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Page 1: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Parts-of-speechEnglish-German

Page 2: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Nouns nouns

proper nouns common nouns

count noun mass nouns

concrete abstract concrete abstract

Bill tree comment milk music

Page 3: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Nouns

(1) a. *the Peter

b. der Peter

(2) a. *three Peters

b. *drei Peters

(3) a. *Car is parked in front of the house.

b. *Auto parkt vor dem Haus.

(4) a. *A water is in the bottle.

b. *Ein Wasser ist in der Flasche.

Page 4: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Number - English

(1) cat cats

(5) stimulus stimuli

corpus corpora

appendix appendices

analysis analyses

phenomenon phenomena

(2) ox oxen

(3) child children

(4) sheep sheep

Page 5: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Number - German

(1) der Tiger die Tiger

(2) der Hund die Hunde

(3) der Mensch die Menschen

(4) das Kind die Kinder

(5) das Auto die Autos

(6) das Buch die Bücher

(7) die Stadt die Städte

(8) die Mutter die Mütter

Page 6: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - nouns

(1) the boy

the girl

(2) he

she

Page 7: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - German

• Semantic features

• Morphological features

• Phonological features

Page 8: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - German

MASC -er Behälter

-ler Wissenschaftler

FEM -ei Heuchelei

-in Lehrerin

-heit Krankheit

-schaft Freundschaft

-ung Befreiung

NEUT -lein Fräulein

-nis Ergebnis

-tum Beamtentum

Page 9: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - German

(1) Nominalized Infinitives

das Wandern

das Singen

das Nachdenken

das Erzählen

(2) Compounds

das Elefantenbaby

die Türkentaube

der Einigungsversuch

Page 10: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - German

FEM die Luft

die Kraft

die Sicht

die Frucht

die Pacht

Exceptions der Knecht

der Wicht

Page 11: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Gender - German

Days of the week

Der Montag

Der Dienstag

Der Mittwoch

Der Donnerstag

Der Freitag

Der Samstag

Der Sonntag

Alcoh. bev.

Der Gin

Der Schnaps

Der Whiskey

Der Wein

Der Grog

Der Sekt

Das Bier

Metals

Das Silber

Das Gold

Das Blei

Das Eisen

Emotive nouns

Die Liebe

Die Angst

Die Furcht

Die Sehnsucht

Die Freude

Die Schande

Die Ehrfurcht

Page 12: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case - German

Category

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

Page 13: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case - German

Category Suffix Examples

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

der Mann, der Mensch

Page 14: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case - German

Category Suffix Examples

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

-(en)der Mann, der Mensch

den Mann, den Menschen

Page 15: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case - German

Category Suffix Examples

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

-(en)

-(e), -en

der Mann, der Mensch

den Mann, den Menschen

dem Manne, dem Menschen

Page 16: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case - German

Category Suffix Examples

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Genitive

-(en)

-(e), -en

-es, -en, -s

der Mann, der Mensch

den Mann, den Menschen

dem Manne, dem Menschen

des Mannes, des Menschen, Peters

Page 17: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Determiners

Definite article the der

Indefinite article a the

Possessive my mein

Demonstrative this that

WH determiner which welchen

NEG determiner no kein

Quantifier each jeder

Page 18: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Definite article

MASC

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

der

den

dem

des

Page 19: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Definite article

MASC FEM

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

der

den

dem

des

die

die

der

der

Page 20: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Definite article

MASC FEM NEUT

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

der

den

dem

des

die

die

der

der

das

das

dem

des

Page 21: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Definite article

MASC FEM NEUT PL

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

der

den

dem

des

die

die

der

der

das

das

dem

des

die

die

den

der

Page 22: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite article

MASC FEM NEUT

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

ein

einen

einem

eines

eine

eine

einer

einer

ein

ein

einem

eines

Page 23: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite article

MASC FEM NEUT PL

NOM

ACC

DAT

GEN

ein

einen

einem

eines

eine

eine

einer

einer

ein

ein

einem

eines

Peter hat ein Pferd. -> Peter hat Pferde.

Page 24: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Nominative - accusative

• The distinction between nominative and

accusative is unmarked (exception: MASC).

(1) Die Frau sieht die Polizistin.

Die Polizistin sieht die Frau.

(2) Die Frau verhaftet die Polizistin.

Die Polizistin verhaftet die Frau.

Page 25: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Accusative - dative

• The distinction between accusative and dative is

clearly marked.

(1) Peter fährt in die Stadt.

Peter fährt in der Stadt.

(2) Peter gibt dem Mann den Ball.

Peter gibt den Ball dem Mann.

