A PASCAL Tutorial For Newbie Programmers.

*) Introduction. 1) The Basics. 1.1) Basic construction of the program. 1.2) Variables and Definition types. 1.3) Basic commands. 1.4) Div and Mod. 1.5) If...Else. 1.6) Case. 1.7) Consts. 1.8) Random numbers. 1.9) GoToXY. 2) Loops. 2.1) For...to...do. 2.2) While...do. 2.3) Repeat...until. 3) Arrays. 3.1) Array's definition. 3.2) Using Arrays. 3.3) Using Arrays and Loops. 4) Strings. 4.1) What the heck Strings are?! 4.2) String definition. 4.2) Using a basic String. 5) Procedures and Functions. 5.1) What the heck a Procedure is?! 5.2) Writing a Procedure. 5.3) Parameters' rules. 5.4) Writing a Procedure with Parameters passing. 5.5) Return Parameters in Procedure. 5.6) What the heck is a Function?! 5.7) Writing a Function, and returning it's value . 5.8) The problem with Procedures/Functions, and t he solution. 6) Uses...

6.1) What is a Uses file?! 6.2) Uses Crt. 6.3) Writing your own Uses File. **) Final Words. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= *) Introduction: ***************** Hello people, I'm the Devil Panther, and I'll teach you newbie programmers out there, the most simple language of the huge(well, it's not that hug e...) programming world, and all you need is a brain, so run to make an x-ray to check if your b rain is inside your head and not on the floor when it spilled out from you ear, so if you see som e thing red on the floor, and it's hard to think, get the idea, IT'S YOUR BRAIN DOWN THERE and stop r eading!!! :) This tutorial is only to make you understand the ba sics of the Pascal language, and a little of the advanced part programming like the use of yo ur self writen functions in a better way. At the end of the tutorail you will find the best e xample ever, for a good Pascal program. It's an old Card game I wrote once. It's not perfec t but you can make it perfect! I think you know this old cards game, it's called B lack Jack (aka 21). The game has bugs, like cards repeat themself, it's YOUR job to fix it! REMEMBER: I made those bugs at the program on purpose and I use too many variables also on purpos e, so it's your DRILL/JOB to fix the bugs and minimize the use of the variables in the game!! ! For me fixing these bugs is like 1 2 3... But to you, lets just say that you'll spend alot of your spare time to fix the game by making the code more effective, but it'll pay in the end, beli eve me, it always does. And Remember this as well, "I didn't write this tut orial for myself, I wrote it for you" ;) Just One Small Thing before you start, the text ins ide the { } at the middle of the code are the language's 'Line Notes', they'll explain to you the meaning of the command, and what it's does. P.S: You can get a free Turbo Pascal compiler at th e next URLs: http://www.borland.com http://www.programmersheaven.com http://code.box.sk NOW go, go my children and learn the most simple pr ogramming language there is to learn, almost the most simple one!!! NOTE: When I'm talking about a Command, I actually mean: Function or a Procedure... But, by calling those functions/procedure: commands , will make it easier for you to understand. It's for your own goo d!!! :) Because you don't know what a function is, or what a procedure is and

what it's good for and all this crap, but don't wor ry about it, you will learn about it in this tutorial, if your brain doesn't leak :) NOTE: Turbo Pascal's compiler is not caps sensitive (you know, the small chars, and the big chars), for example: you can write: "writeln", or "WRITELN" , or even "WriTELn" it's all the same to the Dos compilers, because Dos isn't sensit ive for caps, and it's a Dos based compiler, even if you run it in Windows OS, but if you'll use a Windows based Pascal compiler (like Dev Pascal, by BloodShed), but if you still w ould like Windows based compiler, then go to: www.bloodshed.net and download a Windows based Pasc al compiler. Just take that in mind. You're a brave man to reach this far, thru my bulls hit hell... Good Luck dude, I know you can do it! ;) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 1) The Basics. 1.1) Basic constraction of the program: ******************************************* First thing you need to know, is that every pascal program must have a name, what do i mean... Every program will start with: pr ogram the_name; the name can't start with a number or any special s igns, but you can use the numers in the middle, but no the signs. you can't put a space in the middle of the name only _ , and every command in pascal must end with ; and so as: program abc; Look at the next basic skeleton of a pascal program :program program_struction; var { here will come the global variables, we will g et to it later! } begin { the Main begin without ; at the end } { you write your code here } end. { end of the program! the end of the program must be with a full stop at the end } Simple isn't it!? :) 1.2) Variables and Definition types: ************************************** Remember the VAR part in the skeleton, now we will talk about it. But first a varible is a TAG, which let you to keep info inside it... like a number or a letter. Let say we need a varuble that can keep a number in it, what do we do, how do we write it!? First you need to ask your self what kind of num do you need in the program...real number (3.26), or a integer number ( 3)... look: program var_example; VAR a, c, e: integer;

b, d, f: real; ch: char; { you can choose any name you like for the varibl es, but not as the names of the functions and commands } begin { Main Begin } ... end. { Main End } And in the Math section, the only sign which is dif ferent is: / and the + , - , * are the same! You see: in "REAL" type variable you can use / , bu t in the integer you can use only 'div' ! Because the integer type variable can include insid e it only an integer number, so the 'div' action will do the / but the variable which will get the the action's result (if it's an integer), will get only the number before the dot (.) ! So in conclusion: the integer type can't get into i t a REAL type number or a variable!!! But a REAL type variable can get into it an integer type number or an integer type variable! The threes type was "CHAR", this means that the var iable "ch" will get only letters and special signs! ( Every Char owns a special number, an ASCII char n umber form 1 to 255 (256), you can get the full ASCII code table at the next URL: http://members.tripod.com/~plangford/index.html You can transfer this char into it's ascii code, an d back the next way: 1. If you want to get the "letter", and you got the number of this letter (the number is the ascii code), you will do the next: ch:=chr(97); { "ch" must be "CHAR" type variab le. } { the ascii code 97 is the char ' a' } { You can also put an integer var iable in the "CHR( )" instead of the number but the variable MUST be an int eger type!!! } 2. To get the number of the specific char (letter) you can do the next: a:=ord('b'); { The "a" 'can' be 'REAL', it won 't be a mistake. But it's a bad programming thinking, you see a real progra mmer MUST own a special LOGIC to program right! } { You can use instead of 'b' in t he ( ), a "CHAT" type variable! } { the ascii code of 'b' is 98, so after this command the value of "a" will be: 98 , simple, isn't it?!! } There is also a Boolean type, but you don't need it for now! 1.3) Basic commands: ************************ 1.3.1) Let us start from the most simple one: write('Devil Panther is cool!'); What will it do, you ask?! It will print the line i n the ' ' on the screen.

