LIGHTING DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL AND

RESIDENTIAL SPACES www.dezyneecole.com

Student:-Pawan Kumar SharmaMSc Interior Designer

Commercial Space DesignerDezyne E’cole College

Light is a form of energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic radiationand is closely related to other form of electromagnetic radiation suchas Radio waves, Radar, Microwave, Infrared and Ultraviolet radiationand X-rays,

WHAT IS LIGHT ?

CANDELA- It is equalent to the illumination of one standard candle.

FOOT CANDELA- It is the amount of illumination on a surface from

a light source of on candela that is a foot away from the surface.

ONE FOOT CANDELA =1 Lumen /Square foot

ONE LUX- Is the amount of illumination created by a light source of

one candela which is one meter away from the surface .

1LUX=1 Lumen /Square meter.

LIGHTING PRINCIPLES AND TERMS

LIGHTING PRINCIPLES AND TERMS

Efficacy

The ratio of light produced to energy consumed. It’s measured as the number of lumens produced divided by the rate of electricity consumption (limens per watt).

ACTIVITY FOOT CANDLES LUX

Hall ways 5-7 55-75

Entertaining 10-20 110-215

Dinning 10-20 110-215

Easy reading 20-50 215-540

Bathroom 20-50 215-540

Kitchen basic lighting 20-50 215-540

Kitchen food preparation 50-100 540-1075

Difficult reading writing 50-100 540-1075

General workshop lighting 50-100 540-1075

Fine or detailed work 100-200 1075-2150

LIGHTING CALCULATIONS

COLOUR TEMPERATURE OUTDOOR/INDOOR

Colour temperature is a characteristic of visible light. In practice, colour

temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in fact correspond

somewhat closely to the radiation of some black body.

The colour temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an idea

black body is defined as its surface temperature In KELVINS.

Colour temperatures over 5,000 K are called cool colours (blueish white), while

lower colour temperatures, (2,700-3,000 K) are called warm colours (yellowish

white through red).

COLOUR TEMPERATURE OUTDOOR/INDOOR

Colour Temperature :

• Defined as the tone of light or hoe the light looks in terms of whiteness.

• Higher the colour temperature = whiter/cooler the light source.

• Unit measurement = Kelvin (K)

COLOUR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

The rendering index (CRI), sometimes called colour rendition index, is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colours of various objects faithfully in comparison with an idea or natural light source.

Colour rendering : Effect of an illuminant on the coloyr appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison with their colour appearance under a reference illuminant.

Finishes should be evaluates under the type of lamp (lamp and/or daylight ) which will actually be used in the interior.

Colour rendition depends on lamp colour spectrum, reflective property of surfaces and context and condition in room.

Judgment of apparent surface colour depends also on the experience and expectations of an individual with normal colour vision.

Colour Temperature in Kelvin (K) Degrees

DaylightWarm White Cool White

How does Colour Temperature affect the appearance of a room?

DaylightWarm White Cool White

LIGHTING FIXTURES

Light fixture is integral part of building electrical system,

transforming energy into usable illumination.

Light fixture requires electrical connection (power supply),

lamp holder, lamp (design to diffuse, reflect, focus light).

Form of lighting fixture, light source, light illumination point

sources, linear sources, planar sources, volumetric sources.

LIGHTING LUMINARIES

• An assembly used to house one or more light sources. Also called lighting fixture.

Luminaries

Light Lamp

Light Socket

Light Switch

CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINARIES

Recessed

Ceiling Mounted

Track Mounted

Wall Mounted

Suspended

Architectural

Portable

Pole Mounted

Bollard

Outdoor

Wall washer

Ceiling washer

Floor washers

Spot light

Integral Luminaries

Light Structures

Uplighters

Down lighters

CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINARIES

CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINARIES

CATEGORIES OF LUMINARIES

• Direct : 90 – 100% downward.

• Semi direct : 60 – 90% downward.

• General diffuse : 40 – 60% both downward and upward.

• Direct – indirect : little light is emitted in the horizontal plane.

• Semi – indirect : providing 60 – 90% of its output upward.

• Indirect : providing 90 - 100% of its luminous output upward.

