f&m vGwfajrmufr_udkrpOf;pm;wwf±Sm=ubl;?

'gayrJh uAsmq&muawmholwdk@wawG aoae@aphrS aowm

olwdk@ajr;awGudk udk,fydkif=uufaygifabmhvHk;av;awG0,fay;wmyJ jrifcsifw,f

aemufwyk'fuawmh tJ'DuAsmq&myJa&;wJh [dkuULuAsmav;yg? cHpm;=unhfyg?

(untitled haiku)

wind-scraped leaves —

the cenotaph’s shadow

at the war widow’s feet

acgif;pnf;rJh [dkuULacgif;pnf;rJh [dkuULacgif;pnf;rJh [dkuULacgif;pnf;rJh [dkuULacgif;pnf;rJh [dkuUL

av[m ppfrkqdk;r ajc&if;±Sd

ocsõKif;*ltkwfjym;&J@ t&dyfudk

opf±GufawGeJ@ yGwfwdkufay;aew,f?

tpdk;&tzGJhu bmajumifhEkwfxGufcJhovJtpdk;&tzGJhu bmajumifhEkwfxGufcJhovJtpdk;&tzGJhu bmajumifhEkwfxGufcJhovJtpdk;&tzGJhu bmajumifhEkwfxGufcJhovJtpdk;&tzGJhu bmajumifhEkwfxGufcJhovJ

a&mfbifuGwfa&mfbifuGwfa&mfbifuGwfa&mfbifuGwfa&mfbifuGwf&J@ *g'D;,ef;owif;pmygaqmif;yg;?- avbmygwD&J@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD tajccHrludk csdK;azmufw,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfwJhtwGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@rS EkwfxGufvdkufwm

jzpfygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@[m wm0ef,lr_&SdwJh pnf;rsOf;eJ@taqmufttHkawGtay:rSm tajccHxm;wJh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0ef;udk,kH=unfw,fqdk&if tJ'Du u|efawmfwdk@twGuf uoduatmufjzpfapwJh &v'fawG xGufvmwmeJ@ olwdk@udk tomab;z,fypfvdkufvdk@rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDr_vJr&Sd/ jynfwGif;axmufcHr_vJr&SdwJh ppfyGJudk u|efawmftumtuG,f ray;Edkifyg?

- +yD;cJhwJh &ufawGtwGif;rSm jyifopf[m tjyif;txefa'gow}uD;eJ@a0zefwm cHcJh&w,f? 'gayrJh jyifopfwEdkifiHxJuppfaq;r_awGtwGuf tcsdefxyfay;csifwm r[kwfygbl;? *smr%Du u|efawmfwdk@udk qef@usifw,f? ±k&Sm;u u|efawmfwdk@udk qef@usifw,f?

- b,fEdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;&J@ oabmwlnDcsufrS r&&SdbJeJ@ +AdwdefEdkifiHudk ppfyGJE$Jcdkif;aewmygyJ? aewdk;u oabmrwlbl;?tD;,lu oabmrwlbl;? tck vHkðcHa&;aumifpDuvJ oabmrwlbl;? 'DvdkrsdK;oHwrefa&;&m txD;usefjzpfwJh tajcqdkuf&wmuawmhwu,fh±_H;edrfhr_}uD;ygyJ?

- +Adwdef[m r[mtiftm;}uD;EdkifiH r[kwfygbl;? wzufowfvkyfaqmifr_eJ@ u|efawmfwdk@&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;awGudk taumif;qHk;umuG,fEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? trsm;oabmwlnDr_eJ@ pnf;urf;&SdwJhurBmhpepfawGeJ@om taumif;qHk;umuG,fEdkifrSmyg? 'gayrJh 'Duae@nrSmawmh Oa&myor*~[m uGJcJh&+yD? vHkðcHa&;aumifpD[m a&S@rwdk; aemufrqkwfom jzpfcJh&+yD?

- quf'rf[m tiftm;csnfheJ@w,f/ wcsdefxJrSmyJ ol[m tvGeftE W&m,f&SdwJhtwGuf óuwif[ef@wm; ta&;,l&r,fqdkwJhtajccHay:rSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ ppfa&;r[mAsL[mudk tajcðyvdk@ r&ygbl;? tpktðyHvdkufzsufqD;ypfEdkifwJh vufeufqdkwm a,bk,sem;vnfxm;wJh t"dym,ft&qdk&if AsL[majrmufòr@awmf}uD;rsm;udk acsr_ef;ypfcwfEdkifwJh vufeufud&d,mawGudk qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f?'DvdkvufeufrsdK; tD&wfrSm r&SdEdkifavmufygbl;? ol@rSm ZD0tqdyfawGeJ@ ppfajrjyif"mwkcJ,rf;awGawmh tckcsdefxd &dSEdkifygao;w,f?'gayrJh 'gawG[m 1980 ckESpfawGxJu ol@rSm&SdcJhwm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu tar&duefu quf'rfudk tefo&ufpf{*sifhawGa&mif;ay;cJhw,f? aemuf+yD; tJ'Dtcsdefu +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ol@twGuf "mwkeJ@cJ,rf;puf±HkawG wnfaqmufay;cJhw,f?

- u|efawmfwdk@ulnDwnfaqmufay;cJh@+yD; tJ'DrSm tESpf 20 vHk;vHk; &SdaecJhwJh ppfvufeufawGudk ðzwfodrf;zdk@ ppfa&;t&ta&;,l&r,fqdk+yD; bmvdk@tckrS 'Davmufta&;w}uD; vdktyfae&wmvJ? aemuf+yD; ukvor*~ppfaq;a&;rª;awG&Sdaevdk@ quf'rf&J@vufeufwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufudk [ef@wm;xm;EdkifcsdefrSm ppfa&;enf;udka&G;zdk@ bma=umifhvdktyfvm&wmvJ? tD&wf[mvufeufðzwfzdk@ veJ@csD+yD;wifruawmhbJ 12 ESpf awmif=umcJh+yDrdk@ wdk@&J@onf;cHEdkifr_[m ukefcef;oGm;+yDvdk@ ajymwmvJ =um;&ygw,f?'gayrJh odrf;ydkufxm;wJh e,fajrawGu qkwfay;zdk@ tpPa&;vfudk awmif;qdkxm;wJh qHk;jzwfcsuftrSwf 242 udk csrSwfcJhwm tESpf 30ausmfcJhyg+yD?

- 'gudk vdkufemzdk@ tpPa&;vfu awmufav#mufjiif;qdkcJhwmusawmh u|efawmfwdk@[m tvm;wlonf;rcHEdkifr_rsdK;udkrazmfjy=uyg?

- +Adwdo#vlxkt=um;rSm v$rf;rdk;aewJhpdwfoabmxm;[m aumif;rGefw,fvdk@ u|efawmf,Hk=unfygw,f? olwdk@uppfaq;r_awGudk tcGifhtvrf;xyfay;csif=uw,f? aemuf+yD; tar&duef[m ol@udk,fydkiftpDtpOfeJ@ olwdk@udk wdkufyGJtwGif; tjrefqGJoGif;aew,fvdk@vJ olwdk@u oHo,&Sd=uw,f? ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh ydk+yD;us,fjyef@wJh EdkifiHwumr[mrdwfzGJ@r_ ryg&SdbJeJ@ aemuf+yD;u|efawmfwdk@&J@tpOftvm r[mrdwftrsm;tjym;u qef@usifaewJh=um;u ppfa&;pGef@pm;r_xJrSm +AdwdefEdkifiHu 0ifygrSmudk olwdk@pdwfroufrom jzpf=uygw,f?

(aumufEkwfbmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?)

(tusdK;pD;yGm;/ urBmhpepfwdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdkifzdk@ aumufEkwfazmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzGJ@(tusdK;pD;yGm;/ urBmhpepfwdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdkifzdk@ aumufEkwfazmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzGJ@(tusdK;pD;yGm;/ urBmhpepfwdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdkifzdk@ aumufEkwfazmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzGJ@(tusdK;pD;yGm;/ urBmhpepfwdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdkifzdk@ aumufEkwfazmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzGJ@(tusdK;pD;yGm;/ urBmhpepfwdk@eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmEdkifzdk@ aumufEkwfazmfjyygw,f? pmwnf;tzGJ@ )))))

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62

rStar&duefoH±Hk;tlvefbmwm/ rGef*dkvD;,m;?rwfv 19/ 2003 ckESpf?odk@EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; aumvif;yg0Jvftar&duefEdkifiHjcm;a&;Xme0g&Sifwef/ 'DpD 20521?cspfvSpGmaom 0ef}uD;yg0Jvfu|efrt&G,fa&mufwJhtcsdefup+yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&J@wm0efawG xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? oHwrefb0jzifh 15 ESpf=umcJh+yD jzpfygw,f?qD&D,mvD,Gef/ rdkifc±dkeD;&Sm;/ tz*efepPwef (acwWr#) eJ@ rGef*dkvD;,m;wdk@u tar&duefoH±Hk;awGrSm 'ktzGJ@rª;wm0efawG ,lcJhygw,f?tar&duefwyfrawmfeJ@ t&efwyfawGrSm 26 ESpf tr_xrf;cJhygw,f? ppfr_xrf;b0rSm Adkvfrª;}uD;tqifhudk a&mufcJhygw,f?wdkif;jynfwm0efudk ESpfoHk;q,f=um xrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf u|efrEkwfxGufzdk@ qHk;jzwf&wm[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh ajcvSrf;yJ jzpfygw,f?bma=umifh 'DvdkEkwfxGuf&ovJqdkwmudk u|efr&Sif;jycsifygw,f?· tD&wftay:xm;&Sdaom tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ay:vpDawGudk u|efroabmrwlyg?tckcsdefrSm ppfqifE$Jjcif;jzifh urBm}uD;udk ydkIvHkðcHaprSmr[kwfbJ/ ydkIomtE W&m,frsm;apr,fvdk@ u|efrtcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfygw,f?tpktðyHvdkufzsufqD;ypfEdkifwJh vufeufawG zsufodrf;ypfzdk@ quf'rftpdk;&tay: EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;u awmif;qdkwmudk u|efrvHk;0axmufcHygw,f? 'gayrJh 'gudk vdkufemvmzdk@twGuf ukvor*~vHkðcHa&;aumifpD&J@ oabmwlnDcsufrygbJeJ@ tar&duefppftiftm;udktoHk;rðyoifhbl;vdk@ u|efr,Hk=unfygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm ppfa&;t&ta&;,lzdk@ u|efrwdk@ zdtm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;eJ@ta&;}uD;wJh EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;awGtwGif;rSm euf±d_if;wJhuGJtufr_awGudk u|efrwdk@ zefwD;ay;vdkufwmygyJ?wu,fvdk@om ukvor*~vHkðcHa&;aumifpD&J@ oabmwlnDcsufrygbJeJ@ tD&wfxJudk tar&duef0ifoGm;r,fqdk&if tJ'Da'otwGif;utm&yfawGeJ@ urBmhrlqvifawG&J@ jzpfEdkifzG,f&m wHk@jyefvmr_awG[m tar&duefEdkifiHeJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGtwGuf xl;xl;uJuJteW&m,f}uD;vdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efrtcdkiftrm ,Hk=unfygw,f? quf'rfu tpktðyHvdkufzsufqD;EdkifwJh vufeufawGudk oHk;Edkifajc[menf;w,fvdk@ u|efrcdkifrmpGm ,Hk=unfygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 'DvdkvufeufawGudk oHk;jcif;tm;jzifh tm;&Sd+yD; rSefuefwJh EdkifiHwumhwHk@jyefr_udk csufcsif;qdkovdk ay:aygufapr,fqdkwm olodvdk@ygyJ? tD&wftay: “óuwif[ef@wm;wJh wdkufcdkufr_” ðyvkyfrSmudk u|efrvHk;0oabmrwlyg? 'Dóuwif[ef@wm;wJh wdkufcdkufr_ay:vpDudk u|efrwdk@tay:vJ usifhoHk;vm=uvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f? aemuf+yD;tar&duefeJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGtay: “óuwif[ef@wm;wJh wdkufcdkufr_” udk vlyk*~dKvfwOD;csif;awGeJ@ tkyfpkav;awGu usifhoHk;zdk@twGuf ta=umif;jycsufaumif; ay;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;r,fvdk@vJ ,lqygw,f?vufeufppfaq;a&;rª;awG tvkyfqufvkyfzdk@ u|efrwdk@ tcsdefay;oifhygw,f? tar&duefudkrkef;wD;zdk@ tpGef;a&mufrlqvif§tm&yfawGudkaemufxyfta=umif;tcsuf ray;oifhygbl;? tpGef;a&mufawGeJ@ yl;aygif;zdk@ tv,ftvwfrlqvifawGudkvnf; ta=umif;tcsufray;oifhygbl;? aemuf+yD; ta&S@tv,fydkif;rSm u|efrwdk@wyfzGJ@awG xm;&Sdaewmudkvnf; jyefoHk;oyfoifhygw,f? txl;ojzifhaqmf'Dtma&AsrSm jzpfygw,f? aqmf'Dtma&Asu tpPvrfawG&J@ “jrifhjrwfajr” rSm tar&duefwyfzGJ@awG &Sdaeor#umvywfvHk;rlqvifawGtwGuf tar&duefqef@usifa&; v_H@aqmfwJhaºu;a=umfoH jzpfaerSmyg? 'g[m tar&dueftpdk;&eJ@ tar&duefjynfolawGudkqef@usifwJhv_yf&Sm;r_awGvkyfzdk@ cdkifrmwJhta=umif;jycsufvdk@ olwdk@jrif=uygw,f?· tpPa&;vf - ygvufpwdkif;yÉdyuQudk ajz&Sif;zdk@twGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@vHk;yef;r_ csdK@wJhwmudk u|efroabmrwlyg?tvm;wlyJ tpPa&;vf - ygvufpwdkif; +idrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOf jyefvnfay:aygufa&;twGuf tpdk;&tzGJ@u ol@&J@t&Sdef=oZmudkoHk;zdk@róu;pm;wmudkvnf; u|efr raxmufcHEdkifyg? ygvufpwdkif;awG&J@ vli,ftaocHAHk;cGJorm;awGudk [ef@wm;zdk@qdk+yD; òr@awGeJ@ ygvufpwdkif;awGudk tpPa&;vfu acsr_ef;zsufqD;aewmawG &yfwef@ypfzdk@ u|efrwdk@ b¾ma&;=oZmudk tawmfrsm;rsm; oHk;&ygr,f?· ajrmufudk&D;,m;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ay:vpDuif;rJhr_udk u|efr raxmufcHyg?aemuf+yD; ajrmufudk&D;,m;eJ@ywfoufwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ oabmxm;udkvnf; raxmufcHEdkifyg? +yD;cJhwJh 2 ESpftwGif; tpdk;&tzGJ@rSmvHkavmufwJhaqG;aeG;r_r&Sdjcif;/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;eJ@pum;ajymqdkr_eJ@ xdawG@qufpyfr_ r&Sdjcif;wdk@[m u|ef;qG,fa'o&J@ vHkðcHa&;udk rsm;pGmqdk;0g;apcJhygw,f?

ar&Dat @dkuf&Jh EkwfxGufpmar&Dat @dkuf&Jh EkwfxGufpmar&Dat @dkuf&Jh EkwfxGufpmar&Dat @dkuf&Jh EkwfxGufpmar&Dat @dkuf&Jh EkwfxGufpm

63

· tar&duefjynfrSm tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rvdktyfwJhjzwfawmufav#mhcsr_awGvkyfwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ ay:vpDrsm;udk oabmrwlyg?pufwifbm 11 &ufaemufydkif;rSm jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tpdk;&tzGJ@u rvdktyfbJ av#mhcsypfaewmudk raxmufcHEdkifyg? t=urf;zuftzGJ@tpnf;awGeJ@ qufpyfaew,fvdk@ oHo,&SdolawGudk ppfa=uma&;[m ta&;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ESpfaygif; 200 oufwrf;&Sd+yDjzpfwJhtar&duef&J@w&m;a&;pepf[m ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; xdkolrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif; qdkwJhpHawGtay:rSm tajcðyxm;wmjzpfygw,f? Oya'a&;&mt}uH^m%frsm; &&SdEdkifjcif;r&SdbJ wOD;wnf;csKyfaESmifxm;wm[m u|efrwdk@EdkifiH&yfwnfaewJh Oya'tajccHtkwfjrpf&J@ toJESvHk;udk xkwfypfvdkufwmyJ jzpfygw,f? jynfolawGudk tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkwmawGeJ@ tar&duefjynfudkwnfaqmufxm;wm jzpfygw,f? wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGudkvnf; ol@jynfolawGudk tvm;wltumtuG,fay;=uzdk@ u|efrwdk@wdkufwGef;tm;ay;cJh=uygw,f? tck 'DtumtuG,fay;r_awG[m tacszsufcHae&ygw,f? 'gudkqef@usifajym=um;wmawGvnf;&Sdaeygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktcg w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm tpdk;&tzGJ@u v#dK@0Sufa&;usifhoHk;aewma=umifh tJ'Dvdk qef@usifajym=um;zdk@ pdk;&drfxdwfvef@wJhavxk jzpfay:apvdrfhr,fvdk@ u|efr,Hk=unfygw,f?EkwfxGufjcif;urBm&J@ txD;useftjzpfqHk;eJ@ tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk; ae&mawGrSm tESpf 30 eD;yg;r# wdkif;jynftwGuf u|efrtr_xrf;cJhygw,f?tar&duefjynftwGuf quf+yD;vnf; tr_xrf;csifygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dtpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ ay:vpDawGudk u|efr r,Hk=unfyg? 'Day:vpDawGudktumtuG,fray;Edkifovkd taumiftxnfvnf; razmfEdkifyg? av;vHwJhESvHk;om;jzifh tar&duefjynftwGuf tr_xrf;jcif;udk&yfqdkif;vdkuf&wm jzpfygw,f? tpdk;&tzGJ@&J@ay:vpDrsm;a=umifh u|efrEkwfxGufvdkufyg+yD?av;pm;r_rsm;pGmjzifhar&Dat ±dkuf

(aumufEkwfbmomjyefxm;wm jzpfygw,f?)

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64

e,fcsÚpepfopfbmvJ/odcsif&if tmz*efepPwefudkjunhfh/ tD7wfudkjunfhh/

Arm_ynf tJ'Dvdk t_zpfrcHEdkifbl;?

urBmw0Srf; a'otoD;oD;rSmvJ tvm;wlta&twGuf&S dwJ h v_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfcJ hygw,f? tpkvdkuf tðyHvdkuf acsr_ef;a&;qdkwJh'Dvufeuf[m taemufEdkifiH tpdk;&awG&J@vHkðcHa&;twGuf t"du +cdrf;ajcmufr_}uD;w&yf jzpfvmapzdk@ &nf&G,f}uHqcJhwmjzpfygw,f?