But what will happen if you will do the next: program printing_example; begin { main begin, and as you can see we didn't put 'var', before the begin, because we didn't need any variables for this example } write('DP '); write('is cool'); end. { main end } It will print: DP is cool What will you do if you want the program to get one line down after the DP ? program printing_exampe2; begin { the main begin } writeln('DP'); { when you use writeln it will ge t one line down after he printed the line } write('is cool'); { but here it will stay at the same line after he printed! } end. { the main end } You can also print varibles on the screen as well: program printing_example3; var a: integer; { the declaration of the variable ' a', as integer } begin { the main begin } a:= 5; { it will place 5 into the variable 'a', this is the way to place value into a varible } { the value must much the type of the va riable, like the number 5 you may only enter into an integer or a real type variable , you can't do it with a char type variable!!! } { when you put := after a variable, this means that the value you'll write after the := will enter into the variable and stay there, until you'll place into it some other value, or the program will end } writeln('the number is A is: ',a,' got it?'); end. { the main end } 1.3.2) The Readln command is made so the user of the progr am could make an input to a variable! look: readln(a); { this will make an input in to the var iable 'a', this means, that the user need to type/enter a value, when the prog ram will get to the 'readln' command } 1.4) Div and Mod: ****************** Let say we got a variable with a number inside it, let say 34: program div_mod_example; var a, c: integer; { declaration of variables, from an integer type } begin { the main begin }

a:=34; { and now we will do the next: } c:=a div 10; a:=a mod 10; end. { the main end } You probebly think: "What the hell is that???". Well, the first command will dev it by 10. 34 / 10 = 3.4 , right?! So in the first command "c" will get the left part, which is before the dot. And in the second command "a" will get the right pa rt, which is after the dot. The variable 'c' has now the value of 3, and, the variable 'a' has now the value of 4. We didn't use "a" first, because we still needed it in it's full size (34). You see, you need a logical thinking for programmin g, not just learning commands and use them, you need to know how to use them in a right way, because without that you stuck! 1.5) If...Else: ************ Sometimes you need to check the variables, and comp aring them you a value, or to another variable. So, how do you do it, you ask. Simple, there is a s imple check with 'if'. For example, let say ... a:=56; { and: } d:=45; ... Let say you want to check if they're equal... if (a=d) then { the condition, will come in the ( ) and after that will come: then } Now, if you put only one command after the If just write it down after the Then. But if you got more than one... then you must put B EGIN under the if statement, and then to write down your code that you wish the program to do if the co ndition is right (activated), after you wrote your code you must put END; ( NOT with a full stop (.)!!! But with a ; ) You can also check if (a>d) then { this will check if "a" is bigger t han "d", if it's it will activate the code under the 'if' } You can check if "a" is Bigger than "d", or equal! if (a>=d) then You can do the same thing with "<" and "<=".

You can as well check if the values aren't equal: " <>". This will come alone without any ">" or "<". Ok, that was one condition "if"... Now the multi co ndition "if": Let say: a:=45; d:=32; if ((a>d)and(77-d=a)) then ... What we did here is: "a" getting the value of 45, a nd "d" will get 32. The "if" will check if the value in "a" is bigger t han the value in "d", AND 77-(the value of "d")=(the value of "a", meani ng 45) . In this case the if will be right! The AND in the middle of the "if" mean that the con dition in the first ( ) and the second ( ) must be right too!!! There can be an OR instead of AND... if ((a>d)or(77-d=a)) then The OR means that you need that only one condition to be right, so the "if" will be activated! And in the AND you need that both of the conditions to be correct, so the "if" will be activated! What we did for now was a SIMPLE "if". Now will com e not the hard part of the "if", but not as simples as the "if" we did before, no we'll add an ELSE to the "if". The idea of the "ELSE" is: When the condition of th e if won't activated, the program will continue to the else part, but if the "if" is activ ated, the programs will jump over the "ELSE" part, and continue the program like nothing happen! The trick of the "ELSE" is: that the sign ; will never come before the "ELSE"... Look: if (2=9) then writeln('I the man') { you see... no ; before t he "ELSE" } { the unsigned last command b efore the "ELSE" includes the end; so instead of end; it will be end } else writeln('The DP is cool!'); In this case the program will see than 2 isn't equa l to 9, and will jump to the "ELSE" part, and print on the screen: The DP is cool! (and it will get down one line, remeber... writeln is one line down, and write is stay on the same line! )

Check out this full program with if and else exampl es: program the_example; var a, b, c: integer; begin { the main begin } a:=1; b:=2; c:=3; if ((b-a=a)and(b+a=c)) then { this will check i f the condition of 2-1=1, and the condition of 2+1=3 are true, if so then the variable 'a' will receive zero into itself} a:=0 else { or else, if even ONE of the contiosions is wrong/false then the variables 'b' and 'c', will receive zero, each and every one of th em ('b' and 'c') } b:=0; c:=0; end. { the main end } 1.6) Case: ********** First thing you need to know about the "CASE" is th at it kind of like "if". But it's most like the Simple type of "if", with "E LSE". Take this small program for example: program case_example; var a: integer; begin { the main begin } readln(a); { an input by the user to the variab le 'a' } case (a) of 1: writeln('you pressed 1'); 2: writeln('you pressed 2'); 3: writeln('you pressed 3'); end; end. { the main end } The "CASE" is on the variable "a", the "CASE" will check if the value in "a" is one of the list's under the "CASE", the number or the char before the : is the value you like to check for, And the line after the : is the command you like to activate if the value is correct! ( NOTE: you CAN'T use more than one command here af ter the : ). And when you like to close the "Case", you must put end; but NO begin after/under the "CASE ( { variable you like to check } ) OF" !! ! 1.7) Consts: ************ Sometimes in your program you need some kind of num ber for constant use!!! Let say you want to check some variables if they're equal to: 3741 .

So instead of every time writing the number (3741), you can declare the number in a special variable. Who to do it?! you ask, no problem! If you like to do such a thing, you must do it afte r the "PROGRAM", and before the "VAR"!!! After writing "CONST". Look at this small example: program const_example; const m = 3741; { we declared "m" as a const variable, you can't change it! } { the const variable can be chang e, and can use as how many as you like!!! } var a, c: integer; { just a regular global variables of the type of integer! } begin { the main begin } a:=7315; c:=m; if (a=m) writeln('A is cool!') { and here there is no ; in the end, because the next command will be "ELSE"! } else { you see, we didn't use another begin here, because the "if" comes right after the "ELSE", like one command, and after the "if" the s ame thing... only one command!} if (c=m) writeln('C is so cool, when I stucked a big Coc k to every girl in the school.'); end. { the main end } 1.8) Random numbers: ************************ Sometimes if you need to use a random number. Why y ou ask?! Well, lets take a small example of a card game, evr y time you will take a card the program must use some kind of number, right?! But what number sh ould the program use... You need to tell the program in what range of number you need the progra m to choose (the program isn't the one who takes those number, but the PC timer is. You see al l the program is does is to take a number from the running time of the computer. It's a lame example of who the "RANDOM" number idea works, but it's all you need to know about it!) OK, there are three types of "RANDOM" number. 1. A random number which it's range will be from 0 to 1, so the variable who'll get the result of the random into itself, will be a "REAL" type of variable. For example, the number which may come up when y ou'll do the next: b:=random; { remember that "b" is a "REAL" typ e of variable!!! } and the numbers could be in the variable "b", af ter this command are: 0.146... , 0.164... and more.