POINT LIGHT SOURCE

FOCUS ON OBJECT OR AREA GREAT BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST HIGHLIGHT, SPARKLE OR RHYTHM

LINER LIGHT SOURCE

GIVE DIRECTION, OUTLINE SHAPES EMPHASIZE THE EDGES

PLANAR LIGHT SOURCE

SURFACE REPETEAD LINEAR DIFFUSED ILLUMINATION OF AREA

VOLUMETRIC LIGHT SOURCE

LIGHT AS VOLUMETRIC ILLUMINATION EXPANDED THROUGH THREE-DIMENTIONAL FORMS OF LAMP

60w Bulb

Insulation

Lamp Socket

Lamp Socket Cap

Threaded Pipe

Lamp wireBobesche

Two Nuts

Lamp Shade

11/4” Plastic tube

LIGHT SOURCE

LAMP HOLDER CONNECT TO SUPPLY

DESIGN OF LAMP

TYPES OF LIGHTING

General Lighting

Accent Lighting

TYPES OF LIGHTING

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Decorative Lighting

TYPES OF LIGHTING

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Task Lighting

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Kinetic Lighting

TYPES OF LIGHTING

WashlightsWashlights are designed to provide uniform lighting over extensive surfaces, mailnlywalls, ceilings, and floors, therefore. They are included in the group downlights and louvered luminaries although washlights do have there own luminaire forms.

Wall washers Ceiling washers Floor washers Spot Light Light Structure Integral Luminaries Downlighters Uplighters

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Wall washer

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Ceiling washer

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Floor washers

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Spot light

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Integral Luminaires

Suspended Ceiling

Coffered Ceiling

Vaulted Ceiling

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Light Structure

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Uplighters

TYPES OF LIGHTING

Down lighters

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING SOURCES

Incandescent Lamps Fluorescent Lamps High – Intensity Discharge Lamps Mercury Lamps Metal Halide Lamps High Pressure Sodium Lamps Low Pressure Sodium Lamps Electrode less Lamps Compact arc xenon and Mercury Lamps Electroluminescent Lamps Light Emitting Diodes (LED) Carbon arc Lamps Gaslights

What?

Hotwire – filament sealed in a glass jar (bulb).

How?

Electric current pass through the wire heats it to incandescence, and the wire emits light. Use standard voltage circuit.

INCANDESCENT LAMP

Inside the glass is a gas such as argon and/or nitrogen. At the centre of the lamp is a tungsten filament. Electricity heats this filament up to about 2,500degrees Celsius. Just like any hot metal, the tungsten gets "white hot" at that heat and emits a great deal of visible light in a process called incandescence.

INCANDESCENT LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

1. GLASS BULB2. VACUUM OR GAS FILLED3. WIRE/FILAMENT4.-5. LEAD – IN WIRES6. SUPPORT WIRES7. NECK8.-11. ELECTRIC FUSE9. BASE

Advantages:

1. Less expensive2. Easier to dim with Rheostats3. Warmer colour than

Fluorescent andTungsten - halogen lamps

4. Light output is relatively high5. Excellent colour rendering6. Can be dimmed

Disadvantages:

1. Energy inefficient2. Short lamp life time3. Warm source

INCANDESCENT LAMP

Shape of lamps:Around 100 combinations of glass and quartz Bulb shapes and sizes.

SYMBOLS:

1st part = one or more letters indicates the Shape of bulb2nd part = number, indicates diameter of the bulb in eights of an inch

Example: A19 = arbitrary shaped, 19/8 inch diameter

INCANDESCENT LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMPS

General Lighting Service(GLS)

Parabolic Aluminium Reflector(PAR)

Metal Reflector(MR)

Examples:

A15A17A19A21A20

PS25PS30PS35PS40PS52

PAR30PAR38P25

PAR38PAR40 SIDE

PRONG

PAR56PAR64 PAR26END

PRONG

AR70 AR111 AR56 R12R14

R20R30R40

RHALOGEN

36 56S14

B61/2

B10B18

C7 CA8CA9CA10

F10F15

G161/2

G181/2

G25G30G40

MR11MR16

INCANDESCENT LAMP

BASE IDENTIFICATION:

1. Small base: bayonet, bipin, candelabra, Intermediate, miniature, mini-candelabra, Twist-and-lock, two-pin

2. Medium base

3. Large base: mogul screw, mogul bipost

INCANDESCENT LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

LAMP LIFE TIME:

1. STANDARD-LIFE LAMP: high temperature for the filament to operates, emits more light, shorter life time – “burns out”

2. LONG-LIFE LAMP: given wattage produces less light, designed for longer life

LAMP EFFICIENCY = LIGHT PRODUCED (LUMENS, lm) / ELECTRICITY

CONSUMED (WATTS W)

LIGHT OUTPUT: INSERT GAS (ARGON, NITROGEN, KRYPTON)SLOWS BULB

BLACKENING CAUSED BY CONDENSATION ON THE BULB WALL

INCANDESCENT LAMP

BULBS ARE SOLD BY WATTS – MEASURE OF POWER CONSUMED

LUMENS TELLS HOW MUCH LIGHT LAMP EMITS

HOURS OF OPERATION IS PRODUCED LIFE-TIME (750 –1000H, UP TO 2500H FOR EXTENDED SERVICE LAMPS)

ENERGY SAVING LAMPS – REDUCED WATTAGE, REDUCED LIGHT OUTPUT

INCANDESCENT LAMP

LAMP TYPES:

1. NON DIRECTIONAL (emits light in all directions - A, C, G, P, PS, S and Tshapes, requires additional external elements for brightness, glare and distribution control)

2. SEMI DIRECTIONAL (silver bowl or white bowl lamps, coating on inner side of bulb, reduce filament glare)

3. DIRECTIONAL (complete optical systems: source, reflector, lens or filament shield, R, AR, MR, PAR built-in beam control)

INCANDESCENT LAMP

AR LAMP SILVER BOWL LAMP

WHITE BOWL LAMP

PAR LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

SEMI DIRECTIONAL

INCANDESCENT LAMP

Right: PAR reflector lamp with pressed glass bulb and powerful parabolic reflector

Left: R reflector lamp with soft glass bulb and ellipsoid reflector with moderate focusing power.

DIRECTIONAL

R LAMP PAR LAMP

INCANDESCENT LAMP

TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN

What?

Selected gas of the halogen family

How?

Halogen gas combines with tungsten molecules that sputter of the filament deposits tungsten back on the filament and emits constant level of light

TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN

A halogen bulb has a filament made of Tungsten, which glows when electricity is applied, same as a regular incandescent bulb.

The halogen gas removes the carbon deposits on the inside of the bulb, caused by the burning of the tungsten filament, and re-deposits it back on to the filament, resulting in a light bulb which can be burned at a higher

HIGH OPERATING TEMPERATURE(500C), HIGH COLOR TEMPERATURE

QUARTZ INSTEAD OF GLASS

EQUIPED WITH OUTER BULB, GLASS COVER, MESH SCREEN

TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN

TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN

Advantages:

1. High colour temperature make them “whiter” than standard incandescent lamps2. Longer life time3. Great efficiency4. Compact in shape and size

They come in many shapes and sizes, some directional others not, some quite small others the size of regular bulbs, some fit into normal sockets other require special sockets and voltages to work.

TUNGSTEN - HALOGEN

There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp, the most common ones are the G9 capsule lamp, GU10spot lamp and linear halogen lamps which are all domestic mains voltage, and G4 capsule lamp,(integral reflector) MR16, MR11 spot lamps which are low voltage lamps.

LINEAR G4 GU10MR11G9G6.35

LOW-VOLTAGE LAMPS – Incandescent and tungsten-halogen lamps

that operate between 6V and 75 V.Standard building current of 115 V-125V must be stepped down by the use of transformer.Low-voltage luminaries with integrated transformers are larger in size and bulkier.Practical system is line-voltage equipment.

LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS

Aluminum Reflector

LOW VOLTAGE LAMPS

LOW VOLTAGE PAR56(halogen lamp)

LOW VOLTAGE MULTIFACETED MIRROR REFLECTOR(halogen lamp)

COLOURED LIGHT BULBS

COLOUR CERAMIC ENAMEL

HUE(quality in red or green),SATURATION (strength or depth of colour)BRIGHTNESS (quantity of light)

COLOURED FILTERS

Thin transparent coloured plastic sheet in vide variety of colours, as well as multi coloured and diffused sheets. Short service life – colour fades rapidly.