'D - vlxkcsDwufyGJrsdK; t&ifuray:zl;cJhao;yg? 'gayrJh - ckxufxdawmh'DcsDwufyGJawG[m atmifjrifr_r&ao;yg?tar&duefeJ@ +Adwdefwdk@&J@ pnf;pHepfawG[ma&m*g+yD;aew,f? xifwmxufydk+yD; oefrmtm;aumif;aeygw,f? olwdk@&J@ acgif;rmr_uurBm}uD;udk tajzr&ao;wJh ar;cGef;awGwoD}uD;ar;vdkufygw,f?

tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufaoausapwJhw&m;r0if vufeufudpPxJrSm - tdENd,eJ@ygupPwefwdk @ t=um;u EsLuvD;,m;xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifr_[m +cdrf;ajcmufr_ t}uD;qHk;yg? 'DtcsdefrsdK;rSm tar&dueftpdk;&u'gudk vspfvsL±_+yD; bma=umifh tD&wftay:tm±Hkpdkufae&wmvJ´? tar&dueftpdk;&[m ol@wd kif;jynfu jynfolawGtay:*±kpd kufr_ tenf;tusOf;yJ vkyfygw,f?'Dtcsuf[m vlr_axmufyH@ulnDa&;udkzsufqD;aewmyg? 'DvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm tar&dueftpdk;&u ðAef;pm;}uD; tD&wfjynfolawG&J@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf bma=umif hpdwfylyefvm&wmvJ ? vl@tcGifhta&;[m

tvGefta&;}uD;w,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfw,fqdk&if -b,f*sD,efawG/ OZbufawG/ ygvufpwdkif;awG/ wl&uD umh'fvlrsdK;awGeJh udkvHbD,m jynfolawGudk zdESdyfzdk@ bma=umifhaiGa=u;axmufyHhay;ae&wmvJ ? iwfjywfaeolawGudk au|;arG;zdk@/ aomufa&oef@axmufyHhzdk@/ 'grSr[kwf a&m*gb, umuG,fzdk@ pwmawG[m vlom;csif; pmemr_rSmta&;t}uD;qH k; jzpfvmcs de fr Sm 'gawGrvkyfbJ bma=umifh tD&wfudk AHk;}uJae&wmvJ ? tar&duefu yifv,f&yfjcm;odk@ESpfpOf axmufyHhay;aewJh aiGa=u; yrm%xuf (4) qydkrsm;wJh bwf*sufaiG &&Sda&;udkwjcm;udpPawGxufydk+yD; bma=umifh tvGeftrif; zdtm;ay;ae&wmvJ´?

urBmrSm xif&Sm;wJh yx0D0ifygarmuQ �a';Apf[maA;� u ol@&J@ atmufpzdk@wuUodkvf oif=um;ydk@cscsufawGxJrSmtar&dueftpdk;&&J@ ppfðyzdk@ ydkif;jzwfjcif;&J@ta=umif;&if;awGudk zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;cJhygw,f/yxrOD;qHk;aom em;vnfzdk@ tvG,fulqHk;&Sif;jyr_vdk@ qdkEdkifp&m &Sdygw,f? tar&dueftpdk;& ppfwdkufwm[m tD&wfa=umifhwdkuf&wmqdk&if rqdkpavmuf rSefygw,f?tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf aoausapwJh vufeufa=umifh wdkufwmqdk&if rSefuefr_[m 'ghxufawmif ydkenf;ao;/ tzdESdyfcH jynfolawGtwGuf wdkufwmqdkwJh ta=umif;&if;uawmh enf;enf;rS rrSefbl;vdk@ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm

wifjyoGm;cJhygw,f?tar&dueftpdk;& &ifqdkifae&wJh

tajccHjy\em wckuawmh ol@&J@atmifjrifaewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; umvywftvdkuf a&m*gpGJuyfvmjcif; jzpfygw,f?t&if;tESD; tvGeftu|H pkyHkvmr_ jy\emygyJ? um;yJjzpfjzpf/ zdeyfyJjzpfjzpf/ iSufaysmoD;yJjzpfjzpf b,fukefpnfrqdk xkwfvkyfa&;tvGeftu|H ydkv#Hvmr_ jy\em jzpfygw,f?aps;uGufopfawGom r&SmEdkifbl;qdk&ifawmhxGufukefawG wefzdk;usoGm;vdrfhr,f? tusdK;tjrwfawGvJ ysufjym;oGm;r,fh udpPyg?1930 ckESpfrsm;&J@ tapmydkif;ESpfawGwkef;utwdkif; tar&duef[m a&mif;ukef/ xkwfvky fa&;txGufyp Pnf; / xkwfvky fa&;pGrf;&nfeJ@ aiGa=u;awG ydkv#Hvmr_udk awG@ñuH&ifqdkif&wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'DESpfawGutwdkif; azmfjyyg ydkv#Hr_ESpfcku tusdK;r&Sdjzpfae&wJhtxJ vkyftm;ydkv#Hr_uvJ �El&m0JpG J� qdkovdk xyfqifhvmjyefw,f? 'Djy\emudk tar&durSm (1973) ckESpfup+yD;&ifqd kif ñuHawG@cJ h&wmyg? ,cktcsdefrSm'gudkajz&Sif;Edkifr,fh enf;vrf;rSefor#oHk;+yD;óu;pm;=unfhcJhzl;yg+yD? 'Denf;eJ@ urBm}uD;tm;pdk;rdk;a&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;vmcJhwmyg?ckawmh EdkifiHa&;t& ajz&Sif;a&; a&G;vrf;wckwnf;yJ usefygawmhw,f? tJ'guawmhppfyGJyJ jzpfygw,f?

1930 ckESpfrsm;wkef;u tar

ppfyGJ (odkhr[kwf) aoG;qdkwmu rukefEdkif rcef;Edkif/a&eHuawmh ukefEdkifcef;Edkifw,f - qdkwJh tawG;tac:?

tar&duefwdk@&J@ ppfyGJóu;yrf;r_[m tpGef;xGufydkv#Ht&if;tESD;rsm;&zdk@ tcGifhtvrf;opfrsm;zGifhvSpfa&;tay:tajccH ðyxm;wm jzpfygw,f?�u|efawmfwd k @[m ZD0vufeufwrs d K ;ygy J� wJ h? paeae@uppfqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;w&yfu rufx&pfwefcsdef (7) aomif;avmuf&SdwJh ouf&Sd±kyftiftm;awGudkvef'efòr@u vrf;awGay:rSm jzef@cif;xGufay:apvdkufygw,f?

65


66

&duef tpdk;&[m t&if;ydkv#Hr_/ vkyftm;ydkv#Hr_ jy\emawGudk “tpDtpOfopf”The New Deal - vkyf+yD; ausmfeif;zdk@óu;yrf;cJ hygw,f? (‘tpDtpOfopf’ [mtJ'Dumvwkef;u orRw±l;pAJh csrSwfay;vdkufwJh EdkifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tajccHrleJ@ ay:vpDawGyg? pD;yGm;a&; jyefvnfemvefxlvma&;eJ@ vlr_zlvHkapa&;udk&nf&G,fcsrSwfcJhwm jzpfygw,f)? tajccHausmaxmufaemufcH taqmufttHkvkyfief;/ ynma&;eJ@ vlr_a&;vkyfief; toHk;p&dwfrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;wJh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;vkyf+yD; ydkv#HaiGa=u;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;umukefxkwfvkyfa&;twGuf aps;uGufopfrsm;jzpfay:apEdkifcJh±Hkru odef;eJ@csDwJh vlawGudkvJvkyfief;cGif jyef0ifEdkifapcJhygw,f? 1941 ckESpfusawmh tJovdk tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&Sdapzdk@ppfoHk;p&dwf oHk;pGJr_rsm; ðyvkyfcJh=ujyefygw,f?ppf}uD;t+yD; Oa&myeJ@ *syef EdkifiHwdk@rSm ol@&J@}uD;rm;vSwJh aiGa=u;oHk;pGJr_u ol@&J@ydkv#HaiGa=u;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ypfEd kif+yD; wcsdefwnf;rSm aps;uGufopfrsm;vJ wnfaqmufEdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'DumvrSmyJ tar&duef[mol@jynfwGif; tajccHausmaxmuf aemufcHtaqmufttHkrsm;twGufa&m/ awmifydkif;eJ@ ta&S@awmifydkif;EdkifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufr_twGufyg aiGa=u;trsm;tjym;'va[m oHk;pGJypfvdkufjyefygw,f? 1970ckESpfrsm;&J@ tapmydkif;umvtxdawmh 'Dr[mAsL[mtaeeJ@ aumif;aumif; tvkyfjzpfcJhygw,f? 'Daemufydkif;usawmh [ef@wm;r&wJh jzpfpOf (3) &yf[m &ifhrSnfhvmygw,f?*smr%DeJ@ *syefwdk@&J@ pD;yGm;a&; zGH@òz;wdk;wufvmr_a=umifh tar&duef[m xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;awGudk qufvuf}uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;xm;vdk@ r&awmhygbl;? olwdk@&J@pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_a=umifh tar&duef&J@ ydkv#Ht&if;tESD;rsm;tm; pkyf,loHk;pGJa&;&yfqdkif;oGm;+yD;jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odk@awmif t&if;tESD;awGjyefvnfwifydk@vm=uygw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSm +yD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfawGtwGif;u &if;ESD;r_vkyfcJhwJh vkyfief;awGudkvJ pm&if;&Sif;r_ vkyf&jyefawmh ydkv#Hr_topfawG xyfxGufvmjyefygw,f? 1973 ckESpf tusyftwnf;uyfuyd ki fqd ki fr _ aps;uGufawGud k pwifòyuG J

apcJhygw,f? 'g[m ydkv#HaiGa=u;awGudk tpmrajcEdkifvdk@ txufudk vSef+yD; ysdK@tefvmwJhjzpf&yfygyJ?

tar&duef tpdk;&taeeJ@ csOf;uyfyHk enf;emtopfajymif;zdk@ vdktyfvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh ajAmifuswJh ajz&Sif;csuf(2) &yfudk vufawG@ csoHk;vdkufygw,f?

yxr ajz&Sif;csufuawmh -urBm@xkwfvkyfa&;udk pdk;rdk;xm;&muaeurBm@b¾ma&;tm; pdk;rdk;a&;bufodk@ a&$@ajymif;vdkufjcif; jzpfygw,f? urBm@b%feJ@vnfyif;zuf vkyfudkifaewJh tar&dueftpd k;&&J@ A[d kb¾mwdkuf[m zG H @ òz;qJEdkifiHawGrSm tar&duef ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; b%fawGtwGuf tcGifhtvrf;opfawGay:aygufvmapzdk@ pwif}uHpnf vmygw,f?

urBm@b%fu olulnDxm;wJhEdkifiHawGtay: ‚wdk@&J@t&if;tESD; aps;uGufrsm;tm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zGifhay;zdk@pwifawmif;qdkvmw,f? 'Dtcsufu ‚aps;uGufrsm;twGif;odk@ ‘a0g’ vrf;r}uD;uaiGa=u;aps;upm;olawGudk 0ifcGifh&ap+yD;vkyfief;udpP trsm;tjym;rSm 'Dwdkif;jynfawGu pD;yGm;a&;awGudk 0ifa&mufvk,ufEdkifapcJhw,f? aiGa=u;aps;upm;olawGuzefwD;cJhwJh b¾ma&; tusyftwnf;uyf[m ‚wdkif;jynfawG&J@ tzdk;wef ydkifqdkifr_ypPnf;awGudk wefzdk;usoGm;apcJhw,f? 'DudpPa=umifh tar&duefpD;yGm;a&;twGuftusdK; (2) &yf jzpfapcJhygw,f? vufwiftar&dueJ@ ta&S@tm&S&S d òyuG JoGm;wJ hb%fawGeJ@ ukefxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;awGa=umifh tar&duef&J@ ydkv#H t&if;tESD;awGudk&Sif;ypfvd kufEd kifw,f? tJ'Dwd kif;jynfua'0gvDcH&wJh ukr`%DawGudkvJ tar&duefaumfydka&;&Sif; vkyfief;awGu tedrfhqHk;atmufaps;eJ@ 0,fvdkufEdkif+yD; tar&dueft&if;tESD;udk wdk;csJ@Edkifr,fh ae&m tuGuftuGif;opfudk ay:aygufapcJhw,f?

'kwd, ajz&Sif;csufuawmh‘[maA;’ u “odrf;ydkuf&,ljcif;enf;eJ@t&if;tESD; pkyHkr_” vdk@ ac:a0:cJhw,f? 'g[mae@cif;a=umifawmif ‘"m;jy’ wdkufwmudk,Ofaus;atmifoHk;vdkufwJh a0g[m&yg?v,form;awG pdkufysdK;a&;orm;awGxHu

ajrawGudk tvpfokwf,liifw,f? EdkifiHom;awGqDu jynfolydkif tzdk;wefypPnf;awGudkyk*~vduydkif ajymif;vJa&;rSwqifh ,lw,f?owif;tcsuftvuf/ vlom;rs d K ;A DZ/trsdK;rsdK; tzHkzHkaom owW/ ±kuQ trsdK;tpm;æ ponfwdk@&J@ rlyd kifcGif hqd kwm vkyf+yD;vlwdkif;xHu ynm&yfqdkif&m ydkifqdkifr_udk&,lw,f? urBm@b%feJ @ tar&dueful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%fwdk@&J@ EdkifxufpD;eif;ðyr_eJ@ twl txufyg jzpf&yfawGuaeurBm@w&m;r#wa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk jzpfay:vmapcJhygw,f? udpPwdkif;rSm tar&duef[mol@&J@ t&if;tESD;udk wdk;csJ@Edkif+yD; tpGef;xGuftjrwfawG pkyf,l&&SdEdkifr,fh ydkifeufe,fajropfawG zefwD;cJhygw,f?

'Dajz&Sif;csuf (2) &yf[m cktcsdefrSmawmh ta&;edrfhoGm;cJhyg+yD? vGefcJhwJhig;ESpfu urBm@b%fu zsufqD;cJhwJh ta&S@tm&SEdkifiHawG&J@ pD;yGm;a&;awG[m cktcsdefrSm jyefvnf emvefxlvmyg+yD? olwdk@[molwdk@udk,fydkif }uD;rm;rsm;jym;wJh t&if;tESD;yd kv#Hr_rsm;udk wcgjyef+yD; oHk;pG JvnfywfapcJhygw,f? tar&duefwdk@&J@ urBm}uD;tm;pdk;rdk;a&;enf;vrf;udk xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;buf tajccsr_rS b¾ma&;buf tajccsr_odk@ ajymif;a&$@vdkufjcif;eJ@ tpdk;&&J@pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m pDrHcef@cGJr_ vGJrSm;jcif; tusdK;qufwdk@u ol@udk òyuGJysufpD;apr_eJ@ ol@&J@pD;yGm;a&;òyvJr_ tvG,fwul usa&mufEdkifwJh tjzpfodk@ qdkufa&mufapcJhygw,f? aumfydka&;&Sif;vkyfief;awGuvJ odrf;ydkufvk,ufwJh enf;eJ@olwdk@&J@ tcGifhtvrf;awGwdk;csJ@zdk@ óu;yrf;cJhwma=umifh cktcgrSm jynfolawG&J@ }uD;rm;wJh ckcHwGef;vSefr_udk &ifqdkifae&ygw,f?+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;uawmh “ul;oef;qufqHa&;ay:vpDopf” udk topfxyfrH azmfxkwfzdk@ygyJ? 'gayrJh 'Da&G;vrf;udk tar&dueftpd k;&twGif;&S d Ed ki fiHa&;vlwef;pm;uydwfyif[ef@wm;xm;ygw,f? oHk;pGJr_taeeJ@olcGifhðyay;Edkifr,fh wckwnf;aom oHk;pGJr_p&dwfuawmh ppfa&;oHk;pGJr_ p&dwf jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;ydwf usef&SdaewJhenf;emuawmh ppfyGJeJ@ e,fcsJ@csKyfudkifxm;a&;yJ jzpfygw,f?


67

tD&wfudk wdkufcd kufjcif;[mtar&dueftpdk;&twGuf urBmudk pdk;rdk;a&;udk qufvufxdef;odrf;r_ ðyaepOftwGif;ol@&J@t&if;tESD; 0efxkyf0efydk;awG av#mhcsa&;twGuf aemufxyf enf;vrf;oHk;oG,f&&SdaprSm jzpfygw,f? yxr - pD;yGm;a&;csJ@xGifzdk@twGuf yx0Dt& ae&m tuGuftuGif;opfzefwD;a&; jzpfygw,f? 'kwd,enf;vrf;uawmh ('Dtcsuf[m ‘[maA;’&J@ wifjycsuf r[kwfyg?) ppfa&;toHk;p&dwfoHk;pGJEdkifr_ jzpfygw,f? ¡'gudk wcsdK@vlawGuawmh pp fa&;qd ki f&m ude f ;0 g'(“Keynesianism”) vd k @ ac:ae=uygw,f?¢ wwd,enf;vrf;uawmh a&eHaxmufyHhr_udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;jzifh wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;&J@ pD;yGm;a&;rsm;udk csKyfudkifxm;Edkifa&;ygyJ? urBm&J@ t&efa&eH enf;yg;vmr_a=umifh 'Dtcsuf[m ydkrdk}uD;rm;wJh tm%mxdef;csKyfa&; cvkwfwck jzpfvmrSmyg?tar&duefeJ@ +AdwdefEdkifiH&Sd 'Drdku&uf EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif; trsm;tjym;wdk@u 'DtcsufawGtay: auseyfaysmf&$ifae=u+yD; 'Denf;vrf;udk w&m;0ifatmifvkyfzdk@ vdktyfvmcsdefusawmh rqdkif;rwG qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf

=uygw,f? tqHk;rSmawmh (tifyg,m)(usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufa&; e,fajr) qdkwm[m'gavmuf atmufwef;uswJh a0g[m&r[kwfygbl;wJh? =uifemoem;wwf+yD;udk,fusdK;uif;wJh r[mtiftm;}uD;EdkifiH&J@vufxJa&muf&if wjcm;EdkifiHu t±dkif;tpdkif;tkyfpkawGawmif ,Ofaus;vmEdkifygao;owJh?

tar&dueftpd k;& twGif;ur[mAsL[m}uHqolawG[m wdk;cs J @a&;twGuf ajcvSrf;tqifhawGudk [dk; t&ifESpfawGuwnf;u pDrHudef;cscJhwmyg? ,cktcgumuG,fa&;Xme&J@ vufaxmuftwGif;a&;r_;jzpfaeol Paul Wolfowitz - utD&wfudk usL;ausmfzdk@ vdktyfa=umif; 1990ckESpfrsm; tv,favmufuwnf;u a&;om;cJ hwm jzpfygw,f? tD&wfppfyG J[mt=urf;zuform;rsm;/ ydk;r$m;vufeufrsm;/tm±Hka=umrsm;udk aoausysufpD;apwJhtjyif;pm; VX "mwfaiG@/ quf'rf[lpdef/'Drd kua&pD ('grSr[kwf) tD&wfjynfolrsm;tm; u,fwifapmif ha&Smufa&; æponfwdk@a=umifh wdkufcdkufjcif; r[kwfyg?txufrSmwifjycJ hwJh udpPawG tm;vHk;

avmuf eD;yg;eJ@ tvm;wl æ e,fajryd kifeufawG/ t&if;tjrpfawGeJ@ wjcm;EdkifiHawG&J@ pD;yGm;a&;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifapzdk@wdkufwmyg? 'DpDrHudef;csrSwfolawG 0efcHwJhtcsufwck &Sdaeygw,f? olwdk@&J@ tem*wfv$rf;rd k; }uD;pd k;a&;udk xdef;odrf;ay;r,fhenf;vrf;wckuawmh tvGef&Sif;vif;wJhpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m azmfjrLvm (yHkaoenf;)wckygwJh? toufaoG;awG&J@ t&if;tjrpf[m b,fawmhrS rukefcef;bJ topftopfyGm;rsm;ay;aeygw,f? a&eHuawmh tJovdkr[kwfygwJh?

(rSwfcsuf?rSwfcsuf?rSwfcsuf?rSwfcsuf?rSwfcsuf? ????? 'DtcsufrSmawmh toufaoG;awG b,favmufqHk;±H_; qHk;±H_;/ tm%mrqHk;±H_;apeJ@qdkwJ@etz&J@ yHkaoenf;eJ@ odyfruGmvSyg?)

( 2003 ck azazmf0g&D 18 &uf*g'D,ef; owif;pmyg George Monbiot

&J@ aqmif;yg;yg tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygw,f?)