2. Another type of Random is where YOU decide, from what range the program will take a random. Lets say you like a random number from 4 to 9, o k?! Look: a:=random(9+1)+4; { the variable "a", is an in teger type! } What we did here was, we added to the number in the ( ) 1 -> 9+1 (you can write 10 it's just the same, but it's n o mistake to keep using 9+1), because the program will automatically sub from the number in the ( ) 1 . So, if we haven't put +1 after the 9, then the r ange of the random numbers would be 4 to 8, got it!? GOOD! Now, after the ( ) we put +4, so the program wou ld know from where to start looking for a random number. If you will put -4 after the ( ) you will get the range from -4 to 9 ! NOTE: The only PROBLEM with this way of 'ranging the random numbers', is that every time you will run your program the rundom number will be every time the same one!!! (BUMMER) 3. The threes and the last way will also let you ra nge a random numbers, but this way WILL SOLVE THE BUMMER problem of th e last way!!! All YOU need to do is to use the LAST way, BUT, you must put: "RANDOMIZE" after the main "BEGIN"!!! So after you placed the "RANDOMI ZE" under the main "BEGIN". So each time the will program runs, the random number will be dif ferent, (but won't get out of the specified range)! Take a look at this random example, in a full progr am: program random_example; begin { the main begin } writeln('the random number between 0 to 1, is: ' ,random); writeln('and the random number between 35 to 150 , is: ',random(115)+35); { 150-35=115 } end. { the main end } 1.9) GoToXY: ************* Sometimes you like to play with location of the spo t of where the next line will be written next, So, how do you do it, simply! With command GoToXY w hich you use inside your code. Look at the next example: gotoxy(3,4); { you can always put variables inste ad of values, but the values and variables MUST be in an integer type form! } after this small example of the command, the spot o n the screen will be 3 places from the top left side of the screen, and 4 places under the it! It's just like in math the first value is the X and the second one is the Y!

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 2) Loops. 2.1) For...to...do: ****************** Sometimes in your program you need to do some thing a few times, this thing called a loop! The first type of the loop, and the most simple one if "FOR" loop. In this loop you have to know 'how many time you wa nt to do a specific thing?!'. Lets take the most simple example ever, printing on the screen 10 times the word 'cool': program loop_cool; var i: integer; { here we declared an index for the loop! the name of the variable can be every name you like, just like a s imple variable, because it's a simple variable } begin { Main Begin } for i:=1 to 10 do { This loop is for 1 (includin g 1) to 10 (including 10) } writeln('cool'); { Because we have here only on e command after the "FOR", you won't need the "BEGIN" under it! But if you had more than one command you like to be in the loop, you MUST put th e "BEGIN" under the "FOR", and "END;" under the last command you like th e loop to do! } end. { Main End } The main idea of this loop is that it will reapeat it self from the first command inside the loop (in this case is: "WRITELN('cool');"), to the last one for how many time as you wish (in this case the number of times is 10). At the end of this loop the value inside of the var iable "i" will be 10. You can do the loop upside down, by placing "DOWNTO " between the 1 and 10 instead of just "TO"! So at the end of this loop with the "DOWNTO" instea d of "TO", the value of the variable "i" will be 1, you will see why is pascal own this "DOWNTO" thing after you will learn the Arrays! 2.2) While...do: **************** The last loop was the "FOR" loop, we knew the exact times we like to do the loop, but sometime you just can't know the it while programming the pr ogram... so you need to let the program to decide of how many time the loop will run. We'll us e now a loop which will check the given

condition(s) (the condition(s) you will give the lo op, just like the "if") every time it'll repeat itself. The loop called: "While", and this i s how this loop's structure looks like:WHILE ( here will come the con dition you like to check ) DO The condition will look like just like the "if"'s c ondition! The idea of the one or more commands after if just like the "FOR" loop. The only thing you need to do so the loop won't be endless... You need that the condition in some place to be UNcorect! So lets take this small example of the "While" loop: In this example the idea is to print the line "DP i s cool" for 9 times! Look: program while_loop_example; var i: integer; begin { the main begin } i:=0; { we placed 0 in the variable "i", so we c ould INCrease the variable by one every time the loop will be repeated! } While (i<9) do begin { the begin of the loop } writeln('DP is cool!'); { this is the line we need to print on the screen! } inc(i); { here we Increasing the variable "i" by 1, it's the same if you'll do "i:=i+1;" } { NOTE: there is also another comman d like "INC", but upside down: "DEC" is just like: "i:=i-1;" GOT IT?! } end; { the end of the loop } { When the "i" won't be less than 9, the loop w ill be stoped! } { and the program will continue the program aft er the end; (in this case) } { at the end of the loop the value in "i" will be 9. } end. { the main end } the way, if we place before the "WHILE" loop, into the variable "i" the value 9 or more... The program will just check if the condition is cor rect, if it's than it will go into the loop... And if the value of i (here) is makes the condition incorrect, that it won't even go into the loop (inside the loop), and value of "i" won't chan ge, the program is actually will jump over the loop, and continue the program like nothing hap pen!!! I hope this's clear to you! Like it's to me! ;) 2.3) Repeat...until: ******************* Like I said in the "WHILE" loop if the condition is n't correct, then it won't even execute the inside of the loop even one time... But sometimes w e need to do the loop at list once.

