patof kel onkologi

8/17/2019 Patof Kel Onkologi

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Terms in Oncology & Its Causes


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Objectives

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the types of cancer, discuss the major

pathological conditions, and list some of the

possible causes

Define the combining forms used in building

words that relate to oncology

Identify the meaning of related abbreviations

Name the laboratory tests and clinical

procedures used in testing and treating cancer


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3

Objectives Part 2

Describe the pathological terms related tocancer

Define surgical terms related to cancer

List common pharmacological agents used in

treating cancer


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Neoplasms

ncology is the study, diagnosis, and treatment

of tumors !neoplasms"#

Neoplasms

$rowths made up of cells that reproduce abnormally %umor cells lac& the mechanism to stop producing and they

lac& the ability to die after a certain period

Apoptosis is the death of normal cells in a normal time cycle

%umors can be either benign or malignant

'enign (alignant

encapsulated

not life)threatening

made up of

differentiated cells

not capsulated

categori*ed by the types

of tissue from which they

develop

can be life)threatening


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Carcinoma!arcoma+arcinoma riginates from epithelial

tissue and is the most

common type of cancer

Also called solid tumors

+ommon sites for

carcinomas:

)s&in

)lungs)breasts

)colon

arcoma

riginates in muscle or

connective tissue and

lymph

A fairly rare form of cancer

+ertain leu&emias are

sarcomas) stomach

) mouth

) uterus

pread by way of the

lymphatic system


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"

#i$e% Tissue Tumor (i-ed)%issue %umor Derives from tissue that is capable of

separating into either epithelial or connective

tissue because it is composed of several types

of cells

+an be teratomas, which are growths

containing bone, muscle, s&in, glandular tissue

and other cells

N%.: A class of cancer such as

leu&emia arises from blood, lymph or

nervous system cells


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Causes o( Cancer +auses of +ancer Inherited defect transmitted

to the child in DNA

.-posure to carcinogens

%ypes of +arcinogens

.nvironmental agents

+hemicals

/adiation

0iruses

ther +ancer

+ausing Agents

tobacco

smo&e

asbestos

insecticides

certain dyes

certain hormones

DNA


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)

Combining *orms &

+bbreviations ,blast-+ombining 1orm (eaning

blast!o"

carcin!o"

muta

mutagen!o"

onc!o"

radi!o"

immature cell

cancer

genetic change

genetic change

tumor

radiation, 2)rays


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1.

Combining *orms &

+bbreviations ,/blast-

uffi- (eaning

)blast

)oma

)plasia

)plasm

)plastic

immature cell

tumor

formation !as of cells"

formation !as of cells"

formative


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Combining *orms &

+bbreviations ,+00-Abbreviation (eaning

ALL

A(L

b-

+A

+.A

chemo

+LL

acute lymphocytic leu&emia

acute myelogenous leu&emia

biopsy

carcinoma

carcinogenic embryonic antigen

chemotherapy

chronic lymphocytic leu&emia


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Combining *orms &

+bbreviations ,C#0-Abbreviation (eaning

+(L

D.

DNA

D/.

./

(.%

N3L

chronic myelogenous leu&emia

diethylstilbestrol

deo-yribonucleic acid

digital rectal e-am

estrogen repair

metastases

non)3odg&in4s lymphoma


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Combining *orms &

+bbreviations ,P!+-Abbreviation (eaning

5A

rad

/NA

/%

%N(

%-

2/%

prostate)specific antigen

radiation absorbed dose

ribonucleic acid

radiation therapy

tumor, nodes, metastasis

treatment

-)ray or radiation therapy


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outine #e%ical $amination/outine (edical .-amination

5ap smear

) test for cervical and

uterine cancer

'reast e-am

) palpate for lumps in the

breast

Digital rectal e-am

)screening for prostate

cancer

%esticular e-am

) palpate for tumors in

testes


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loo% Tests'lood %ests

+arcinoembryonic antigens

!+.A"

) detects gastrointestinal

tumors

5rostate)specific antigen

!5A"

) detects prostate cancer

Alphafetoprotein test !A15"

) detects liver or testicular

cancer

3uman chorionic

gonadotropin !3+$"

) present with testicular

cancer

+ancer antigen 678 !+A)

