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Caharodin A. Cali Jose B. Arances Ermelinda Goc-Ong Tobias Emma M. Sabado Apolinario A. Alicante Lucy B. Ledres Olga M. Nuñeza Domingo S. Ramirez Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental, Philippines Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

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Caharodin A. Cali Jose B. Arances Ermelinda Goc-Ong Tobias Emma M. Sabado Apolinario A. Alicante Lucy B. Ledres Olga M. Nuñeza Domingo S. Ramirez

Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt. Malindang,

Misamis Occidental, Philippines

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

Participatory Rural Appraisal in the Upland Ecosystem of Mt. Malindang, Misamis Occidental, Philippines

Caharodin A. Cali Jose B. Arances

Ermelinda Goc-Ong Tobias Emma M. Sabado

Apolinario A. Alicante Lucy B. Ledres Olga M. Nuñeza

Domingo S. Ramirez

under the

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

Funding for BRP is provided by the Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation (DGIS) through the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA).

The Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao is a collaborative research programme on biodiversity management and conservation jointly undertaken by Filipino and Dutch researchers in Mt. Malindang and its environs, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. It is committed to undertake and promote participatory and interdisciplinary research that will promote sustainable use of biological resources, and effective decision-making on biodiversity conservation to improve livelihood and cultural opportunities. BRP aims to make biodiversity research more responsive to real-life problems and development needs of the local communities, by introducing a new mode of knowledge generation for biodiversity management and conservation, and to strengthen capacity for biodiversity research and decision-making by empowering the local research partners and other local stakeholders.

Philippine Copyright 2004 by the Biodiversity Research Programme for Development in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs. SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna. ISBN 971-560-108-1

Volume editor: Elizabeth M. Libas With the assistance of: Carina S. Fule and Gerlie D. Rivera

Contents

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Executive Summary 1

Introduction 7Geographical location and topography 7Historical information 8

ConcepcionDon Victoriano

Objectives 9

Methodology 10

Capability building 10Gathering of secondary data 10Entry protocols and permits 10Reconnaissance survey and site validation 11Identifying stakeholders 11Identifying key informants 11Orientation of key informants/participants/stakeholders 11Fieldwork/PRA 11Data organization and analysis 12Community validation meetings 12Report writing 12

Results and Discussion 13

I. Biophysical characteristics 13A. East-West Transect of Don Victoriano 13

1. Mansawan2. Gandawan3. Lake Duminagat

B. Southeastern Transect of Don Victoriano 161. Lampasan2. Tuno3. Lalud

C. Northwestern Transect of Concepcion 171. Sixto Velez2. Upper Salimpuno3. Upper Potongan4. Small Potongan

D. Northeastern Transect of Concepcion 171. Small Potongan2. Virayan3. Poblacion Concepcion

Upland subecosystems 17Stakeholders identified 18Biological resources and their uses 18

a. Botanicals 18b. Avifauna 19c. Other vertebrates 19d. Arthropods 19e. Other invertebrates 20

II. Sociocultural and Economic Characteristics 20

A. Municipality of Concepcion 211. Barangay Poblacion 212. Barangay Small Potongan 223. Barangay Upper Potongan 224. Barangay Virayan 235. Barangay Upper Salimpuno 24

B. Municipality of Sapang Dalaga 251. Barangay Sixto Velez 25

C. Municipality of Don Victoriano 261. Barangay Tuno 262. Barangay Lalud 273. Barangay Lampasan 274. Barangay Lake Duminagat 285. Barangay Gandawan 286. Barangay Mansawan 29

III. Interconnectedness 30

a. Resource use and flow patterns 30b. Political flow 31

IV. Common observations and findings 31

a. Biophysical resources 31b. Sociocultural and economic findings 32c. Issues and concerns 32d. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 33

V. Interaction analysis 33

a. Biophysical situations 33b. Sociocultural and economic situations 34

VI. Recommendations 35

a. First generation researchable areas 35b. Second generation and specific researchable areas 35c. Development needs for possible intervention by relevant GOs and NGOs 36d. Support programs 37

References 38

Appendix Tables 39

Acknowledgments

The Upland Ecosystem Team of the Pre-implementation Phase of the Philippines-NetherlandsBiodiversity Research Programme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang, would like to thank thefollowing:

· The Department of Biological Sciences of Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan City for the use of the computer facilities,· Respective University Presidents for allowing the researchers to get involved in this unique

and innovative type of research endeavor,· Hon. Rodolfo Luna, the Municipal Mayor of Don Victoriano, for allowing researchers to

enter and conduct the PRA in the different barangays, for accommodating the team in hisresidence, for providing the team the necessary logistical support, and for the kindnesshis family has shown to the team,

· Hon. Juanidy Vina, vice-mayor of Concepcion, for all the support extended to us fromstart to finish, against all odds,

· Hon. Melquiades D. Azcuna, Jr., mayor of Lopez Jaena, for the heartwarming welcome accorded to the researchers,

· PASu Rolando S. Dingal for all the support and information his office extended to us,· Bert Cajeta for his kindness, cooperation, and support,· Paul for the milk and others, Bebs for everything,· Dodong, for his down-to-earth attitude which the team needed most,· Merriam, Pacit, Virgie, and Marilyn for being so accommodating,· All the barangay captains who helped us in all aspects of the PRA,· Dr. William Sm. Gruezo for always being there for the team,· Ms. Helen Dayo and Lucy for accommodating the Upland Team,· SEARCA, Dr. Sajise, Gil, Alice, Marhz, Auring, Jess who kept us on our feet,· RAWOO, Ed Maan, Paul, Marc, Colin, Gerard, Thom for the support,· All resource persons who were always in high spirits,· All PRA teams, for the synergy and strength, and· All members of the Upland Team for the cooperation and support.

