PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES

ADVERBS

CONJUNCTIONS

PRONOUNS

PREPOSITIONS

VERBSINTERJECTIONS

Check for Understanding: How is each red word used?

1. I believe that the Jonas Brothers will disappear from the Pop charts in two years.

2. From his perspective the teacher was wrong in giving him a detention.

NOUNSA word used to name a person, a place,

a thing, or an idea

Some books were stolen from one of the buildings in the city

last week. Which words are used as nouns ?

Check for Understanding:Mark-- noun/not noun

1. The desk is broken.

2. We are travelling to Yellowstone National Park.

3. I love to dance to oldies music.

4. We need cooperation from everybody.

Common and Proper Nouns

Common

singer

holiday

high school

shoes

ProperEminem

Christmas Eve

Wausaukee HighSchool

Nike shoes

Check for Understanding: Write Common/Proper on your marker board

1. leann rimes is performing at half-time of our homecoming game. 2. we are celebrating new year’s eve in china this year.

3. our high school is located on hwy 141 just north of wausaukee.

Concrete ( Perceived with senses Abstract( not perceived with senses)

Concrete

fog milk girl book

Abstract

love enthusiasm beauty appreciation

Check for Understanding: Write answers on marker board.

1. The injured man does not want your pity; he just wants justice.

2. As you age, never lose sight of your dreams.

3. The fog was so thick, the driver lost her sense of direction and crashed into the driver in front of her.

Compound Nouns

Two or more words used together as a single noun.

Bodyguard (Closed)

high school (Open)left-hander (Hyphenated)

Write the compound nouns for each sentence. If you think they are written incorrectly, write them the proper way.

1. Her reality was based on self delusion.2. Throw away your old sleeping bag.3. The sick dog ate my home work.

4. Please clean the fish-tank before school.

PRONOUNS...word used in place of a noun

Personal: I, my, she, her, it, he, they, them

Reflexive: myself, themselves, himself, herself, ourselves

Relative: who, whom, which, that

Interrogative: Whose (are)? What (are)? Which (are)

Demonstrative: These (are) That (is)

Indefinite: One (is) Both (are) Some (are) A Few (are)

Antecedents to Pronouns

...the noun or proper noun that the pronoun replaces

Justine thinks that she is better than Sawyer at basketball.

Who is she?

Everyone in my class enjoys reading novels. However, theydo not enjoy the quizzes they get about them.

1. Who or what is they ?

2. Who or what is them ?

Subject Pronouns

•You

•I

•He

•She

•They

•We

•It

•Who

Object Pronouns

•You

•me

•him

•her

•them

•us

•it

•whom

For example...

Me and John are best friends.

She gave the parts to John and I.

X

X

Him and I are going fishing.X

You bought that from who?X

Possessive Pronounscontain NO apostrophe

•It’s very cold outside-It is cold out side

•The cat ate all of its food.

Indefinite Pronouns

do not refer to a particular person. Some are singular, some plural.

Singular•another

•someone

•nobody

•one

•everybody/everything

•neither/either

Plural•both

•Many of the…

•few

•several

For example

Everybody were dressed in their suits.

X X

Neither were going to their classes on time.

X X

David, Chris, and Aaron are brothers. All are in my English class.

Tristan and I love to read. Both of us are reading novels. His is a fantasy novel ; mine is a mystery-crime.

Find the words used as PRONOUNS and then name each antecedent.

Jade and Aaron are sophomores. They will be getting their drivers license soon. Several of their friends already have theirs. Each student will become more independent , once he or she is allowed to drive by himself or herself.

Find the pronouns and label the antecedents for each.

Correct Pronoun Usage:

All students who have cell phones should leave (it/them) in (his/ her their) lockers.

Many high schools now require (its/their) students to take computer classes

Each of the actresses believes (she/they) should be chosen for the part.

While Eric was adding sugar to his coffee, he spilled (it/them/the sugar) all over the table.

Someone offered to give me a copy of the history test, but I said I didn’t believe in (it/cheating).

I know spring is here when (I/you) start seeing children outside play softball.

If anyone wants to get ahead in this company, (he/she you) need (s) to be willing to work overtime.

To understand adjectives, you must first understand what the word modify means.

Modify means to describe or make its meaning more definite or specific.

ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVESa word used to modify a noun

or a pronoun

Circle the nouns/pronouns:

The boy gave an expensive present to his friend.

Which words modify these words?

Each of the adjectives in the previous sentence answers one of

the following questions:

Expensive present= What kind?

An expensive present=How many?

The boy=Which boy?

Find the words used as adjectives.

Paul saw many medieval manuscripts in the local museum.

•Find the nouns/pronouns•Look for words that modify them

One manuscript, old and torn, was about a tragic legendary hero.

Knights in very colorful clothing and ladies in elegant dresses applauded.

Placement of Adjectives in a Sentence

•Before the noun or pronoun:--The elderly man hit the

thief.

•As a predicate adjective following a linking verb:

--He was kind, gentle, and very generous.

--She appeared frightened by the storm.

Finding adjectives and the words they modify.

Was this an unexpected visitor or a surprise twist in plot?

The professional dancers were exhausted from their efforts.

Remember what questions adjectives answer about a noun or

pronoun?•How many?

