Partnership for Cleaner Fuels & Vehicles

Clear Air Initiative

18th December 2002 Hong Kong

The Indian Perspective

Rajat Nandi

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

Vehicle Population in Metros(1999-2000)

Delhi Chennai Kolkata Mumbai

Trucks 156,157 24,556 59,576 20,199

Buses 37,733 4,409 8,586 15,414

Taxis 17,762 9,596 32,199 58,696

3-Wheelers 86,985 35,420 9,747 97,565

2-Wheelers 2,184,581 848,118 298,959 407,306

Cars 869,820 199,848 238,560 303,108

Source: Motor Transport Statistics of India 1999-2000 (MoRT&H, October 2002)

SIAM

0

24

6

810

12

1416

18

1991 1996 1998 2000 Bharat StageII

84% - New Cars

CO

+H

C+

NO

x (g

/km

)Emission Reductions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1992 1996 2000 BS II

CO

+H

C+

NO

x +

PM

(g

/kW

h)

65% New Diesel Vehicles

0

5

10

15

20

25

1991 1996 2000

CO

+H

C+

NO

x (g

/km

)80% - New 2-W

SIAMSIAM

Norms Year Category of vehicles

Remarks

India 2000(Euro I equivalent /

Bharat Stage I)

April 2000 All vehicles Across the country

Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent)

2000 Cars Metros

-do- 2001 City Buses -do-

Emission Standards

Present Scenario

SIAM

Future Emission StandardsAll Vehicles (except 2 & 3 Wheelers)

Norms Year Remarks

Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent)

1st April 2003 Seven more cities

Bharat Stage II (Euro II equivalent)

1st April 2005 Entire country

Bharat Stage III (Euro III equivalent)

1st April 2005 11 cities

-do- 1st April 2010 Entire country

Euro IV equivalent 1st April 2010 11 cities

SIAM

Emission Standards (Contd…)

* Preferably 1st April 2008 (Not later than 1st April 2010)

Future Proposal (2&3 Wheelers)

Norms g/km(IDC) Year Remarks

CO HC+NOx

1.5 1.5 1st April 2005 Entire country

1.0 1.0 1st April 2010 * Entire country

SIAM

Future Fuel Quality ImprovementsEuro II* Euro III* Euro IV*

• GasolineOctane (RON) 88-93 91-95 91-95Lead(g/l) 0.013 0.005 0.005Sulphur(%mass) 0.05 0.015 0.005Benzene(%vol) 3-5 1 1

• DieselCetane 48 51 51Density(Kg/m3) 820-860 820-845 820-845Sulphur (%mass) 0.05 0.035 0.005

*Equivalent Norms

SIAM

Technology Evolution In Petrol Engines

• Carburettor engines

• Oxidation catalytic converter with open loop

• EGR

•Secondary air injection

•Throttle body /port injection

• 3-way catalytic converter with close loop

• Multipoint fuel injection system

• Electronic engine management

• On-board diagnostics

EURO 0

EURO 1

EURO 2

EURO 3

SIAM

Technology Evolution In Diesel Engines

• Oxidation catalysts

• DeNox catalysts (passive & active)

• Nox trap catalyst

• Optimum fie +comb. Chamber + air motion

• TC + variable nozzle turbine

• Selective catalyst reduction (SCR)

• Continuously regenerating trap SIAM

Technological Evolution for 2 Stroke Engines in 2-wheelers

1996 2000 Future

1.Scavenging improvements through

•Multiple & better ports•Improved exhaust

2.Leaner mixture through•improved carburetors

3.Better combustion through

•Higher compression ratio•Better combustion chamber

4.Electronic Ignition

1. Further improvements in • Scavenging• Combustion

2. Use of Catalytic converter

(Oxidative type)3. Reduced 2T oil

dosage

1.Further improvements in

•Scavenging•Combustion

2.Electronic engine management3.Improved catalytic converters4.Dual Catalytic converter5.Fuel injection 6.Smoke less oils

