pathology of reproductive systems dr. donald allen university of mary copyright 2000 to insert your...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pathology of Reproductive Systems
Dr. Donald AllenUniversity of Mary
copyright 2000
![Page 2: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functions of Reproductive Systems
Production of germ cells Sexual Reproduction Pregnancy Support of Neonate
![Page 3: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Female Reproductive Anatomy
![Page 4: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Male Reproductive Anatomy
![Page 5: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Production of Germ Cells Ovaries - production of oocytes Fallopian tubes - transport of
oocytes, site of fertilization Testes - production of sperm Epididymus - maturation of sperm Ductus deferens - transport of
sperm
![Page 6: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sexual Function Vagina Uterus - menstrual cycle Penis Prostate gland - production of
seminal fluid
![Page 7: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pregnancy Uterus
![Page 8: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Support of Neonate Breast
![Page 9: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pathology of the Reproductive Systems Infertility Infections and Inflammation Tumors
![Page 10: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Special Aspects with Regard to Pathology Organs are open to the
environment Tissues produce tumors Tumors responsive to hormones
![Page 11: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Congenital abnormalities Infection and Inflammation Tumors
![Page 12: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Congenital Abnormalities Cryptoorchidism Testicular torsion
![Page 13: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cryptoorchidism Most common congenital defect In most boys, the testes are completely
descended by birth Malpositioning of the testes outside the
scrotum Unilateral or bilateral – if unilateral more
common on right Treatment is by surgery Complications
![Page 14: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Complications of Cryptoorchidism Sterility if untreated Increased risk of testicular cancer
![Page 15: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Testicular Torsion Abnormal twisting of the spermatic cord Infrequent cause of testicular
enlargement SURGICAL EMERGENCY Often associated with congenital
abnormalities Can occur after heavy physical activity Most often in men 8-18 y.o., rarely after
age 30
![Page 16: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Testicular Torsion - Manifestations Rapid onset of scrotal pain and
swelling Pain may extend into inguinal region Possible nausea, vomiting and
tachycardia Testis - firm and tender, often
positioned high in scrotum Scrotal erythema and edema
![Page 17: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Testicular Torsion - Treatment If untreated, may result in atrophy,
abscess and infertility Emergency surgery If < 3 hours before surgery, 80%
salvage of testis If > 12 hours, 20% salvage
![Page 18: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Infection and Inflammation Orchiditis - testes Epididymitis Prostatitis
![Page 19: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Orchiditis Bacterial or Viral Cause Complication of Mumps
18-35% of men with mumps, primarily adults
Mumps virus excreted in the urine Often secondary to UTI
![Page 20: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Orchiditis – Manifestations Severe testicular pain Pain may occur in lower abdominal region Swelling Chills Fever Testes appears swollen and tender,
swollen and red scrotum Usually no signs of urinary dysfunction
![Page 21: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Epididymitis Risk factors Manifestations Complications
![Page 22: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Epididymitis Caused by bacterial pathogens Necrosis and fibrosis may occlude
the genital ducts and produce infertility
![Page 23: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Epididymitis – Manifestations Fever Chills When bacteriuria is present, Urinary
frequency and urgency and dysuria may occur
Pain – unilateral scrotal pain is common May also have pain in lower abdominal,
groin or hip adductor regions
![Page 24: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Prostatitis Acute or chronic, bacterial or non-
bacterial (Table 16-1) PTs most likely to encounter
chronic prostatitis Risk factors Pathogenesis Manifestations
![Page 25: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Urinary frequency and urgency Dysuria Urethral discharge High fever – chills Malaise Myalgia Arthralgia Pain – rectal and or sacral
![Page 26: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis May be asymptomatic Urinary frequency and urgency Dysuria Nocturia Low grade fever Pain: Low back, rectal
![Page 27: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Nonbacterial Prostatitis Most common kind Urinary frequency and urgency Dysuria Impotence, decreased libido Pain: low back, rectal, scrotal May be related to excessive
alcohol or caffeine intake
![Page 28: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tumors Testicular Tumors Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prostate Cancer
![Page 29: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Testicular Cancer - Incidence Relatively rare 3% of male urogenital cancers Most common cancer of men 15-35
y.o.