OK... let start the explanation on this most simple loop... All you need to remember is that this Repeat loop is the opposite of the "While" loo p. In "While" loop you checked the condition first, and then entered the loop, but in "Repeat" c ase no matter what the condition is, the inside of the loop will be done at list once. The " Repeat" loop will be stoped, ONLY when the condition is correct, check out this simple example for the "Repeat" loop... Look: program repeat_loop_example; var i: integer; begin { the main begin } repeat { Well, we may have more than one comman d inside the loop, but the "Repeat" itself is like the "Begin" in other loops, and the "Until" in this loop acts like the "End;" in the others! } writeln('Enter some kind of number value...'); { the line we want to print on the screen! } readln(i); { Here you need to make an input to the variable "i", the "i" could be in a "REAL" or an "INTEGER" type form (this means you CAN'T enter a letter or any other sign from the keyboard, ONLY numbers !!!) when you'll enter the number you wish just press ENTER to enter it into th e variable "i". } until (i=0); { The loop will repeat itself unti l the value in the variable "i" will be 0 } end. { the main end } =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 3) Arrays. 3.1) Array's definition: *********************** First a few words about the Array, the array is a t ype of variable, the idea is that a simple variable can't include inside itself more than one value... but the array type of variable CAN. Under the "VAR" (in your program) you define the nu mber of cells to the array, in the next way: program example; var arr: ARRAY [1..3] OF integer; { here we declared to the array variable called "arr", 3 cells, and the v alue every cell can get is only an "Integer" type. } begin { the main "Begin" } ... The two dots betweet the 1 and the 3 means 'from wh ere to where'. you can use as many cells

as you whish... You can use any name you like for t he array, instead of "arr" in this small example, you MUST keep this form: arrayname: ARRAY [the_first_cell .. the_last_cell] OF the_type_of_value_in_every_cell. Those cells makes the program more effective, and l ess work for you. 3.2) Using Arrays: ******************* Ok... now you know how to difine an array, but you don't know how to use it, now look: we said that the array is number of cells, right?! And we want to enter a specific cell and enter a value into it, the next example will explain to y ou how to enter a value into a specific cell, and how to read a value from a specific cell as well. The next example will show you away to enter into t he cell a value: Begin {the main "Begin" } arr[1]:=22; {the cell number 1 will include insi de it the value 22 } arr[2]:=5; {the cell number 2 will include ins ide it the value 5 } arr[3]:=0; {the cell number 3 will include ins ide it the value 0 } The idea is that the number of the Cell is in the [ ]. Remember that you can't use a number of cell which is out of range (in this case the range is from 1(including 1) to 3(including 3), so you CAN'T do the: arr[4]:=1; { the number of the cell is 4, and ou r last cell number is 3, so the compiler will show an 'Error'!!! REMEMBER that! } Now, how do you read from the value from a specific cell?! Lets say i would like to print the the cell number 2 on screen... look: writeln(arr[2]); { This will print the value insi de the cell 2 on the screen } Just remember that "arr[2]" is like a simple variab le, you can do what ever you like with it... You can play any math on it, just like on a simple variable ( * , + , -), but it's 'div', or / depended on the type of the value inside the cell (if it "In teger" then it's div, and if it's "Real" then it's / ) Ok... Lets move on... 3.5) Using Arrays and Loops: ******************************** Until now we wrote in the [ ] the number of the cel l we want to use, but in 90% of working with arrays, we never use a specific cell... We'll use Loops, the 'Index' of the loop instead of a specific value (the specific number of the cell) in the [ ]... Check out the next example and you'll get the idea: program example_ARRAYS_LOOPS; var

i: integer; { here we declared an "Integer" type variable, which we will use as an Index. } begin { the main begin } for i:=1 to 3 do { a simple "For" loop from 1 to 3 (including 1 and 3) } arr[i]:=i+1; { every cell from 1 to 3 will get the INDEX, the "i"+1... so cell 1 will include 2, cell 2 will include 3, and ce ll 3 will include 4 } end. {the main end } You can use any type of loop as you wish, and the n umber number of the cell is the Index, or you can use variables, as lon g as this variable will change every time the loop will repeat itself ( Like the variable is been Increased or Decreased, it's your choise! ) so you won't get into a situation when you will use the same cell. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 4) Strings. 4.1) What the heck Strings are?! *********************************** Remember the "Char" type variables, well a String i s just like an Array but every cell in this array will be from "Char" type. You can use arrays of "Ch ar" type, but this will be stupid... because there is a special declaration of String, I'll expl ain how to declare and use the string in the next two sections. 4.2) String's definition: ************************ Here I'll compare the "Char" type array declaration , and the original String's type declaration. 1. Ok, lets start with the "Char" type array first: program Char_Array; var fake_string: array[1..5] of char; 2. And now the original String's one: program the_String; var str: string; Using the original way is better because, it's much more simple and less to write, and you don't always have to declare a specific range, but if you like to do it (if you know the number of chars you're going to use, or you just like to save some memory space, or both. ), here is the way you declare an exact number of chars in the string: var str: string[5]; And this will create a string variable of 5 chars.

4.2) Using basic String: ************************* Ok, I'll explain you now the process of working wit h Strings, like compering two strings, making an input to a string, pulling an output of the stri ng, how to find out the length of the string, and making: 4.2.1)Comparing two strings, the direct way: if (str1>str2) then ... 4.2.2)Comparing two strings, char by char: for i:=1 to 10 do if (str1[i]=str2[i]) then ... 4.2.3)Making a string input, the direct way: readln(str1); 4.2.4)Making a string input, char by char: for i:=1 to 10 do readln(str1[i]); 4.2.5)Pulling an output of the string, the direct w ay: writeln(str1); 4.2.6)Pulling an output of the string, char by char : for i:=1 to 10 do write(str1[i]); 4.2.7)Getting the length of the string, the only wa y: x:=length(str1); { the variable x must be from an integer type ONLY. } { now 'x' includes the numb er of chars there are in the 'str1' string. } Well, that's all you need to know on how you need t o declare and use the string, simple hah!? :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 5) Procedures and Functions. 5.1) What the heck a Procedure is?! **************************************** Until now we wrote our entire programs in one part! !! But this isn't effective, like lets take for example a program which you need to print on the sc reen 3 different lines, at the beginning, at the middle, and at the end. In each part you nee d print all 3 lines... so what... you will write those lines at every part of the program agai n and again, it's stupid don't you think...?! So, what we'll do is write a small "procedure" whic h will include inside itself those 3 lines... But first I'll explain to you, what a procedure is. A procedure can include inside itself commands and conditions checking, and every thing you learn until now. The procedure may be used from