Tighter Production tolerances SIAM

Technological Evolution For 4 Stroke Engines in 2-wheelers

1996 1.Leaner mixture through improved carburetors2.Improved Combustion

2000 1.Secondary air injection2.Hot tube or catalytic converter3.Tighter Production tolerances

Future 1.Secondary air injection2.Variable intake system3.Catalytic converter4.Electronic engine management5.Tighter Production tolerances

SIAM

Need for Integrated Approach

Present Scenario

• Large Population of Old Vehicles

• Lack of Maintenance Practice

• Use of Adulterated Fuels

Therefore need for:

• Inspection & Certification

• Alternative Fuel Technologies

SIAM

Inspection & Certification – Present Structure

Ministry of Road Transport & Highways

State Transport Departments (TD)

Fitness Check*(Operated by TD)

Emission Check – “PUC”(Private Operators Licensed

By TD)

Few per City Hundreds

* For Transport Vehicles only- Buses, Trucks, Taxis & 3-Wheelers

SIAM

Inspection & Certification - Gaps Areas

• SIAM roadmap for Introduction of Centralised I&C System accepted by Government – Need implementation – Covering all categories of vehicles including Private

Cars and Two-Wheelers

• Development of Operating and Management Systems

• Audit • Enforcement• Public Awareness & Acceptability

SIAM

Alternative Fuel Technologies- Present Scenario

• Delhi – Highest no. of CNG vehicles– 8,510 Buses– 43,266 3-Wheelers– 3,370 Taxis

Source: Transport Dept. Government of NCT of Delhi – 1st nov 2002

– 101 CNG Filling Stations

• Mumbai– About 25,000 Taxis

SIAM

Alternative Fuel Technologies- Gap Areas

• Need for City Specific Roadmap– LPG, CNG, Electric, Hybrid

• Training• Infrastructure for Implementing a new

Programme• Regulatory Framework• Cost Benefit Analysis

SIAM

PHOTO 8 : BAJAJ RE 4S CNG AUTO-RIKHSHAW WITH 2 CNG CYLINDERS BARE CHASSIS SHOWING CYLINDER, KIT & ENGINE LOCATION

PHOTO 8 : BAJAJ RE 4S CNG AUTO-RIKHSHAW WITH 2 CNG CYLINDERS BARE CHASSIS SHOWING CYLINDER, KIT & ENGINE LOCATION

SIAM

AMBASSADOR CLASSIC CAR - CNG

HINDUSTAN MOTORS LIMITED

Tank Layout

Engine Comp.

SIAM

CNG CYLIDERS LAYOUT ON A BUS CHASSIS

SIAM

Emission Management

• Need to develop Emission Factors in India

• Quantify benefits of each intervention– Engine Technology– Fuel Quality– Alternative Fuels– Maintenance

SIAM

SIAM Initiatives

• In-use vehicle emission management

• Organized I&M Clinics

– 18 Nos. in major cities – Covered more than 100,000 vehicles

• Idle emission• Usage pattern • Effect of maintenance on emissions.

SIAM

In-use vehicle emission management (contd…)

• Development of computerized emission check centres (CECC)

• SIAM setup 2 model centres each in metros• State Governments accepted model centres

– Delhi : 200– Hyderabad : 100– Bangalore : 100

• Other cities also planning mandating CECC

SIAM

• Next Steps

– Networking– Data Analysis – Computerised Model I &C Centres

In-use vehicle emission management (contd…)

SIAM

SIAM to organise

• International Seminar on Alternative Energy Driven Vehicles in March 2003

• International Exposition on Inspection & Maintenance in March / April 2003

THANK YOU

Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers Core – 4B, 5th Floor, India Habitat CentreLodi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, INDIA

Phone: 00 91 11 24647810-12/24648555 Fax: 00 91 11 24648222E-mail – siam@vsnl.com / siam@bol.net.in