•Which ones?

•What kind?

Proper order for using multiple adjectives for one noun:

1. Feelings/Qualities: good, pretty, empty… 2. Size: small, big, tall…

3. Age: old, young…

4. Shape: round, square…5. Color: red, aqua, blue…6. Origin: American…

7. Material: cotton, paper…8. Purpose: sleeping (bag)

Verbs

Action Verbs- jump, run, skip

transitive- I ran the race fast.

intransitive- I was running fast.Linking Verbs- is, appears,

seems, looks, sounds, smells, turns,

He seems nice.

Helping Verbs- was,could be, might be (jumping) Kristine will be jumping with joy.

What

subj

Verb Phrase

...the main verb (jumping) and all the verbs that precede it (will be)

If you are failing too many classes, you will need to sign up for summer school, which will be held in June.Will you be watching the Super Bowl game?

ADVERB...modifies verbs, adjectives,

adverbs(when, where, how, how much, to what extent)

Afterward, the very old man walked away slowly

Tuesday, the completely crazy two cats skittered nervously across the newly polished floor.

Adverbs answer...

•Where...inside,there, out

•When...now, later, yesterday

•How...wildly, slowly, fast, courageously

•To what extent...very, hardly, slightly,too

Now this monument is maintained by the British government.

When? Where? How? To what extent?

The large, rather flat stone was partially buried in the mud over there.When? Where? How? To what extent?

Yesterday the man looked down and found an unusually old coin.

When? Where? How? To what extent?

I looked very hard for a really good book.I finally became hungry and made

a very large pot of soup.The extremely large Easter Bunny

fell down and barely got back up in time to finish delivering so many eggs to children.

Comparing with Adverbs:Positive…Comparative…

Superlative•One syllable words:

•Fast…faster…fastest

•Most words with more than one syllable :

•Clearly…more clearly…most clearly

•NOTES: change y to i…earlier•Drop final e…late--later

Irregular Comparisons

Well…better…bestBadly…worse…worstMuch…more…mostFar…farther…farthest (measurable

physical distance)Far…further…furthest (not measurable

concept)Little…less…least

Far…farther…farthest

•In the mile walk/run race, John walked…than I did .•Looking …into the past, I realized my mistake.•On an airplane, you can certainly travel…in comfort than years ago.

Negatives are Adverbs

Negatives mean “no” or “not”:Sara cannot find her pen. Chris can’t find his pen either.

Other negatives:•Never…I have never seen her.•Hardly…I hardly know her.•Nowhere…You have nowhere to hide.•Scarcely… Scarcely anyone heard her.

Double Negatives…

…the use of two negative words to express one negative idea

•I can’t hardly breathe.•There’s barely no pie left.•I haven’t never liked math.

PREPOSITIONS...show the relationship of a noun/pronoun and

some other word in a sentence, usually how they are related in space.

The man is above the door.

BUT NOT: The sky is above. (adverb)

Mallory skipped down the sidewalk.

BUT NOT: Mallory fell down. (adverb)

Distinguishing Prepositions from Adverbs...words are used as prepositions only when they are followed by a noun (prepositional phrases)

•The other woman is sitting beyond her.

•The other woman looked there and beyond.•I never saw her before.

•You had better be finished before noon.•Please don’t drive over the bicycle.

•Please move over.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES...preposition and its object.

Being the star (of a WNBA team)is the only thing that Gloria thought about; she dreamed of the glory, of the fame, of the fortune, of the glamour, of the boy, boys, boys, who would fall all over her. And, above all else, she felt that her teammates were beneath her in ability, in drive, in looks.

CONJUNCTIONS...a word(s) used to join words or groups

of words

•coordinating conjunctionsand, but, for, nor, or, so, yet

The boys and girls sent a letter to Bob, but he did not receive it yet.X

•Correlative conjunctions

Both/and either/or neither/nor

not only/but also whether/or

Whether you succeed or fail is totally up to you.Mrs. Kahles calls both Amber and Marianna Amber.

Kim asked not only Caleb but also Quinn to the dance.

Beware of Conjunctive Adverbs

Mason is trying hard to do better in his English class; therefore, he does all his homework.

I sent the misbehaving boy to the office; then, I called his parents about the problem.

(For instance, as a matter of fact, however, on the other hand, in fact…)

Subordinating Conjunctions

After I finish my homework, I can go for a walk.

Marlee is going to prison because she is really an undercover terrorist spy for the yet unkown terrorist group called al fahita.If Marlee is convicted of spying, she has vowed to take the rest of her conspirators with her: Andrew al Mohammed, Jacob de Margarita, and Mohammed al Quistador von Schreck, their fearsome leader.

Interjections

Oh dear, I forgot my spectacles in my Camaro.

Ouch! That remark hurt!

Ha! I almost believe that one.

1. Noun

2. Pronoun

3. Adjective4. Verb

5. Adverb

6. Preposition7. Conjunction8. Interjection

Define

LabelingThe cat wagged its tail.

The pretty girl really likes the furry hat.Hand me the test and do it now.If I run really fast, I might win.

He looked up but couldn’t see over her head.

She is pretty, yet unfriendly.Yikes! That man almost hit the dog!

He likes it because she does.