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tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;utiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;utiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;utiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;utiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;uZmwfxkyf+yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrfhOD;rnf?Zmwfxkyf+yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrfhOD;rnf?Zmwfxkyf+yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrfhOD;rnf?Zmwfxkyf+yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrfhOD;rnf?Zmwfxkyf+yD;onftxd qufvufujy=uvdrfhOD;rnf?

tD&wfppfyJGt+yD;/ tar&duefuaemufxyfb,fol@udk wdkufcd kufrSmvJqdkonfhjy\emrSm/ trsm;pdwf0ifpm;p&mjy\em jzpfaeyg onf?

tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHudk wdkuf+yD;yg+yD? tD&wfudkwdkuf+yD;yg+yD? rdp>m0if±dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; owfrSwf+yD;yg+yD? rdp>m0if±dk;wef; EdkifiHrsm;xJ ygyg˜ rygyg tar&duefwdk@u olwdk@wdkufcsifonfhEdkifiHudk wdkufcsifonfhtcg/ ta=umif;jycsuftrsdK;rsdK; (cdkifvHkonf rcdkifvHkonftyxm;) jzifh wdkufcdkufwmrsdK; vkyfvmEdkifygonf? tar&duef'korRw ‘'pfacseD’(Dick - cheney) u/tar&duefwdk@taejzif h ppfa&;enf;jzif hjzpfap/ wjcm;enf;vrf;jzifhjzpfap/ ta&;,loGm;rnf[k pm&if;jyxm;aom EdkifiHrsm;rSmvnf; renf;vSyg? EdkifiHav;q,f/ ig;q,favmuf &Sdygonf? xdktxJwGif Armjynfvnf; ygaeygonf?

ArmjynfwGif tar&duefwd k @twGuf wdkuf±dkuftusdL;pD;yGm; r&Sdyg?oG,f0ddkuftusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;um; &Sdaeygonf?w±kwf jynftaejzi f h p D ;y Gm;a&;t&/EdkifiHa&;t&/ ppfa&;t& tiftm;awmifhwif;vmrnfudk tar&duefu róuufyg?w±kwfjynf. aumif;rGefaom tvm;tvmrsm; tay:vnf; rap>&pdwf xm;ygonf? ‚tjyif w±kwfjynfonf tiftm;awmifhwif;aom qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH wEdkifiHjzpfaeygonf?

tar&duefwd k @onf ‚[email protected];udk/ urBmtESH@ jzef@=uuf csxm;ygonf? w±kwfjynftm; 0dkif;0ef;xm;a&;wGif Armjynfonf yx0DEd kifiHa&;t&ta&;ygr_ &Sdaeygonf? Armjynfudk wdkufrnfqdkv#if ta=umif;jyp&m tcsufrsm;pGm&Sdaeygonf? Armjynfu tm%m&Sifpepf/Armjynfu rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\em/ Armjynfu 'Drdkua&pDjy\em/ Armjynfu vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_ ponfwdk@onf ol vuf!d_;xdk;csifv#if xdk;jyI&onfh jy\emrsm;jzpfaeygonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;jy\emtwGuf Armjynf 0a'oudk wdkufcdkuf&efxdkif;tm%mydkifxJrS ‘ukef;±kyf’vkyf+yD; wifjycJhonfvnf; &Sdygonf? xdkif;Arm e,fpyfteD;wGif tar&duefESifhxdkif;wdk@u ppfa&;avhusifhr_rsm;jzifh tiftm;jycJhonfvnf;&Sdygonf? (aemufvkyfrnfh ppfa&;avhusifhr_Yqdkv#if xdkif;wyfom;tiftm; waomif;/tar&duefppfom;tiftm; 6000 txdyg0if=urnf jzpfygonf?) e,fpyf&Sd xdkif;ppfwyfxJwGif/ tar&dueft&m&dS tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf? Armjynfudkwdkufrnf rwdkufrnfudkum; twdtusajymI rjzpfao;yg? tar&duefonfArmjynftwGuf óu;ESpfp xm;yHk&ygonf?wóu;rSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&udk qJGðzwfzdk@jzpf+yD;/ aemufwóu;rSmum; olwdk@tóuuftpdk;&zefwD;+yD; óu;qGJzdk@ jzpfygvdrfhrnf?

tD&wfppfyJGt+yD;wGif qD;&D;,m;

EdkifiHuvnf; ol@udkrsm; wdkufavrvm;[kpdwfylyefr_&Sdaeygonf? ppfa&;t& rwdkufygbl;[k tar&dueftm%myd ki fwOD;uajymxm;aomfvnf; tar&duef. uwdpum;wdkif; pdwfcs&onf r[kwfyg? ajrmufudk&D;,m; tajctaerSmvnf; tvm;wlyifjzpfygonf?

(9-11) ta&;tcif;+yD;uwnf;u tar&duefonf oloabmrawG@onfhvlyk*~dKvftm; t=urf;zuform;/ ol&efðyvdkonfh EdkifiHtm; t=urf;zufr_ usifhoHk;onfhEdkifiH/ rdp>mEdkifiH/ tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufaoausaponfh tzsufvufeuf xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiH æ pojzifh wHqdyfuyf ay;ygonf?ol@bufyg&ifyg rygbl;qdkv#if t=urf;zuform;awGbuf ygwmyJ[k a&a0pnf;a=umif; wm;vdkufygao;onf? +yD;rSolwdkufvdkonfhEd kifiHtm;wdkufzd k @ “olawmfpifr[mrdwftzJG@” udk pkpnf;ygonf?

tar&duefbuf ygcsifonfhEdkifiHawGuvnf; renf;yg? ol. t=urf;zufr_qef@usifa&;ppfyJGqdkif&m nGef@aygif;tzJG@odk@tzJ G @0ifopftjzpf yg0if&ef ol.±H k;cef;pm;yJGay: vmwif=uonfh av#mufv$mrsm;rSm renf;yg? b,fEdkifiHu (&Sifbk&if/ orRw/apmfbGm;/ tm%m&Sif) b,folb,f0gygqdk +yD; pm&if;ay;t+yD;wGif/ aemufxyf“cifAsm;Ed ki fi HrSm t=urf;zuform;vdk @wHqdyfuyfay;zdk@ b,fvdktwdkuftcHrsdK;&SdovJ” qdkonfhar;cGef;udk ajz=um;&zdk@

68

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ajz=um;vkdonfh EdkifiHrsm;vnf; tawmf&Sdygonf? Avm'Drmylwifu csufcsifnmolykefrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ pydefu (Basque

ETA) tzJG@tm;vnf;aumif;/ wl&uDu‘umh'f’olykefrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; pojzifhTuJhodk@ pm&if;jyEdkifonfh EdkifiHrsm; renf;vSyg? wcsdK@EdkifiHawGuqdkv#if olwdk@EdkifiHuvGwfajrmufa&;ppfyJG qifE$Jaeonfh tiftm;pkrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;zd k @ t}uD;pm;AH k;}uJav,mOfrsm; ydk@ay;zdk@ awmif;qdk=uonfvnf; &Sdygonf? (tpPa&;rS Ariel Sharon

uvnf; ylwifESifhtvm;wlpGm/ o@lòyifbuftm; t=urf;zuform;tjzpf wHqdyfuyfcGifhawmif;aeygonf? odk@rSom ygvufpwdkif;wdk@tm; ausmufacwfodk@ jyefa&mufoGm;onftxd AHk;}uJ acsr_ef;Edkifrnf jzpfygonf?)

tar&duefu wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tm; wdkufcd kufv#if/ ol. “olawmfpifr[mrdwf” tiftm;udk pkpnf;ygonf?+AdwdefESifh =opa=w;vswdk@u tar&duefwdkufaom ppfyJ Gwd kif;vufrv$wf yg0ifygonf? aewdk;uawmh tD&wftm;wdkufonfh onfwyJGwGif ygolyg rygolrygESifh uJGxGufoGm;ygonf? tusdK;pD;yGm;wxyfwnf;usonfhtcgwJGI tusdK;pD;yGm;wxyfwnf;rusonfhtcg cJG=uygonf? aemufwcgjy\emopfESifh ppfyJGopfwGif jyefaygif;olawG&SdEdkifovdk r[mrdwfopfawGvnf; &vmEdkifygonf? (plygyg0g tar&duefu b,folygyg rygyg olwa,mufwnf;jzpfjzpf wdkufEdkifonfqdk+yD; tpGrf;jyvdkonfh avoHvnf;ypfaeygonf?)

vGe fc J honf hE Sp faygi f ; (200)avmufu ordkif;tjzpftysufESifh E_dif;,SOf=unfhp&m jzpfvmygonf? eydkvD,H usqHk;t+yD; Oa&mywdkuf tkyfpdk;olrsm;u aemufxyftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wkdufyJGESifhvlr_vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyJGrsm; xyf

rjzpfatmif ckcHa&;wHwdkif;cwf+yD;wm;ovdkjywfjywfom;om; wm;jrpfzdk@vdka=umif;qHk;jzwf=uygonf? “'Dvdk t"dy`m,fr&SdwJh'Drdkua&pDa&;/ vGwfvyfa&;eJ@/ wef;wlnDr#a&; qdkwmawGudk wcsDwnf;eJ@ tjywfESdrfypf&r,f” [kvnf; olwdk@tcsif;csif; ‘!Sd’=uygonf?

xdka=umifh (1815) ckESpfwGif ±k&Sm;EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh Zmbk&if/=op}wD;,m;rS {u&mZfESifh y&yf&Sm; bk&ifwdk@onf oabmwlpmcsKyfwckudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uygonf? ‚udk “olawmfpifr[mrdwftzJG@” [k emrnfay;vdkufygonf?El;nHhodrfarG@aom emrnfudk oHk;xm;aomfvnf; wu,fu TtzJG@onf EdkifiHwumh t=urf;zufv#dK@0Suf vkyf}uHa&;tzJG@rsdK;om jzpfygonf?

b,fEdkifiHu tzdESdyfcHjynfolawGykefuefacgif;axmifvmovJ/ Oa&mytkyfpdk;oltm;vHk;u 0dkif;0ef; ‘wdkuf’ =uygonf?olwd k @. r[mrdwftzJ G @0ifwOD;twGufykefuefr_jzifh t+cdrf;ajcmufcH&+yDqdkv#if useftzJG@0ifrsm;u wkwfqJG "m;qJG+yD; 0dkif;vm=uygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh (qdk&S,fvpfESifhrif;rJ h0g'Drsm;tm; qef@usifzd k @/ yl;aygif;vkyfudkifonfh v#dK@0SufaxmufvSrf;vkyfief;wnf&Sd&m) =op}wD;,m;udk [efa*&DESifhtDwvDykefuefolrsm;u qef@usif=uaomtcg ±k&Sm;u ppfwyfawGtulyd k @ay;+yD;tjywfESdrfypfygonf?

±k&Sm;/ =op}wD;,m;ESifh y&yf&Sm;wd k @. olawmfpi fr[mrdwftzJ G @wGi fw&m;0ifemrnfrcHaomfvnf; vufawG@tm;jzifh t*Fvefvnf; ygonf? wjcm;Oa&mytkyfpdk;oltm;vHk;vdkvdk yg=uygonf?19 &mpkwGif Tolawmfpifr[mrdwftzJG@uOa&mywGif jynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfcGif hawmif;qdkr_udk jiif;y,f/ tjrifusOf;onfh&Sifbk&ifESifh rif;rsdK;rwfEG,f oufOD;qHydkiftpdk;&. tcGif hta&;rsm;udk umuG,f/

yd krd ka&S@wef;a&mufaom xkwfvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;pkESifh tajrmftjrif&Sd+yD; wdk;wufonfh vlr_tiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usifwdkufcdkufcJh=uygonf?

rsufarSmuf olawmfpifr[mrdwftzJG@onfum; t=urf;zufr_qef@usifa&;ppfyJGqdkonfh xD;&dyfatmufwGif zJG@pnf;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf? tar&duefu Adkvfusv$rf;rdk;a&;0g' usifhoHk;+yD; urBmhcsrf;omºu,f0r_udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrnf? urBmhppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk@udk }uD;pdk;jc,fvS,ffrnf? usefr[mrdwftzJG@0ifwdk@utar&duefay;aom a0pkcJGwrf;udk ,l=u±Hkaygh?

odk@&mwGifb,fol@udk t=urf;zuform;tjzpf wHqdyfuyfrnf/ b,fEdkifiHudkppfwd kufrnfqd konfh tcsufwGifum;r[mrdwftzJG@u tm%mrydkifyg? tm%mydkifolrSm wOD;wnf;om jzpfygonf?

(1897) ckESpfwkef;u =op}wD;,m;EdkifiH AD,ifemòr@awmf. òr@awmf0efrSmKarl Leuger jzpf+yD; olonf *sL;qef@usifa&;udk udk,fpm;ðy+yD; òr@awmf0efjzpfvmcJhygonf? [efa*&DabmvHk;oif;ESifh ,SOfòyifupm;aomabmvHk;yJGwckwGifolu AD,ifemtoif;udkatmf[pftm;ay;ygonf? ab;uvlrsm;u AD,ifemabmvHk;toif;[m“*sK;” awGcsnf;yJ[k ajymaomtcg olu“aovdkufygvm; - i&J oGm;r,fhtaumifawG æ b,fol[m “*sL;” jzpfw,fvdk@qHk;jzwfr,fholu igyJuG” [k jyefajymcJhygonf?

aemufxyfb,fEdkifiHudk wdkufrnfudk qHk;jzwfrnfhtm%mydkifrSm a*smh'AvsLbk&SfESifh usm;r r[lyg0ifonfh ol@t}uHay;tzJG@om jzpfygonf?

a*smh'AvsLbk&Sfu tqHk;tjzwfay;aom ‘*sL;’rSm rnfoljzpfrvJ? (b,fEdkifiHudk wdkufOD;rvJ) qdkonfhar;cGef;.tajzrSm ææ ? ?


69

,ae@urBmwGif ppfESifh+idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emonf ydkIydkI }uD;xGm;vmaeygonf?tar&duefA[dkðy wckwnf;aom 0if±dk;&Sdonfh urBmhpepfudk tar&duefwkd@u wqifhwuf+yD; yDyDjyifjyifjzpfatmif yHkazmfvdkufjcif;u ppfESifh+idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emudk ydk+yD;}uD;xGm;apygonf? ppfud k[ef@wm;&efwm0ef&dSonfh ukvor*~. tuef@towf&Sdaom pGrf;aqmif Edkifr_uvnf; ppfrjzpf&efr[ef@wm;Ed ki fyg? Tjy\emrsm;onfwckESifhwck qufpyfaeaom jy\emrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?

Taqmif;yg;wGif ukvor*~.tcef;u¾ta=umif; A[dkðyI wifjyrnfjzpfygonf? tD&wfppfyGJta=umif;ajymajym/ppfESih f +i dr f;csrf;a&; jy\emta=umif;ajymajym/ ukvor*~ta=umif;ajymajymtar&duef. urBmudk pd k;rd k;Ad kvfusa&;ta=umif; rajymI r+yD;yg? rygv#if rjzpfyg?tar&duefonf ppfyGJudk wdkuf±dkufzefwD;olESifh t"duzefwD;ol jzpfaeonfh twGufa=umifh jzpfygonf?

tD&wfppfyG Jonf tD&wf 'Drd kua&pD jy\emESifh urBm@'Drdkua&pDjy\emr[kwfovdk tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf vlaoaponfhvufeuf jy\emvnf; r[kwfyg?vl @tcGi f hta&;jy\em r[kwfovd ktD&wfwGif tm%m&Sifpepf wnf&Sdaeonfhjy\emvnf;r[kwfyg? tar&duef.urBmudk pdk;rdk;Adkvfusa&; jy\emom jzpfyg

onf? xd k jy\em. aemufuG,fwGi ftar&dueftusK d;pD;yGm;rsm; wnf&S daeygonf?

umvywfvd kuf usqif;vmaeaom ol.pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tar&duefu enf;vrf;aygif;pHkoHk;I ajz&Sif;cJhygonf?ajyvnfr__ r&yg? ppfwdkufI ajz&Sif;aomenf;vrf; wckawmh usef&Sdaeygao;onf?xdk@a=umifh xGufaygufwcktjzpf ppfyGJenf;vrf;udk toHk;ðyvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? ‚tjyifolwdk@yg;pyfu bmyJajymaeae tar&duefYa&eHtusyftwnf; wu,fyif &Sdygonf?tar&duefoGif;ukeftm;vHk;. oHk;yHkwyHkrSmta&S@tv,fydkif;rS wifoGif;&aom a&eHjzpfygonf? tar&duef ay:vpDóu;udkifxm;olrsm;twGuf a&eHjy\emonfEd kifiHa&;jy\emyif jzpfygonf? ta&S@tv,fydkif;rS a&eHudk csKyfudkifxm;Edkifjcif;onf urBm hp D ;y Gm;a&;tm; wpH kw&mcsKyfudkifxm;Edkifr_jzpfovdk/ pD;yGm;a&;òyifbufEdkifiHrsm;tm; wpHkw&m csKyfudkifxm;a&;jy\emvnf; jzpfygonf? tar&duefxdyfwef; tm%mydkifyk*~dKvf trsm;tjym;.tusKd;pD;yGm;onfvnf; a&eHESifh qufpyfaeygonf? ('korRw ‘'pfacseD’ tar&duefvHk+cHKa&;t}uHay; t&m&Sd ‘uGef'dkvDZm±dkuf’/pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pGrf;tif0ef}uD;rsm; jzpf=uaom‘a':e,f tDAef’ ( Donald Evans) ESifh‘pwefvD atA&m[if’(Stenley

Abrahams) ponhfolwd k @onf 2000

ckESpfukeftxd a&eHukr`%DwGif tvkyfvkyfcJh=uolrsm; jzpfygonf? tazbk&Sfonfvnf;calyle corporation [kac:onhf a&eHaumfykda&;&Sif;wGif a':vm 12 bDvD,H&if;E S D ; jr ‡ Ky fE S Hxm;onf[k od&ygonf?tar&duef txufv$wfawmfrS &dywfbvpfuif trwfESifh uGef*&ufv$wfawmftrwf trsm;tjym;wdk@onfvnf; a&eHukr`%D wckr[kwf wckwGif aiGyifaiG&if;jr‡KyfESHxm;=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udkvnf;owdðy&ef vdkygvdrfhrnf?) Tjy\emtwGuf orRwbk& S fu t}uHuke f*VKefqm;csufovdk ajz&Sif;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;pOf;pm;&mwGif aemufqHk; ydwfenf;tm;jzifhta&S@tv,fydkif;a'oESifh tmz*efepPwefEdkifiHtm; csKyfudkif}uD;pdk;xm;a&;udk tajzwcktjzpf &&Sdygonf? aemufta=umif;tcsuf wckrSmvnf; urBm.wOD;wnf;Adkvfvkyfcsifaeol tar&duefonf olESifhtusKd;pD;yGm;wl EdkifiHtkyfpkrSvGJI b,fol@udkr#Ad kvfrxm;vdkaomjy\em jzpfygonf?tm&SrSm w±kwfu Ad kvfjzpfvmrnfudkróuufovdk ta&S@tv,fydkif;wGif tD&wfEdkifiH awmifhwif;}uH@cdkif aejcif;udkvnf;róuufyg? wjcm;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf; razmfjyawmhyg? qdkvdk&if;rSmtar&duefwGif ppfzefwD;vdkaom ta=umif;tcsufESifh tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf?

ukvor*~onf ppfudk[ef@wm;

ukvor*~}uD;ukvor*~}uD;ukvor*~}uD;ukvor*~}uD;ukvor*~}uD;

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tar&duefESifh tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.vGefyGJ -tar&duefESifh tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.vGefyGJ -tar&duefESifh tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.vGefyGJ -tar&duefESifh tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.vGefyGJ -tar&duefESifh tjcm;tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;.vGefyGJ -ukvor*~wGif;rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrlqdkvdkeDuukvor*~wGif;rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrlqdkvdkeDuukvor*~wGif;rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrlqdkvdkeDuukvor*~wGif;rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrlqdkvdkeDuukvor*~wGif;rSm jzpfaeyg+yD? zufqpfrlqdkvdkeDu“EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” udk ab;csdwfovdk bk&Sftpdk;&u ukvor*~udk“EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” udk ab;csdwfovdk bk&Sftpdk;&u ukvor*~udk“EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” udk ab;csdwfovdk bk&Sftpdk;&u ukvor*~udk“EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” udk ab;csdwfovdk bk&Sftpdk;&u ukvor*~udk“EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;}uD;” udk ab;csdwfovdk bk&Sftpdk;&u ukvor*~udkab;csdwfaeyg+yD? 1930 ckeSpfrsm;u [pfwvm/ rlqdkvdkeDudk acsmhjr‡La&;ab;csdwfaeyg+yD? 1930 ckeSpfrsm;u [pfwvm/ rlqdkvdkeDudk acsmhjr‡La&;ab;csdwfaeyg+yD? 1930 ckeSpfrsm;u [pfwvm/ rlqdkvdkeDudk acsmhjr‡La&;ab;csdwfaeyg+yD? 1930 ckeSpfrsm;u [pfwvm/ rlqdkvdkeDudk acsmhjr‡La&;ab;csdwfaeyg+yD? 1930 ckeSpfrsm;u [pfwvm/ rlqdkvdkeDudk acsmhjr‡La&;vkyfcJhojzifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ysufcJhygonf?vkyfcJhojzifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ysufcJhygonf?vkyfcJhojzifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ysufcJhygonf?vkyfcJhojzifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ysufcJhygonf?vkyfcJhojzifh urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;}uD; ysufcJhygonf?

xdktcgu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm;vHk; rvGwfvyfyg? udkvdkeDxdktcgu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm;vHk; rvGwfvyfyg? udkvdkeDxdktcgu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm;vHk; rvGwfvyfyg? udkvdkeDxdktcgu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm;vHk; rvGwfvyfyg? udkvdkeDxdktcgu EdkifiHi,fav;rsm;tm;vHk; rvGwfvyfyg? udkvdkeDjzpfaecsdef jzpfonf? EdkifiH}uD;rsm; vkyfor# iHk@cHcJh&onf?jzpfaecsdef jzpfonf? EdkifiH}uD;rsm; vkyfor# iHk@cHcJh&onf?jzpfaecsdef jzpfonf? EdkifiH}uD;rsm; vkyfor# iHk@cHcJh&onf?jzpfaecsdef jzpfonf? EdkifiH}uD;rsm; vkyfor# iHk@cHcJh&onf?jzpfaecsdef jzpfonf? EdkifiH}uD;rsm; vkyfor# iHk@cHcJh&onf?

