Particles integrate the field

H.S. Hudson

UC Berkeley

Tutorial 0

• Only particle measurements can really show field lines

• Velocity distribution functions show that the plasma invariably has a tail of energetic particles

Tutorial 1

• Larmor radii

• Debye lengths

• Inertial scales

• Ranges

Tutorial 2

• Adiabatic invariants of motion

- Mirror (OK in corona)

- Bounce (OK in corona sometimes)

- Drift (Doesn’t work in corona)

Tutorial 3

• Non-adiabatic motions (guiding-center drifts)

• Electrons in space

• Flares, jets, etc.

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Conclusions

• Energetic particles define field lines• “Marker” flares/type IIIs occur• Energetic electrons detectable at 1 A.U.

can originate deep in the atmosphere, and arrive immediately

• Therefore, the particles can provide an exact integral of the corona/SW field

Program

• Link heliospheric particle measurements with what happens at the Sun

- Direct connectivity for open field lines - Morphology of active regions with radio signatures• Compare this new information about

connectivity with what we learn about coronal B• Answer the question, “Can we close the universe

with magnetic energy?”