A million thanks to one and all.

Acronyms

ABC Association of Barangay Captains BRP Biodiversity Research Programme BHW Barangay Health Worker CBFM Community-Based Forest Management CIDSS Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services CML Centre of Environmental Science CMU Central Mindanao University DA Department of Agriculture DECS Department of Education, Culture and Sports DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development DOSCST Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENR-SECAL Environment and Natural Resources - Sectoral Adjustment Loan GO Government Organization IEC Information, Education and Communication IP Indigenous People LGU Local Government Unit MATCO Mt. Ampiro Timber Company MHO Municipal Health Officer MSU Mindanao State University MSU-IIT Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NGO Nongovernment Organization NIA National Irrigation Authority NIPAP National Integrated Protected Areas Programme NIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas System PAMB Protected Area Management Board PASA Protected Area Suitability Assessment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRE Population-Resource-Environment PTCA Parent-Teacher-Community Association RA Republic Act RIC Rural Improvement Club RRMP Regional Resource Management Program SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SEARCA Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in

Agriculture SK Sangguniang Kabataan SKPSC Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State College SPAMAST Southern Philippines Agribusiness, Marine and Aquatic School of Technology SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats TACDRUP Technical Assistance Center for the Development of Rural and Urban Poor TRICAP Tribal Communities Association of the Philippines

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 1

Executive Summary

The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) of theupland ecosystem during the pre-implementation phase of the Philippines-Netherlands Biodiversity Research Programmein Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang was donein April to May 1999. This activity aimed to:

1. describe the biophysical, sociocultural andeconomic conditions and status of theupland ecosystem;

2. assess the biodiversity conditions of Mt.Malindang Range;

3. identify the stakeholders and their needs;

4. determine the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, and threats to the communitiesin relation to biodiversity conservation; and

5. identify researchable areas in the uplandecosystems of Mt. Malindang Range.

The Upland Ecosystem Team consisted of eightmembers with multidisciplinary backgroundsuch as forestry, ecology, zoology, wildlifebiology, entomology, and socio-anthropology.They come from the different institutions ofhigher learning and agencies based inMindanao. Two members (Dr. Jose B. Arancesand Prof. Lucy B. Ledres) are from CentralMindanao University (CMU), Musuan, Bukidnon,two (Dr. Olga M. Nuñeza and Dr. Ermelinda G.Tobias) are from the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), three(Dr. Caharodin A. Cali, Dr. Emma M. Sabado, andDr. Apolinario A. Alicante) are from MSU, MarawiCity, and Mr. Domingo Ramirez from theDepartment of Environment and NaturalResources (DENR)-National Integrated ProtectedAreas Program (NIPAP)-Protected AreaManagement Board (PAMB). The team was ledby Dr. Caharodin A. Cali as key person and Dr.Jose B. Arances as PRA team leader.

The PRA sites for the Upland Ecosystem Teamwere the municipalities of Concepcion and DonVictoriano. Both are located in the Malindangmountain range which is within the core of theProvince of Misamis Occidental. Only sixbarangays of Don Victoriano and five barangaysof Concepcion were included. To establish

interconnectivity with the lowland ecosystem,one barangay of Sapang Dalaga, Sixto Velez,was included.

Preparatory activities for the PRA were done.All PRA participants attended trainings andworkshops conducted by SEARCA. The PhilippineWorking Group, Dutch experts, and resourcepersons of various disciplines were also present.The first training and workshop was held inDapitan in August 1998, where all theparticipants were introduced to participatory,multidisciplinary, and multisectoral approachesto biodiversity research. Major activities of thepre-implementation phase were determined andkey persons and members for each activity wereidentified to: (1) gather secondary data aboutMt. Malindang and its environs, (2) identifystakeholders, (3) identify problem areas, (4)form a research team, and (5) identify researchareas.

During the training, ocular visits to the researchsite were undertaken to encourage theenthusiasm of the participants. Further trainingand workshop were undertaken at CMU, Musuan,Bukidnon where additional participants wereinvited to join. Team building, interdisciplinarity,and commitment were emphasized by thetrainors. Different methods of PRA wereintroduced, including transect walks,semistructured interview, and focus groupdiscussions. The landscape approach tobiodiversity assessment was fine-tuned. Hence,three ecosystems were named: upland, lowland,and coastal ecosystems. Three ecosystem teamswere formed. Likewise, the teams for stakeholdersanalysis and biodiversity research programmewere also formed. Each training participant wasidentified for a particular ecosystem.

Entry protocols and requirements to the PRA sitesfollowed. These were facilitated by theStakeholders Analysis Team and enhanced bythe different ecosystem teams themselves.Permits to enter and conduct fieldwork in thedesignated barangays were secured from therespective municipal mayors.

The Upland Ecosystem Team conducted thereconnaissance survey in the two towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion in early April 1999.