GELATIN FILTERS (“GELS”)

One or more layers of ultrathin film coating on clear glass that reflects rather than absorb unwanted wave length. They transmit one colour, and reflect the complementary colour

INTERFERENCE FILTERS

What ?

Gas, phosphor, cathode, discharge

How ?

Light is produced by passage of an electric current through a vapour or gas, rather than through a tungsten wire as in incandescent lamp.

DISCHARGE LAMP

FLUORESCENT LAMP

The classic fluorescent lamp design, which has fallen mostly by the wayside, used a special starter switch mechanism to light up the tube.

The conventional starter switch is a small discharge bulb, containing neon or some other gas. The bulb has two electrodes positioned right next to each other. When electricity is initially passed through the by pass circuit, an electrical arc jumps between these electrodes to make a connection. This arc lights the bulb in the same way a larger arc lights a fluorescent bulb.

FLUORESCENT LAMP

FLUORESCENT LAMP

FLUORESCENT LAMP

ADVANTAGES:

• Heat is relatively low• Energy efficient• Range from low grade to high grade• Long lamp life• Usually Cool source• Control gears

DISADVANTAGE:

• Colour temperature• Require ballast: preheat, instant-start,

rapid-start• Requires controlling elements for glare

control

FLUORESCENT LAMP

TYPES:

1. COLD CATHODE2. 2. HOT CATHODE

SHAPE:

1. U-BENT SHAPE2. 2. CIRCULINE SHAPE3. 3. COMPACT FLUO-LAMPS

SHAPES

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Equipment required to control the starting and operating voltages of electrical gas discharge lights.

Integrated Ballast (CFL)

BALLAST/DRIVER

Magnetic Ballast

(Traditional)

Electronic Ballast

Type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.

This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts. The gas facilitates the arcs initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts forming a plasma, which greatly increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its power consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps are a type of arc lamp.

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP

When energy efficiency and/or light intensity are desired. These areas include gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theatres, football stadiums, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking lots, and pathways.

Ultra-High Performance (UHP)HID lamps are used in LCD or DLP projection TV sets or projection displays as well.

Red and Infrared LEDs are made with gallium arsenide Bright Blue is made with GN -gallium nitride White LEDs are made with yttrium aluminium garnet

There are also orange, green, blue, violet, purple, ultraviolet LEDs.

LED LIGHTS

LED LIGHTS

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS

Benefits of led lights

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS

1

SIZE

LED lights are usually around 3mm – 8mm long. The small size and profile f the LED lights allow then to be used where other light bulbs may not fit.

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS

2

EFFICENCY

Where other lights give off more energy by shining in different areas. LED lights only shine in a specific direction becoming more efficient.

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS

335,000 to 50,000 hours, compared to 750 to 2,000 hours for an incandescent bulb, 8,000 to 10,000 hours for a compact fluorescent and 20,000 to 30,000 hours for a linear fluorescent bulb

LIFE

BENEFITS OF LED LIGHTS

4

TEMPERATURE

LEDs remain cool. In addition, since they contain no glass component, they are not vulnerable to vibration or breakage like conventional bulbs. LEDs are thus better suited for use in areas like sports facilities and high-crime locations.

LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don’t have a filament that will burnout, and they don’t get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor. The lifespan of an LED surpasses the short life of an incandescent bulb by thousands of hours.

LED LIGHTING

LED REFLECTORS

LAMPS

HalogenMR16GU5.3

Incandescent StandardE27

LAMPS

HalogenQR111G53

Halogen PARE27

LAMPS

PLCCompact Fluorescent Lamps

CFLCompact Fluorescent Lamps

E27

LAMPS

Fluorescent CFL SpiralE27

FluorescentMegaman Liliput

E27

LAMPS

Fluorescent TL (Tubular Lamp)T5

Fluorescent TL (Tubular Lamp)

T8

LAMPS

LEDMR16GU5.3

LEDTubular Lamp

LAMPS

LEDLED Strip

LED Strip

LAMPS

LED/PijarFlexi Light

LEDLED Strip (Plat)

LAMPS

LEDLinestra

LEDLED Tape

LAMPS

Fibre Optics

LAMPS

Cold Cathode

Thank You