![Page 30: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Testicular Cancer – Risk Factors Cryptoorchidism – 35X higher
incidence Mother taking exogenous estrogen
during pregnancy –2-6% higher History of infertility, scrotal
trauma, or infection
![Page 31: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Testicular Cancer - Manifestations Enlargement of the testis – most
common initial sign Enlargement may be accompanied
by ache in abdomen or scrotum, or heavy feeling in the scrotum
May metastasize with little or no change in scrotum
![Page 32: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Testicular Cancer - Manifestations Signs of metastasis
Back pain – may be primary presenting complaint (21% of men with germ cell cancer, Cantwell et al., 1987)
Abdominal mass Hemoptysis Neck or supraclavicular adenopathy
![Page 33: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Testicular Cancer – Treatment Orchidectomy Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Peritoneal lymphatic dissection
![Page 34: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Testicular Cancer – Treatment side effects Changes in posture Changes in movement mechanics
of trunk, pelvis and hip Sexual dysfunction
![Page 35: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Non-malignant tumor Related to changes that occur with
aging Changes in estrogen and testosterone
levels
![Page 36: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
BPH - Risk Factors Age
75% of men over 50 y.o. have signs of prostatic enlargement
Geography More common in North America and
Western Europe Race
More common in African-Americans
![Page 37: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
BPH - Pathogenesis Proliferation of epithelial cells,
smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in the prostate gland
Usually initially in the periurethral part of gland (Fig 16-2)
Narrowing of the lumen of the urethra
![Page 38: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
BPH - Clinical Manifestations Secondary to narrowing of urethra Urinary flow obstruction -
difficulties in initiation and force Increased risk of UTI Dysuria, hematuria Marked bladder distension Renal failure --> death
![Page 39: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
BPH - Treatment If mild, monitor condition Surgery
Side effects: Impotence Drugs
Side effects: Impotence, loss of libido, gynecomastia, drowsiness, dizziness, tachycardia, postural hypotension
![Page 40: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer Most common cancer in men Usually develops in the periphery
of the gland Treatment Complications of treatments
![Page 41: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer - Risk Factors Age, > 50 y.o.
25% of men 60-69 40% of men 70-79 >50% of men 80 and above
Black race Geography (US and Scandinavian
countries)
![Page 42: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer - Risk Factors Family history Environmental exposure to
cadmium Diet - high fat intake Venereal disease Black race
![Page 43: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer - Manifestations Usually asymptomatic in early
stages Early symptoms are usually those
due to urinary obstruction symptoms – by this time the tumor has often metastasizes
Pain Constitutional symptoms
![Page 44: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer – Pain Pain in rectal region Pain in sacral or lumbar spine
regions Associated with bony metastasis
Pain in thoracic or shoulder girdle regions Associated with lymphatic spread or
bony metastasis
![Page 45: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer – Constitutional Symptoms Due to metastatic spread of the
cancer Fatigue Anemia Weight loss Dyspnea
![Page 46: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Prostatic Cancer - Treatments Surgery: Side effects: infection,
incontinence, impotence Radiation: Side effects: diarrhea, GI or
urinary bleeding Hormonal treatments: Side effects: loss
of libido, impotence, hot flashes, gynecomastia, bloating and pedal edema, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, MI, CVA, deep venous thrombus
![Page 47: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract Hormonal disorders Infections Benign or malignant tumors Disorders related to pregnancy
![Page 48: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Endometriosis Abnormal localization of
endometrial tissue Can be located in myometrium or
in sites outside the uterus Endometrial tissue is functional
and responds to hormonal stimulation
![Page 49: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Endometriosis – Risk Factors Woman of childbearing years (10-
15%) More common in women who
postpone pregnancy Early menarche Menstrual cycles 27 days or less Menstrual periods lasting 7 days or
longer
![Page 50: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Endometriosis – Signs and Symptoms Depend on location of endometrial
tissue Low abdominal or pelvic pain
associated with menstrual period Uterine involvement – dyspareunia Bladder involvement – dysuria Rectal – pain on defecation May produce false positive findings
![Page 51: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Ectopic Pregnancy Fertilized ovum implants outside
the uterus – usually the fallopian tubes
One of the major causes of maternal death in the US
![Page 52: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ectopic Pregnancy – Risk Factors Pelvic inflammatory disease Prior tubal surgery Ruptured appendix Endometriosis Previous ectopic pregnancy Infertility
![Page 53: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Pathogenesis Implantation in fallopian tube Bleeding occurs during implantation –
may be perceived as menstruation Pregnancy outgrows blood supply –
resulting in termination of pregnancy If termination does not occur, rupture
of tube occurs by 12th week - emergency
![Page 54: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Clinical Manifestations Amenorrhea or irregular bleeding Lower abdominal quadrant or back pain
Can be diffuse and aching or localized Will progress to sharper pain due to leakage of