678"

) protein produced by

ovarian cancer cells


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1"

Categoriing Tumors

%umors are categori*ed by:

+ategori*ing %umors

grade !the maturity of the tumor"

stage !the degree the tumor has spread"

appearance !using a microscope and by

visual observations"


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#icroscopic $amination(icroscopic .-amination

Determines if a tumor is:

alveolar ) forming small sacs shaped

li&e alveoli

anaplastic

) reverting to a more

immature form

carcinoma in situ

) contained at a site

without spreading

diffuse

) spreading evenly

dysplastic

) abnormal in cell

appearance


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1'

#icroscopic $amination Part 2(icroscopic

.-amination !cont4d"

epidermoid

) resemblingepithelial cells

follicular

) containing

glandli&e sacs

hyperchromatic

) intensely colored

hyperplastic

) e-cessive

development of cells

pleomorphic

) having many types of

cells

undifferentiated ) lac&ing a defined cell

structure


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isual $amination0isual .-amination

cystic

) filled with fluid

fungating

)projecting in a

mushroom)li&e pattern

medullary

) large and fleshy

necrotic

) containing dead tissue

polypoid

) containing polyps

verrucous

) having wart)li&e,

irregular growths


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2.

a%iation T6erapynce a tumor is confirmed as malignant, doctor

and patient discuss and agree on a course of

treatment !protocol"#

/adiation %herapy radiation rays damage the DNA of tumor cells

surrounding normal cells usually suffer

damage during treatments with radiation

ide .ffects

hair loss

nausea

s&in damage


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Pat6ological Terms%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts

adenocarcinoma

astrocytoma

basal cell carcinoma

'ur&itt4s lymphoma

carcinoma

carcinoma in situ

chondrosarcoma

.wing4s sarcoma

gland

neuroglia

s&in

lymph

epithelial tissue

encapsulated tumor

cartilage

connective tissue


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Pat6ological Terms Part 2%ype of +ancer 9here +ancer tarts

fibrosarcoma

glioblastoma

3odg&in4s disease

hypernephroma

aposi4s sarcoma

leiomyosarcoma

leu&emia

leu&opla&ia

connective tissue

neurological tissue

lymph system

&idneys

s&in and organs of AID

patients

smooth muscle

stem cells

tongue or chee&s


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liposarcoma

lymphoma

medulloblastoma

melanoma

multiple myeloma

nephrosarcoma

fat

lymph system

brain

s&in

bone marrow and bone

&idney


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neuroblastoma

non)3op&in4s

lymphoma

osteosarcoma

retinoblastoma

rhabdomyosarcoma

sarcoma

adrenal glands

lymph tissue

bone

retina

striated muscle

connective tissue


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!urgical Terms

urgical

5rocedures

Incisional biopsy

/emoval of part

of a tumor for

e-amination

.-cisional biopsy

/emoval of the

tumor and

surrounding

tissue

/esectioning

/emoval of the

tumor and a

large amount of

the surrounding

tissue

.-enteration

/emoval of an

organ, tumor, and

surrounding tissue


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2"

Ot6er !urgical Proce%uresther urgical 5rocedures

+ryosurgery

) destruction by

free*ing

.lectrocauteri*ation

) destruction by

burning

1ulguration

) destruction by high)

fre;uency current


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P6armacological Terms+hemotherapy


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+pply 7our 8no9le%ge3arry has just returned from his follow)upappointment with his physician# 3e has been

informed by his physician that the tumor is

harmless# 9hich of the following terms would

best describe this tumor=

A# benign

'# sarcoma

+# malignant

Answer: A# benign


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2)

+pply 7our 8no9le%ge Part 2Dr# >ennings, the oncologist, informs his patientthat tumor metastasis has occurred# ?ou reali*e

this means:

A# %he tumor has stopped growing in si*e#

'# %he tumor has spread#

+# %he tumor has disappeared#

Answer: '# %he tumor has spread#


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3.

+pply 7our 8no9le%ge Part 3>ohn has a strong family history of testicularcancer# 9hich of the following blood tests might

his oncologist order to test for testicular cancer=

A# 5A and +A)678

'# A15 and 3+$

+# 5A and A15

Answer: ' A15 and 3+$

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