,ck xdktajctaersdK; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;u,ck xdktajctaersdK; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;u,ck xdktajctaersdK; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;u,ck xdktajctaersdK; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;u,ck xdktajctaersdK; r[kwfyg? EdkifiHi,fuav;rsm;uukvor*~wGif tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsdef jzpfygonf?ukvor*~wGif tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsdef jzpfygonf?ukvor*~wGif tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsdef jzpfygonf?ukvor*~wGif tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsdef jzpfygonf?ukvor*~wGif tiftm;}uD;w&yftjzpf ygaecsdef jzpfygonf?

ppftpdk;&u Armjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJppftpdk;&u Armjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJppftpdk;&u Armjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJppftpdk;&u Armjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJppftpdk;&u Armjynfqdkif&m ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsufudk remcHbJxif&mpdkif;aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tar&duefESifh ukvor*~xif&mpdkif;aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tar&duefESifh ukvor*~xif&mpdkif;aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tar&duefESifh ukvor*~xif&mpdkif;aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tar&duefESifh ukvor*~xif&mpdkif;aev#if txD;usef jzpfygvdrfhrnf? tar&duefESifh ukvor*~vGefyGJwGif ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnfhtcsdefvGefyGJwGif ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnfhtcsdefvGefyGJwGif ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnfhtcsdefvGefyGJwGif ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnfhtcsdefvGefyGJwGif ukvor*~bufu jywfjwfom;om; &yfwnf&rnfhtcsdefjzpfygonf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnfjzpfygonf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnfjzpfygonf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnfjzpfygonf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnfjzpfygonf? ukvor*~qHk;jzwfcsuf tjreftaumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf?azmfoifhygonf?azmfoifhygonf?azmfoifhygonf?azmfoifhygonf?

EdkifpGrf; &Sdyg&J@vm; ´?ukvor*~. t"duwm0efrSm

urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;udk xdef;odrf;umuG,fay;&ef jzpfygonf? Twm0efudkxrf;aqmifapzdk@ 'kwd,urBmppft+yD;wGifukvor*~aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf?tESpf 50 yif ausmfvmcJhyg+yD? wwd,urBmppf rjzpfao;aomfvnf; a'oppfyGJrsm;yÉdyuQrsm;udkrlum; ukvor*~u r[ef@wm;EkdifcJhyg? wjcm;ppfyGJrsm;udk rajymawmhyg?yifv,fauG@ppfyGJ (1991) / abmfvuefppfyGJ(1999) ESif h tmz*efepPwefppfyG Jwd k @udk

azmfjyv#if vHkavmufyg+yD? tar&duefuAHk;ppfyGJqifE$Jonfhta=umif; rajymawmhyg?tar&duefu AD,uferf/ uarBm'D;,m;/*&ifem'g (Grenada) ESifh yem;rm;wdk@tm;usL;ausmfppfqifcJ honfud k ajymv#ifvHkavmufyg+yD?

tar&duef OD;aqmifonfh ppfyGJrsm;wGif t&yfom;jynfolawG b,favmufaoauscJh=u&onfudk pm&if;jyraeawmhyg?tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@[ef@wm;r_wckwnf;udku jynfolvlxkb,favmufaoausysufpD;/ b,favmuftxdtwd'kuQa&mufcJh&onfudk wifjyv#ifyif vHkavmufvdrfhrnf xifygonf? tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;

ydwfqdk@r_jzifh ypf'%fcwfzdk@ }uHpnfcJholrSmtar&duef jzpf +y D ; twnfðyay;olr Smukvor*~jzpfygonf? tpG,fvdkolrdzk&m;/tapoGm;cd ki f;olrif;{&mZf/ av;ypfolrkqdk;npfwdk@a=umifh tjypfrJhaoaus&olwd k @r Sm tD&wfjynfolrsm; jzpfygonf?ukvor*~onf tD&wftay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_udk 1990 ckESpf =o*kwfv 6 &ufae@u twnfðyay;cJhygonf? xdkae@&ufrSm[D±dk&SD;rm;tm; tar&duefwdk@ t%kjrLAHk;}uJcJhonfh 45 ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@jzpfygonf? Tydwfqdk@r_. tusKd;quftjzpf

tD&wf jynfol woef;ausm faoausysufpD;cJh&ygonf? (1991/ ZEM0g&DvESifh azaz:0g&Dv yifv,fauG@ppfyGJtwGif;tar&duefu tD&wftay: ava=umif;wdkufcdkufr_ t}udrfaygif; 110˜000 ðyvkyfcJh+yD;AHk;wefcsdefaygif; 88˜500 cscJhpOfu tD&wfjynfolrsm; aomif;ESifhcsDI aoauscJhygonf?pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_a=umifh aoauscJh&olta&twGufu ydkrsm;onfudk owdðyyg?)tD&wfvlOD;a&. w0ufausmfrSm uav;oli,frsm;jzpf=u+yD; usefvlOD;a&xJwGifrkqdk;rrsm;ouf}uD;&G,ftdfkESifh qif;&Jom;rsm;yg0ifae=uygonf? pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_a=umifh uav;oli,frsm;. aoE_ef;rSm 160

&mcdkifE_ef;txd wdk;vmcJhygonf? xdktcsdefuukvor*~qdkif&m tar&duef oHtrwfjzpfol ruf'vif;atmb±dkuf. ausmf=um;vSaom pum;rSm Tjzpf&yfrS ay:aygufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? (aygifrHk@pm;p&m r&Sdojzifhvrf;ay:xGufqENjy=uolrsm;tm; “aygifrHk@r&Sd&if udwfrkef@pm;=uaygh” qdkonfh ar&DtifwGdKif;euf. pum;xuf ydkqdk;ygonf?)±kyfjrifoH=um; awG@qHkar;jref;cef;wckYruf'vif;atmb±dkuftm; “uav;oli,foef;0ufavmufaoqHk;a=umif; u|efawmfwdk@ =um;&ygw,f? 'g[m xdkufoifhwJhwefzdk;ay;qyfr_ [kwfygovm;” [kar;&m“'Dwefzdk;[m ay;oifhay;xdkufwJh wefzdk;vdk@u|efrwkd@ xifygw,f”[k ajz=um;cJhygonf?aq;0g;jywfvyfr_a=umifh tD&wfwGif ae@pOfvl 300 avmuf aoaus&ygonf? aq;0g;jywfvyfr_/ tpmtm[m& rjynfh0r_/ADwmrifrvHkavmufr_/ aomufa&oef@jywfvyf+yD; npfnrf;wJha&udk oHk;pG J&r_wdk@a=umifh udk,f0efonfawG/ cav;oli,fawG/ ouf}uD;&G,ftdkawG/ a&m*gonfawGESifhta&;ay:vlemawG trsm;qHk; aoqHk;cJh=u&ygonf? tar&duefonf vlowfvufeuf vkyfrSmpd k;vdk@qdk+yD; cJwHudkyifwifoGif;cGifh ray;ojzifh tD&wfwGif pma&;zdk@cJwHyif jywfvyfcJ h&ygonf? pD;yGm;a&;'%fcwfr_rwdkifrDu tD&wfwGif tm[m&rvHkavmufr_ r&SdcJhyg? tcrJhaq;±HkpepfESifhtD&wfusef;rma&;pepf aq;0g;vkyfief;wdk@onf a'otwGif;pHjy jzpfcJ hygonf?1999 ckESpfrSm pwifcJ honfh aq;0g;ESif htpm;taomuf 0,f,la&;twGuf a&eHa&mif;cGifhay;onf qdkonfrSmvnf; (onfht&if 6 ESpfuwnf;u tar&duefonftD&wftm; a&eHa&mif;cscGifh ydwfyifxm;cJhygonf?) taumiftxnfazmfr_ aES;auG;cJhum taumiftxnfay:vmjyefawmhvnf; usef;rma&;ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmr_/ aoE_ef;wdk;wufvmr_wdk@udk [ef@wm;EdkifwJhtxdtD&wftwGuf 0ifaiGrvH kavmufyg?tD&wftm; ukvor*~rS a&eHa&mif;cscGifhpDpOfay;&mwGif tar&duef.zdtm;a=umifhtD&wfonf w&m;r#w+yD; rSefuefaoma&eHaps;E_ef;udk r&&SdcJ hyg? tD&wftay:

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72

pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_onf q,fpkESpf tcsKd@twGif; t}uD;rm;qHk;aom vlom;csif;rpmemonfh &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefjcif; jzpfygonf?

ajymvdkonfrSm ukvor*~onfppfyGJudk r[ef@wm;Edkif±Hkru tD&wfjynfolrsm; tygt0if urBmjynfolrsm; aoausysufpD;aponfh qH k; jzwfcsufrsm; ppfyG JqH k;jzwfcsuftygt0ifudk tar&duef.tvdkus qHk;jzwfay;ae&jcif; jzpfygonf?ukvor*~onf TuJhodk@aom }uD;rm;onfhc|wf,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaeygonf? Tc|wf,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; ukvor*~onfurBmhjynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pk.ar#mfvifhtm;xm;&m jzpf+rJjzpfaeygao;onf? urBmhjynfolrsm;ESifh urBmhEdkifiHtrsm;pktwGuf rsufarSmufumvwGif ukvor*~rSvJGI wjcm;tm;udk;p&m rjrifao;yg?

jy\emrSm ukvor*~tm;urBmhjynfolrsm; tm;udk;tm;xm;xdkufaom tiftm;awmifhwif;+yD; w&m;r#wr_&Sdaom/ ppfyGJrsm;ESifh rw&m;usL;ausmfppfrsm;[ef@wm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom urBmhtm%mydkiftzGJ@tpnf; tppftrSef jzpfvmatmifðyjyifa&;yif jzpfygonf?

ukvor*~tm; ðyjyifajymif;vJzdk@vdktyfa=umif; ajymae=uonfrSm =umvS+yD?xdkajymqddkolrsm;xJwGif tar&duefvnf;yg0ifygonf? odk@&mwGif ðyjyifvdkonfhta=umif;tcsufrsm; rwlnD=uyg? tar&duefu ukvor*~twGuf ol@xnfh0if&aom aiGrsm;udk ukvor*~u tusKd;rJ hoHk;ðzef;ypfaeonf[k xifjrifcsuf&Sdygonf?ukvor*~twGuf aiGxnf h0if&mwGiftvGefwGef@wdkygonf? xnfh0ifrnf[k uwdðyxm;aomaiGudk tcsdefqGJ+yD; rxnfhbJaeonfvnf; & S dy gonf? olu ukvor*~wGif 0efxrf;rsm; azmif;yG+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkruspfvspfonfudk ðyjyifvdkygonf? ukvor*~uvnf; ðyjyifay;ygonf? wcsK d @uawmh ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDukdðyjyifvdk=uygonf? ukvor*~udk 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; ppfEd kifaom Ed d kifiHrsm;uOD;aqmifz G J @pnf;c J hy gonf? ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDwGif ppfEdkifaomEdkifiHrsm;u

vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0if }uD; 5}uD; tjzpf yg0ifaeygonf? olwdk@u ADwdktm%moHk;cGihf &Sdaeygonf? TzGJ@pnf;yHkonf rSefuefoifhavsmfr_r&S d[k xifjrif,lqaom EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeygonf? urBmhtajctaeuvnf; ajymi f ;vJvmaeygonf? *smr%DESif h *syefEd kifiHwd k @onfukvor*~. bwf*sufaiG xnfh0if&mwGifjyifopfESifh +AdwdefEdkifiHwdk@xuf ydkrsm;ygonf?ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0if EdkifiHtjzpf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfwdk@ygcGifh&rnfqdkv#if rdrdwdk@vnf; t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0iftjzpf yg0ifoifhonf[k xifjrif,lqaom EdkifiHrsm; &Sdaeygonf? vlOD;a&t&/pD;yGm;a&;t&/ a'oyx0Dtaetxm;t&yg0ifoifhaom EdkifiHtrsm;tjym; &SdaeonfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfygonf? odk@&mwGifvH k +c H Ka&;aumifp D. t+rJwrf;tzG J @0ifEdkifiHrsm; wdk;csJ@a&;jy\emrSm qHk;jzwf&rSmtvGefcufcJaom jy\emjzpfygonf?1966 ckESpfrSpI rsufarSmufumvtxdvHk+cHKa&;aumifpD. tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;udk 15EdkifiH txd wdk;csJ@cJhygonf? }uD; 5 }uD;rSvGJv#ifuseftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;rSm t+rJwrf;tzGJ@0ifEd ki fiHrsm;r[kwfbJ tvSnfhus tzG J @0ifEdkifiHrsm; jzpf=uygonf? odk@&mwGif ,cktcs de ftxd vH k +c H Ka&;aumifp D ðy jyi fajymif;vJa&; jy\emrSm ajyvnfr_r&Sdao;yg?

yd kI}uD;rm;onfh jy\emrSmukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDESifh tar&[email protected]\em jzpfygonf? tar&duefuukvor*~udk }uD;pdk;jc,fvS,fvdkygonf?vH k +c H Ka&;aumifpDud kvnf; tar&dueftvdkus vuf!_d;axmif acgif;ndwfaomtzGJ@tpnf; jzpfapcsifygonf? ukvor*~udkppfEdkif EdkifiHrsm;u OD;aqmifzGJ@pnf;cJha=umif;ajym+yD;yg+yD? ‘ppfat;’udk wcsKd@u wwd,urBmppftjzpf ,lq=uygonf? wjcm;EdkifiHr sm;u oabmwlonfjzp fap/oabmrwlonfjzpfap tar&duefuol@udk,fol ppfEdkif EdkifiHtjzpf ,lqaeygonf?ppfat;vGefumvwGif tar&duefu urBmhtzG J @tpnf;opfw&yf OD;aqmifzG J @pnf;Edkifonfh tajctaer&Sdaomfvnf; vuf&Sd

ukvor*~udkyif urBmppfEdkifolwOD;wnf;Adkvfjzpfaom tar&dueftvdkus emcH&onfhtzGJ@tpnf; jzpfapcsifygonf?

tar&duefu ukvor*~udkvmbfxdk;jcif;tyg acsmh¹r‡Ljcif;wcg +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;wvSnfh vkyfygonf? oljzpfapcsifonfh qHk;jzwfcsufudk vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDucsrSwfapygonf? olwifoGif;aom qHk;jzwfcsufudk vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDu oabmwlvmatmif zdtm;ay;ygonf?

=unfhyg? tjzpftysufw&yfudkyJwifjyygrnf?

1998 ckESpfwkef;u tar&duefonf tD&wfudk ppfðyzdk@ jyifqifaeonf?ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf udkzDtmeefu b*~'ufod k @oGm;+y D; tD&wfacgif;aqmif quf'rf[lpdefESifh aqG;aEG;ygonf? yGJodrf;csdef rdepfyd kif;tvdkwGifoabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf csKyfqdkEdkifcJhygonf?ukvor*~ vufeufppfaq;a&;tzGJ@udktD&wfu vufoifhcHvdkufjcif;jzifh tar&duef. ppf+cdrf;ajcmufr_&efrS a&Smif&Sm;&efóu;yrf;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? udkzDtmeefe,l;a,mhodk@ jyefa&mufcsdefwGif ukvor*~vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDu qHk;jzwfcsuftopfw&yfcsrSwfzdk@ jyifqifvsuf&Sdygonf? tD&wfutem*wfrSm 'DoabmwlpmcsKyfudk csK d;azmufr,fqdk&if “qdk;0g;aom tusKd;qufrsm;” tjzpf tD&wftay: ppfyGJtygt0ifjypf'%fcwfr_rsm; vkyfzdk@qHk;jzwf&ef ukvor*~qd ki f&m tar&duefoHtrwf bD&pfcswfqifu tqdkðycsufwifoGif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

1988 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &ufae@?vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJrSaumifpD0ifoufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;.oHtrwfrsm; wa,muf+y D;wa,mufxGufvm=uygonf? olwdk@u ‘±kyf§oH’owif;axmufrsm; tygt0if pme,fZif;orm;rsm;tm; olwdk@qH k;jzwfcsufonftD&wftay: qdk;0g;aomtusKd;quftjzpfjypf'%fcwf&ef cGifhðyay;vdkufjcif; r[kwfa=umif; &Sif;jy=uygonf? tD&wfudk ppfcif;zdk@tar&dueftygt0if b,fEdkifiHudkr# tcGifhtm%mtyfESif;jcif; r[kwfa=umif; tav;


73

teuf ajymqdk=uygonf? bD&pfcswfqifuol@aemufvd kufaemufyg oHtrwfrsm;ESifhtwl aemufqHk;usrS xGufvmygonf?owif;pmorm;rsm;tm; olajymaompum;onf a& S @uoHtrwfrsm;.ajympum;ESifh ajymif;jyef jzpfygonf? oluycHk;wGef@+yD; “u|efawmfwdk@uawmh tJovdktcGif htm%m tyfESif;ay;vdkufw,fvdk@,lqw,f ” [k ajymqdkygonf? Todk@jzifhtar&duef. tqdkðycsuftwdkif; (tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u oabmwlwl rwlwl) vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDu qH k; jzwfvd kufonfhoabmjzpfoGm;cJhygonf?

uvifweftpdk;&onf Tr#ESifhrauseyfEd kifao;yg? olwdk@taeeJ@ ppfyG JtwGufjyifqifr_awG tm;vHk;vkyf+yD;+yD?vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD.qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif;qdkv#iftar&duefwd kufav,mOfawG/ A H k ; }uJav,OfawGeJ@ ppfwyfawGudk jyefac:&rnfhyHkay:aeonf? tar&duefu jyefrac:vdkyg?xdk@aemuf vtcsKd@t=umwGif ‘uE Wm&ajracG;’ac: 4 &uf=um ppfyGJtao;pm;w&yfudk ukvor*~. cGif hðycsufr&&SdbJAHk;awG/ 'Hk;usnfawG ypfcwf+yD; qifE$Jvdkufygonf?