2 Technical Report

Courtesy calls and consultative meetings withlocal government officials followed and thePhilippines-Netherlands Biodiversity ResearchProgramme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindangwas presented and discussed. In addition,multisectoral meetings were conducted tofurther enhance the community’s understandingof the biodiversity research programme. Keyinformants, stakeholders, and participants wereidentified and orientation of prospectiveparticipants followed in preparation for thefieldwork.

Fieldwork of the PRA commenced in early May1999 at Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.Transect walks were done toward variousdirections within the barangay taking note ofits biophysical, economic, and cultural features.Documentation of observations and activitieswas done. Spot mapping and resource mappingof the main thoroughfare of the barangay wereaccomplished. To enhance the gathering ofinformation about biophysical, sociocultural andeconomic conditions, interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire were conducted amongresidents encountered along the transect walksand those in their homes. Small group discussionsensued whenever people flocked with the teammembers due to curiosity. In effect, furtherverification and validation of information/datagathered was accomplished. At the end of theday, the team members shared, discussed, andanalyzed the data/information gathered.

The team continued the transect walk towardthe next barangay, taking note of the biophysicalfeatures along the way. Identification andcounting of number of specific species weredone to determine biodiversity status. The nextbarangay is Gandawan. Similar methods ofgathering information about flora and fauna thatwere prevalent a long time ago and aboutsociocultural and economic conditions of thepeople were employed in all barangays of thetwo municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion where the team conducted the PRA.Barangays include Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Lampasan, Tuno and Lalud of DonVictoriano, and Upper Salimpuno, UpperPotongan, Small Potongan, Poblacion, andVirayan of Concepcion, and Sixto Velez ofSapang Dalaga.

Data/information gathered from each barangaywere organized and analyzed in terms of therelationship among the population, resources,and the environment (PRE analysis). Strengths

and weaknesses of the local people wereidentified and opportunities for courses ofactions to be taken were determined. Activitiesthat were threats to environmental security andbiodiversity conservation and sustainabledevelopment were identified and analyzed. Fromthese, researchable and development areaswere generated.

Validation of the PRA results and their analyseswere conducted in the communities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion toward the end ofJune 1999. Government officials and local andindigenous people from various barangaysattended the community validation meetings.Their excellent participation in the validation ofthe results was noted and appreciated.

A. Biophysical features

The Upland Ecosystem PRA sites in DonVictoriano and Concepcion are located withinthe elevation that ranges from 600 to 1500meters above sea level and with a slope rangingfrom 0 to 90 degrees. The ambient temperatureranges from 15 to 22 degrees Celsius. The sitesare located in the Mt. Malindang Range. Thearea consists of rugged mountains, which arevolcanic in origin. Boulders, cobblestones, andsolidified magma are commonly found inmountain flanks and slopes and along creeksand rivers. Basically, the soil type includes clayto clay loam with highly eroded topsoil. Thus,it has insufficient nutrients, and therefore isinfertile.

Various forms of life in the PRA sites were notedand documented. Direct observations andethnobiological interviews were employed toassess the biodiversity status of the differentbarangays. Both floral and faunal species wereidentified on site with the naked eye or with theaid of binoculars.

The total number of species of floral resourcescovered within the entire transects is 507,involving 369 genera and 129 families.According to conservation status, thoseclassified as common consisted of 194 generaand 256 species. Those classified as rareconsisted of 28 genera and 35 species. Thoseclassified as scarce consists of 158 genera and203 species.

Several faunal species were also observed anddocumented. These were vertebrates and

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 3

invertebrates. Sixty-seven species of avian faunawere recorded through observation and from keyinformants. Likewise, 11 species of reptiles, 2species of amphibians, 12 species of mammalsand 8 species of ichthyofauna were alsodocumented.

Among the invertebrates, arthropods were themost prevalent. Insects are the most dominantin terms of number of species and number ofindividuals per species. Insects have significantroles in maintaining biotic communities. Theyact as pollinators, food for birds, fish and otheranimals, as predators, as scavengers, and asparasites of harmful insects. Sixty-three familiesbelonging to 10 insect orders were recorded.Many families (13) belong to Order Lepidoptera.This is followed by Diptera with 11 families,Coleoptera with 9 families, and Hemiptera and

Homoptera with four families each. Dermopteraand Thysanoptera have only one family each.

The following are the relevant observations andfindings on biophysical resources:

1. Severe pest infestation on cabbage: Uponexamination, the pest was identified asdiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Thisis the major pest of cabbage in Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat such thatfarmers are forced to apply insecticides tominimize their impacts.

2. A practical mechanical control of pests oncabbage seedlings was installed andobserved in Barangay Lake Duminagat. Thefarmers used nylon net mesh to enclosetheir nursery beds.

3. The presence of parasitic cocoons on deadlarvae of diamondback moth in Gandawanclearly indicates the presence of naturalenemies that suppress the populationgrowth of insect pests.

4. Dead larvae observed on the way to LakeDuminagat were believed to have beenattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses.

5. Cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus, wasobserved as a pest of okra in Lampasan.

6. Water striders and ripple bugs are abundantin the waters of Lake Duminagat, GuibanRiver, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality. Their presenceindicates the absence of pollutants in thebodies of water.

7. Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna speciesobserved had ecological value as pollinators,seed dispersal agents, and insect pestcontrol agents. Their social value lies in theirbeing used as pets and experimental orresearch materials. Economically, they areused as food and trading items.

8. The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are all situated within a protectedarea where the status of bioresourcesremains unresolved.

The following data on number of genera andspecies were obtained according to use and habit:

Use Genera Species(no.) (no.)

Timber source 28 34Construction materials 8 9Cottage industry 13 18Ornamental plants 84 97Ecological function 70 100Edible parts 42 59Landscape plants 28 31Medicinal plants 15 16Hedge plants 12 13Fiber source 14 16Soil erosion control 9 15Vegetables 10 13Forage/pasture 5 8Weeds 27 111Fuelwood source 5 6Other uses 29 34

Habit Genera Species(no.) (no.)

Herbs 81 117Shrubs 54 82Large trees 28 35Small trees 53 67Grasses 28 33Ferns 23 30Medium-sized trees 34 40Vines 26 31Tree-like 17 26Woody vines 14 31Lichens 5 7Epiphytes 5 7Bryophyte 1 1Total 369 507

4 Technical Report

B. Socioeconomic and cultural profiles

From direct observations and interviews of keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe PRA sites, information and data on thefollowing were gathered. In addition, theseinformation were validated in focus groupdiscussions and multisectoral meetings.

1. The number of households in all barangaysrange from 53 to 362. Population figuresbased on estimates and latest reports rangefrom 210 to 1,829. The average householdsize is six.

2. About 3-5% of the population in eachbarangay is composed of old (65 years andabove) folks. The young (0-14 years old)accounted for about 45% of the totalpopulation. The middle age group (15-64years old) comprises about 50%.

3. There are more females than males.

4. In Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Small Potongan, UpperPotongan, and Virayan, more Subanons wereobserved than any other ethno-linguisticgroup. In these barangays, Subanonsprobably account for 85% to 100% of thepopulation. In Lalud and Tuno, the Subanonsmake up 70% of the total population.

5. The barangays have barangay healthworkers (BHW) but no municipal healthofficer (MHO). Medicines are very muchlacking.

6. Only five barangays have electricity. Themost common mass media facility is thetransistor radio. Barangay captains in DonVictoriano have ICOM radios.

7. Houses are mostly made of galvanized ironsheets and wood/wood shingles. Very fewhouses use cogon as roofing material.

8. Two barangays have high schools. UpperPotongan does not have any elementaryschool. Five barangays have Grades I-II,three barangays have Grades I-IV while threebarangays have complete elementaryschools.

9. Farming is the main source of livelihood.Secondary sources of income include“manungha” (hired help in the farm),“karyada” (hauling), hand-sawing, andselling firewood.

10. Cash crops from Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat are mainly onions,cabbage, and chayote. For Lalud, Tuno, andLampasan, cash crops are corn and rootcrops similar with Barangay Poblacion ofConcepcion.

11.The average area cultivated is only ¼ of ahectare. People occupy forest lands. Theycannot get titles for the land they till sincethey live within the protected areas. Somepossess certificates of stewardship over thepiece of land they occupy.

12.There is no definite cropping pattern for rootcrops, onion, cabbage, and other vegetables.Corn is planted from April to May. Thesecond cropping starts in September.

13. Rainy months are the lean months in SmallPotongan and Upper Potongan, while forVirayan, every month is a lean month.

14.Poultry is seldom raised due to problems ofpests and diseases.

15.Soil fertility is a big problem.

16.Women often help in the farm in addition todoing household chores. They plant, doweeding, and desucker onion plants. Theyalso engaged in “karyada” to augment familyincome.

C. Issues and concerns

The data and information gathered throughdirect observations, interviews, and meetingswith the local residents and their localgovernment units point to important issues andconcerns. In the following list, the first two arethe local residents’ main concerns. The othersare concerns raised by the team and residents.The team agrees with residents in believing thatthese issues and concerns are linked with eachother in an intertwining manner.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 5

1. Socioeconomics

a. Food security among uplandcommunities

b. Social stability/peace and order situationc. Alleviating family income above the

poverty lined. Availment of credit facilities at low or

no interest at alle. Availment of social amenities and

servicesf. Improvement of literacyg. Increased productivity

2. Policy formulation needs

a. Resolving the status of the towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion which arewithin the protected area

b. Tenurial rights of residents in themunicipalities

c. Integrated approach to projectimplementation

d. Advocacy and information campaigns

3. People’s empowerment through trainings andworkshops

a. Agroforestry technologyb. Soil rehabilitation and ameliorationc. Enterprise development and cottage

industry

4. Infrastructural needs

a. Rural electrificationb. Farm-to-market roadsc. Improved health servicesd. Improved water system

5. Habitat destruction

a. Shifting cultivation within grasslands andbrushlands

b. Unfavorable weather conditions andedaphic factors

c. Soil erosion/landslides

6. Chemical pollution

a. Application of pesticidesb. Application of inorganic fertilizers

7. Biological pollutiona. Indiscriminate introduction of alien

speciesb. Species extinction

D. Interconnectedness

The landscape approach to environmentalassessment for biodiversity status is quitetimely and appropriate. The upland ecosystemof the Mt. Malindang Range highly affects theactivities of the lowland and coastal ecosystems.Likewise, the reverse is true. Many aspects ofdaily life are interconnected. The PRA site,located in the mountain flanks, is endowed witha rich riverine system. Headwaters drain fromthe mountain range and together the water runsdown with silt, flora, and fauna. In exchange,products for household use are purchased fromthe lowland and brought to the upland.

