Patterns of Inter-group RelationsPatterns of Inter-group Relations

The five most common The five most common patterns of minority group patterns of minority group treatment in society are: treatment in society are:

AssimilationAssimilation

Cultural PluralismCultural Pluralism

Legal ProtectionLegal Protection

Population TransfersPopulation Transfers

and Subjugationand Subjugation

Some minority groups have also Some minority groups have also faced extermination.faced extermination.

AssimilationAssimilation

Many racial and ethnic Many racial and ethnic minorities today are minorities today are attempting to hold on to attempting to hold on to some of their unique cultural some of their unique cultural features. features.

At one time in the United At one time in the United States it was hoped that the States it was hoped that the various groups that make up various groups that make up American society could be American society could be blended into a single people blended into a single people with a common culture. with a common culture.

““The Great American The Great American Melting Pot”Melting Pot”

Assimilation of the Native AmericansAssimilation of the Native Americans

Native American boarding Native American boarding schools, which were run schools, which were run primarily by Christian primarily by Christian missionaries, often proved missionaries, often proved traumatic to Native American traumatic to Native American children children

forbidden to: forbidden to: speak their native languages, speak their native languages, denied the right to practice denied the right to practice religions forced to abandon religions forced to abandon their Native their Native American American identities and adopt European-identities and adopt European-American culture. American culture.

Cultural PluralismCultural Pluralism

A solution to ethnic and A solution to ethnic and racial diversity is to racial diversity is to allow each group within allow each group within society to keep its society to keep its unique cultural identity.unique cultural identity.

Example: Canada Example: Canada where French is spoken where French is spoken in Quebec or having in Quebec or having Spanish signs in the Spanish signs in the US.US.

Legal ProtectionLegal Protection

Many nations have taken legal steps to ensure that the Many nations have taken legal steps to ensure that the rights of minority groups are protected.rights of minority groups are protected.

Civil Rights ActCivil Rights Act

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in piece of legislation in the United States that the United States that outlawed racial outlawed racial segregation in schools, segregation in schools, public places, and public places, and employment. employment.

Population TransfersPopulation Transfers

Population transfer is the Population transfer is the movement of a large group movement of a large group of people from one region to of people from one region to another by state policy or another by state policy or international authority, most international authority, most frequently on the basis of frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion. ethnicity or religion.

Banishment or exile is a Banishment or exile is a similar process, but is similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals forcibly applied to individuals and groups.and groups.

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

The The Trail of TearsTrail of Tears was was the forced relocation of the forced relocation of Native Americans from Native Americans from their homelands to their homelands to Indian Territory Indian Territory (present day (present day Oklahoma) in the Oklahoma) in the Western United States. Western United States.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

Japanese American Japanese American internment refers to the internment refers to the forcible relocation and forcible relocation and internment of internment of approximately 110,000 approximately 110,000 Japanese nationals and Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to Japanese Americans to housing facilities called housing facilities called "War Relocation "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. on Pearl Harbor.

SubjugationSubjugation

Rather than expel a minority group from the Rather than expel a minority group from the country, some nations resort to subjugation, country, some nations resort to subjugation,

the maintaining of control over a group the maintaining of control over a group through force.through force.

SlaverySlavery

SlaverySlavery is the systematic exploitation of is the systematic exploitation of labor. As a social-economic system, labor. As a social-economic system, slavery is a legal or informal institution slavery is a legal or informal institution under which a person (called "a slave") under which a person (called "a slave") is compelled to work for another is compelled to work for another (sometimes called "the master" or "slave (sometimes called "the master" or "slave owner"). owner").

Today, slavery is formally outlawed in Today, slavery is formally outlawed in nearly all countries, but the phenomenon nearly all countries, but the phenomenon continues to exist in various forms continues to exist in various forms around the world.around the world.

Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states:Human Rights states:

– No one shall be held in slavery or No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.forms.

SegregationSegregation

Racial segregation separation of Racial segregation separation of different racial groups in daily life, such different racial groups in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. or in the rental or purchase of a home.