Page 26: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Genitive

• The genitive is always clearly marked.

(1) Der Sieg der Engländer war eine Überraschung.

(2) Ich finde den Sieg der Engländer ungerecht.

(3) Die Ursachen des Sieges der Engländer.

Page 27: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Adjectives

(1) A blue ball

Der blaue Ball.

(3) Das Haus ist groß.

Die Häuser sind groß.

(2) The ball is blue.

Der Ball ist blau.

Page 28: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Weak adjective declension

MASC FEM NEUT PL

der gute Mann

den guten Mann

dem guten Mann

des guten Mannes

die gute Frau

die gute Frau

der guten Frau

der guten Frau

das blaue Haus

das blaue Haus

dem blauen Haus

des blauen

Hauses

die guten Leute

die guten Leute

den guten Leuten

der guten Leute

Page 29: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Strong adjective declension

MASC FEM NEUT PL

guter Wein

guten Wein

gutem Wein

guten Weines

gute Milch

gute Milch

guter Milch

guter Milch

gutes Obst

gutes Obst

gutem Obst

guten Obstes

gute Äpfel

gute Äpfel

guten Äpfel

guter Apfel

Page 30: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Mixed adjective declension

MASC FEM NEUT PL

ein guter Mann

einen guten Mann

einem guten Mann

eines guten Mannes

eine gute Frau

eine gute Frau

einer guten Frau

einer guten Frau

ein gutes Haus

ein gutes Haus

einem guten Haus

eines guten Hauses

keine guten Leute

keine guten Leute

keine guten Leute

keiner guten Leute

Page 31: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Comparative forms

Base Comparative Superlatives

happy

tall

beautiful

good

bad

happier

taller

more beautiful

better

worse

happiest

tallest

most beautiful

best

worst

Page 32: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Comparative forms

Base Comparative Superlatives

glücklich

groß

schön

gut

schlecht

glücklicher

größer

schöner

besser

schlechter

am glücklichsten

am größten

am schönsten

am besten

am schlechtesten

Page 33: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Pronoun

Personal I, you, he ich, du, er

Possessive mine meiner

Reflexive myself sich

Relative who der

Interrogative what was

Demonstrative this dieser

Indefinite somebody jemand

Page 34: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO

1. Person

SG PL

Subject I we

Object me us

Genitive mine ours

Page 35: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO

1. Person 2. Person

SG PL SG PL

Subject I we you you

Object me us you you

Genitive mine ours yours yours

Page 36: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO

1. Person

SG PL

Nominative ich wir

Accusative mich uns

Dative mir uns

Genitive meiner unser

Page 37: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO

1. Person 2. Person

SG PL SG PL

Nominative ich wir du ihr

Accusative mich uns dich euch

Dative mir uns dir euch

Genitive meiner unser deiner euer

Page 38: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 3. PRO

MASC FEM NEUT PL

Subject he she it they

Object him her it them

Genitive his hers its theirs

Page 39: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Personal and possessive 3. PRO

MASC FEM NEUT PL

Nominative er sie es sie

Accusative ihn sie es sie

Dative ihm ihr ihm ihnen

Genitive seiner ihrer seiner ihrer

Page 40: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Reflexive pronouns

Singular Plural

1st myself ourselves

2nd yourself yourselves

3rd Masc himselfthemselvesFem herself

Neut itself

(1) Peter saw himself in the mirror.

(2) Peter saw him in the mirror.

Page 41: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Reflexive pronouns

(1) Ich sehe mich im Spiegel.

(2) Du siehst dich im Spiegel.

(3) Er sieht sich im Spiegel

Singular Plural

1st (mich) (uns)

2nd (dich) (euch)

3rd MascsichFem

Neut

Page 42: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Reflexive pronouns

(1) He hurt himself.

(2) He hurt him.

(3) He expects PeterOBJ to hurt himself.

(4) HeSUBJ said that Peter hurt him.

Minimal distance principle: Reflexives pronouns are coreferential with the closest antecedent.

Page 43: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Demonstrative pronouns

Singular Plural

Proximal this these

Distal that those

Page 44: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Demonstrative pronouns

MASC FEM NEUT PL

NOM dieser diese dieses diese

ACC diesen diese dieses diese

DAT diesem dieser diesem diesen

GEN dieses dieser dieses dieser

Page 45: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Demonstrative Pronoun

(1) This is mine and that is yours.

(2) This one (here) and that one (over there).(3) *This one (over there) and that one here.