any place at the Main of the programs (between the Main "Begin" and the Main "End."), the procedure may be used from another procedure as wel l. If you haven't understood it so well, don't worry, after a few exa mples you'll get the idea. Let us continue... 5.2) Writing a Procedure: *************************** The Procedures will be written before the Main "Beg in". To open a procedure you write: "Procedure" then the name of the procedure, and then ";", simple, don't you think... Now, under it, you must put "Begin", (it's the law :) ) even if you have only one command in the procedure. The procedure wi ll end when you'll put "End;". Look at the next example to get the idea: program Procedure_example; { the program's title } procedure line; { openning a procedure } begin { the Procedure's "Begin" } writeln(' Uncle Fucker, just like the song says. '); end; begin { the Main "Begin" } write('I am an'); { printing on the screen: "I a m an", and staying on the same line... } line; { using the procedure, it's like the code written inside the procedure is passed here... } { the 'writeln' command in the procedure will start from the last line, print " Uncle Fucker, just like the song says.", and then, it will jump one line down. } write('You are an'); line; write('We all a bunch of '); line; end. { the Main "End" } We didn't use "Var" in our small example program, b ecause we didn't need any global variables in our example program.we could also declare some Local variables, by placing a "Var" before the procedure's "Begin", just like the regular "Var" we knew from t he first chapters, except that: Those Local variables will exist only in the proced ure, and will be deleted if you won't store them inside a Global variable (the variables we declared in the "Var" under the "Program" 's name, as you know the global variable are known to the wh ole program, and the local variable are only known to the procedure itself, to the specific proc edure, not to all of the procedures. 5.3) Parameters' rules: ************************ Until now what we did, was only a simple procedure. .. This means that we could only use: Global variable (the variable you declaring in the "Var" u nder the "Program" 's name) inside the procedure, but what we will do know is returning variable from the procedure, and inputting them

into it (the procedure)... To do that you need to remember the next two rules: 1. When you send a variable to procedure, the type of variable you send to the procedure is the same as the type of the variable which will receive the Data of the variable you sent. I know it's like Chinese to you, or French to all t he Chinese readers :) 2. If you like to send an Array to a procedure you need to write a "Type" definition, under the "program" (before the "Var"). This is how you do it : program Type_definition; const m = 5; type arr_type = array[1..m] of integer; var ... 'arr_type' is now a new declaration type, this 'arr _type' could have any name as you like. If you like to send an array to procedure, and you wrote the procedure so it will receive an array from the 'arr_type' type, then the array w hich you'll send to this procedure MUST have the same number of cells as the type the procedure receives. In the above example of "Type" the array MUST be 5 cells long, f rom 1 to 5. Now, after you understood the rules you may move on to the next section, which will explain you: Who to use Parameters, how to send variables t o another procedure and even to receive them back with a new Data in th em... just continue reading! 5.4) Writing a Procedure with Parameters passing: ********************************************* *********** Well I hope you understood the rule, becuase we can 't go on to the "writing a procedure with parameters passing" part without those rules, so if you're not sure if you understood the rules, please reread the rules chapter again and again unt il you'll under stand them perfectly!!! But if you did understand them, let's go on... The whole idea of parameters passing is to make the programming more simple and more effective, like for example, take a look at the nex t procedure: procedure example1; begin writeln('a newbie is a lamer :)'); end; Now, instead of 'newbie' you could place any other word, isn't it?! So, how about writing a procedure that will place a String type variable instead the word newbie,

so you may use this procedure in different places w ith a different meaning. You could do it like this: procedure example2(the_word: string); begin writeln('a ',the_word,' is a lamer :)'); end; Now, you probably ask, "so... how do I use this pro cedure???". Very simple, look at this small program: program the_use; var name: string; number: integer; begin { the Main Begin } name:='moron'; number:=25; example2(name); { this line will print on the screen: "a moron is a lamer :)" } example2('moron'); { this line will print the sa me thing as the line above, the variable 'name', received inside i tself the line: moron . } example2(number); { this line won't work becaus e, actually with this line in the code, you won't be able ev en to compile the code, why you ask, then return back and reread the r ules chapter again, because the type of variable which the procedure receiv es does not much the type of variable you send to the procedure!!! } end. { the Main End } Ok, now you can send more than one variable to a pr ocedure, but you need to write a procedure to receive that much variables, and when you send t he values/variables to the procedure you need to send them at the same order as the variable s were writen in the procedure to receive those values/variabels, they also must mutch the or der they been written, it's all said in the rules part!!! In the next chapter you'll learn how to return valu es from the procedure as a parameter! 5.5) Returning Parameters in Procedures: ********************************************* * After you learn the parameters' rules, and you know how to write a procedure with them, I may now teach you how to return values with them: procedure return_example(var a: integer);

You see the littele "var" before the 'a' variable, this means that at the end of the procedure the value which inside the variable 'a' will be returne d to the variable you send to this procedure, and which the variable 'a' received it's value! This way is mostly used, when you need to return mo re than one value, or you need to return special values, like Arrays, which is that the only way to do that! In the next chapter you will see other ways to retu rn one value only, without sending any other variable to pass the valu e. 5.6) What the heck is a Function?! ************************************** Very good, you got this far, I'm proud of you, beca use now comes the GOOD part, but a little harder than the previous ch apters, but don't worry >:) Well, a function is actually a procedure, that must always return a value, even if the function haven't received any values/variables into itself! The only thing you need to know is that a Function can return one value only, in the section you will see how to write a fu nction, how to return the value, and you will learn the rules of w riting a function, so, just continue reading! 5.7) Writing a Function, and returns it's value: ********************************************* ***** Now, the only thing that the procedure is different from a function, is that the function can only return one value (not like the procedure), and the way of returning that value is defferent than the return of value in the procedure, as you remember, in the procedure we return values with 'Var', right?! But in a function you do it with the functi on's name itself, I'll explain later. Because now I'm going to exaplain you write the fun ction first, and the then how to return it's value. 5.7.1)Using function without any parameters passing : function func_example: integer; begin writeln('it's all cool...'); func_example:=5; writeln('man, I am good!!!'); end; This is how you write a basic/simple function. But we almost never use those type of functions, that don't receive any parameters into itself. Any way I'll explain you the example above: do you see the ':' after the function's name, and a fter we see 'integer', this integer, is actualy the type of value that this function may return, it could be any of the type of declaration, you declare the variables them selfs.

Then as you can see, inside the function there is f irst a "writeln" command, wich will print 'it's all cool' on the screen, then you see that an undeclared variable receive into itself the value of 5, but if you'll l ook closely, you'll see, that the variable's name is the same as the fu nction's, how you ask?! very simple, you see, when you make the funct ion's name to receive some kind of value, the function stops, well it isn't actualy st ops, but you should stop writing the functin, to save yourself useless mistakes. But there is anothe r "writeln" command after receiving a value by the function's name ( func_example:=5; ), and as I said before, and I'll say it again, you should stop writing the function, after the retriev e of a value from the function, so the program will get to the "write ln('man, I am good!!!');" command, but you shouldn't do it, it's just wrong. :) Now Iook at how you call, and receive a value from a function, and where does the value goes to?! program calling_a_function; var x, sum: integer; { here will come the function we wrote before } begin { Main Begin } x:=func_example; { the value of our function, t hat we wrote returns to x. } writeln('One way to call a function, that return s: ',x); writeln('Another way to call a function, that re turns: ',func_example); { this is another way, which is more 'effective' , when you print the returning value the function, instead, of placing it into a va riable, and then printing it on the screen! } { you only place the return value into a variabl e, when you know that you don't need it for print out on the screen. please check out the threes way of use of the return value. } sum:=func_example+func_example; { this line will call the function once, and add it's return value to the ruturn value of the second function it will call, but you may do t his act with variable and make actions on them with the function's return value that way!!! } end. { Main End } 5.7.2)Using function with parameters passing: In paragraph 5.7.1, we learn how to write a basic/s imple type of function (without any parameters passing), now we'll see how the function will look like with parameters, and how to call this kind of function. Check out the next example, of paramet ers passing in a function: function func_example(num1, num2: integer): intege r;