Segregation may be mandated by law Segregation may be mandated by law or exist through social norms. or exist through social norms.

Segregation may be maintained by Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante housing to certain races to vigilante violence such as lynching;. violence such as lynching;.

Legal segregation was required and Legal segregation was required and came with "anti-miscegenation laws" came with "anti-miscegenation laws" (prohibitions against interracial (prohibitions against interracial marriage) and laws against hiring marriage) and laws against hiring people of the race that is the object of people of the race that is the object of discrimination in any but menial discrimination in any but menial positions. positions.

ExterminationExtermination

The most extreme response to the existence of The most extreme response to the existence of minority groups within a nation is minority groups within a nation is

extermination.extermination.

The Eight Stages of The Eight Stages of GenocideGenocide

Dr. Gregory Stanton Genocide WatchDr. Gregory Stanton Genocide Watch

The 8 Stages of GenocideThe 8 Stages of Genocide

Understanding the genocidal process is one of the Understanding the genocidal process is one of the most important steps in preventing future genocides.most important steps in preventing future genocides.

The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by The Eight Stages of Genocide were first outlined by Dr. Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996. Dr. Greg Stanton, Department of State: 1996.

The first six stages are Early Warnings:The first six stages are Early Warnings: ClassificationClassification SymbolizationSymbolization DehumanizationDehumanization OrganizationOrganization PolarizationPolarization Preparation Preparation

Stage 1: ClassificationStage 1: Classification

““Us versus them”Us versus them”

Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion. Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion.

Bipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to have genocide Bipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to have genocide because no way for classifications to fade away through because no way for classifications to fade away through inter-marriage. inter-marriage.

Classification is a primary method of dividing society and Classification is a primary method of dividing society and

creating a power struggle between groups.creating a power struggle between groups.

Classification (Rwanda)Classification (Rwanda)

Belgian colonialists believed Tutsis were a naturally superior nobility, Belgian colonialists believed Tutsis were a naturally superior nobility, descended from the Israelite tribe of Ham. The Rwandan royalty was Tutsi.descended from the Israelite tribe of Ham. The Rwandan royalty was Tutsi.

Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists was the number of cattle owned.was the number of cattle owned.

Prevention: ClassificationPrevention: Classification

– Promote common identities (national, Promote common identities (national, religious, human.)religious, human.)

– Use common languages (Swahili in Use common languages (Swahili in Tanzania, science, music.)Tanzania, science, music.)

– Actively oppose racist and divisive Actively oppose racist and divisive politicians and parties.politicians and parties.

Stage 2: SymbolizationStage 2: Symbolization

Names: “Jew”, “German”, “Hutu”, Names: “Jew”, “German”, “Hutu”, “Tutsi”.“Tutsi”.

Languages. Languages.

Types of dress. Types of dress.

Group uniforms: Nazi Swastika Group uniforms: Nazi Swastika armbandsarmbands

Colors and religious symbols:Colors and religious symbols:

•Yellow star for Jews Yellow star for Jews

•Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodiain Cambodia

Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda)Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda)

““Ethnicity” was first noted on Ethnicity” was first noted on cards by Belgian Colonial cards by Belgian Colonial Authorities in 1933.Authorities in 1933.

Tutsis were given access to Tutsis were given access to limited education programs and limited education programs and Catholic priesthood. Hutus were Catholic priesthood. Hutus were given less assistance by colonial given less assistance by colonial authorities.authorities.

At independence, these At independence, these preferences were reversed. preferences were reversed. Hutus were favored. Hutus were favored.

These ID cards were later used to These ID cards were later used to distinguish Tutsis from Hutus in distinguish Tutsis from Hutus in the 1994 massacres of Tutsis and the 1994 massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus that resulted in moderate Hutus that resulted in 800,000+ deaths.800,000+ deaths.

Symbolization (Nazi Germany)Symbolization (Nazi Germany)

Jewish Passport: Jewish Passport: “Reisepäss” “Reisepäss”

Required to be carried Required to be carried by all Jews by 1938. by all Jews by 1938. Preceded the yellow Preceded the yellow

star. star.