E. Areas for research with impacton biodiversity resources

The issues and concerns discussed earlier formthe basis for identifying research areas:

1. Human resource studies: demographicprofile, cultural practices, local governance,and economic profile

2. Inventory of flora and pathological surveyof fauna: ecological and socioeconomicvalues

3. Studies on appropriate and sustainablefarming systems consistent with biodiversityconservation: soil fertility, water analysis,farming systems applicable to the locality

4. Biological studies and management: surveyand identification of pests and diseases ofcommon crops, their life history, populationdynamics and control measures, and IPM

5. Environmental impact assessment ofdevelopmental projects: road construction,irrigation construction, ecotourism andagrotourism studies, and hydroelectricpower construction

6. Forest management and rehabilitationstudies

7. Ex situ breeding of rare and endangeredspecies with a possibility of theirreintroduction into the natural habitat

8. Genetic diversity studies of flora and fauna

9. Biotechnology studies

6 Technical Report

Fig. 1. Location map of the research sites.

Baliangao

Plaridel

Calamba

Sapang Dalaga

Lopez Jaena

Oroquieta City

Aloran

Panaon

Jimenez

Sinacaban

Tudela

Clarin

Ozamiz City

Tangub City Bonifacio

Don Victoriano

Concepcion

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 7

The participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in theupland ecosystem of the municipalities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion was undertaken as apre-implementation phase activity of thePhilippines-Netherlands Biodiversity ResearchProgramme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang.It is a process of getting a better understandingof the biophysical, sociocultural, economic andpolitical conditions of the locality to analyze theproblems and issues impinging on the communityand their impacts on biodiversity. Identificationand approximation of flora and fauna encounteredduring the transect walks indicate the biodiversitystatus of the area. Knowledge of theseconditions and analyses of their interplay indicatestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, andthreats to biodiversity. Strengths andopportunities within the locality can bemaximized. The same way that weaknesses andthreats can be reduced and transformed intopositive features. From these, areas for differentbiodiversity researches are defined anddelineated as developmental, action, and supportprograms.

Geographical location andtopography

The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are located within the Malindangmountain range which are within the core ofthe province of Misamis Occidental (Fig. 1). Thisprovince is situated within the northwesternpart of Mindanao Islands or at thenortheasternmost part of the ZamboangaPeninsula. This is within the coordinates123°31’45” to 125°55’30” East longitudes and8°30’30” to 8°45’55” North latitudes. Theprovince is bounded on the north to east-northwest by Mindanao Sea, on east-southeastby Iligan Bay, on the south by Panguil Bay andon the west by Zamboanga provinces (PASAReport 1993).

The towns of Don Victoriano and Concepcionare located within the proclaimed protected areaboundary (RA 6266, June 19, 1971) of Mt.Malindang National Park which is declared as anIntegrated Protected Area under the new NIPAS

Law as RA 7567 (June 1, 1992) (Bukagan Report1994).

The PRA sites for the Upland Team include sixbarangays of Don Victoriano (Mansawan,Gandawan, Lake Duminagat, Lampasan, Lalud,and Tuno); five barangays of Concepcion (SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan, Upper Salimpuno,Poblacion, and Virayan). To establish theinterconnectivity with the lowland ecosystem,one barangay in Sapang Dalaga, Sixto Velez,was included. These barangays are locatedwithin the elevations that range from 600 to1500 meters above sea level (masl) and with aslope ranging from 0 to 90 degrees. The ambienttemperature ranges from 15 to 22° Celsius.Within the Malindang Mountain Range, the sites’terrain consists of rugged mountains which arevolcanic in origin. Four major physiographicfeatures (PASA Report 1993) were observed:volcanic mountains, volcanic flanks, isolatedhillocks, and volcanic footslopes.

The volcanic mountains occur in a linear clustergenerally oriented in a north-south direction.The prominent peaks and their respectiveelevations are: Mt. Balabag (1,484 masl), Mt.Ampiro (1,532 masl), North Peak (2,183 masl),Mt. Malindang (2,404 masl), South Peak (1,850masl), and Mt. Moralong (1,417 masl).

Most of the barangay settlements are locatedwithin intervening sites between mountainpeaks. These barangays are steep to very steepwith a slope of more than 75o, and moderatelyto severely dissected by ravines, gullies andgorges (PASA Report 1993). Craters or calderaformations are evidences of the presence ofvolcanic mountains. These are shaped likecircular sunken places or areas bounded by highrocky walls. These are distinct and highlypronounced in the barangays of Gandawan andLake Duminagat. The focal point in the area isa crater lake.

Volcanic flanks lie on the mid-slopes of themountains with altitude that ranges from 600 to1000 m and slopes of 18-45o. These occupy theperimeter of the protected area of Concepcionto Don Victoriano. These are moderately to deeply

Introduction

8 Technical Report

dissected by ravines and deep to very deepnearly vertical prominent gullies (PASA Report1993). The Dimorog Valley resembles anamphitheater while the poblacion area of DonVictoriano forms a hinterland valley.

