path previewing p urpose a udience t hesis or topic h ook

PATH previewing

•Purpose

•Audience

•Thesis or topic

•Hook

PurposeWhat is the purpose of the essay?

Describe

Describe someone who …

Describe something that …

Describe a place that …

Narrative

Expository

Persuasive


Describe

Narrative

Tell a story …

Tell what happened when …

Expository

Persuasive


DescribeNarrativeExpository

Explain a process or how something works …Explain an idea …Explain why something is important to understand or to do …Explain the steps for how to do something …

Persuasive


DescribeNarrativeExpositoryPersuasive

Persuade someone to do something …Persuade someone why ___ is better than ____ …

AudienceWho do you hope will read this?Who are you writing this for?

What does this person already know about this topic?

What are some background experiences this person might have that is related to this topic?

Thesis or topicWhat are some words you can use to signal to the reader what kind of essay this is?

Descriptive“I’ll describe what it was like to …”

Narrative“This is a story about …”

Expository“These are the steps for how to …”

Persuasive “I’m going to try to convince you to …”

HookWhat might you write that will make your reader interested in your topic?

“Do you think witches are real?”

What might you write that gets the reader thinking about background experiences related to your topic?

“Have you ever broken a leg or arm or known someone who has?”

The PLAN writing strategy

• Designed to make the writing process more explicit

• Especially useful for helping students organize their thoughts

• Won’t solve writing problems, but goes a not way toward impacting them

© 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com


• Preview • Preview the PATH • Preview words to use

• List ideas

• Assign order

• Note sentences




Preview Preview the PATH

Purpose – get people to protect eaglesAudience – kids my age

Topic – eagle problems

Hook – baby eagles


What would be some good words to use when I write about Bald Eagles? Bald Eagles nest majestic in danger fly National Bird DDT white heads


Preview Preview the PATH Preview words to use

baby eagles


List main ideas & details on a think-sheet

is about...

So what? What is important to understand about this?

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Topic© 2001 Masterminds


is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details


interesting things about our National BirdBald Eagles

What they eat

Mostly eat fish & dead animals

baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger

lay only 1-2 eggs white with blue spots

if baby falls out of nest, it dies

takes 6-8 weeks for eggs to hatch

babies have brown heads, not white

Steal food from other birds

Poor hunters

farmers put DDT on crops to kill bugs

fish eat the bugs when they wash into the water

Eagle eats the fish, and DDT gets in them

DDT makes egg shells thin, so they break

The next time you see a picture of one, think about how these thieves are in danger.

is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



Writer lists topic and an “is about” statement

PLAN List key information


is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat

baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger

Writer lists the main ideas that will be

discussed



is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat

baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger





Writer lists the details about each

main idea



is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






Writer notes a “So what?” statement




Assign numbers to indicate orderDecide on the order for presenting each of the main ideas.Order the details of each of the main ideas.


is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






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PLAN Assign numbers to indicate order

Writer orders main ideas into desired

sequence


is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

1 23

Writer orders details into desired

sequence

PLAN Assign numbers to indicate order


is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters







What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

2

1

3

4

2

1

3

1 23



Note ideas in sentences by following your plan.


Opening paragraph

introduces the topic

PLAN Note ideas in complete sentences

is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters







What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

2

1

3

4

2

1

3

1 23

You probably know that the Bald Eagle is our national bird, and you have seen it on U.S. symbols and money. There are many interesting things about Bald Eagles.



is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters







What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

2

1

3

4

2

1

3

1 23

Next paragraph introduces the first main idea...


Bald Eagles donÕt have many babies.



is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details



What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters







What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

2

1

3

4

2

1

3

1 23

...and then the author writes a minimum of

one complete sentence about each detail while following the planned

sequence.


Bald Eagles donÕt have many babies. They usually lay only one or two eggs at a time. The eggs are white with blue spots. It takes about six to eight weeks for them to hatch. Baby Bald Eagles have brown heads. If the baby falls out of its nest, it dies.



Bald Eagles donÕt have many babies. They usually lay only one or two eggs at a time. The eggs are white with blue spots. It takes about six to eight weeks for them to hatch. Baby Bald Eagles have brown heads. If the baby falls out of its nest, it dies.

Although they seem mighty,Bald Eagles are actually poor hunters. They get their a lot of their food by stealing from other birds. They eat fish and dead animals. Not many people know that our national bird is a thief!

Bald Eagles are in danger. Farmers put a poison called DDT on their crops to kill bugs. Bugs eat the DDT and then die. Fish eat the dead bugs when they wash into the water. When the Bald Eagle eats the fish, DDT gets in them too. The DDT causes egg shells to be too thin, so they break easily. Babies can not hatch from the few eggs Bald Eagles lay. So the next time you see a picture of a majestic Bald Eagle, remember that it is a thief in danger!

is about...


Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details

Main Idea

Essential Details


interesting things about our National Bird

Bald Eagles

What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






interesting things about our National Bird

Bald Eagles

What they eat


baby Bald Eagles

Eagles in danger






Poor hunters






2

1

3

4

2

1

3

4

2

1

3

1 23


Essential details

Main idea Main idea Main idea

Essential details Essential details

Key Topicis about... Computer Fraud Computer Fraud

...the different ways computers can be used dishonestly

Stealing Hacking Abuse

Getting money or information from people without them knowing it.

Copying software so you donÕt have to pay for it.

Using someoneÕs credit card numbers & charging things to it

Prevent by changing access codes, & passwords often; not giving credit cards #

Getting access to passwords & codes to gain access to information

Breaking into a system and have full access to it without having to pay

Steal password by looking when your logging in & using hacker programs

Prevent by changing password often; change it if you suspect a problem

Cover elicit deals Get rid of evidence

Demagnetizing secondary storage, putting viruses, erasing programs & info

Damage equipment or software so it doesnÕt do what its supposed to do

Make back-ups Use virus-checkers

Many ways of committing fraud on a computer -- need to take actions to protect yourself

1 2 3

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Computer Fraud

Most people think of computers as great tools for playing games, word processing, and surfing the net. Crooks see them as great tools for ripping you off. There are many ways to commit computer fraud, and three of the most common are hacking, stealing, and abuse.

Hacking basically means breaking into a system and having full access to the information when you have no right to be there. It’s sort of like breaking into someone’s home and looking around for something valuable. Some burglars look for something specific like your jewelry, and some look for anything valuable. It’s the same with hackers. Some are looking for something specific, and some are looking for any information that might be valuable. Hackers break into systems by stealing passwords and codes to access the information. They either steal the password by looking over your shoulder and watching what you type when you log in, or they use special “hacker” software programs designed to “crack” open files. You can prevent getting “hacked” by changing your password often and by changing it immediately anytime you suspect somebody may be accessing your stuff without your permission.

Another way to commit computer fraud is by stealing. The idea is to steal money, information, or computer-time, without the owner knowing it. A lot of people copy software so they don’t have to buy it, but that’s basically


stealing too. Net-thieves like to steal your credit card number and then use it to buy stuff or to pay for computer time on the net. You can prevent getting ripped off by changing your access codes often, and by not giving out your credit card number on the phone or on the net.

Some people actually damage the computer or software so it doesn’t do what its supposed to do. They do things like demagnetize files (this erases them completely) and put viruses or “Trojan Horses” on your computer. These often cause your system to fail or it may tell your computer to erase all of your files. Bummer! The main reason why computers are abused this way is to cover up elicit deals (e.g., stealing your credit card number) or getting rid of other evidence of fraud (stealing information from your files). For example, a student might put a virus on a teacher’s computer to cover up the fact that teacher’s test had been accessed. The best way to protect yourself from this kind of abuse is to make back-ups of all files that are important and stored these on separate disks. Its also very important to use a virus-checker anytime you insert a new disk into your computer.

To summarize, there are many ways to commit fraud on a computer, and it can happen to you very easily, so you need to take actions to protect yours © 2002 Edwin S. Ellis Masterminds Publishing graphicorganizers.com

Read your work out loud.

Listen for:* Sentences that do not make sense.

* Incorrect use of grammar

SCOPE editing strategy© 2003 E.S. Ellis www.GraphicOrganizers.com

Use your SCOPE to find and fix errors

Are all words spelled correctly?

Focus on:* Words that don’t look correct

* Long words

* Proper nouns

Assume at least five words are misspelled - find them.

Mark EVERY word that could possibly be misspelled.

Does each sentence begin with a capital letter?

Are all proper nouns capitalized?

Have any words been left out of the sentence?

Check each sentence to make sure it ends with a punctuation mark.

Were commas used to separate items in a series?

Quotation marks used for dialogue?

Capitalization

C cEar

. ? !PunctuationSpelling

katcat

Omissions

Watch out for: * Sentence fragments

* Run-on sentences

* Changing tense singular/plural misalignments between nouns and verbs

The boys is going fishing.

vs. The boys are going fishing.

Watch out for: * Dates

* Using commas when they are not needed

* Describing what somebody said (quotes NOT needed)

vs. stating exactly what somebody said (quotes needed)

Watch out for words your mind sees because they belong there, but were not actually written.

Watch out for general types of things

tiger

vs. proper names

Tony Tiger

Watch out for homonyms sea vs. see there vs. their here vs. hear

Watch out for ie vs. ei spellings

If possible, read your paper at a later time to see if it still makes sense.

Read your paper out loud to yourself or to someone else.

Have someone read your paper out loud to you and suggest changes.

Scaffolding the development of editing skills

Grades

K-1 sCoPE

1-2 SCoPE

3-5 SCOPE

6-12 SCOPE

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