SymbolizationSymbolizationNazis required the yellow Star of David emblem to be worn by Nazis required the yellow Star of David emblem to be worn by

nearly all Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe by 1941.nearly all Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe by 1941.

Symbolization (Nazi Germany)Symbolization (Nazi Germany)

Homosexuals = pink trianglesHomosexuals = pink triangles Identified homosexuals to SS guards in Identified homosexuals to SS guards in

the camps the camps Caused discrimination by fellow Caused discrimination by fellow

inmates who shunned homosexuals inmates who shunned homosexuals

Symbolization (Cambodia)Symbolization (Cambodia)

People in the Eastern People in the Eastern Zone, near Vietnam, Zone, near Vietnam, were accused of having were accused of having “Khmer bodies, but “Khmer bodies, but Vietnamese heads.”Vietnamese heads.”

They were deported to They were deported to other areas to be other areas to be worked to death.worked to death.

They were marked with They were marked with a blue and white a blue and white checked scarf (Kroma)checked scarf (Kroma)

Prevention: SymbolizationPrevention: Symbolization

Get ethnic, religious, racial, and national Get ethnic, religious, racial, and national identities removed from ID cards, passports.identities removed from ID cards, passports.

Protest imposition of marking symbols on Protest imposition of marking symbols on targeted groups (yellow cloth on Hindus in targeted groups (yellow cloth on Hindus in Taliban Afghanistan).Taliban Afghanistan).

Protest negative or racist words for groups Protest negative or racist words for groups (“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to make them (“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to make them culturally unacceptable.culturally unacceptable.

Stage 3: DehumanizationStage 3: Dehumanization

One group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the victim One group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the victim group seem subhuman.group seem subhuman.

Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder.Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder.

.

Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: “The Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: “The Solution for Tutsi Cockroaches”Solution for Tutsi Cockroaches”

Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:““The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins”The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins”

DehumanizationDehumanization

Caption: Does the same soul dwell in these bodies?Caption: Does the same soul dwell in these bodies?

From a Nazi SS Propaganda Pamphlet:From a Nazi SS Propaganda Pamphlet:

Dehumanization Dehumanization

HateHate propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the victim propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the victim group. group.

Members of the victim group are described as Members of the victim group are described as animals, vermin, animals, vermin, andand diseasesdiseases. Hate radio, Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, during . Hate radio, Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, during the Rwandan genocide in 1994, broadcast anti-Tutsi messages like the Rwandan genocide in 1994, broadcast anti-Tutsi messages like “kill the “kill the cockroachescockroaches” and “If this ” and “If this diseasedisease is not treated immediately, is not treated immediately, it will destroy all the Hutu.”it will destroy all the Hutu.”

Dehumanization invokes Dehumanization invokes superioritysuperiority of one group and of one group and inferiorityinferiority of of the “other.”the “other.”

Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it “Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it “ethnic cleansingethnic cleansing,” or ,” or ““purificationpurification.” Such .” Such euphemismseuphemisms hide the horror of mass murder. hide the horror of mass murder.

Prevention: DehumanizationPrevention: Dehumanization

Vigorously protest use of dehumanizing words that refer to Vigorously protest use of dehumanizing words that refer to people as “filth,” “vermin,” animals or diseases. Deny people as “filth,” “vermin,” animals or diseases. Deny people using such words visas and freeze their foreign people using such words visas and freeze their foreign assets and contributions.assets and contributions.

Prosecute hate crimes and incitements to commit Prosecute hate crimes and incitements to commit genocide.genocide.

Jam or shut down hate radio and television stations where Jam or shut down hate radio and television stations where there is danger of genocide.there is danger of genocide.

Prevention: DehumanizationPrevention: Dehumanization

Provide programs for tolerance to radio, Provide programs for tolerance to radio, TV, and newspapers.TV, and newspapers.

Enlist religious and political leaders to Enlist religious and political leaders to speak out and educate for tolerance.speak out and educate for tolerance.

Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and inter-Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and inter-racial groups to work against hate and racial groups to work against hate and genocide.genocide.

Stage 4: OrganizationStage 4: Organization

Genocide is a group crime, so must be organized.Genocide is a group crime, so must be organized.

The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the groups that The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the groups that conduct the genocidal massacres. (State organization is not a legal conduct the genocidal massacres. (State organization is not a legal requirement --Indian partition.)requirement --Indian partition.)

Plans are made by elites for a “final solution” of genocidal killings.Plans are made by elites for a “final solution” of genocidal killings.

Organization (Rwanda)Organization (Rwanda)

““Hutu Power” elites armed Hutu Power” elites armed youth militias called youth militias called Interahamwe ("Those Who Stand Together”).

The government and Hutu The government and Hutu Power businessmen Power businessmen provided the militias with provided the militias with over 500,000 machetes over 500,000 machetes and other arms and set up and other arms and set up camps to train them to camps to train them to “protect their villages” by “protect their villages” by exterminating every Tutsi.exterminating every Tutsi.

Prevention: OrganizationPrevention: Organization

Treat genocidal groups as the organized crime Treat genocidal groups as the organized crime groups they are. Make membership in them illegal groups they are. Make membership in them illegal and demand that their leaders be arrested.and demand that their leaders be arrested.

Deny visas to leaders of hate groups and freeze Deny visas to leaders of hate groups and freeze their foreign assets.their foreign assets.

Impose arms embargoes on hate groups and Impose arms embargoes on hate groups and governments supporting ethnic or religious hatred.governments supporting ethnic or religious hatred.

Create UN commissions to enforce such arms Create UN commissions to enforce such arms embargoes and call on UN members to arrest arms embargoes and call on UN members to arrest arms merchants who violate them.merchants who violate them.

Stage 5: Polarization Stage 5: Polarization

Extremists drive the groups Extremists drive the groups apart. apart.

Hate groups broadcast and Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda. print polarizing propaganda.

Laws are passed that forbid Laws are passed that forbid intermarriage or social intermarriage or social interaction.interaction.

Political moderates are Political moderates are silenced, threatened and silenced, threatened and intimidated, and killed.intimidated, and killed.

•Public demonstrations were Public demonstrations were organized against Jewish merchants.organized against Jewish merchants.

• Moderate German dissenters were Moderate German dissenters were the first to be arrested and sent to the first to be arrested and sent to concentration camps.concentration camps.

PolarizationPolarization

Attacks are staged Attacks are staged and blamed on and blamed on targeted groups.targeted groups.

In Germany, the Reichstag fire In Germany, the Reichstag fire was blamed on Jewish was blamed on Jewish Communists in 1933.Communists in 1933.

Cultural centers of Cultural centers of targeted groups are targeted groups are attacked. attacked.

On Kristalnacht in 1938, On Kristalnacht in 1938, hundreds of synagogues hundreds of synagogues were burned.were burned.

Prevention: PolarizationPrevention: Polarization

Vigorously protest laws or policies that segregate or Vigorously protest laws or policies that segregate or marginalize groups, or that deprive whole groups of marginalize groups, or that deprive whole groups of citizenship rights.citizenship rights.

Physically protect moderate leaders, by use of armed Physically protect moderate leaders, by use of armed guards and armored vehicles.guards and armored vehicles.

Demand the release of moderate leaders if they are Demand the release of moderate leaders if they are arrested. Demand and conduct investigations if they are arrested. Demand and conduct investigations if they are murdered.murdered.

Oppose coups d’état by extremists.Oppose coups d’état by extremists.

Stage 6: PreparationStage 6: Preparation

Members of victim groups are Members of victim groups are

forced to wear identifying forced to wear identifying symbols.symbols.

Death lists are made. Death lists are made. Victims are separated because Victims are separated because

of their ethnic or religious of their ethnic or religious identity.identity.

PreparationPreparation

Segregation into ghettoes is Segregation into ghettoes is imposed, victims are forced imposed, victims are forced into concentration camps.into concentration camps.