(4) Der hier und der da(5) Celui-ci et celui-là

Page 46: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun

Positive everyone/everything

all

Negative no one/nothing

none

Page 47: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun Determiner

Positive everyone/everything

every/each

all all

Negative no one/nothing no

none

Page 48: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun Determiner

Positive everyone/everything

every/each

all all

Negative no one/nothing no

none

Partitive Pronoun

Assertive someone/something

some

Nonassertive anyone/anything

Page 49: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun Determiner

Positive everyone/everything

every/each

all all

Negative no one/nothing no

none

Partitive Pronoun Determiner

Assertive someone/something some

some

Nonassertive anyone/anything any/either

Page 50: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

(1) I see something.

(2) I don’t see anything.

(3) Do you see anything?

(4) If any/something happens, ….

Page 51: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun Determiner

Positive jeder/jedes jeder

alle alle

Negative niemand/nichts kein

keiner

Page 52: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Indefinite pronouns

Universal Pronoun Determiner

Positive jeder/jedes jeder

alle alle

Negative niemand/nichts kein

keiner

Partitive Pronoun Determiner

in all contexts jemand irgendein

etwas etwas

Page 53: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Prepositions

Simple prepositions

in, at, of, to, by, over, since, after, until, before, under, into, through, despite

Complex prepositions

because of, in front of, by mean of, on behalf of, due to, for the sake of, next to, on account of, except for, in spite of

Page 54: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Prepositions

Space in, on, at, above, under, through

Time in, on, at, since, during, from … to

Cause because of, on account of

Instrument by, with

Accomplishment with, without

Concession despite, in spite of

Exception except for, apart from

Addition in addition, as well as

Relation as for, concerning, as regards

Page 55: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Prepositions

Simple prepositions

in, an, auf, unter, zu, bei, von, seit, ohne, um, gegen, bis, durch, aus, mit, nach, statt

Complex prepositions

anhand, infolge, diesseits, zugunsten, aufgrund, abseits, entsprechend, vorbehaltlich, anlässlich

Page 56: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Prepositions

Space in, an, auf, unter, hinter, über

Time seit, nach, vor, bis

Cause wegen

Instrument durch, mit

Accomplishment mit, ohne

Concession trotz

Exception außer

Addition zuzüglich

Relation hinsichtlich

Page 57: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case of German prepositions

DAT

ausbeizuseitlautmitnach

Page 58: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case of German prepositions

DAT ACC

ausbeizuseitlautmitnach

fürdurchbisohneumgegen

Page 59: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case of German prepositions

DAT ACC DAT/ACC

ausbeizuseitlautmitnach

fürdurchbisohneumgegen

innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen

Page 60: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Accusative - Dative

(1) Ich sitze auf der Mauer.

Ich klettere auf die Mauer.

(2) Ich stehe vor dem Baum.

Ich setze mich vor den Baum.

Page 61: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case of German prepositions

DAT ACC DAT/ACC GEN/DAT

ausbeizuseitlautmitnach

fürdurchbisohneumgegen

innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen

trotzwegenstattwährendmittelsdank

Page 62: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Genitive - Dative

(1) Trotz des Wetters / trotz dem Wetter

(2) Wegen des Wetters / wegen des Wetters

(3) Während des Essens / während dem Esssen

Der Dati ist dem Genitiv sein Tot.

Page 63: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Case of German prepositions

DAT ACC DAT/ACC GEN/DAT GEN

ausbeizuseitlautmitnach

fürdurchbisohneumgegen

innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen

trotzwegenstattwährendmittelsdank

kraftanhandinfolgezugunstenanlässlichungeachtetaufgrund

Page 64: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Genitive

(1) Kraft seiner Autorität

(2) Anhand des Beispiels

(3) Infolges des Angriffs auf den Irak

(4) Anlässlich seines Geburtstags

Page 65: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Grammaticalization

(1) An der Hand dieser Beispiele > anhand

(2) In der Folge dieses Ereignisses > infolge

(3) Aus Anlass dieses Ereignisses > anlässlich

(4) Ohne Achtung des Risikos > ungeachtet

Page 66: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Prepositions: Fusional forms

(1) im, am, vom, beim, zum, zur

(2) ans, ins, hinterm, unterm, hinters

Page 67: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Pronominal adverbs

German English

hiermit hereby

damit thereby

hiervor thereof

davon thereof

dazu

darunter

(1) Peter träumt von einer langen Reise. Davon will Susi nichts wissen.

(2) Peter hat ein Auto. Das Dach davon ist jedoch kaput.

