patterson ch03

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© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3

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© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2

Federalism: National and State Sovereignty

Three types of systems that apportion governmental power1. Unitary: national government is sovereign2. Confederacy: states are sovereign3. Federal system: national government and states share

power

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3

Federalism: National and State Sovereignty

The argument for federalismAuthority divided into two levels: national and stateProtects libertyModerates government power by sharingStrengthens the unionPromotes more responsive government

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4

Federalism: National and State Sovereignty

The powers of the nation and statesNational: enumerated powers

Seventeen powers, including measures for secure defense and stable commerce

Supremacy clauseNational: implied powers

“Necessary and proper” = “elastic” clause: make laws in support of enumerated powers

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5

Federalism: National and State Sovereignty

The powers of the nation and statesTenth Amendment established reserved powers: powers

not delegated to the national government are reserved for the states

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© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7

Federalism in Historical PerspectiveAn indestructible union (1789–1865)

The nationalist view: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); clear ruling in favor of national power and the supremacy clause

The states’ rights view: the Dred Scott decision (1857); ruling for states rights in conflict over legality of slavery

The Civil War settled the issue in favor of national authority

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8

Federalism in Historical PerspectiveDual federalism and laissez-faire capitalism (1865–1937)

Dual federalism: separation of national from state powerThe Fourteenth Amendment interpreted to give states much

discretionJudicial protection of business: Supreme Court limited

national power to regulate business and industryNational authority prevails as the Supreme Court eventually

approves Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal economic and social programs

© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9

Contemporary FederalismInterdependency and intergovernmental relations

Cooperative federalism: shared policy responsibilitiesNational, state, and local levels work togetherJoint funding, administration, and determination of

programs

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Federal, State, and Local Shares of Government Tax Revenue

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Contemporary FederalismGovernment revenues and intergovernmental relations

Fiscal federalism: federal funds used for state programsGrants-in-aid: cash payments to states and localitiesCategorical grants: federal funds restricted to certain state

programsBlock grants: federal funds for state programs addressed to

a general concern

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© 2015 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Federal Grants-in-Aid to the States

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Contemporary FederalismDevolution: the idea that American federalism can be

strengthened by a partial shift of power from national government to states

Belief held more strongly by Republicans than DemocratsDramatically increased with Republican Revolution of 1994Supreme Court has advanced devolution, especially in latter

decades of twentieth centuryDevolution movement ended with presidency of George W.

Bush: education and security policy

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The Public’s Influence: Setting the Boundaries of Federal-State Power

Roosevelt’s “New Deal”—jobs during the Great Depression

Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society”—increased social services in 1960s

Republican Revolution—rolled back federal authority in 1990s