The mounds of Gandawan and Mansawanrepresent the isolated hillocks. These aregenerally dome-shaped, moderately steep tosteep to very steep, and slightly to moderatelydissected by gullies.

Footslopes of the mountain range comprise theareas with 10 to 600 meter elevations andslightly to moderately dissected by stable gulliesand streams. These are common in thebarangays of Bagong Clarin and Lampasan,where the cliff-like areas become steeper asthe slope rises from 3 to 8o from gently tomoderately rolling topography (PASA Report1993).

The municipality of Concepcion, which has aland area of 61.6 km2, consists of 18 barangayswhich are rugged and mountainous. These areBagong Nayon, Capule, Guiban, Laya-an,Lingatongan, Maligubaan, Mantukoy, Marugang,New Casul, Poblacion, Pogan, Sosoon, SmallPotongan, Upper Dapitan, Upper Salimpuno,Upper Potongan, Upper Dioyo, and Virayan. Themunicipality is located within the coordinates123°31’45” to 123°55’30” East longitudes and8°30’30” to 8°45’55” Northwest latitudes.

The municipality of Don Victoriano has a totalland area of 284.55 km2 with 11 barangays.These are Bagong Clarin, Lampasan, Lalud,Tuno, Mara-mara, Petianan, Napangan,Mansawan, Gandawan, Lake Duminagat, andLiboron. The municipality is located within thecoordinates 123°33’ to 123°40’ longitude and8°9.6’ to 8°19’ latitude (PASA Report 1993).

Among the prominent mountains in Concepcionare Mt. Balabag and Mt. Ampiro. In DonVictoriano are four prominent peaks: Mt.Malindang, South Peak, North Peak, and Mt.Moralong on its western side.

Historical Information

I. Concepcion

Concepcion, during the early 1950s was knownas Sitio Balabag under the municipality ofBaliangao. Its name was derived from the Feastof Immaculate Concepcion which is celebratedon December 8. When Concepcion became abarangay in 1954, it was under the politicaladministration and jurisdiction of Aloran,Misamis Occidental. Concepcion became amunicipality by RA 1515, signed by the latePresident Ramon Magsaysay in 1956.

Concepcion’s population of 3,989 in 1960decreased to 3,046 in 1970. By 1984, thepopulation decreased further to 2,332 due todeteriorating peace and order conditions. In1998, the population was 5,973 with morefemales (64%) than males (36%).

The first municipal mayor, Hon. Cornelio E.Baluyos was a political appointee. In the firstlocal election held in 1980, Hon. Roldan A.Chong, Sr. was elected mayor. He served from1980 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1998. Since hewas no longer qualified for a fourth term underthe law, his wife Reparada L. Chong, ran formayor and won the mayoralty race in 1998.Her vice-mayor is Hon. Juanidy Viña who ispermanently residing in Barangay Poblacion.

II. Don Victoriano

The municipality of Don Victoriano was originallycalled “Egos” according to the Subanons. Itmeans a meeting place of tribesmen when theygather rattan from the nearby forest. They stayunder the shady trees to clean the rattan foruse in tying the cogon roofings and weavingthem into baskets. “Egos” is “bagus” in Cebuanowhich means “cleaning the rattan”.

During the Marcos regime, the place wasrenamed Don Mariano Marcos and was decreedas a municipality on February 6, 1982 by virtueof Batas Pambansa Blg. 11.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 9

The municipality is composed of 11 barangayswhich were formerly part of differentmunicipalities in the lowland areas. BarangaysBagong Clarin, Lampasan, Lalud, Tuno, and Mara-mara were formerly under the jurisdiction of themunicipality of Tudela. Mansawan, Gandawan,Napangan, and Liboron were formerly under themunicipality of Sinacaban, Petianan was underthe municipality of Bonifacio, and Barangay LakeDuminagat was under the jurisdiction ofmunicipality of Jimenez. Hon. Quinticiano J.Ninang was appointed as the first municipalmayor.

On January 20, 1990, Republic Act no. 6845changed the name of Don Mariano Marcos intoDon Victoriano, in honor of Don Victoriano

Chiongbian, the richest and the most influentialfigure in the municipality.

Succeeding mayors were Hon. Warlito S. Olarte,Hon. Jenaro S. Paredes, Hon. Catalino Maloloy-on, and the present Municipal Mayor Hon.Rodolfo D. Luna.

The seat of local government of Don Victorianois in Barangay Tuno, the centralmost part ofthe entire municipality. Both commercial andinstitutional centers expanded up to BarangayLalud where the central school, high school,health center, basketball court, tennis court,and the public market are located.

Objectives

The PRA of the upland ecosystem during the pre-implementation phase of the Philippines-Netherlands Biodiversity Research Programme in Mindanao: Focus on Mt. Malindang was conductedin April to May 1999.

It aimed to:

1. describe the biophysical, sociocultural and economic conditions and status of the uplandecosystem;

2. assess the biodiversity conditions of Mt. Malindang Range;

3. identify the stakeholders and their needs;

4. determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the communities in relationto biodiversity conservation; and

5. identify research areas in the upland ecosystems of Mt. Malindang Range.