&Sif;aeygonf? tar&duefonfvHk+cHKa&;aumifpDwGif;Y ol@tqdkðycsuftwdkif; qHk;jzwfcsufusatmif zdtm;ay;onf? xdkr#omru vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD.qHk;jzwfcsuf&Sd&Sd/ r&Sd&Sd olppfwdkufvdkv#ifxwdkufonf? vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDESifh ukvor*~udk ab;csdwfxm;vdkufonf? tar&duefonf ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;ygpnf;rsOf;jzpfaom “ukvor*~tzJ G @0ifEdkifiHtm;vHk;wdk@onf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;wGif EdkifiHwEdkifiH. e,fajrwnfwHhjynfhpHkr_ESifhEdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfcGifhudk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;odk@r[kwf tiftm;toHk;ðyjcif;udk a&Smif=uOf&rnf?”qdkonfhtcsufudk twdtvif;csdK;azmufvdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? vHkðcHa&;aumifpD bmwwfEdkifygovJ? bmrS rwwfEdkifyg? ukvor*~bmwwfEdkifovJ? bmrS

rwwfEdkifyg?,ckrsufarSmuf tD&wfppfyJGudk

vnf; xdkenf;twdkif; wdkufcJhygonf? ukvor*~oabmrwlbJ wdkufonfhtwGufrSm;,Gif;onf[k ,lqaomolrsm; urBmwGiftifESifhtm;ESifh &Sdygonf? ArmjynfwGifvnf;&Sdygonf? ppfyJGtm; qef@usifqENjyae=uonfh urBmhjynfolrsm;xJwGif Ttjrif&Sdolrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ukvor*~rS }uD;rª;+yD; urBmhEdkifiHaygif;pHk tpnf;ta0;ac:umtar&duef.rw&m; ppfðyjcif;udk uef@uGuf±_wfcs&ef/ ta&;,l&eftqdkðywifjyaomEd ki fi Hrsm;vnf; &S dygonf? ukvor*~bmwwfEdkifygovJ? bmrS rwwfEdkifyg?

tmz*efepPweftm; tar&duefwdk@ wdkufcJhpOfu ukvor*~tm; aumufoif;aumuf vkyfief;jzpfaom u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;vkyfcGifhay;cJhygonf? ,ck tD&wfppfyJGwGifum; tar&duefonf xdktcGifhta&;rsdK;ay;&efyif wGef@wd kaeygonf? ray;csifawmhyg? wjcm;zHG@òz;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;u ukvor*~tm; tcGifhtm%may;&ef tar&dueftm; azsmif;zswd kufwGef;ae&onfhb0jzpfygonf? (tD&wfwGif quf'rf[lpdeftpdk;&vGef aemufxyftpdk;&w&yf rzJG@&ao;aomfvnf; ukvor*~u pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_ ±kyfodrf;+yD; tD&wftm; a&eHa&mif;cscGifhay;zdk@ tar&duefu ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;qdkif&m awmif;qdkr_wdk@awmh vkyfygonf?)

,ck ukvor*~.jy\emrSmvHkðcHa&;aumifpD ðyjyifa&;jy\em r[kwfawmhyg? ukvor*~qufvufwnf&S dzd k @vdkrvdkqdkonfh jy\emtxd wufvmygonf? tajctaeay;v#if tar&duefuol @p dw f óuufurBm htz J G @tpnf;w&y fxlaxmifvdkonfhoabmrsdK; &Sdaeovm;rajymwwfyg? avmavmq,frSmrl urBmhtzJG@tpnf;opf zJG@pnf;a&;avoH xGufrvmao;yg?

aocsmaeonfuawmh avmavmq,f taetxm;t& ukv or*~u

tar&dueftm; xdef;csKyf rxm;Edkifonfhtajctaeyif jzpfygonf? tar&dueftm;rxde f ;c s Ky fE d ki fonf htwGuf / pp fy J Gu d kr[efhwm;EdkifonfhtwGuf/ usL; ausmfppfudkjywfjywfom;om; rqef@usifEd ki fonfhtwGuf/ urBmhjynfolrsm;. +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifhvH k ðcHa&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tumtuG,f ray;EdkifonfhtwGuf ukvor*~udktjypfwifaom tjrifrsm;vnf; &S daeygonf? tar&duefu aemufxyfppfyJ Gopfrsm; zefwD;rnfh tvm;tvmvnf;&Sdaeygonf? ukvor*~u [ef@wm;Edkifygrnfvm;?

trSefu ukvor*~onf urBmay:wGif awmoHk;axmifudk tpdk;&onfhauo&mZm jcaohFrif;yrm 0ifh0ifhxnfxnfawmifhawmifhwif;wif;ESifh tkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdae&rnfjzpfygonf? xdkodk@jzpf&efvnf;urBhmjynfolrsm;u ar#mfvifhxm;=uygonf?vufawG@um; xdkodk@jzpfrvmyg? xdk@a=umifhtrsdK;rsdK;aom a0zefjypfwifr_rsm; ukvor*~tay: usa&mufvmygonf? ukvor*~onf a&a¹r[kajymolu ajymvm=uyg+yD?vlrav;acG;rcH h ukvor*~jzpfae+yD[kqdkolu qdk=uygonf? tar&duefuvnf;ukvor*~tay: tjrifr=unfvifyg?ukvor*~twGuf a&S @r Smxrf;aqmifwm0ef,l&rnfh urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;jy\emuvnf; ydkrdk}uD;av;vmygonf?

jcaoFhyJjzpfjzpf/ a&a¹ryJqdkqd k[d kuxdk;onfuqGESif h ukvor*~}uD;rsufvHk;eDvmaeyg+yD? olbmqufvkyfrvJ?a&S@rSm jrifawG@&ygawmhrnf? xdkif+yD;apmifh=unfhaezdk@awmh r[kwfyg? Armjynfjynfolrsm;vnf; urBmhjynfolrsm;ESifhtwlAdkvfusv$rf;rdk;r_0g' qef@usifa&;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif wwyfwtm;yg0ifzdk@ vdkygonf? urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;tm;ukvor*~u xdef;odrf;umuG,fEdkifatmifrdrdwwfEdkifonfhbufrS 0ef;&Hay;zdk@ vdkygvdrfhrnf?

tD&wfppfyJG +yD;qHk;cJh+yDjzpfaomfvnf; 'Dvdkppfðywm rSefrrSefqdkonfh jy\emrSm r+yD;qHk;ao;yg?

tD&wfppfyJG tpðyonfESifh tjriftrsdK;rsdK; ay:xGufcJhonf? wcsdK@u tar&duef. usL;ausmfppfudk axmufcH=uonf?urBmhjynfoltrsm;pku qef@usifonf? wcsdK@u tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;onfh quf'rf[lpdeftpdk;&udk wdkufxkwfjcif;jzpfojzifhppfðyjcif;rSm rSefonf[k ,lqonf? wcsdK@utar&duefonf ukvor*~. oabmwlcGifhðycsufr&SdbJ wdkufojzifh rSm;onf[kxifjrifonf?

Armjynfjynfolrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh etz ppftm%m&Sifpepftay:rkef;wD;pdwf &Sd=uonf? xdkrkef;wD;pdwfjzifhwcsdK@u quf'rf[lpdfef. tm%m&Sifpepftpdk;&tm; ðzwfcsypfonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om &Sd=uonf? tD&wfwGif 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& wifay;zdk@ od=um;rif; em;uif;}uD;eJ@qif;+yD; u,fwifay;ovdk tar&duefuu,fwifay;onf[k wifpm;=uonf?Armjynfta&;twGufvnf; tar&dueftm; ar#mfvifh,Hkpm;ae=uolrsm; &Sdonf?

tar&duef. pp f ðya&;ta=umif;jycsufESifh qifajcqifvufrsm;rSefuefygovm;? olajymwdkif; ,Hk=unf&rnfvm;?

tD&wftpdk;&u tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;onfqdkonfrSm oHo,&Sdp&m rvdkyg? vGefcJhaom (12) ESpfwkef;u tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynf wckudk usL;ausmfcJhzl;ygonf?

vGe fc J haom (15) E Sp favmufwke f ;uumh'folykefawGud k "mwkaA'vufeuftoHk;ðy+yD; wdkufcdkufcJhzl;ygonf? odk@&mwGif'Dae@rSmvnf; tD&wf[m "mwkvufeufawGudk wd k;cs J @xkwfvkyfvsuf &S donf/EsL;uvD;,m;vufeuf xkwfvkyfa&;txdvkyfvmEdkifonf qdkonfwdk@rSm rSef;qcsufESifhtxiftjrifrsm;om jzpfygonf?

,cifutar&duefonf ‘wmvDbef’ wdk@tm; arG;jrLay;cJ honfhenf;wlquf'rf[lpdefudkvnf; toHk;cscJhzl;ygonf?tD&wfonf tar&duefxHrS vufeufrsm;udk &,loHk;pJGcJhzl;ygonf? 1991 ckESpftxdtD&wf.EsLuvD;,m;/ "mwk/ ZD0vufeufESifh 'Hk;usnftwwf ynmrsm;tm; tar&duefvufeuf aumfy d ka&;&Si f ;rsm;uaxmufyHhay;tyfcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ukvor*~vHk ðcHa&;aumifpDod k @ tD&wfrSwifoGif;onfh pmrsufESm 11˜000 yg vufeufxkwfvkyfr_tpD&ifcHpmxJY tD&wf. tpkvd kuftðyHvd kuf aoaponfh vufeufxkwfvkyfa&;udk EdkifiHaygif;pHkrS ukr`%D 150wdk@u axmufulyHhydkk;ay;cJha=umif; azmfjyxm;ygonf? tar&duefukr%D 24 cktjyif+Adwdef/ *smr%DESifh jyif opfEdkifiHrS ukr%Drsm;yg0ifcJ h =uygonf? odk@&mwGif tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf aoausapaom vufeufrsm;,ck qufvufxkwfvkyfao;ovm;/ rxkwfvkyfbl;vm;qdkonfrSm raocsmyg?

1991 ckESpf tD&wftm; tar&duefwdk@ wdkufcdkufcJhpOfu tD&wf. ppfa&;pGrf;&nf 80 &mckdifE_ef;udk zsufqD;EdkifcJhonf[k

tar&duefu a=unmcJhygonf? 1991ckESpfaemufydkif; tD&wf&Sd tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufaoausysufpD;apaom vufeufrsm;. 90&mcd kifE_ef;rSm &Sif;vif; zsufqD;xm;+yD;jzpfonf[k ukvor*~ vufeufppfaq;a&;tzJ G @u a=unmcJ hy gonf? tD&wfud ktar&duefwdk@ usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcsdeftxd tzsufvufeufxkwfvkyfr_ oufaotaxmuftxm;tcdkiftrm rawG@&d S&ao;yg? tD&wfuvlawGtpkvdkuf tðyHvd kufaoaponfhvufeufudk ydkifw,fxm;OD;awmh olu'DvufeufawGudk toHk;rðyao;bl;qkdv#ifol[m rsufarSmufumv&J@ t"dutE W&m,ftjzpf yDyDjyifjyif jzpfrvmao;yg?wjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; onfvdkvufeufrsdK; &Sdae=uygonf? tpPa&;rSmEsLuvD;,m;vufeuf &Sdygonf? ygupPwefESifh tdENd,wdk@rSm EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf&Sdae±Hkru toHk;ðyvkqJqJtajctae jzpfygonf? urBmtwGuf }uD;rm;aom+cdrf;ajcmufr_ðyvsuf &Sdaeygonf? EsLuvD;,m;/ "mwk/ ZD0ponfhvufeufrsm;udkTurBmwGif t}uD;rm;qHk;yd kifqdkifolrSmtar&duefudk,fwdkifyif jzpfygonf? olonftEkjrLvufeufudk oHk;pG J+yD;yg+yD? 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;rSpI ppfyGJrsm;udk 'dkifcHzefwD;onfhEdkifiHvnf; jzpfygonf? ol.EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf tqifhwdk;jr‡ifha&;ESifh "mwk/ ZD0vufeuf okawoevkyfief;udk t}uD;tus,f vkyfaeonfhtjyif “pwm;0g;”pDrHudef;jzifhvnf; urBmudk +cdrf;ajcmufvsuf

ta+rmft+rifESifhta+rmft+rifESifhta+rmft+rifESifhta+rmft+rifESifhta+rmft+rifESifh

_yifqifxm;ygrS_yifqifxm;ygrS_yifqifxm;ygrS_yifqifxm;ygrS_yifqifxm;ygrS

74

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75


The Counter-terrorism Center (pDwDpD) qdkwm eHrnfausmfpDtdkifat (CIA) &J‹vufatmufXme jzpfw,f? t=urf;zuf0g'udk wefjyefzdk‹qdk+yD; 1986 ckESpfu pzJG‹wm jzpfw,f?tJ'Dwkef;u vlodyfrrsm;bl;? 9-11 udpPay:+yD;rS wqausmfwdk;csJ‹vdkufwm vl 1100 ausmf&Sdae+yD? tJ'DvlawGu&wJhowif;udk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmolawGeJ‹ owif;&atmifvdkufwJhaxmufvSrf;a&;orm;awG jzpfw,f? owif;axmufvSrf;=ucJGjcrf;pdwfjzm=ueJ‹ tvGefudk tvkyf¶_yfw,f?

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9-11 rjzpfrDu t=urf;zufcH&awmhr,fqdkwJhowif;tpteawG CIA u &cJhw,f? 'gayrJh CIA u FBI

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bmyJjzpfjzpf 9-11 a=umifh bk&Sfajczsm;

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CIA atmufuatmufuatmufuatmufuatmufu CTC

76

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77


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(1)tdkufqifa[mif0gu vufeufukr`%D}uD;rsm;&,f/

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ol‹owday;csuf odyfrSefw,f? urBm}uD;eJ‹tar&duefjynf[m AD,uferfppfudk ñuHcJhw,f? AD,uferfppfrSmaemufqHk;ay: vufeufqef;awG wck+yD;wck oHk;cJhw,f?vufeufukr`%D}uD;awG odyf+yD;tusdK;tjrwf &cJhw,f?yifw*Gefu AdkvfcsKyfawGvJ enf;y&d,m,fopfawG prf;cGifh&/eHrnfausmf=um; jzpf=uw,f? orRwawGuawmh v$wfawmf&J‹tm%mukefvJ$wmcH&+yD; orRwouf &Snf=umcJhw,f?

'gayrJh AD,uferfppfrSm olwdk‹&_H;cJhw,f? xdkpOfuurBmhjynfolawGu Edk;=um;aew,f? AD,uferfjynfolawGuol&Jaumif;yDow,f? pGef‹v$wftepfem cH0Hhw,f?&efolwa,mufaozdk‹ rdrdw&mtaocH+yD; wdkuf0Hhw,f?

'DvdkeJ‹ tar&dueftavmif;awG tacgif;oGif;+yD;wavmif;+yD;wavmif; tdrfjyef&wm rsm;vmw,f? 'DawmhrSppfqef‹usifa&; qENjyyJGawG }uD;rm;us,fjyef‹vmw,f?qENjyyJGudk t=urf;ywrf;ESdrf&w,f? urBm}uD;'kuQawG‹+yD;rStar&duefjynf 'kuQawG‹awmhwmyJ?

AD,uferfppf[m tar&dueftwGuf yxrqHk;&_H;yJGawG‹wm jzpfw,f? olu b,fwkef;urS ppfr&_H;zl;bl;?tJ'Dvdkjzpfwm[m tar&duefu vufeufaumif;vdk‹ppfwdkufaumif;vdk‹ r[kwfbl;? EdkifrSmaocsmrS 0ifwdkufvdk‹yJ?

+yD;awmhvJ tar&duefjynf&J‹ yx0Dtaetxm;uol‹udk wyef;omapw,f? olu olrsm;awGwdkufwmapmifh=unfhEdkifw,f? 0ifygcsifrS 0ifygEdkifw,f rygcsif&if

xdkif=unfhaevdk‹ &w,f? yxreJ‹'kwd,urBmppfrSmAHk;wvHk;t}uJrcH&bJ tjrwftrsm;qHk; xkwfoGm;Edkifw,f?tar&duef GDP u urBmh GDP &JŒ oHk;yHkwyHk jzpfoGm;w,f?tJ'Dtaetxm;u tckxd &Sdaew,f?

'Dtaetxm;udk &DywfAvpfueforRwjzpfjzpf'Drdku&uforRwjzpfjzpf xdef;=urSmyJ? tar&duefEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;awGuvJ xdef;csif=uwmyJ? tar&duefEdkifiHom;awGu cvkwfxdrS trdwwwfolawG jzpfw,f?

AD,uferfppf &_H;+yD;uwnf;u tar&dueforRwawG[m pEN*kwfppfqifa&;yJ vkyf=uw,f? taysmhqHk;udka&G;wdkufw,f? yxrtdrfeD;csif; *&ifae'g Grenada eJ‹ yem;rm;Panama udk wdkufw,f? qifeJ‹qdwfawmif r[kwfbl;?qifeJ‹y&GufqdwfyJ? ppfat;acwfrSm tm&SbufajcOD;rvSnfh0Hhbl;? AD,uferfppfeJ‹ywfouf+yD;t*Fvdyf0g&ifhrm&S,f}uD;armif*dkrm&Du oifcef;pmwckxkwfzl;w,f? tm&Swdkufr}uD;xJudk ajcvsifwyfeJ‹0ifrwdkufaveJ‹/ wdkuf&ifuJG+yDomrSwfvdk‹ed*Hk;csKyfoHk;oyfjyzl;w,f? tJ'Ded*Hk;csKyfcsufudk tckxdbk&Sfwdk‹owdðyw,f? 'ga=umifh ajcvsifwyf awmfawmfeJ‹ rv$wfbl;?a0[ifu av,mOfeJ‹ r_ef‹r_ef‹nufnufacs+yD;rS v$wfw,f?ppfwdkuf&wm r&Sdbl;? 'ga=umifh taotaysmufvJ r&Sdbl;?

(2)tD&wfrSmu av[me,fAHk; Vacuum bomb

eJ‹rdkufc&dka0hAHk; Microwave bomb oHk;zdk‹ pDpOfw,fvdk‹ qdkw,f?“av[me,fAHk;” u udkqdkAdkppfwkef;u oHk;cJhzl;ayr,fh

enf;enf;yJ prf;vdkuf &w,f? v#yfppf"mwftm;vdkif; yg0g*&pfPower grid awGudk zsufqD;ypfEdkifw,fvdk‹ qdkw,f? tckxyf+yD;tpGrf;jr‡ifhxm;w,f? tJ'DAHk; tD&wfrSm oHk;=unhfcsifaew,f?'DAHk;&JŒtpGrf;u vGefuJwJh tyl"mwfawG v$wfay;wmwJh?"mwkvufeufydk;r$m; vufeuf*dka'gifay: }uJzdk‹ jzpfw,f? "mwktqdyfawG ydk;r$m;awGudk jyef‹xGufrvmapbJ wcsDwnf;tJ'DtqdyfawG ydk;r$m;awGudkyg zsufqD;ypfvdkufr,fvdk‹ qdkw,f?wu,fvdk‹ ratmifjrif&if oabmw&m;eJ‹vufawG‹ rudkufbJjzpfoGm;&ifvJ ta&;r}uD;bl;? ao&if tD&wfawGyJ ao=urSm?

