Patient decision aids: why, what, how, where?

Dawn Stacey RN, PhD

Research Chair in Knowledge Translation to Patients

Full Professor, School of Nursing

Director of the Patient Decision Aids Research Group

Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOctober, 2014

Think about a health

decision that you or

someone you know

will make over the

next year

SURE Test ©2008 O’Connor & Legare

Thinking about that health decision…

Evolution of health information• < 1990:

– healthcare professionals were gate keepers to information

• 1990: www– passive viewing of information

• 2004: Web 2.0– allows users to interact with each other and

contribute to website's content (e.g. social networking, wikis, video-sharing, blogs)

• 2010: open access to publications of studies receiving public funds

USA: R. 3590 The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (March 2010)

Outline

• Shared decision making (SDM)

• Patient decision aids

– What are they?

– How do they work?

– What is a high quality one?

• Examples of patient decision aids

Shared decision making

A process by which a

healthcare choice is

made between the

patient and one or more

health professionals

(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006; Stacey et al. 2011)

The crux of patient centred care

The crux of patient centred care

Shared decision making

A process by which a

healthcare choice is

made between the

patient and one or

more health

professionals

(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006)

Shared decision making

A process by which

a healthcare choice

is made between

the patient and one

or more health

professionals

(Legare et al., 2010; Makoul et al. 2006; Politi et al., 2013)

Deliberation

Determination

Improve o quality of lifeo sense of control over illnesso symptom relief

Decreaseo fatigueo depressiono illness concerns

However, most patients would prefer more active involvement

Patients involved in decision making…

(Kiesler & Auerbach 2006; Hibbard & Greene 2013)

Shared decision making

A process by which

a healthcare choice

is made between the

patient and one or

more health

professionals

(Couet et al 2014)

SDM is NOT happening in

clinical practice

33 Studies mean score

23 ± 14 (range 0 to 100)

Outline

• Shared decision making (SDM)

• Patient decision aids

– What are they?

– How do they work?

– What is a high quality one?

• Examples of patient decision aids

Inform• Provide facts

Condition, options, benefits, harms• Communicate probabilities

Clarify values• Ask which benefits/harms matters most• Share patient experiences• Facilitate communication

Support• Guide in steps in deliberation/communication• Worksheets, list of questions

Patient Decision Aids adjuncts to counseling

(Stacey et al., Cochrane Library, 2014)

Formats for patient decision aids(used prior to or within consultations)

1. Print

2. DVD/Video

3. Online/computer-based

(Stacey et al., 2014)

15

Topics of Decision Aids (N=115)• Medication (n=36)

– 10 hormone replacement therapy– 3 atrial fibrillation anti-coagulants– 3 cardiovascular– 3 diabetes – 2 osteoporosis– 2 chemotherapy– 2 breast cancer prevention– 2 osteoarthritis knee – hypertension– multiple sclerosis– schizophrenia– depression– natural health products– ovarian risk management– acute respiratory infection – contraceptives– coronary angiogram access site

• Screening (n=46)– 15 Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)– 7 BRCA1/2 genetic– 11 colon cancer– 6 prenatal– 2 mammography – 2 diabetes– Colon cancer genetic– Cervix cancer– Stress testing for chest pain

• Surgery (n=23)– 4 mastectomy +1 reconstruction – 4 prostatectomy – 4 hysterectomy – 2 prophylactic BRCA1/2– 2 coronary revascularization– dental– orchiectomy for advanced prostate ca– back– bariatric– vasectomy – long term feeding tube placement

• Obstetrics (n=6)– 2 vaginal birth after cesarean– termination– breech– labour analgesia– embryo transplant

• Other (n=4)– Hepatitis B vaccine– influenza vaccine– Autologous blood donation– Cystic Fibrosis Transplant Referral

(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)

16

Patient education vs. decision supportPatient education vs. decision support

(RNAO Best Practice Guideline: Decision Support for CKD, 2009)

Outline

• Shared decision making (SDM)

• Patient decision aids

– What are they?

– How do they work?

– What is a high quality one?

• Examples of patient decision aids

18

Cochrane Review of Patient Decision Aids: updates

17

35

55

86

115

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1999 2003 2009 2011 2014

(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)

Compared to usual care, PtDAs…Improve decision quality with… 13% higher knowledge

82% more accurate risk perception

51% better match between values & choices

6% reduced decisional conflict

Helps undecided to decide (41%)

Patients 34% less passive in decisions

Improved patient-practitioner communication (8/9 trials)

Potential to reduce over-use -20% surgery -14% PSA – prostate screening -27% Hormone replacement tx

(Stacey et al., 2014 Cochrane Review)

Outline

• Shared decision making (SDM)

• Patient decision aids

– What are they?

– How do they work?

– What is a high quality one?

• Examples of patient decision aids

International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration since 2003

IPDAS Steering Committee: Glyn Elwyn & Dawn Stacey (Co-Leads),

M Barry, N Col, A Coulter, K Eden, M Härter, M Holmes-Rovner, H Llewellyn-Thomas, V Montori, N Moumjid, M Pignone,

R Thomson, L Trevena, R Volk, T van der Weijden

To enhance the quality and effectiveness of patient decision

aids by establishing a shared evidence-informed framework

for improving their content, development, implementation,

and evaluation.

BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2013, 13 (Suppl 2). http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedinformdecismak/supplements/13/S2

Outline

• Shared decision making (SDM)

• Patient decision aids

– What are they?

– How do they work?

– What is a high quality one?

• Examples of patient decision aids

http://www.med-decs.org/nl

To find decision aids go to…

To find decision aids

Google: ‘decision aid’

Prostate CancerKnowing Your Options: A Decision Aid for Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Localised prostate cancer - low riskOption Grid Collaborative

Compared to controls (n=59),those exposed to the decision aid (n=48) had:

-higher confidence in their immunization decision-higher intent to be immunized

Key Messages

• Shared decision making is important for patient centred care

• Patient decision aids prepare patients by:

– Making explicit the decision

– Providing balanced evidence on options

– Asking patients what matters most

• Evidence supports their effectiveness & quality

http://decisionaid.ohri.ca