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Capability building

Participants from various academic institutionsin Mindanao and government and non-government agencies were given an orientationon the framework of the research programme:

1. Central Mindanao University (CMU), Musuan,Bukidnon

2. Mindanao State University (MSU), MarawiCity

3. Mindanao State University-Iligan Instituteof Technology (MSU-IIT), Iligan City

4. Mindanao Polytechnic State College (MPSC),Cagayan de Oro City

5. Sultan Kudarat Polytechnic State College(SKPSC), Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat

6. Southern Philippines Agribusiness, Marine andAquatic School of Technology (SPAMAST),Malita, Davao del Sur

7. Davao Oriental State College of Science andTechnology (DOSCST), Mati, Davao Oriental

8. Department of Agriculture (DA)

9. Department of Environment and NaturalResources (DENR)

10. Technical Assistance Center for theDevelopment of Rural and Urban Poor(TACDRUP)

The first training and workshop was held inDapitan in August 1998. All participants wereintroduced to participatory, multidisciplinary,and multisectoral approaches to biodiversityresearch. Major activities were determined andkey persons and members for each activity wereidentified to: (1) gather secondary data aboutMt. Malindang and its environs; (2) identifystakeholders; (3) identify problem areas; (4) formresearch team; and (5) identify research areas.

Ocular visits to the research site were also doneto encourage enthusiasm among participants.Further training and workshops were conductedat CMU on February 11-18, 1999. Moreparticipants were invited to join.

Team building, interdisciplinarity, and commitmentwere emphasized by the trainors. Differentmethods of PRA were introduced such as transectwalks, semi-structured interviews, and focusgroup discussions. Participants were trained todevelop their skill in conducting PRA. Actualexposure in Lake Apo in Musuan enhanced theirknowledge and skills gained during the training.

The landscape approach to biodiversityassessment was determined. Hence, threeecosystems were named: upland, lowland, andcoastal ecosystems; three ecosystem teamswere also formed. Likewise, the teams forstakeholders analysis and biodiversity researchprogramme were also formed. Each trainingparticipant was identified for a particularecosystem.

Gathering of secondary data

Secondary data such as aerial maps, vicinitymaps, road maps, river systems, blueprints,published articles, and write-ups about Mt.Malindang and its environs were obtained fromvarious agencies (National Mapping and ResourceInformation Authority (NAMRIA), DENR-NIPAP-PAMB, PIPULI, Provincial Planning andDevelopment Office, local government offices,and nongovernment organizations). These datahelped the team in understanding the researchsite. These gave them insights on the conditionsprevailing in the area. A short bibliographicalsurvey was conducted by the Centre ofEnvironmental Science (CML) in Leiden, theNetherlands, to add to the available secondarydata collected by the Filipino researchers.

Entry protocols and permits

Entry protocols and requirements to the PRAsites were done. These were facilitated by theStakeholders Analysis Team and improved bythe different ecosystem teams themselves.Permits to enter and conduct fieldwork in thedesignated barangays were secured from localgovernment officials including the respectivemunicipal mayors, vice-mayors, the ExecutiveCommittee of Protected Area Management Board

Methodology

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 11

(PAMB), cluster PAMB, and military officials whomaintain peace and order in Mt. Malindang andits environs.

Reconnaissance survey and sitevalidation

The team conducted reconnaissance survey andsite validation to finalize the areas to be includedin the PRA. The ocular visits to the researchsites enabled the team to assess the actualcondition to prepare for the fieldwork.

The Upland Ecosystem Team conducted thereconnaissance survey in the two towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion in early April 1999.Multisectoral meetings were conducted tofurther enhance the community’s understandingof the biodiversity research programme.

Identifying stakeholders

Stakeholders were identified primarily to knowgroups or individuals who play vital roles in thebiodiversity conservation of Mt. Malindang andits environs. This was facilitated by a series oflong listings and short listings of names.

Identifying key informants

Key informants, residents who provided vitalinformation on biodiversity status in theirrespective barangays were likewise selected.They also guided the team in going to the nextbarangay.

Orientation of key informants/participants/stakeholders

Various stakeholders, participants, andinformants were given an orientation and weremade to understand the relevance ofbiodiversity research programme in Concepcionand Don Victoriano. The team requested theirassistance in identifying resources currentlyavailable, and compared to those that were onceavailable or present. Through multisectoralmeetings and group discussions, they identifiedproblems and needs in relation to biodiversityconservation, sustainable use, and equitability.

Fieldwork/PRA

The PRA was conducted on May 3-17, 1999covering six barangays of Don Victoriano(Mansawan, Gandawan, Lake Duminagat,Lampasan, Tuno, and Lalud) and five barangaysof Concepcion (Upper Salimpuno, UpperPotongan, Small Potongan, Poblacion, andVirayan). Barangay Sapang Dalaga wasincluded to interconnect the upland to thelowland ecosystems.

Barangay Mansawan can be reached byfollowing the Barcelona-Pinan route, both inZamboanga del Norte. From Mansawan, theteam hiked through the muddy, newly bulldozed,but old logging road to Gandawan, thenproceeded to Lake Duminagat through the foottrail.

The other three barangays were reachedthrough the Molave-Mahayag-Josefina route inthe province of Zamboanga del Sur and onwardsto Lampasan passing through the so-called “all-weather road” (Municipal Profile 1999). The seatof the local government is in Tuno and thecommercial and institutional centers are locatedin Lalud.

The five barangays of Concepcion were reachedby passing through Calamba-Sapang Dalagaroute, a very rugged road.