begin func_example:=num1+num2; end; This function received two parameters, 'num1' and ' num2', then it added 'num1' to 'num2', and the result will go to 'func_e xample', that will be return from the function! Now, look how to call a function with parameters pa ssed into it: program calling_a_function; var x, sum: integer; begin { Main Begin } x:=func_example(2,3); { the value of our functi on, that we wrote returns to x. } writeln('One way to call a function, that return s: ',x); writeln('Another way to call a function, that re turns: ',func_example(2,3)); { this is another way, which is more 'effective' , when you print the returning value the function, instead, of placing it into a va riable, and then printing it on the screen! } { you only place the return value into a variabl e, when you know that you don't need it for print out on the screen. please check out the threes way of use of the return value. } sum:=func_example(2,3)+func_example(2,3); { this line will call the function once, and add it's return value to the ruturn value of the second function it will call, but you may do t his act with variable and make actions on them with the function's return value that way!!! } end. { Main End } Simple isn't it?! Final Note about the Functions/Procedures: all func tions and procedures must be written before the Main Begin!!! But there is a small problem with the functions/pro cedures' calling, about that you'll learn in the next chapter. 5.8) The problem with Procedures/Functions, and t he solution: *************************************************** ******************* You learn that you can can a function/procedure fro m another function/procedure, BUT you can't call a function/procedure from another function/pro cedure, if the function/procedure you calling hasn't been written before the one it been called from! So, how can you call a function/p rocedure from another function/procedure even if the functio n/procedure you tring to call was written after the function/proced ure you calling from?!

It's truly simple, all you need to do is to declare the function/procedure the one you like to call before all the inside of the functions/procedures a re been written. I'll show you two examples, the one which won't wor k, and the one that will: program Won't_Work; procedure calling; begin cool; end; procedure cool; begin writeln('You're a newbie!!! at list for now!!! :) '); end; begin { main Begin } calling; end. { main End } program Will_Work; procedure cool; { declaring the 'cool' procedure, so we could call it from the 'calling' procedure, even if the 'cool' proced ure was written after 'calling' procedure! } procedure calling; begin cool; end; procedure cool; begin writeln('You're a newbie!!! at list for now!!! :) '); end; begin { main Begin } calling; end. { main End } Now you may call the 'cool procedure from any where in the program!!! You see how simple his is, so simple tha it scares me! :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 6) Uses... 6.1) What is a Uses file?! *************************** A Uses file is kind of like a header file (if you k now C/C++). A Uses file is a file which includes inside itself some fu nctions, and when you'll include the Uses file, you may use it's func tions. You can use a ready Uses file of the compiler or to write your own functions and include them inside a new Uses file (a *.tpu file, I'll get to i t). Don't worry... I'll get to the part of how to use an exist uses file, and how to write one. 6.2) Uses Crt: **************

The most used Uses file in pascal programming is th e Crt file, you can check for the file at the pascal's Bin dir, the file called: "crt.tpu". Now.. . the most used functions of this Uses file are: - clrscr - textcolor - textbackground But first, check out the next example to see how to use a Uses file: program Uses_Example; uses crt; { the Uses file declaration Must come under the "Program", and only under it. } var ... In the above example we included the crt.tpu file i n our program, so now you can use all the Crt functions... Like: - clrscr => this function will Clear/Clean the s crean from all the text. - textcolor => this function will change the col or of the text, colors are from 1 to 15 (includes), you can also use the name of the color, like: black, white, yellow, green, red, etc. - textbackground => this function is the backgrou nd of the text, not the background of the whole screen... the color s are the same as in "textcolor". The next example will show you how to use those fun ctions: program Crt_Example; uses crt; { the declaration of the Crt file in t he program } begin { the Main begin. We skiped right to the "B egin", and didn't include the "Var" part, because we don't need any variables he re } writeln('The normal text.'); { the good old gray color of the text } clrscr; { here we clear the screen, and the abov e line will disappear } textcolor(blue); { now instead of the original g ray color of the compiler the new color will be blue } writeln('The colored text, in blue.); { this wil l show you a line on the screen in the blue color } clrscr; { again we'll clear the screen, and the above line will disappear as well } textbackground(yellow); { the new background of the text is now yellow } writeln('The colored text, in blue on a yellow ba ckground of the text.'); { an example of how the text will look on the yellow background of the text } clrscr; { here we clearing the text again, but hi s time instead of black background it'll be yellow } { because the last textbackground color was Yellow! }

writeln('The colored text, in blue on a yellow ba ckground of the whole screen.'); { shows you how the text will look like on the 'total' background } end. { the Main end } 6.3) Writing your own Uses File: *********************************** Well, let say we wrote some kind of function which we'll use in many programs... For example let say you know that you need to inclu de in all your programs the same 'about' function which will tell the user of the program, who the program was written by, etc. In this small chapter I'll teach you how to make yo ur own Uses file, just the Uses Crt file. The struction of the Uses file is like that: UNIT cool_fun; { the name of our Uses file is now 'cool_fun' } { so, just like the Crt fil e, you write this to under the "Program", to include this new Uses file into y our program: "uses cool_fun;" } INTERFACE { here you may include another Uses file, like Cr t, or any of yours } { you may also put here the declaration of "Type" , if you planning to use Array passing parameters } { you may as well include variables (global varia bles) which will be known inside this Uses file, and I think in the main program as w ell. } { Now, here we will declare some functions/proced ures or both! The functions/procedures you'll decalre are the functions/procedures you will be able to call/use from the Main program, in which, this Uses file is been declared. } { Note: There must be at list one function or pro cedure under the INTERFACE } { INTERFACE Summary: Every thing you will write i n the INTERFACE could be used from the main program, or from another Uses file, if thi s file was declared! } IMPLEMENTATION { as like in the INTERFACE part you may declare v ariables, and call other Uses files, the only differences between the INTERFACE and the IMPLEMENTATION, is that what you declare in the IMPLEMENTATION, stays i n IMPLEMENTATION, it's for the Uses file use only! } { in this part you need to write the function/pro cedure itself, not only the declaration of it,