Page 68: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Conjunctions

Coordinate

and, but, so, for

both…both, either… or, neither … nor

Subordinate

if, when, since, until, before, after, although, as, because,

Page 69: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Conjunctions

Coordinate

und, aber, denn

weder … noch, entweder … oder

Subordinate

wenn, weil, nachdem, bevor, seit, obwohl, da, falls, somit

Page 70: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Conjuncts / Conjunctive adverbs

German

deswegen

deshalb

demgegenüber

dementsprechend

demzufolge

demnach

English

therefore

however

though

accordingly

nevertheless

yet

Page 71: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Verbs

verbs

main verbs auxiliaries

(real) auxiliaries modal verbs

play be / have can / must

Page 72: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Verbal categories

1. person

2. tense

3. aspect

4. mood

Page 73: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Strong / weak verbs

English

walk walked walked

drink drank drunk

German

bauen baute gebaut

trinken trank getrunken

Page 74: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Auxiliaries

English

be, have, will, do

German

sein, haben, werden

Page 75: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Auxiliaries / modals in English

Questions

(1) Is Peter coming?

(2) Could you see him?

Negation

(1) I won’t come.

(2) This cannot be right.

Page 76: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

English modals

Primary modals

can, may, shall, will, must, could, might, shoud, would

Secondary modals

used to, dare to, need to, have to, be able to, be supposed to, had better

Page 77: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

German modals

Primary modals

dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen, möchten

Secondary modals

brauchen (zu)

Page 78: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

German modals

(1) Sie mag Himbeereis.

(2) Er möchte ein Eis.

(3) Er will den ersten Preis.

(4) Er will, dass du bleibst.

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Grammatical features of modals

Bare infinitives

(1) She can come.

(2) Sie kann gehen.

Past tense forms do not (always) express past tense

(1) Could you pass me the salt.

(2) Könntest du mir das Salz reichen.

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Preterite Present Forms

Present Past

lauf-en lief

läuf-st lief-(e)st

lauf-e lief

lauf-en lief-en

lauf-t lief-t

lauf-en lief-en

Modal

kann

kann-st

kann

könn-en

könn-t

könn-en

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Preterite Present Forms

Present Past

lauf-en lief

läuf-st lief-(e)st

läuf-e lief

lauf-en lief-en

lauf-t lief-t

lauf-en lief-en

Modal

kann

kann-st

kann

könn-en

könn-t

könn-en

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Deontic / epistemic

(1) She must do that.

He can do that.

(2) That must be right.

This can only be a mistake.

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Person inflection

I walk walk-ed

You walk walk-ed

He walk-s walk-ed

We walk walk-ed

You walk walk-ed

They walk walk-ed

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Person inflection

ich bau-(e) baut-e

Du bau-st baut-est

Er bau-t baut-e

Wir bau-en baut-en

Ihr bau-t baut-et

Sie bau-en baut-en

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Tense / aspect

Present tense: walk baue

Past tense: walked baute

Present perfect: has walked hat gebaut

Past perfect: had walked hatte gebaut

Future will walk wird bauen

Future perfect will have walked wird gebaut haben

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Progressive tense

Present tense: am walking

Past tense: was walking

Present perfect: have been walking

Past perfect: had been walking

Future: will be walking

Future perfect: will have been walking

Page 87: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Present tense

(1) a. Peter thinks that she will be there.

b. Peter goes to London (every year).

(2) a. Peter plays the piano.

b. Peter is playing the piano.

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Present tense

(1) a. I enclose a form of application.

b. I apologize for my behavior.

(2) a. Jack tells me that the position is still available.

b. I hear that you need an assistant.

(3) a. The plane leaves for Berlin at 8 o’clock tonight.

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Future tense

(1) She will be there.

I shall be there.

(2) Martha is going to lend us her camera.

(3) I am leaving in a minute.

(4) The guest will be drunk before they leave.

(5) The train is about to leave.

Page 90: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Future tense

(1) Peter spielt gerade Klavier.

(2) Peter geht morgen nicht zur Arbeit.

Peter wird morgen nicht zur Arbeit gehen.

Page 91: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Past and Perfect

(1) The Normans invaded England in 1066.

(2) We have lived in Amsterdam for five years.

(3) Chomsky has shown that grammar has a

mental dimension.

(4) a. He broke his arm.

b. He has broken his arm.

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Past and Perfect

(1) Bismark gewann die Schlacht.

(2) Bismark hat die Schlacht gewonnen.

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Past perfect and future perfect

(1) They had moved into the new house before

the baby was born.

origoPast 1 Past 2

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Past perfect and future perfect

(2) By next week, they will have completed their

contracts.