“rdkufc&dka0hAHk;” uawmh prf;udkrprf;&ao;bl;?tmz*efppfwkef;u wjcm;trsdK;tpm;AHk;awGyJ prf;cJh&w,f?ubl;vfòrŒrSm oGm;prf;vdk‹uawmh bmrStusdK;&SdrSm r[kwfvdk‹rprf;wmyJ?

'DAHk;&JŒtpGrf;u v#yfppfoHk;ypPnf;awGudkomtE W&m,fay;wm qdkyJ? uGefysLwmawG/ óu;rJha=u;eef;ydk‹pufawG/w,fvDzkef;awG/ a&'D,dk toHv$ifhwmawG/ &kyfoHv$ifhwmawGtm;vHk;&yfoGm;r,f? armfawmfum;u yvyfawGawmifrD;yGm;rxkwfEdkifbJ jzpfoGm;r,f qdkyJ?

ubl;vfòrŒrSm 'ga=umihf rprf;wmyJ? bmrSr&SdwJhòrŒrSmoGm;prf;vdk‹ bmrS okawoevkyfEdkifrSmrS r[kwfwm?


79

b*~'ufrSmprf;rS b,fvdktusdK;tjypf&Sdw,fqdkwmodrSm jzpfw,f? tD&wfrSm u acwfrDumuG,fa&;qufoG,fa&;pepfawG &Sdw,f? A[dkXmecsKyf &Sdw,f?wjcm;prf;oyfr,fh vufeufawGvJ &Sdao;w,f? aygif 2aomif;AHk;qdkwmwdk‹‹ bmwdk‹vJ &Sdw,f? tD&wfppfyJGrSmprf;=uygvdrhfr,f?

umuG,fa&;tqifhjrifh vufeufrsm;okawoe{*sifpDD(DARPA) NASA bdk;tif; Boeing ukr`%D abm Ball

tmumoESihf enf;ynmaumfydka&;&Sif;wdk‹ aygif;+yD;wDxGifaewJhò*vfwkqdkwmuvJ &Sdao;w,f? tD&wfppfyJGrSmawmh prf;Edkifr,frxifbl;?2006 ckESpfusrS prf;EdkifrSmwJh? 'gayrJh tD&wfppfrSmy%mrprf;oyfwmawG vkyfvdrfhr,f? (3)

yifv,fauG‹ppf/ udkqdkAdkppfawG+yD;awmhtar&duefukr`%DawG vufeufta&mif; wufw,f?ol‹vufeufawG vlóuufrsm; t0,fvdkufw,f? tjrwf&w,f?yifw*Gefu AdkvfcsKyfawG eHrnfausmf=um; vlodrsm;oGm;w,f?yg0,fvf Powell qdk&if emrnfausmfoGm;+yD;orRwjzpfa&;awmif rSef;cJhwmyJ r[kwfvm;?

EdkifiHa&;orm;uawmh r[mAsL[m Grand Strategy

tjrifeJ‹ vkyfwmyJ? tjrwf&zdk‹avmuf/ ausmf=um;r_&zdk‹avmufxuf ydkw,f? urBmhtcif;tusif;opf New World

Order txd pOf;pm;+yD; vkyfw,f? vmr,fh 2004 cka&G;aumufyJGvJ u|Jul;a&yg ygw,f?EdkifiHa&;orm;pOf;pm;enf;&JŒ om"uudk 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;cgeD;rSm awG‹Edkifw,f? [D;&dk;&SD;rm;eJ‹em*gquDrSm tEkjrLAHk;cswm[m r[mAsL[mtjrifeJ‹ vkyfwmyJ? wu,fu csp&mrvdkbl;? b,fvdkwdkufwdkuf *syefppf&_H;awmhrSmyJ?

'gayrJh tar&duefu tEkjrLAHk;csjzpfatmifcsvdkufw,f? vlawGtwkH;t&kH; aow,f?*syefppfom;awGaowm r[kwfbl;? omreftjypfrJht&yfom;awG aowm yJ? tEkjrLAHk;udk csjzpfatmifcswmbma=umihfvJ? ta=umif;&if;uawmh -Oa&myppfajrjyifrSm pwmvifudk acsmhaygif;xm;&w,f?tóuufvdkufcJh&w,f? ajr‡mufyifh+yD;vJ ajymcJh&w,f?

csmcsDvdkvluawmif b,fvdkajr‡mufyifhajymcJhovJqdk&if “b,ftpdk;&rsdK;rS [pfwvmh'%f cHEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ &k&Sm;tpdk;&uawmh cHEdkifw,f? cHEdkif&Hkru *smr%Dwyfrawmf}uD;udk '%fcwfypfvdkufw,f” vdk‹ zm;+yD; 1943ckESpfu ajymcJhw,f? aemufvJ a,mfvfwm - wD[D&ef - ydk‹p'rfuGefz&ifhawGrSm pwmvifudk tav#mhay;cJh&wm &Sdw,f?

'DyHkpHtwdkif;omqdk&if ppft+yD;ay:vmr,fhurBmhtcif;tusif;[m t&if;&SifavmutwGuf tusdK;r&Sdbl;?'gudkjyifypfzdk‹qdk&if &k&Sm;udk tEkjrLAHk;eJ‹ +cdrf;ajcmufxm;&r,fqdk+yD; tEkjrLAHk;udk uref;uwef;oHk;vdkufwm

jzpfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tar&duefrSm xkwfvkyf+yD;om;tEkjrLAHk;odyf&Sdwm r[kwfbl;? tJ'Dvdk xkwfoHk;vdkufvdk‹'kwd,urBmppft+yD;rSm pwmvifudk [ef‹vdkufEdkifw,f?rm&S,fpDrHudef;udk aZmufcsvkyfEdkifw,f? ppfat;acwfurBmhtcif;tusif;udk zefwD;Edkifw,f?

tckvJ “rdkufc&dka0hAHk;” “av[me,fAHk;” awGuwu,fyJtpGrf;xufwm jzpfcJh&if òyifbuftm;vHk;udk[ef‹vdkufEdkifrSmyJ? tar&duefOD;aqmifaom r[mrdwf tzJG‹udkwdk;csJŒEdkifr,f? tar&duef&JŒ igwaumauma&;vkyf[efydk+yD;=urf;wrf;vmr,f? uef‹uGuf0Hholay:rSm r[kwfbl;?tar&dueftvdkus urBmhtcif;tusif;opfqDodk‹OD;wnfapvdrhfr,fvdk‹ bk&Sfwdk‹wodkuf wGuf=uyHk ay:w,f? (4)

urBmtESH‹ ppfqef‹usifa&;qENjyyJGawG jzpfaewmudkbk&Sfu *&krðyyg? Advyfu bvJuawmif wkefv_yfayr,fhrav#mhyg?

tar&duefppfom; tavmif;awGtacgif;eJ‹jyefvmwm cyfrsm;rsm; jzpfvm&if tJ'DtcgusrS*&krðybJ rwkefv_yfbJ raeEdkifwJhb0 a&mufrSmyg?udkqdkAdkeJ‹tmz*efppfyJG 2 yGJrSm tar&duefppfom; ppfwdkuf&if;wa,mufrS raocJhyg? tcsif;csif;vlrSm;ypfvdk‹ aowmyJ&Sdw,fvdk‹ qdkw,f? 'gayrJh wdkufyJGt+yD; &Sif;vif;a&;vkyfawmhwdkufwmawGrSm aoygw,f? odyfrrsm;ao;yg?quf'rf[lpdefwdk‹ wmvDbefwdk‹[m AD,uferfuGefjrLepfawGvdkwdkufEdkifolrsm; r[kwfaomfvnf; tD&wfjynfoleJ‹tmz*efjynfolawGuawmh rSefuefwJh acgif;aqmifr_&Sd&ifAD,uferfjynfolawGvdk wdkufEdkif=uygvdrfhr,f?

tar&duefppfom; tavmif;awG -tacgif;eJ@jyefatmif rvkyfEdkifao;or# bk&Sfwdk‹vdkigwaumaumolawG &rf;um;aeOD;rSmygyJ? urBmhjynfoleJ‹tar&duef jynfolawG yl;aygif;rdrS ppfwm;qD;a&;eJ‹+idrf;csrf;a&;ta&;awmfyHk atmifjrifrSm jzpfygw,f? ?

AmwDuef (AmwDuef (AmwDuef (AmwDuef (AmwDuef (Vatican ) rStoH) rStoH) rStoH) rStoH) rStoH

tD&wfppfyJGjzpfaomtcg ykyf&[ef;rif;uol@ausmif;awmfu qkawmif;yJGwGifrSwfavmufom;avmufaom pum;wcGef; ajymvdkufonf?ol@pum;udk cyfvG,fvG,fjyefajymv#if “a*g@ God awG -tv†m Allah awG vkyfraeeJ@ wdkufrSmom wdkuf=u”[lIjzpf.?

bifvm'ifu zlull,m;rm;. “ordkif;ed*Hk;csKyf+yD”t,ltqudk ajrmif;xJydk@vdkufovdk ykyf. Tpum;u[efwifwef. “,Ofaus;r_csif;xdyfwdkufwdk;jcif;” udk


80

ajrmif;xJydk@vdkufovdk &Sd.?ppfat;acwfu b&if*sD “ykyf”

&[ef;rif;ESifhywfoufaom wu,fvdkvdk - yHkjyifvdkvdktajymwck &Sd.? csmcsDu ppftwGif; uGefz&ifhwckwGifpwmvifudk “ykyf” &[ef;rif;ESifh r[mrdwfðyzdk@ wdkufwGef;onfqdk.? pwmvifu “ol@rSm wyfr}uD; b,fESck&Sdvdk@vJ” [kwkH@jyefonf qdk.? ,ckvnf; bk&Sfu pwmvifajymovdk “ykyfrSmppfwyfb,favmuf &Sdvdk@vJ” [k ajym&rvdk jzpfaeonf?

ykyfu tD&wfppfyJGudk c&pf,mef - rlqvif ppfyJGtjzpfrcHEdkif? ol@tusdK;aus;Zl; rygojzifh vufa&Smifonf?AmwDuefu bmoma&; ,Ofaus;r_axmifhrSae =unfhjcif;jzpf.?

jyifopf/ *smr%/D ¶k&Sm;wdk@uawmh EdkifiHa&;axmif/hpD;yGm;a&;axmifhu=unfh+yD; vufa&Smifjcif; jzpf.?tD&wfppfyJGonf “0if¶dk;wpfck urBmhpepf” twGufwdkufaomppfjzpfa=umif; odonf? 0if¶dk;wckurBmhpepftjzpfrcHEdkif? trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm;umjywfjywfvrf;cJGvdkufjcif; jzpfonf?

trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; wdk;rdwdkufrdonfhacwfwGifArmjynf. “trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;” u bmvJqdkonfudkpOf;pm;=u&vdrhfrnf?

tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; ‘vlom;'dkif;’tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; ‘vlom;'dkif;’tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; ‘vlom;'dkif;’tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; ‘vlom;'dkif;’tar&duef 'korRw 'pf acsae&J@orD; ‘vlom;'dkif;’vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;+yDavm?vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;+yDavm?vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;+yDavm?vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;+yDavm?vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;+yDavm?

tazu bk&Sf&J@ “rdp>m (3) aumif” xJu eHygwf0rf;? orD;u“vlom;'dkif;”? 'Dowif;udk ay;wmu ¶k&Sm;u “vli,f y&yfA'gowif;pm” jzpfw,f?

tJ'Dowif;pm tqdkt& acsae&J@orD; 2 a,mufrSmtck vlom;'dkif; vkyfr,fqdk+yD;xGufoGm;wJh orD;u t}uD;jzpfw,f? t,fvDZbuf acsae/ touf (35) ESpf?ynmxl;c|efxufjrufw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? ppfqef@usifa&;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzJG@om;awGeJ@twl e,l;a,mufwnf;cdkcef;rSmtwlae&if;u rwfv 23 &ufrSm xGufoGm;wmvdk@ qdkw,f?ol@a&mif;&if;awGuawmh vlom;'dkif;vkyfzdk@ b*~'ufoGm;wmvdk@ajym=uw,f?

'Dowif;u twif;tzsif;vm; - owif;vm;ra0cJGwwfayr,fh ¶k&Sm; - tar&duef ppfat;wdkufyJG jyefpae+yDqdkwmawmh taotcsmajymEdkifygw,f?f?f?f?f?

AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lcH&?AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lcH&?AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lcH&?AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lcH&?AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwJh avol&J ta&;,lcH&?

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AHk;awGeJ@twl pcef;jyefvmw,fvdk@ qdkw,f? tjypfrJhvlawGraoapcsifvdk@ AHk;r}uJbJ jyefvmwmvdk@ avol&Ju xkacsayr,fh

tm%mydkifawGu r,Hkbl;?udk,hfwyfudk,f vufypfAHk;eJ@ypfwJh

tar&duefwyf=uyf}uD;vdk udk,fhwyfudk,fAHk;}uJr,fhvlyJvdk@xifaew,f? ppfaq;ae=uw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?

ul0dwfrSm&SdwJh ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdoluawmh 'guwOD;wa,muf&J@ tðytrlyg? wyfom;trsm;pku tD&wfppfyJGwdkufcsif=uygw,fvdk@ &Sif;jyw,fvdk@ qdkw,f?

ppfqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_u wyfxJtxda&mufvmwm[m tD&wfppfyJG&J@ xl;jcm;csufwck jzpfygw,f?

tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfol@tvSnfhenf;?tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfol@tvSnfhenf;?tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfol@tvSnfhenf;?tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfol@tvSnfhenf;?tD&wf+yD;v#if rnfol@tvSnfhenf;?

tD&wfudpP ppfa&;tydkif; +yD;yg+yD?tD&wfjynfolrsm;wGif jywfom;onfhacgif;aqmifr_&Sdv#ifa&&Snfajymufusm;ppf wdkufaumif;wdkufEdkifygvdrfhrnf?AD,uferfppfvdkawmh jzpfrnfr[kwfwm aocsmygonf?EdkifiHa&;ESifh yx0Dcsif;rwlI jzpfygonf?

tar&duefuawmh tD&wfwGif EdkifiHa&;xlaxmifr_udkol@vufxJxm;+yD; pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifr_udkawmhukvor*~odk@ v$Jay;csif[ef jyaeygonf?

ttm;&oGm;aom tar&duefppf,E W&m;}uD;uawmhwzufzufodk@ vSnfhrnfhoabm &Sdygonf? rnfonfhbufvSnfhrnfenf;? EdkifiHwumrS EdkifiHa&;yka&m[dwfwcsdK@uawmhtD&efbufvSnfhrnf/ awmiftar&duwdkuf tif'D;pfawmifwef;w0dkuf wdkif;jynfrsm;buf vSnfhrnf[k edrdwf 2 rsdK; zwfygonf?rnfolurS ta&S@awmiftm&S ArmjynfbufvSnfhrnf[kajymoHr=um;&yg? rdrdwdk@vnf; Todk@yif ,lqygonf?tD&wfppfyGJudpPudk ajymoifhoavmufajym+yD;/ Armjynfbufodk@tar&duefvSnfhoifhroifh tjiif;yGm;r_xJ 0ifrygbJ aeygonf?etzuawmh ausmcsrf;aewm xif&Sm;ygonf? rdrdwdk@ua&&SnfESifh wcGifwjyifvHk; =unfhojzifh etzudkajcmufonfhtxJ 0ifrygcJhyg?

tar&dueftm%mydkifrsm;uvnf; ol@ppfwyfudktm&S. tiftm;}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh w±kwf/ tdENd,/ *syefESifhppfa&;t& &ifqdkifxm;&rnfhtvkyfudk vkyfcsif[efrwlao;yg?ol@ppf,E W&m;u urBmwcGifwGif 2 ae&m/ 3 ae&mwòyifwnf; wdkufcdkufEdkifaomtm; &Sdonf[kºum;xm;aomfvnf; wu,fwdkufzdk@awmh vkyf&J[ef r&Sdyg?cyfvG,fvG,fudkyJ wck+yD;wck ESdrfoGm;csif[ef &Sdygonf?

EdkifiHa&;yka&m[dwfwcsdK@ ajymovdk tD&efudk&ef&Smwmawmh jzpfEdkifygonf? tD&efudk ta&S@bufwGiftmz*efESifh taemufbufwGif tD&wf 2 buf !‡yf+yD;jzpfaeyg+yD? qD;&D;,m;udkvnf; tD&efESifh cyfuif;uif;ae&ef


81

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82

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etz u pyg;vGwfvyfpGma&mif;0,fcGifhðyawmhrvdkvdk avoHypfvmonf? vSnfhuGufwck tpysdK;jcif;[kxifonf?

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83

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84

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(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?xdyfwdkufawG@r_rsm;?

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eJ@ rqufoG,feJ@ udk,fvkyfp&m&Sdwm udk,fvkyf” qdk+yD; ajymoGm;cJhw,f? eHygwf0rf;&J@ cGifhðycsufr&bJ (odk@ ) r!$ef=um;bJ 'Drdef@cGef;rsdK;b,folajym&JrvJ?

'g[m NLD &J@ 55 ESpfajrmuf vGwfvyfa&;ae@ a=unmpmwrf;udk wHk@jyefvdkufwmvJ jzpfEdkifygw,f? NLD ut"dy`m,fjynfh0onfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; rpwifrD EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vHk; ¹cif;csufr&Sdv$wfay;&ef/ 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkazmfaqmifray;rcsif; a&G;aumufyGJtopf vufrcH? trsKd;om;nDvmcH. vuf&SdyHkpHudk rajymif;oa&G@ tzGJ@csKyfrS wufa&mufrnf r[kwf?vuf&SdtrsKd;om;nDvmcHrS csrSwfxm;onfh EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'wGif yg0ifxnfhoGif;rnfh jyXmef;csufrsm;udk vufcHrnfr[kwf? ‚tjyif EdkifiHwum. vlom;csif;pmemr_ taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm; vufcHcsif&if etz u vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm;/urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; vma&muf&ef tcsdefra&mufao;/ CRPP qufvuf&yfwnfrnfpwJhtcsufawGu etz toJudk tyfeJ@qGvdkufyHk&ygw,f?

aemufxdyfwdkufawG@r_wckucsif;awmifc&D; (3-3-03) aumif;+yDaumif;vsufeJ@ etz uwdzsufwJh c&D;yg? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu &cdkif {&m0wD wkef;uvdktaESmuft,Suf rvkyfzdk@ etz wm0ef&SdolawGudk óuawmif;qdkw,f? etz bufu wm0efcHcJh=uw,f? 'gayrJh c&D;wav#muf atmifvH


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86

rauG; yGifhjzL òr@awG&Sd }uH@§zGH@ awGu avmufpyDumawGeJ@ qD;óuaESmuf,Sufwm cHcJh=u&w,f? pGrf;tif'k0ef}uD;u óua&muf+yD;pDpOfcJhwmyg? olu 0efxrf;awGudkqifhac:+yD; EkdifiHa&;eJ@uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;aezdk@ owday;ygw,f? ('DtxJ }uH@§zGH@ tzGJ@0ifawG ygyHkr&)owWKwGif; 'k0ef}uD;uawmh acsmufrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk róu&bl;? NLD udk woufvHk; tm%mrv$Jbl;? aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfbl;vdk@ cyfjywfjywf ajymcJhw,f?jyef=um;a&;'k0ef}uD;uvJ *ef@a*grSm “óuqdkwJh ae&mudk roGm;eJ@/ oGm;&J&ifoGm;=unfh”vdk@ ajAmif+cdrf;ajcmufw,f?*ef@a*gc±dkif OuUX vkyfoluawmh trsdK;orD;awGudk “eifwdk@ raumif;wJhae&moGm;&if eifwdk@vJ raumif;wJh[mawGyJ? a':pk=unfudkr=unfheJ@'gyJ=unfh” vdk@ qJa&;cJhw,f? ('Davmufatmufwef;us&ovm;) }uH@§zGH@awGu óuqdkzdk@vmolawGudk um;eJ@vdkufwdkufwmvJ&Sdw,f?jynfxJa&;§omoema&; 'k0ef}uD; 2 yg;uawmh [m;cg;udk óuoGm;ESifh+yD; NLD qdkif;bkwfawG ra&;zdk@ trdef@ay;cJhw,f?(ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGifu vSrf;uef@uGufaewm 4 }udrf&Sd+yD æ vdk@ ajymvm&ygw,f? “csif;jynfe,f c&D;[m yGJt=urf;qHk;yJ” vdk@=ocsvdkufygw,f?)