as we did in the INTERFACE part } { you may also include functions and procedures t hat haven't been declared in the INTERFACE part, but you won't be able to use th ose functions/procedures, from any other place than this Uses only } { you may call all functions/procedures, includin g the declared and the not declared ones from any of the other functions/procedures, includin g the declared and the not declared ones } BEGIN { this is the Uses file Begin } { This part will stay Empty, in 99% it does! So, don't write anything between the Begin and the End. } END. { Uses file End } All this you will write and save in the type of *.P AS file, then when you'll compile that *.PAS file, and the compiler will create a *.TPU fi le (Turbo Pascal Unit), this *.TPU file will be created in the same dir as the *.PAS file was ( the *.PAS w ill stay, don't worry ) If you like to use this file, you need to place it in the same directory as the compiler's files (inside the BIN dir of the compiler). This is it folks, this is how you write your own Us es file, easy, isn't it. And it's VERY useful in Pascal Programming, just like the Header files in C /C++. This was the last chapter of my truly cool tutorial , please read the Final Words! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= **) Final Words: ***************** Well, that's the ending, the ending of our story, t hat the ending, the ENDING... This is it! Men... you are free to go, to run wild on the fields of the cyber space, Born to be wiiiiiiiild... I hope you now understand the basics of Pascal. But the language isn't over here, hell no, you still got two topics to learn on your own, using Files and Graphics. ( Graphics and working with Files aren't that impor tant in Pascal, at least that's my opinion, but you're free to learn t hem any way! ) Personally I like to work/play with files and graph ics, but in C! Because doing that in C is the most easy thing you had ever seen, so my advise to you is to learn C as well. If you think: "Why the heck do I need all this, if you haven't taught me Files and Graphics?" Remember I promissed you a Black Jack game, here yo u go, just like I promised, This will show you, that you don't need to know how to work with files or creating graphic and

stuff like it, you can create a really cool and col orful game in a simple text mode! This also a good Drill for you, fix the repeating o f the cards and try to use less variables than me. If you like more practice, ask the WebMaster of the site who published this tutorial to contact me, and I will publish exercises, so you could prac tice at home by writing programs all by yourself!!! And Remember this as well, "I didn't write this tut orial for myself, I wrote it for you"! ;) P.S: Please don't E-Mail with any questions, Sorry, but I'm too Busy... So just go masturbate, as a wise man once said: "If you do it, it'll CUM" ;) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= About the Source Code: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I placed some notes inside the (* *) in the source code ( the (* *) and the { } are just the same ). ( But you can't open the note with (* and close it with }, or open with { and close with *), it's doesn't work this way. ) The places I located the notes at, are the places I think are the most important for you to understand what's going on in the source code, and how the gam e works (the total idea). Well, enjoy yourself... as for me, I going to bed, my girl is waiting for me :) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= The Source Code for the Black Jack game I was tell ing you about at the introduction section. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

program Devil_Black_Jack; { Devil_BJ � }

(* All Rights Reserved ® To Me, But You Can Edit It As You Like, Just Remember That I Wrote This Small, And Truly Simple Game, Not You! *) uses crt; (* In section 6.2 we studied about the f unctions included inside the CRT file, well, here we'll use them, functions li ke the "clrscr" and "textcolor", etc. *) const (* Here we declaring some constant variable, or should I say Range *) nums=[16..21]; var (* declaring variables for our game *) comp,n,m,tot,tot_p_one,x,x2,z,z2: integer; a,b,c,d,a2,b2,c2,e,f,g,h,e2,f2,g2,num,num_comp,mone ,mone2,winning: integer; title,title_comp,num_wr,num_wr_comp,cool,cool2: str ing; game,enter,player,q1,q2,q3,q4,q5,q6: char;

T: boolean; (* You see how many variables i used, you can easly use less variables, by edit the program a little. *) procedure card; (* This procedure is using the ASCII code list, to build the card's sides, the "qX" variables are the one which will include the value which will build the sides of each card *) begin q1:=chr(201); q2:=chr(205); q3:=chr(187); q4:=chr(186); q5:=chr(188); q6:=chr(200); end; procedure p_one; (* The Player's turn procedure *) begin textbackground(green); clrscr; (* If we'll use the "textbackground" function and t hen "clrscr", this will color the whole screen with the color we used in "textbackground " *) a:=0; b:=0; c:=0; d:=0; a2:=0; b2:=0; c2:=0; mone :=0; tot_p_one:=0; (* This small variable is very impo rtant to the Winning or Losing progress, the variable counts the Total-Sum of the Player's cards *) player:='y'; textcolor(white); (* the color of the text is no w white! *) writeln('Your`s!'); while (player='y')and(tot_p_one<=18) do (* This "While" loop will run while the variable "p layer" is 'y' AND the Total-Sum of the player is under 19 (no including 19) *) begin x:=random(14+1-6)+6; (* the program will run a rundom number for the 'value' of the card *) case x of (* The good old "Case" for the Card' s Sign acording to the random number above!*) 6: num_wr:='6'; 7: num_wr:='7'; 8: num_wr:='8'; 9: num_wr:='9'; 10: num_wr:='10'; 11: num_wr:='J'; 12: num_wr:='Q'; 13: num_wr:='K'; 14: num_wr:='A'; end; (* the end of the case *) case x of (* This is another "Case" on the same Random number, this "Case" we need to

determine the Card's value in the game... Like: King(K) is the number 13 but in the game it's value will be 4, you can change a few thing here as well to make the game more 'effective' *) 6: num:=6; 7: num:=7; 8: num:=8; 9: num:=9; 10: num:=10; 11: num:=2; 12: num:=3; 13: num:=4; 14: num:=11; end; (* the end of the case *) x2:=random(4)+1; (* Random number for the type of the card *) if x2=1 then begin title:=chr(3); textcolor(red ); end; if x2=2 then begin title:=chr(4); textcolor(red ); end; if x2=3 then begin title:=chr(5); textcolor(bla ck); end; if x2=4 then begin title:=chr(6); textcolor(bla ck); end; inc(mone); if mone=1 then a:=num; if mone=2 then b:=num; if mone=3 then c:=num; if mone=4 then d:=num; if mone=5 then a2:=num; if mone=6 then b2:=num; if mone=7 then c2:=num; cool:=cool+num_wr+title+','; (* "cool" is a string of all card, this variable wi ll show you at the end of the game the card you had, and next to it the total sum of the cards you had. *) if (a+b in nums)and(c=11) then c:=1; (* the "IN" sign checks if the sun of the (a+b) is in range of the "NUMS", which we declared at the const! *) (* the same are the rest of the "IN" using conditio ns *) if (a+b+c in nums)and(d=11) then d:=1; if (a+b+c+d in nums)and(a2=11) then a2:=1; if (a+b+c+d+a2 in nums)and(b2=11) then b2:=1; if (a+b+c+d+a2+b2 in nums)and(c2=11) then c2:= 1; tot_p_one:=a+b+c+d+a2+b2+c2; (* the total sum of the cards! *) if (num_wr<>'10')then (* the '10' includes 'tw o chars', 1 and 0, this will move the one small wall of the card, and mess it's struction, that why we need to check the card before printing the card's struction. *) begin writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); writeln(q4,'':1,num_wr,title,q4); writeln(q4,'':3,q4);