Fut 1origo Fut 2

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Aktionsarten

verbs

[-dynamic] [+dynamic]

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Aktionsarten

verbs

[-dynamic] [+dynamic]

[-telic] [+telic]

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Aktionsarten

verbs

[-dynamic] [+dynamic]

[-telic] [+telic]

[-durative] [+durative] [-durative] [+durative]

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Aktionsarten

verbs

[-dynamic] [+dynamic]

[-telic] [+telic]

[-durative] [+durative] [-durative] [+durative]

states semelf. activities achieve. accompl.

Page 99: Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music

Aktionsarten

(1) She hates ice cream. State

(2) The gate banged. Semelfactive

(3) She watched TV. Activity

(4) She opened the window. Achievement

(5) She learned French. Accomplishment

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Aspect

(1) She has walked the whole way. Perfect

(2) She is walking. Progressive

(3) She is about to leave. Inceptive

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ING

(1) She is talking to him.

(2) This is very interesting.

(3) A barking dog is a nuisance.

(4) Reading poetry is fun.

(5) Walking along the river, I noticed Jack.

(6) The guy talking to George is my boss.

(7) Peter saw me smoking cigarettes.

(8) California is a real melting pot.

(9) Concerning your recent proposal, I think ….

Progressive

Predicative ADJ

Attributive ADJ

Gerund

ADV-clause

REL-clause

COMP-clause

Compound

Preposition

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Mood

(1) I insist the we reconsider our decision.

(2) I demand that he resign.

(3) I suggest that the paper be rejected.

Verbs:

insist, demand, suggest, propose, recommend, is necessary

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Mood

(1) If she had to come, she would come with him.

(2) I she were you, she would do it.

(3) I wish I were you.

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Mood

WEAK Present subjunctive

IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie

glaubeglaubestglaubeglaubenglaubetglauben

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Mood

WEAK Present subjunctive Past subjunctive

IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie

glaubeglaubestglaubeglaubenglaubetglauben

glaubteglaubtestglaubteglaubtenglaubtetglaubten

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Mood

STRONG Present subjunctive

IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie

reibereibestreibereibenreibetreiben

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Mood

STRONG Present subjunctive Past subjunctive

IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie

reibereibestreibereibenreibetreiben

rieberiebestrieberiebtriebetriebt

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Present subjunctive

(1) Karl behauptet, dass Egon bleiben will/wolle.

(2) Karl versteht, dass Egon bleiben will/*wolle.

(1) Karl tut so, als ob er die Antwort wisse.

(2) Man nehme eine Bratpfanne und schlage ein

Ei hinein.

(3) Lang lebe die Republik.

Indirect speech?

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Past subjunctive

(1) Wenn du kommst, fahren wir.

(2) Wenn du kämest, führen wir.

(3) Wenn du gekommen wärest, wären wir gefahren.

(1) Susi behauptet, dass Peter kommen würde.

(2) Wenn du kommen würdest, würden wir uns freuen.

(1) Peter sagte, er käme zur Party.

(2) Susi behauptet, sie ginge dort hin.

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English German

Inflected

Uninflected

NounMain verbsAuxiliaries(Modal verbs)DemonstrativesInterrogativesRelative pronouns

AdverbsConjunctionsConjunctsPrepositionsPrepositional adverbsParticlesArticlesAdjectives

NounsMain verbsAuxiliariesModal verbsDemonstrativesInterrogativesRelative pronounsArticlesAdjectives

AdverbsConjunctionsConjunctsPrepositionsPrepositional adverbsParticles

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Adverbs

Simple adverbs

Well, back, down, near, out, very

Compound adverbs

Somehow, somewhere, yesterday, afterwards

Derivative adverbs

ADV-ly

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Adverbs

(1) Fortunately, we didn’t miss the train.

(2) Peter walked slowly back to the car.

(3) That was extremely useful.

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Adverbs

Base Comparative Superlatives

sooncomfortablywell

soonermore comfortablybetter

soonestmost comfortablybest

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Adverbs

Simple adverbs

Eben, gerade, jetzt, sofort,

Compound adverbs

Unterhalb, vielleicht, hoffentlich, leider

Derivative adverbs

ADV-weise

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Focus paricles

English: only, also, already, too, about, ever

German: allein, auch, bereits, eben, erst, etwa

(1) a. Even Peter is able to do that.

b. Sogar Peter kann das schaffen.

(2) a. I am only happy when the sun shines.

b. Ich bin nur glücklich, wenn die Sonne

scheint.

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Modal paricles

English: just, jet

German: aber, auch, bloß, denn, doch, eigentlich,

ja, mal, wohl, ahlt, schon, ruhig

(1) a. Er hat das ja so gewollt.

b. *Hast du das ja so gewollt.

(2) a. *Peter hat das denn nicht gewusst.

b. Hat das Peter denn nicht gewusst?