blood into abdominal and pelvic cavities Pain may refer to shoulder if blood reaches high
in abdominal cavity Pelvic mass S & S of normal pregnancy
Fatigue, nausea, breast tenderness, urinary frequency
![Page 55: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Amenorrhea Primary – failure to begin
menstrual cycles Secondary – failure after a variable
period of normal function
![Page 56: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Amenorrhea – causes Physiological Anatomical Genetic Endocrinological Constitutional Psychogenic In athletes
![Page 57: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Toxic Shock Syndrome Caused by bacterial toxin Most common in women under 30
who use tampons Also linked to barrier
contraceptives, burns, IV drug use, insect bites, surgical and non-surgical wounds, postpartum and gynecological infections, vaginitis and lung abscesses
![Page 58: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
TSS – Manifestations Sudden elevated temperature Vomiting and diarrhea Erythematous macular rash Renal dysfunction Hypotension and shock may
develop
![Page 59: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease General term of infection of upper
reproductive tract Risk factors Symptoms Complications
![Page 60: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Ovarian Cancer 2nd most common urogenital
cancer 1st in number of deaths Difficult to diagnose
At diagnosis, 60-70% metastasis
![Page 61: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Ovarian Cancer – Risk Factors Age – peak incidence 40-60 Geography – NW Europe, US and
Canada Race – White and Hawaiian Nulliparity Family history History of infertility
![Page 62: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ovarian Cancer – Protective Factors 1 or more full term pregnancies History of breastfeeding Use of oral contraceptives Native American women
![Page 63: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Ovarian Cancer – Clinical Manifestation Asymptomatic or vague
Abdominal bloating Flatulence Abnormal vaginal bleeding – not
common Local pelvic pain – a late sign
![Page 64: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Ovarian Cancer – Clinical Manifestation Metastasis
Unexplained weight loss Cachexia Weakness Ascites Shoulder girdle or thoracic pain
![Page 65: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Breast Diseases Infections Hormonally-induced changes Tumors
![Page 66: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Inflammation – Acute Mastitis Usually occurs in lactating women Can form a localized abscess or
spread through entire breast Signs
Swelling Redness Painful area – sensitive to palpation
![Page 67: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Hormonally-induced changes Normal changes
Breast enlargement during puberty After menopause, the breasts
undergo atrophy – can be prevented by exogenous estrogens
![Page 68: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Hormonally-induced changes Fibrocystic change – fibrosis and cysts
that occur in the breasts About 50% by biopsy or autopsy Only 10-15% of women have symptoms May or may not be painful Usually affects both breasts, but
symptoms may be asymmetrical Pain, fine nodules in breast tissue,
tenderness
![Page 69: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Benign tumors - Fibroadenoma Usually well encapsulated Usually 2-5 cm in diameter Usually affect young women – peak
incidence in 20’s
![Page 70: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Malignant tumors 2nd most common tumor in women Causes are hormonal and genetic
![Page 71: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Risk factors Gender – 100X more often in women Genetic predisposition Hormonal factors
Early menarche - <12 Late menopause > 50 Nulliparous women or late first
pregnancy Presence of other cancers Premalignant fibrocystic change
![Page 72: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Risk factors Age
Rare before puberty Increased incidence after 35 Peaks in postmenopausal women
about 60 y.o. Race – White Diabetes Obesity
![Page 73: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Potential Risk Factors Oral contraceptives Hormone therapy High-fat diet Alcohol consumption
![Page 74: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Breast Cancer Manifestations Tumors usually surrounded by dense
connective tissue Pulls on adjacent tissue – causing
puckering of the skin and retraction of the nipple
Tumors are firm, but do not have sharp margins
Most tumors are in upper lateral breast quadrant (45%)
Typically not painful
![Page 75: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Breast Cancer Manifestations Most tumors metastasize into the
axillary lymph nodes Distant metastasizes common in liver,
bones, brain, and adrenals S & S – upper extremity edema, bone pain,
jaundice, weight loss Most breast cancers are detected by
self-examination, examination by a doctor, or mammography
![Page 76: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Role of PT Awareness of non-muscular tissues
in shoulder and shoulder girdle Lymph nodes – 50% of women
have metastasis to axillary nodes at time of diagnosis
![Page 77: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Menopause Cessation of menstruation Average age 50 Complete when there are no
menstrual periods for 1 year Also occurs after surgical removal
of ovaries
![Page 78: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Physiological Changes Hot flashes Changes in reproductive organs
Dryness and atrophy Dyspareunia, stress incontinence,
vaginal itching and burning Osteoporosis Cardiovascular diseases
Hypertension, stroke, heart disease
![Page 79: Pathology of Reproductive Systems Dr. Donald Allen University of Mary copyright 2000 To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649ddd5503460f94ad596a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Psychological Changes Nervousness Depression and feelings of
worthlessness and hopelessness Headache Insomnia Decreased sex drive Memory loss Vertigo