write(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); end else (* the else here, will be only executed i f the above "if"'s condition isn't correct, in this case, if the variable "num_wr" isn't isn't 10 ( <> ) *) begin writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); writeln(q4,num_wr,title,q4); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); write(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); end; textcolor(11); write('MORE? '); (* here and in the next command the pragram asks you, "if you like to take another card...", if you do like to take another card, then p ress: 'y'. And if you don't then just press: 'n'. *) readln(player); end; T:=true; end; procedure computer; (* This procedure is computer's turn of playing *) begin tot:=0; comp:=0; n:=1; m:=40; gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(yellow); writeln('Computer`s'); writeln; inc(n); e:=0; f:=0; g:=0; h:=0; e2:=0; f2:=0; g2:=0; while (comp=0)and(tot<=16) do begin (* the random and checking of variables are pri tty much the same as at the player's fucntion *) z:=random(14+1-6)+6; case z of 6: num_wr_comp:='6'; 7: num_wr_comp:='7'; 8: num_wr_comp:='8'; 9: num_wr_comp:='9'; 10: num_wr_comp:='10'; 11: num_wr_comp:='J'; 12: num_wr_comp:='Q'; 13: num_wr_comp:='K'; 14: num_wr_comp:='A'; end; case z of 6: num_comp:=6; 7: num_comp:=7;

8: num_comp:=8; 9: num_comp:=9; 10: num_comp:=10; 11: num_comp:=2; 12: num_comp:=3; 13: num_comp:=4; 14: num_comp:=11; end; z2:=random(4)+1; if (z2=1) then begin title_comp:=chr(3); textc olor(red); end; if (z2=2) then begin title_comp:=chr(4); textc olor(red); end; if (z2=3) then begin title_comp:=chr(5); textc olor(black); end; if (z2=4) then begin title_comp:=chr(6); textc olor(black); end; inc(mone2); if (mone2=1) then e:=num_comp; if (mone2=2) then f:=num_comp; if (mone2=3) then g:=num_comp; if (mone2=4) then h:=num_comp; if (mone2=5) then e2:=num_comp; if (mone2=6) then f2:=num_comp; if (mone2=7) then g2:=num_comp; cool2:=cool2+num_wr_comp+title_comp+','; if (e+f in nums)and(g=11) then g:=1; if (e+f+g in nums)and(h=11) then h:=1; if (e+f+g+h in nums)and(e2=11) then e2:=1; if (e+f+g+h+e2 in nums)and(f2=11) then f2:=1; if (e+f+g+h+e2+f2 in nums)and(g2=11) then g2: =1; if (num_wr_comp<>'10') then begin gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':1,num_wr_comp,title_comp,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); inc(n); end (* you see no ; just like i told you at the start of the tutorial *) else begin gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q1,q2,q2,q2,q3); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,num_wr_comp,title,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q4,'':3,q4); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln(q6,q2,q2,q2,q5); inc(n);

writeln; end; tot:=e+f+g+h+e2+f2+g2; (* the total sum of the computer's cards! *) end; end; procedure exit; (* just a stupid exit procedure for the game's main *) begin clrscr; textbackground(white); textcolor(black); writeln('You had played: The "Devil Black-Jack"!' ); writeln('You played nice, thank you come again!') ; writeln; end; procedure crediet; (* the game's crediets procedure, also for the game 's main! *) begin clrscr; textbackground(white); textcolor(black); writeln('This is version one (v1.0) of the "Devil Black-Jack"!'); writeln('The game was written by Devil Panther, w ith Pascal language, on the year 2001.'); writeln; textcolor(yellow); writeln('Press (g) to go to the Game!'); writeln('Or Press (e) to Exit the game!'); write('':3,'Press Now: '); readln(enter); if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='e') then exit; end; procedure help; (* the help procedure of the game, also used from t he game's main *) begin clrscr; textbackground(white); textcolor(black); writeln('This is the most easier game in a world of cards, the rools are simple:'); writeln('All you need is no to pass the 21; By th is numbers of cards:'); writeln('"6" => 6, "7" => 7, "8" => 8, "9" => 9, "10" => 10,'); writeln('"J" => 2, "Q" => 3, "K" => 4, "A" => 11' ); textcolor(red); writeln('(By when the sum of the before numbers i s bigger than 15,'); writeln('then the next "ACE" will be "A" => 1)'); writeln; textcolor(yellow); writeln('To go to the Game Press (g)!'); writeln('Or Press (e) to Exit!'); write('':3,'Press Now: '); readln(enter);

if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='e') then exit; end; procedure main; begin repeat clrscr; textcolor(blue); write('To the('); textcolor(red); write('g'); textcolor(blue); write(')ame | ('); textcolor(red); write('h'); textcolor(blue); write(')elp | ('); textcolor(red); write('c'); textcolor(blue); write(')rediet | ('); textcolor(red); write('e'); textcolor(blue); writeln(')xit'); writeln; write('Your Choice: '); textcolor(black); readln(enter); until (enter='g')or(enter='h')or(enter='c')or(ente r='e'); if (enter='g') then p_one; if (enter='h') then help; if (enter='c') then crediet; if (enter='e') then exit; end; BEGIN randomize; (* This is the randomize for the random, so the random numbers won't repeat itselfs... *) textbackground(green); clrscr; T:=false; card; main; if T then (* while the T is true *) begin computer; writeln; textbackground(black); textcolor(white); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); write('Your`s: '); writeln(cool,': ',tot_p_one); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(yellow); write('Computer`s: ');

writeln(cool2,': ',tot); inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); writeln; inc(n); gotoXY(m,n); textcolor(red); if (tot_p_one>21)and(tot<=21) then writeln('You Lost!!'); if (tot_p_one<=21)and(tot<=21) then begin if (tot_p_one>tot) then writeln('You Won!'); if (tot_p_one<=21)and(tot>21) then writeln('You Won!!'); if (tot_p_one>21)and(tot>21) then writeln('Every one lost!!!'); writeln; writeln; textcolor(10); end; END. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= - EOF -