Victims are also deported to Victims are also deported to famine-struck regions for famine-struck regions for starvation. starvation.

Forced Resettlement into Ghettos – Poland Forced Resettlement into Ghettos – Poland 1939 - 19421939 - 1942

PreparationPreparation

WeaponsWeapons for killing for killing are stock-piled.are stock-piled.

Extermination Extermination campscamps are even built. are even built. This build- up of killing This build- up of killing capacity is a major step capacity is a major step towards actual towards actual genocide.genocide.

Prevention: PreparationPrevention: Preparation

With evidence of death lists, arms shipments, militia training, and trial With evidence of death lists, arms shipments, militia training, and trial massacres, a Genocide Alert™ should be declared.massacres, a Genocide Alert™ should be declared.

UN Security Council should warn it will act (but only if it really UN Security Council should warn it will act (but only if it really willwill act.) act.)Diplomats must warn potential perpetrators.Diplomats must warn potential perpetrators.

Humanitarian relief should be prepared.Humanitarian relief should be prepared.

Military intervention forces should be organized, including logistics and Military intervention forces should be organized, including logistics and financing.financing.

Stage 7: Extermination (Genocide)Stage 7: Extermination (Genocide)

Extermination begins, Extermination begins, and becomes the and becomes the mass killing legally mass killing legally called "called "genocidegenocide." ." Most genocide is Most genocide is committed by committed by governments.governments.

Einsatzgrupen: Nazi Killing SquadsEinsatzgrupen: Nazi Killing Squads

Extermination (Genocide)Extermination (Genocide)

Government organized extermination of Government organized extermination of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994

Extermination (Genocide)Extermination (Genocide)

Roma (Gypsies) in a Nazi Roma (Gypsies) in a Nazi death campdeath camp

•The killing is The killing is “extermination” to the “extermination” to the killers because they do killers because they do not believe the victims not believe the victims are fully human. They are fully human. They are “cleansing” the are “cleansing” the society of impurities,society of impurities, disease, animals, disease, animals, vermin, vermin, “cockroaches,” or “cockroaches,” or enemies.enemies.

Extermination (Genocide)Extermination (Genocide)

Although most genocide is Although most genocide is sponsored and financed sponsored and financed by the state, the armed by the state, the armed forces often work with forces often work with local militias. local militias.

Rwandan militia killing squadsRwandan militia killing squads

Nazi killing squad working Nazi killing squad working with local militiawith local militia

Extermination: Stopping GenocideExtermination: Stopping Genocide

Regional organizations, national governments, Regional organizations, national governments, and the UN Security Council should impose and the UN Security Council should impose targeted sanctions to undermine the economic targeted sanctions to undermine the economic viability of the perpetrator regime.viability of the perpetrator regime.

Sales of oil and imports of gasoline should be Sales of oil and imports of gasoline should be stopped by blockade of ports and land routes.stopped by blockade of ports and land routes.

Perpetrators should be indicted by the Perpetrators should be indicted by the International Criminal Court.International Criminal Court.

Extermination: Stopping GenocideExtermination: Stopping Genocide

The UN Security Council should authorize armed The UN Security Council should authorize armed intervention by regional military forces or by a intervention by regional military forces or by a UN force under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter.UN force under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter.– The Mandate must include protection of civilians and The Mandate must include protection of civilians and

humanitarian workers and a No Fly Zone.humanitarian workers and a No Fly Zone.– The Rules of Engagement must be robust and include The Rules of Engagement must be robust and include

aggressive prevention of killing.aggressive prevention of killing.– The major military powers must provide leadership, The major military powers must provide leadership,

logistics, airlift, communications, and financing.logistics, airlift, communications, and financing.– If the state where the genocide is underway will not If the state where the genocide is underway will not

permit entry, its UN membership should be suspended.permit entry, its UN membership should be suspended.

Stage 8: DenialStage 8: Denial

Denial is always found in genocide, both Denial is always found in genocide, both during it and after it.during it and after it.