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87

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'D=um;u bkef;}uD;/ ausmif;om;eJ@jynfolawGu trdef@tm%mqdk;rSefor# enf;o¿mefrsK d;pk HeJ@ csK d;azmuf+yD;'Drdkua&pDc&D;onfrsm;udk aEG;axG;ayG@ydkufcJh=uw,f? KIA tzJG@u ol@e,fajrtwGif; vkHðcHa&;,lay;cJhovdk bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u rwW&mrSrE Wav;txd umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;cJh=uw,f?

csKyfvdkuf&if ucsifjynfe,frS rE Wav;txdc&D;pOfrSm yJGzsufwJhtpDtpOfawGtm;vkH; uarmufurjzpfcJhw,f? ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rSL;wm0efraus rsufESmr&jzpf&SmrSmyJ?

(3)ar 30 ta&;tcif;?ar 30 ta&;tcif;?ar 30 ta&;tcif;?ar 30 ta&;tcif;?ar 30 ta&;tcif;?

owif;arSmifcsxm;cH&wJh EdkifiH&J@ ppftpdk;& owif;xkwfjyefolawGu tjzpfrSefudk ajymif;jyefjzpfatmif ar$aESmuf+yD;jynfol@rsufpdxJ oJyufaewJhumv/ cH&olu w&m;cHjzpf/ usL;vGefolu w&m;vdk jzpfaewJhacwfrSm owif;pmzwf/ a&'D,dkem;axmifae±HkeJ@awmh ±_yf±_yfaxG;axG; jzpfae=u&OD;rSmyg?

'gayrJh rsufjrifoufaoawGu trsm;}uD; udk,fwdkifyg0ifywfoufolawG (ðyola&m - cH&olyg) uvJ trsm;}uD;? olwdk@&Sif;ypfcsifwJh t"duyk*~dKvf 2 - OD;uvJ raoraysmuf&SdqJ? aemuf+yD; ta&;tcif;xJ udk,fwdkifudk,fus yg0ifcJh=uolrsm;vJ jzpfjyefw,f?EdkifiHwum zdtm;uvJ euf±d_if;vm acwfuvJ owif;acwf 'Dawmh r=umcifrSmyJ jynfhpHkwJh ajAmifvkyf}uHr_}uD;[m ±kyfvHk;ay:vmrSmyg?

ckyJ atmufygtcsufawG pkpnf;vdk@ &vmygw,f?'gawG awG@&w,f?

ppfqifa&; pDrHudef;wck jzpfw,f? OD;wnfcsufudk acsr_ef;zdk@tultiftm;awGudk jzwfawmufypfcJhw,f? ae&ma&G;wmrSmòr@ay:ra&G; aus;vufbuf a&G;w,f? tcsdefa&G;wmusawmh ae@cif;ra&G; nbufa&G;w,f? ðyol - cH&ol ±_yfaxG;ukefatmif w&m;vdkw&m;cH (tm%myHhydk;r_eJ@ ) ajymif;jyefvkyfEdkifatmif oufaocH ypPnf;awGazsmufzsufEdkifatmif vkyfvdkufwm jzpfw,f? ol (odk@ ) olwdk@pdwfóuuf vufa&G;pif wodkufu pdwfcs&wJh wdkif;r–;e,fajrrSm tydkifcsvdkufwm jzpfw,f? òr@awGay:rSm ajAmifrowf&Jvdk@ aus;vufa'orSm apmifh+yD;owfwm jzpfw,f?- 'Drdkua&pDta&; v_yf&Sm;aewJh wufºuaeolawGudk t&Sdefowf b&dwftkyfwmavmufr[kwf +cdrf;ajcmuf±Hkr[kwf 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk; csKyf+idrf;oGm;atmif tjywf&Sif;vdkufwm jzpfw,f?- wzufeJ@wzuf tòyiftqdkifqENjy=u&if;u vufygoGm;wm r[kwf/ aemufu pDpOfv$wfvdkufwJh t&ufudk;armif;wdkuf v$wfvdkufwJh,mOfwef;awG vdkufvm+yD; udpPwHk; vkyfvdkuf=uwm jzpfw,f?- tiftm;awG aygif;rdroGm;atmif rHk&Gmu vdkufvmwJh um; - qdkifu,fawGudk wdkif;r–;udk,fwdkif vrf;ray:xGuf+yD; wm;wmqD;wmzrf;qD;wm vkyfw,f? udk,fhvluvGJ+yD; um;vrf;ay:rSm v_yf&Sm;olrSefor# ypfrdef@ay;w,f?- a&OD;u óuqdkr,fholawGudk óuwm;xm;+yD; jzpfw,f?- =unf&Gm vlowfuGif;rSm ±dkufwmESufwm owfwmjzwfwmomru vk,ufzsufqD;wmawG vkyfcJhw,f? NLD um; 8 pD;eJ@ qdkifu,f9 pD; zsufqD;cJhw,f? tqdk;qHk;u trsdK;orD;awGudk t&SufwuGJ tusdK;enf;jzpfatmif pdwf"mwft& odrfi,fpdwf0ifoGm;atmif rzG,fr&mvkyf=uwmygyJ? t&Sufudk toufeJ@vJavh&SdwJh ArmtrsdK;orD;awGudk a=umufpdwfoGif;ay;vdkufwm jzpfw,f? 'Drdkua&pDta&; qufvkyfaevdk@uawmh a[m'Dvdk ay;qyf&w,fvdk@ ,kwf,kwfuef;uef; ðyrlvdkufwmvJ jzpfw,f?- wjynfvHk; NLD ±Hk;awGydwfvdkufw,f? NLD - CEC tm;vHk; tdrfcsKyfvkyfypfvdkufw,f? wjynfvHk; tzrf;tqD;awG vkyfcJhw,f?- ausmif;zGifh&uf ZGef 2 &ufae@rSm rzGifhbJ wjynfvHk;ausmif;awG ydwfxm;vdkufw,f? ZGef 16 &ufusrS ausmif;wcsdK@ jyefzGifhw,f?rdbawGu om;orD;awGtwGuf tmrcHvufrSwfxdk;ay;&w,f? oef;acgifxuf nOfheufoGm;wJh Armjynf&J@ 'Drdkua&pDtajctaeyg?- 'DyJ,if;ta&;tcif; aemufqufwGJtjzpf E_wfydwfypfwJh owif;awG yvlysHatmif xGufvmwm awG@&w,f? wcsdK@ owfypfwmwcsdK@ +cdrf;ajcmufwmawG cH=u&w,f? 'DtxJrSm xkwfoHk;wJh &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG c&D;xGufvmwJh 'Drdkua&pDorm;awG rsufjrifoufao &Gmom;awGomru }uHh§zGH@awGyg ygygw,f? wdrf;a&SmifaewJholawG vdkufzrf;wm e,fpyfawGtxd qdkyJ? rdvmwJholawGudkcdkif;wJhtwdkif; ajymrvm; - rajymbl;vm; ar;+yD; tpGrf;ukef EdSyfpufaewJh owif;awG xGufvmw,f? wdkif;ysufjynfysuf wu,fhudkupOfhuvsm; tajctae}uD;yg?- 'D&ufydkif;awG twGif;rSm tm%mydkif 3 - OD;xJu Adkvfcif!Gef@wa,mufyJ yGJxGufaewm awG@&w,f? "m;ckwf&m vuf0ifrv#dKcsifvdk@vm; rod? cyfuif;uif;ajymwm awG@&w,f? y&rf;ywm pnf;rJhurf;rJh trltusifhrsm;a=umifh rjzpfoifhonfrsm; ñuH&jcif;? ‚wdk@rSm


88

oifcef;pm,lzG,frsm;om jzpfa=umif;avmufom ajymcJhw,f? eHygwf0rf;jzpfolu aºu;ykef;b0eJ@ aiGaqmifrSm owif;arSmifcs+yD;aevdkufw,f? EdkifiHwum EdkifiHawmfae@awGrSm ydk@aeuso0%fv$mudk ol@emrnfeJ@ cyfwnfwnfydk@aewmyJ owif;pmawGrSm zwf&w,f?eHygwfwl; Adkvfarmifat;u rwwfomvdk@ &mZmvDeJ@ xGufawG@wmyJ vkyfw,f? ZGef 13 &uf owif;pmawGusrS eHygwf0rf;}uD;&J@ta&Smiftwdrf; c&D;pOfudk azmfjyvmw,f? Adkvfau usyfc|wfeJ@ "mwfyHkawGvJ awG@&w,f? (,=wmacs+yD; qHyifn‡yfum xGufvmwm[kwf§r[kwf awmh b,folrS rajymEdkif) ZGef 5 &ufae@u 12 &uftxd “{&m0wD c&D;pOf”ygwJh?- ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;avmurSmvJ yGufavm±dkufaeygw,f? &Sufwwf&if vJaozdk@omaumif;wJh ‘tjypfwifr_’awG cH=u&w,f? qifa0S@&efa&Smif - tE W&m,fuif; ajymolu wa,mufp ESpfa,mufpyJ awG@&w,f? 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;ajymwm NLD a&G;jc,fcHv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawGajymwm &[ef;oHCmawmfawGajymwm xif&Sm;ausmf=um; wdkif;jynfu av;pm;wJh vlyk*~dKvfawGajymwmetz r=um;bJaerSm r[kwfygbl;?

(4)tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf&yfrsm;

olwdk@rSm ,Hk=unfr_wck &SdyHk&w,f? ppfwyfudkom +rJ+rJ ‘qkyf’ xm; t&m&mausmfv$m;Edkifw,f/ zHk;uG,fypfEdkifw,f qdkwmyJ?62 ckESpf Zlvdkif 7 &uf ta&;tcif; 67 - w±kwf Arm t"du±k%f; 8 av;vHk;rSm aocJhwJh ta&twGuf trSefudk olwdk@ b,fwkef;utwdtus a=unmcJhvdk@vJ? 8 av;vHk;umv tcsKyfum;ay: ¹ywfodyfwif&if;u aocJh&wJh vl 40 ausmfpm&if;yJ cdk;xkyfcdk;xnfeJ@vufyl;vuf=uyfrdvdk@ ay:zl;w,f?owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ -owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ -owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ -owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ -owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ - ar 30 n owfuGif;udk ar 31 &uf ul;wJh eHeufydkif;txd &Sif;vdk@vif;vdk@ +yD;ao;[ef rwl? ar 31 &ufnaeydkif;rSm etz u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ vkyfygw,f? jynfol@qufqHa&;ESifh owif;jzef@csda&;qdkif&m vkyfief;tzGJ@ OuUXqdkoltvkyform;0ef}uD; OD;wif0if; p˜ rdef@cGef;a¹cygw,f?- “at;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ &Sdaeonfh òr@&GmtcsdK@udk oGm;vm+yD; vlpkvla0;jzifh qlylr_jzpfatmif vH_@aqmf”- “tjypfr&Sd tjypf&Sm jzpfvmonfudk yHk}uD;csJ@” qdk+yD; olwdk@uyJ cHae&ovdkvdk ajymygw,f? aemuf 'k0ef}uD; OD;cifarmif0if; Adkvfr–;csKyfoef;xGef;wdk@u jznfhpGuf+yD; nm=uygw,f? ¡aool 4 a,muf/ '%f&m& 50 vdk@ nmygw,f? cHvdkuf&olawG bufuawmh aool 60eJ@ 70 =um;/ '%f&m& 100 ausmfvdk@ (rsufjrifoufaoeJ@ udk,fwdkifudk,fus cHvdkuf&olawG&J@ ajympum;t&) xkwfazmfxm;ygw,f?¢

tcsdefom qGJxm;vdkuf t&Sdefom owfxm;vdkuf c%jzwfoef; ta=umif;jyp&m qifajcwufp&mawG awG@vm ygvdrfhr,fvdk@txufu !¸ef=um;vdkufovm;rod?

ay:vmwJh owif;awGt&uawmh 7 &uf Zlvdkifta&;tcif;wkef;u Adkvfatmif}uD; uGyfuJ+yD; ausmfpdk;/ oef;pdef æ p onfyg0ifwJh trdef@ay;tzGJ@u toHv$ifh±HkrSm ±Hk;xdkif=uw,f? ay:vmwJh jy\emawGudk eHygwf0rf;ae0if;qD trdef@awmif;cH+yD; wqifhpDajz&Sif;cJh=uovdk tckvJ vkyfcJh=uw,f? wGif;§2 pdk;0if; acgif;aqmifwJh trdef@ay;tzGJ@ (jynfxJa&; wifv_dif/ aqmufvkyfa&;apmxGef;/&JcsKyf cif&D/ wdkif;r–; pdk;Edkif) u erc ppfXmecsKyfrSm ±Hk;xdkif+yD; !$ef=um;ajz&Sif;aewmvdk@ qdkw,f? owif;awGom rSefw,fqdk&if pdk;Edkifu7 &ufZlvdkif om;owform; pdeffvGiftcef;u yg0ifujy&olyJ?

vkyfief;u ratmifjrifawmh pdk;0if;u wdkuf±dkufaejynfawmf wyfacgufjyef (4 v ywf tpnf;ta0;rSm 'DudpPudk OD;wnf+yD;rdef@cGef;ay;? vrf;!$efcsufcsay;r,fh) eHygwf0rf;qD owif;ydk@w,f? 'Dawmh bmqufvkyf&rSef;rodwJh AdkvfcsKyfr–;}uD;u tpnf;ta0;zsufodrf;vdkuf&w,fqdkyJ? ([kwfcJh&if óuwifjyifqifxm;r,fh 'Drdef@cGef;}uD;udk zwfcsifprf;ygbd? Adkvfae0if; ajymcJhwJh "m;˜ "m;csif; vSH vSHcsif;rdef@cGef;vdkyJvm;)

'gawGu twGif;ydkif;udpPawG jzpfw,f? rSm;w,frSefw,f b,folrStwnfrðyEdkif? ppftpdk;&ðywfusrS twnfðycsuf ay;Edkifr,fhudpP?&mZmvD - &mZmvD - &mZmvD - &mZmvD - &mZmvD - 'kEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfolu a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk r=umrD jyefv$wfay;r,f? ajyvnfr_&zdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@aqG;aEG;aeygw,f? &mZmvDeJ@awmh awG@cGifh rðyEdkifbl; æ ajymygw,f? vHkðcHa&;twGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;wmyg æ vdk@vJ qdkw,f?&mZmvDuawmh etz vdk tdk;eif;cGufeif;ajymaewm r[kwf? ol@tusdK;pD;yGm;yg xnfhoGif;+yD; tuGufusus ajcvSrf;vSrf;wmyg?a':atmifqef;pk=unf bmrSrjzpfbl;/ usef;usef;rmrm wufwufºuºu&Sdygw,fvdk@ ac|;odyfcJhw,f? ('D=um;u cGufwvHk;awmheif;rdvdkufw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1 ywf 2 ywf twGif; v$wfay;ygvdrfhr,f qdk+yD; tmrcHvdkufwmyJ?) wae&mrSm wrsdK;wdk;+yD;ajymygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk yk'fr 10 (u) eJ@ csKyfxm;a=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfu odyfcHjyif;aea=umif;rS æ onfaemufqHk; *syefc&D;rSm Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@u 'DyJ,if; owfjzwfr_rSm Adkvfoef;a&$ ol@oabmeJ@olvkyfwm jzpfw,f? olwdk@róuufa=umif;txd ajymvdkufa=umif; xkwf ajymvmygw,f? EdkifiHwum zdtm;awG txGwftxdyf wufvmcsdefa&mufrS ajymjcif;yg?

etz wGif;rSmawmh ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolawG wa,muf+yD;wa,muf tusyf±dkufaeygw,f? 10 (u) eJ@ csKyfxm;wm r[kwfbl;?tif;pdefaxmifxJxm;wm r[kwfbl;? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk r=umcifv$wfay;r,f æ pwmawG ajym=uayr,fh xyfqifh


89

ar;cGef;awGawmh rajzEdkifcJh=ubl;? csKyfxm;wmr[kwf&if bmvdk@awG@cGifhrðyovJ - zkef;qufcGifhray;ovJ - tif;pdefaxmifxJxm;wmr[kwf&if b,frSmxm;ovJ- r=umcifqdkwm b,fae@b,f&ufvJ- pwJh ar;cGef;awGyg? 0ef}uD;awG xv& r–;csKyfawGutpAdkvfcif!Gef@txd a&S@aemufrnD tdk;eif;cGufeif; jzpf=uwmyg?

'DyJ,if; ta&;tcif;rSm aoqHk;'%f&m&pm&if; nmjyxm;wmuvJ bl;ay:ovdk ay:vdkufvmaeygw,f? 14 ESpf ausmfrsdK;cspfjynfcspf ta&ðcHxm;wJh etz 'Dwcgvnf; ta&cGH tcGmcH&wJhyGJygyJ? udk,fhvlrsKd;udk,fjyefowfaewm rsKd;cspfwJhvm;?

'DtxJrSm oem;p&m taumif;qHk;yk*~dKvfuawmh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;0if;atmifyg? EdkifiHwumcGifrSm idkcsif;cs&wJhtxdjzpfoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@tpdk;&[m vlóuufrrsm;wJh tpdk;&jzpfa=umif; 0efcHcJh&w,f? u|efawmf (EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;) vkyfae&wmaysmfw,frsm; xif=uovm;´ vdk@ jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwfoGm;cJh&w,f? apmapmydkif;rSm r[kwfudk t[kwfvkyf+yD; jiif;aeawmhb*Fvm;a'h&SfywWemwap>tajcmufcH&aeovm; awG;rd=uao;w,f? 'gayrJh tmqD,H - zEGrf;yif ppfajrjyifrSm vufeufcs&wJhtxdawG@jrif=u&awmh wzufu wdkif;jynftwGuf &Suf& usefwzufu ppftkyfpk tnmcdkif;wm rSefor# nmae&ygvm; æ vdk@ pkwfoyfolvJ&Sdvmw,f?

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a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: tjynfht0 ,Hk=unfr_&Sdygw,f æ ajymvdkajym? a':atmifqef;pk=unf c&D;oGm;wmudkvdkvm;yga=umif; tm;ay;wdkufwGef;ygw,f? ,Hk=unfygw,f? tm;ay;ygw,f ajymvdkajym? (wGef;v$wfvdkufwmvm; pOf;pm;vm=u&+yD?)