Continuing denial is among the surest Continuing denial is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres.indicators of further genocidal massacres.

Denial extends the crime of genocide to future Denial extends the crime of genocide to future generations of the victims. It is a continuation generations of the victims. It is a continuation of the intent to destroy the group. of the intent to destroy the group.

The tactics of denial are predictable.The tactics of denial are predictable.

Denial: Deny the Evidence.Denial: Deny the Evidence.

Deny that there was any mass killing at all.Deny that there was any mass killing at all.

Question and minimize the statistics.Question and minimize the statistics.

Block access to archives and witnesses.Block access to archives and witnesses.

Intimidate or kill eye-witnesses.Intimidate or kill eye-witnesses.

Denial: Deny the EvidenceDenial: Deny the Evidence

Destroy the evidence. Destroy the evidence. (Burn the bodies and (Burn the bodies and the archives, dig up the archives, dig up and burn the mass and burn the mass graves, throw bodies graves, throw bodies in rivers or seas.)in rivers or seas.)

Holocaust Death-Camp Crematoria

Denial: Attack the truth-tellers.Denial: Attack the truth-tellers.

Attack the motives of the truth-tellers. Attack the motives of the truth-tellers. Say they are opposed to the religion, Say they are opposed to the religion, ethnicity, or nationality of the deniers.ethnicity, or nationality of the deniers.

Point out atrocities committed by Point out atrocities committed by people from the truth-tellers’ group. people from the truth-tellers’ group. Imply they are morally disqualified to Imply they are morally disqualified to accuse the perpetrators.accuse the perpetrators.

Denial: Deny Genocidal Intent.Denial: Deny Genocidal Intent.

Claim that the deaths were inadvertent Claim that the deaths were inadvertent (due to famine, migration, or disease.)(due to famine, migration, or disease.)

Blame “out of control” forces for the Blame “out of control” forces for the killings.killings.

Blame the deaths on ancient ethnic Blame the deaths on ancient ethnic conflicts.conflicts.

Denial: Blame the Victims.Denial: Blame the Victims.

Emphasize the strangeness of the victims. Emphasize the strangeness of the victims. They are not like us. (savages, infidels) They are not like us. (savages, infidels)

Claim they were disloyal insurgents in a Claim they were disloyal insurgents in a war. war.

Call it a “civil war,” not genocide.Call it a “civil war,” not genocide. Claim that the deniers’ group also Claim that the deniers’ group also

suffered huge losses in the “war.” The suffered huge losses in the “war.” The killings were in self-defense.killings were in self-defense.

Denial: Deny for current interests.Denial: Deny for current interests.

Avoid upsetting “the peace process.” Avoid upsetting “the peace process.” “Look to the future, not to the past.”“Look to the future, not to the past.”

Deny to assure benefits of relations with Deny to assure benefits of relations with the perpetrators or their descendents. the perpetrators or their descendents. (oil, arms sales, alliances, military (oil, arms sales, alliances, military bases)bases)

Don’t threaten humanitarian assistance Don’t threaten humanitarian assistance to the victims, who are receiving good to the victims, who are receiving good treatment. treatment.

Denial: Deny facts fit legal definition of genocide.Denial: Deny facts fit legal definition of genocide.

– They’re crimes against humanity, not genocide.They’re crimes against humanity, not genocide.– They’re “ethnic cleansing”, not genocide.They’re “ethnic cleansing”, not genocide.– There’s not enough proof of specific intent to destroy a There’s not enough proof of specific intent to destroy a

group, “as such.” (“Many survived!”-group, “as such.” (“Many survived!”- UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur.)UN Commission of Inquiry on Darfur.)– Claim the only “real” genocides are like the Holocaust: Claim the only “real” genocides are like the Holocaust:

“in whole.”“in whole.”(Ignore the “in part” in the Genocide Convention.)(Ignore the “in part” in the Genocide Convention.)

– Claim declaring genocide would legally obligate us to Claim declaring genocide would legally obligate us to intervene. (We don’t want to intervene.)intervene. (We don’t want to intervene.)