SPDC eJ@ NLD jzpfaeyHku “Zmwfpifay:rSm ‘ukef;±kyf’ vl=urf;u tpGrf;jyav (tusifh,kwfav) rif;om; rif;orD;udky&dowfu t=uifem yGm;av” jzpfaew,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk oduQmcsav ±_wfcsav EdkifiHwum qkwHqdyfawG&av jzpfaew,f?

olwdk@rSm remvdk 0efwdk+yD; tvkyfu odyf±_yf aiGukefa=u;uscH+yD; zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;awGyJ tm±Hkpdkuf axmif*%ef; csDwJhvlawGudkwa,mufwae@ 500d ay;+yD; taESmuft,Sufcdkif;wJh owif;vJ xGufvmw,f? 'DaiGawGudk wdkif;jynftwGufoHk; tcsdefukefvlyef;tvkyfawG EdkifiHawmftwGuf vkyf=u&if b,favmufrsm; aumif;vdkufavrvJ?

'DyJ,if;oHk;oyfcsuf - 'DyJ,if;oHk;oyfcsuf - 'DyJ,if;oHk;oyfcsuf - 'DyJ,if;oHk;oyfcsuf - 'DyJ,if;oHk;oyfcsuf - udk,fhjynfoludk,f ppfcif;vdkufwJh vkyf&yfyg? etz avmb}uD;vGef;w,f? tjrifwdkw,f? uHqdk;uHaumif; eH=um;axmuf+yD; avmif;a=u;xyfvdkufwJhoabm awG@&w,f? zsmvdyfacgif;xJ a&mufaeol[m a&S@udkwdk;xGufzdk@yJvdkw,f r[kwfvm;? jzpfapcsifovdk jzpfrvmayr,fh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ OD;wifOD;udk EdkifiHa&;jyefay;qGJxm;w,f? ‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ qdkwmrSm yGJzsufcHcJh&wmudktcJrausvdk@ jyefay;qGJxm;wmyJ?

‘trsdK;om;nDvmcH’ jyefwufygr,fvdk@ ajymvmwJhtxd qGJxm;csifyHk ay:aew,f? 'g[m vl±l;vlrdkufpdwful;yJ?ol@rSm rjzpfrae ajz&Sif;&r,fh udpPawG &Sdaew,f? 'dkif,mavmh/ trsKd;om;nDvmcH/ vlxkpm;0wfaea&;/ bufpHk jynfolawG&J@ rauseyfr_rsm;/b%ftusyftwnf;/ wyfwGif;r+idrfroufr_rsm;/ wudk,fawmf qENjyr_rsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,fawG&J@ jyefvnfpkzGJ@r_rsm;/ NLD tygtzGJ@toD;oD;&J@ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ EdkifiHwumzdtm; æ ponf &ifqdkifae&wJh tusyftwnf;awGu rsm;ygw,f?

'gawG&J@ xGufayguftjzpf 'Dvrf;udk a&G;vdkufyHk &ygw,f? ajy&majya=umif; aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;vrf; r[kwf? qef@usifbufudktjywf&Sif;wJhenf;/ uGif;quftusqHk; vlyk*~dKvfudk ‘ajzmif’ ypfwJhenf;/ - wwdkif;jynfvHk; ±_yf±_yfaxG;axG; jzpfukefr,f? udpPr&Sd? ol@rSmppfwyf&Sdw,f? 'gawGudk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; tcsdef,l? +idrfoGm;atmifvkyfr,f? ol&ifqdkifae&wJh jy\emawGudk ,m,Djzpfjzpfwef@xm;Edkifr,f? wcsufckwf q,fcsufjywfua&m æ qdk+yD; vkyfcsvdkufyHk&w,f? 'ga=umifh etz avmb}uD;w,f/ tjrifwdkw,f/jzpfcsif&mjzpf armifbcspf qefw,fvdk@ ajymcsifwmyg?

òr@ay:rSm ajAmifrowf&Jvdk@ vljywfwJh awmvrf;rSm taysmuf&Sif;wJh pDrHudef;udk csrSwfvdkuf&wmjzpfw,f? wygwDvHk;wwdkif;jynfvHk;udk udkifv_yfaewJh 'Dt"du yk*~dKvf 2 OD;udk &Sif;ypf+yD;&if usefwJh NLD acgif;aqmifydkif;awGudk zdtm;ay; trsKd;om;nDvmcHxJ±dkufoGif;/ !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&wdk@bmwdk@zJG@/ a&G;aumufyGJ topfvkyfjyvdkuf? EdkifiHwumu a&G;p&mr&Sd? 'Dvrf;ay:uyJ qufav#muf/qdkif&SifawG±kyf tulawG ay;&r,fvdk@vJ wGufyHk&w,f? olwdk@pOf;pm;wJh tajccHu jynfwGif; (jynfolawG) udk rpdk;&drf/ owfjyvdkuf&if+idrfusoGm;wmyJvdk@ xifae=uw,f? (tESpf 40 =umcJh+yD)? jynfyu 'kuQay;aewm? 'gudkyJ tm±Hkpdkuf&r,fqdkwJhoabm? ppfat;umvrSm


90

EdkifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ppftm%m&SifawG 'DyHkpHeJ@ ausmfjzwfvmcJh=uwmudk;? cufwmu acwfawG ajymif;ae+yD? tD&wfvGefacwfrSmacwfrrDawmhbl;? ta&S@awmiftm&SxJ wdk;0ifcsifwJh tar&dueftwGuf wHcg;zGifhay;ovdk jzpfoGm;rSm olwdk@ pOf;pm;rd=u[ef rwlbl;?

EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m oleJ@xdkufwefwJhtpdk;&yJ &Edkifw,f æ qdkwJh tcsuftay:rSm ynm&Sifrsm; jiif;ckHae=uwm awG@&=um;&ygw,f?ckñuHae&wmuawmh wyfrawmfw&yf[m olwdk@eJ@ xdkufwefwJh ppfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ppfacgif;aqmifawGyJ &Edkifw,f æ qdkwJh tcsufwyfrawmfom;rsm; pOf;pm;zdk@yg?tusdK;quf -tusdK;quf -tusdK;quf -tusdK;quf -tusdK;quf - 'DyJ,if; ta&;tcif;ay:u bmawG jzpfvmOD;rvJ?- jynfwGif;a&;oufouf r[kwfawmhyg? tmqD,Hjy\em/ a'ojy\em/ vkHðcHa&;aumifpDxJ a&mufrvdktxd EdkifiHwumjy\em}uD;w&yf jzpfoGm;cJh+yD? 'ga=umifh ppftkyfpku av#mh&ifav#mh rav#mh&if vG,fvG,feJ@awmh r+yD;? ±dkufcwfcsufawG qufwdkuf vmygvdrfhr,f?- w±kwfjynfudk 0dkif;ywfxm;csifwJh tar&dueftwGuf tuGufwuGuf &oGm;cJh+yD? EdkifiHawmf wpnf;wvHk;wnf;&Sdr_ v_yfcgvmEdkifw,f?- jynfolawG&J@ pm;0wfaea&; usyfwnf;onfxuf usyfwnf;vmygvdrfhr,f? 'Dwdkif;aevdk@awmh r&Edkifawmhbl;qdkwm pOf;pm;vm=uvdrfhr,f? b0t& enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk xGufvrf;&Smvm=uvdrfhr,f?- jy\emawG}uD;av rsm;jym;±_yfaxG;av wyfxJrSmvJ *,uf&Sdvmygvdrfhr,f? 'D*&Dwufvm&if ppftkyfpkudk tumtuG,fay;r,fhtm%modrf;yGJ twkwck ay:vmEdkifw,f? odk@r[kwf wyfxJrSm tm;òyifr_awG }uD;vmEdkifw,f? "m;pmcHawGqGJxkwf paw;ypfwmawGjzpfvmEdkifw,f? [pfwwvm 'DvdkvkyfcJhwmyJ?- tmqD,HeJ@ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG&J@ tðyoabm qufqHa&;ay:vpD usqHk;aewm =umyg+yD? ckawmh 'Dtwdkif;xm;vdk@ r&EdkifawmhwJhudpP jzpfvm+yD? wckck vkyf&awmhr,fhtcsdef zdtm;ay;+yD; aphpyfa&; pm;yGJqD wGef;ydk@rvm;´ atmufa=u;uae avmif;a=u;xyfae=urSmvm;´ ayguf±H_;}uD;jzpf - rjzpf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawG pOf;pm;ae=uavmuf+yD?

(5)aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?aemufqufwGJ EdkifiHwum*,ufrsm;?

udkzDtmeef - ‘udkzDtmeef - ‘udkzDtmeef - ‘udkzDtmeef - ‘udkzDtmeef - ‘,ckuJhodk@aom tajctaeqdk;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&yfwef@+yD; tESpfom&&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ csufcsif;pwif&ef/xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jzpfvmatmif tpGrf;ukef tultnDay;r,f’ vdk@ ajymvmygw,f?tar&duef - tar&duef - tar&duef - tar&duef - tar&duef - 'DyGJrSm twufºuqHk;eJ@ tus,fjyef@qHk; 0ifE$Jwmu tar&duefyg? yg0Jvfu a0gpx&d*sme,frSm aqmif;yg;wapmifeJ@v_H@aqmfvdkufygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol abmufcsmu ppftpdk;&udk vlqdk;vlrdkuf vl&rf;um;awGtjzpf bGJ@xl;csD+yD;y,fy,fe,fe,f wG,fygw,f? avSmif&,f &,f+yD; aqmfxm;wmyg? olwdk@ tuGufjzpf+yDav? “trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGufukv&J@ óu;yrf;r_awG &yfypf&&if wjcm;enf;vrf; pOf;pm;&awmhr,f”æ vdk@ ajymwmvJ &Sdw,f? ArmjynfudpP vHkðcHa&;aumifpDwifr,fvdk@+cdrf;ajcmufwmvJ &Sdw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; 0ifrajymao;vdk@ awmfawmhw,f?

tar&duef txufv$wfawmfu 30 &uf t=urf;zufr_ udpPudk ±_wfcswJh jrefrmhydk@ukeftm;vHk; ydwfyifa&; Oya'=urf;udk ZGef11 &ufrSm 97 rJ 1 rJeJ@ twnfðyvkdufw,f? (1) ydk@ukeftm;vHk;ydwfyifr,fqdkjcif;tm;jzifh txnfcsKyf vkyfief;u ESpfpOf0ifaewJh wESpfa':vmoef; 300 - 400 xdcdkufoGm;+yD? 'g[m ydk@ukeftm;vHk;0ifaiG&J@ 3 yHk 1 yHk jzpfw,f? (2) etz ppftpdk;&udk EdkifiHwumuaiGracs;atmif uef@uGufoGm;&ef? (3) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&Sd etz ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGydkifqdkifwJh ypPnf;tm;vHk; csdwfydwfodrf;,l&ef?(tdkprmbifvm'ifydkif ypPnf;awGudk vkyfovdk aiGpm&if;twdtus azmfjyay;Edkif&if etz o±kyf ydkay:Edkif)? (4) }uHh§zGH@ tygt0if etzacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdom;pk0ifrsm;.ADZm ydwfyif&ef? (pnf;pdrfcHpm;&ef om;orD;rsm; xdyfwef;ynmoif=um;&ef aiGðzef;p&m ae&mwae&m aysmufoGm;+yDaygh?)

bk&Sfu ol@EdkifiHa&mufaewJh xdkif;0ef}uD;csKyf xyfqifudk pnf;±Hk;+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;zdk@ yl;wGJa=unmcsufxkwfygw,f?

'gudk etz u a=unmcsufudk axmufcHovdkvdkvkyf+yD; trsdK;om;nDvmcH jyefvnfusif;yzdk@ awmif;qdkvdkufygw,f?ZGef 13 &ufrSm yg0Jvfu xyf+yD;+cdrf;ajcmufjyefygw,f? ArmjynfeJ@ ywfoufwJh ay:vpDudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfzdk@ tcsdefa&muf+yD?

vlqdk;vlrdkufawG óuwifpDrH tuGufcs+yD; wdkufcdkufcJhwm jzpfw,f? zrf;xm;olrsm; v$wfay;&efeJ@ NLD ±Hk;rsm; jyefzGifhay;zdk@ +idrf;csrf;pGmazmfaqmifzdk@ysufuGufav zdtm;awG qufwdkufay;av jzpfrSmyJvdk@ 0uftl&pf xyfusyfvdkufygw,f?EU - uvnf; ar 30 &ufudpPudk uef@uGufvdkuf=u+yD; qufvufzrf;qD;aewmawGtwGuf txl;pdk;&drfa=umif; xkwfjyefygw,f?

EU tzGJ@0ifjzpfwJh +Adwdeftzdk@uawmh vlr_ulnDa&; taxmuftyHh a':vm oef; 50 ay;r,f ajymvdk@rS rqHk;ao;cif 'Djy\em0ifvmwmrdk@ tawmftcufñuHoGm;ygw,f? tD&wfppfyGJ tóuumvrSm ppftpdk;&taeeJ@ aqG;aEG;yGJ=uef@=umae&if 0uftl&pfwif;&vdrfhr,fvdk@ 0rfeifay;cJhwJh +Adwdef[m tck wu,f 0uftl&pf wif;ae&yg+yD? oH±Hk;uwqifh awmif;qdkvdkuf EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu


91

awmif;qdkvdkufeJ@ w&pyf t&Sdefjr‡ifhvmygw,f?jrif&wmu taemufbufjcrf; urBmu jyif;jyif;xefxef wHk@jyefwmawG[m 'D*&Dwqifh wufvmwmudkyJ jyygw,f?tm&SbufrSmawmh tajymif;tvJu odyfodomoGm;ygw,f?

*syef - *syef - *syef - *syef - *syef - etz udk zdtm;ay;zdk@ t+rJwrf; a&SmifaecJhwJh EdkifiH? ppftpdk;&udk tultnDtaxmuftyHh trsm;qHk;ay;wJhEdkifiH? tm&Senf;tm&S[ef (pHjy) tjzpf taysmhaysmif;qHk;csOf;uyfqufqHcJhwJh *syefEdkifiH &yfwnfcsuf ajymif;cJh&w,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk tjrefqHk;v$wfay;zdk@eJ@ vGwfvyfpGm v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfcGifhðyzdk@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;csif; awmif;qdkygw,f?

*syef 'kEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif 0ef}uD;csKyf&J@ awmif;qdkcsufpmudk ,lvm+yD; awmif;qdkygw,f? a&&mwJh tmrcHcsuf r&vdk@rausreyf jyefoGm;&ygw,f? aemufawmh Armjynfudk ay;aewJh tultnDawG &yfqdkif;vdkufa=umif; a=unmygw,f? wqufwnf;qdkovdk *syef - tif'dk/ *syef - zdvpfydkif/ *syef - AD,uferf yl;wGJa=unmcsufawGxkwf+yD; awmif;qdkr_awG vkyfygw,f? (*syefu pD;yGm;a&;tuljzwfwm AD,uferfuyg uef@uGufvmawG[m pD;yGm;a&;a&m EdkifiHa&;yg xdckdufw,f?)tmqD,H - tmqD,H - tmqD,H - tmqD,H - tmqD,H - txl;jcm;qHk;u tmqD,H&J@ tvSnfhtajymif; jzpfygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH&J@ jynfwGif;a&;udk 0ifa&mufrpGufzufa&;rludkcsdK;azmuf+yD; etz udk awmif;qdkvmygw,f? 'DtxJrSm etz&J@ t&if;ESD;qHk;eJ@ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_trsm;qHk;vkyfwJh EdkifiHawG ygoGm;ygw,f?xdkif;/ rav;&Sm;u wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;+yD;awmif;qdkygw,f? tmqD,H rsufESmysuf&+yDvdk@vJ ajymygw,f? puFmylvnf; wEdkifiHcsif;awmif;qdkwJhtxJ ygw,f? zdvpfydkif/ tif'dkwdk@u ydkjyif;xefcJhw,f? uarBm'D;,m;u zEGrf;yif tmqD,H nDvmcHrSm wm0ef,l awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudk ArmEdkifiHu ruef@uGuf&Jawmhyg?

Adkvfcif!Gef@u &efukefrSm usif;ywJh 'kt}udrf tmqD,H odyHESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;rSm ('DESpfxJrSmyJ) 'DvdkajymcJhw,f?

“EdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,EdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,EdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,EdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,EdkifiHwckcsif;. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tmqD,HtzGJ@tpnf;wckvHk;. *k%foduQmudkyg wdk;wufvmapEdkifw,f” wJh?etz&J@ ar 30 aqmif&Gufcsufudk tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;u zEGrf;yifrSm wnDwnf; ±_wfcsvdkuf=uyg+yD? (*k%foduQm usqif;

oGm;&rSmyJ? etz&J@ tmqD,H 6 ESpfoufwrf;rSm ðycJhwJhaumif;r_u }uD;aywmudk;)ESpfpydkif;rSm (Zef 27§28) tmqD,H tD;,l tpnf;ta0; wufcJh&vdk@ ‘etz&J@ EdkifiHjcm;a&;atmifyGJ’ vdk@ tljrL;cJh=uwm 4

v eJ@ 2 &ufyJ cHygvm;? ckqdk olwdk@&J@ qGJaqmifr_wckjzpfwJh rl;,pfaq;0g; rD;±d_@yGJudkawmif taemufoHwrefawGu oydwfarSmufcJh=uyg+yD?w±kwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf w±kwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf w±kwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf w±kwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf w±kwf/ tdENd,/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf - tmqD,H ajcukwf wxpfðywf+yD? *syefuvJ qkay;uae'%fay; jzpfvmaew,f? tar&duef tD;,leJ@taemufurBmuawmh ajymraeeJ@? }udrfao;ao;eJ@ cyfpyfpyf ±dkufae&mu vnfrsdKudk n‡pfae+yD? tdENd,rSmvJ tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;utpdk;&udk wGef;tm;ay;ae+yD?

w±kwfu wEdkifiH&J@ jynfwGif;a&; wEdkifiH 0ifrpGufa&;rludk qufvufudkifpGJxm;wm awG@&w,f? tdENd,eJ@ b*Fvm;a'h&Sfvnf;aemufydkif;rSm 'Doabmxm;rsKd; azmfjyvmw,f?

(6)ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;ed*kH;

'DvdkeJ@ etz c&D;qufEdkifrvm;? tE W&m,fawGuawmhrsm;w,f? ol@twGufa&m wdkif;jynftwGufa&myJ? a'o wckvHk;twGufa&m urBmtwGufa&myJ? olwdk@taeeJ@ wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;twGuf aumif;r_wckrS rðyEdkifcJh=uayr,fh urBmu 0dkif;t=unfhcHta&;pdkufcHvm&atmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; tjzpfawmh rSwfwrf;0ifoGm;ygvdrfhr,f?

'DyJ,if; ta&;tcif;uae Armjynf&J@ EkdifiHa&;rsufESmpm ajymif;vJoGm; roGm;uawmh 'DESpfukeftxd apmifh=unfh&ygOD;r,f?

Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwDArm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwDArm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwDArm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwDArm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwDA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonfA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonfA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonfA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonfA[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;XmerS xkwfa0_zefhcsdonf

ArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGufArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGufArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGufArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGufArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;twGufjynfyu b,folrSjynfyu b,folrSjynfyu b,folrSjynfyu b,folrSjynfyu b,folrS

vkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?vkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?vkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?vkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?vkyfay;rSm r[kwfbl;?udk,fhbmom vkyf&r,f?udk,fhbmom vkyf&r,f?udk,fhbmom vkyf&r,f?udk,fhbmom vkyf&r,f?udk,fhbmom vkyf&r,f?

awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwdkif;[m a&G;vrf;rSefor# zGifhxm;oifhw,f? 'grSvufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?vufiif;av#mufaewJhvrf; ydwfoGm;&if wjcm;vrf;uae csDwufEdkifr,f?

yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@u t"duyJ?

tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;tjurf;rzufa&;vrf;,wd_ywf,wd_ywf,wd_ywf,wd_ywf,wd_ywf

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