Transect walks going to the north, south, east,and west directions were done in each barangayto obtain and document representativesampling data on biophysical, economic, culturalfeatures, and other relevant information. Toenhance data gathering, semi-structuredinterviews were conducted among the localresidents along the transect walks and those intheir homes.

Identifying and counting the number of specificspecies in the areas were done to determinebiodiversity status. Interviews regarding theflora and fauna that were prevalent in the pastand compared to the present were conductedto further analyze the biodiversity status of thearea.

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The rapid appraisal of faunal species was donethrough observations or sightings andethnobiological interviews. The species wereidentified with the aid of a 7X50 pair of binocularsor through avian vocalization (songs and calls).To facilitate the identification of each birdspecies, an illustrated book on Philippine Birdsby Gonzales et al. 1988 and Philippine Birds byJ.E. duPont 1971, were brought to the field siteduring each trip.

An ethnobiological survey on birds, mammals,reptiles, amphibians, and other life formspresent in the area including their local names,frequency of observations, and their economicimportance was conducted.

Spot and resource mappings were done withthe help of local key informants (KI) and ruralfolks. Prepared checklists were used by eachteam member in obtaining vital information fromthe local indigenous people.

Further verification and validation ofinformation/data gathered were accomplishedthrough small group discussions with localresidents. Focus group discussions proved tobe very useful in obtaining vital information,i.e., tracing the history of the municipality andidentifying existing resources, problems, andneeds.

After each day’s activities, the team membersshared, discussed, and analyzed the data/information gathered.

Data organization and analysis

The data obtained were organized and analyzedin relation to the population, resources, andenvironment (PRE analysis). The team metseveral times in Cagayan de Oro, Musuan, andIligan City for this activity. Strengths andweaknesses were identified, including threats in

relation to environmental security, biodiversityconservation, and sustainable development inMt. Malindang. Opportunities, likewise, wereobtained after analyzing vital information leadingto the formulation of researchable areas.

Community validation meetings

Validation meetings were conducted in DonVictoriano and Concepcion on June 29-30, 1999.The upland ecosystem team presented theresults of the PRA and their analyses. Thesemeetings allowed the team to verify or clarifycertain information and issues, in addition toobtaining additional information which the teammissed during the conduct of PRA. Localgovernment officials and the indigenous peoplefrom various barangays attended andparticipated in these validation meetings.

Report writing

Workshops and writeshops were scheduledfollowing the validation meetings. Intensiveanalyses of validated PRA results were reported.Results were analyzed using SWOT (strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats) anddiscussed in relation to the current status ofbiodiversity conservation in the study areas.Other issues and concerns regarding theenvironment affected by human intervention orvice versa were also discussed.Interconnectedness among ecosystems wasemphasized, especially in identifying researchareas.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 13

Results and Discussion

I. Biophysical characteristics

The Malindang Mountain Range is characterizedby a series of mountainous peaks, ruggedmountain ranges, and crater valleys. The UplandEcosystem PRA sites in Don Victoriano andConcepcion are located in elevations rangingfrom 600 to 1500 masl and with a slope rangingfrom 0 to 90°. The ambient temperature rangesfrom 15 to 22°C. These areas consist of ruggedmountains which are volcanic in origin.Boulders, cobblestones, and solidified magmaare common in mountain flanks and slopes andalong creeks and rivers. Basically, the soil typeincludes clay to clay loam with highly erodedtopsoil indicating insufficient nutrients, andtherefore infertility.

A. East-west transect of DonVictoriano

This transect covers barangays Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat.

1. Mansawan

The biological resources of Mansawan arecomposed of flora and fauna. Floral resourcesidentified during the transect walk consisted of244 species. The flora are dominated by grasses,herbs, and shrubs and only very few trees. Nomore natural forests are found in this barangay.The domesticated/cultivated plants are onions,cabbage, sweet potato (camote), lutia, taro(gabi), and chayote. The perennial plants arebananas, avocados, and jackfruit (nangka). Thecomplete listing of the flora is shown in AppendixTables 1-5.

The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods consisting of about 39 species.Most of the birds are grass warblers andPhilippine bulbuls which are consideredinsectivores. The complete list of birds areshown in Appendix Table 6. The arthropodsconsisted of arachnids, diplopods, and insects.The insects are dominated by beetles, moths,butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and bees(Appendix Table 12). The larval stage of mothsand butterflies are potential pests, while the

bees are pollinators and wasps are parasitic tosome insects. The syrphid flies are predators ofaphids. Parasitic wasps are more diverse andabout three of them are considered rare. In termsof biodiversity status, Mansawan is classified asmoderate.

Barangay Mansawan is located on top of theridge. The terrain is broken and the side slopesrange from 12 to 35° (Fig. 2). The elevationrange is 1,250-1,300 masl. Land use is basicallyvegetable and rootcrops gardening on one sideand grassland/brushland on the other. Drainagechannels are in the form of gullies and intermittentcreeks, draining toward the Kalilangan River atthe northwest side of Mansawan and DipologRiver at the southwest side. Its main source ofpotable water comes from the big spring on theside of the North Peak Range near Gandawanthrough water pipes.

Mansawan has a brown to red clay soil. Thetopsoil is very thin. The “B” horizon is composedof hardened volcanic materials that inhibit thepenetration of roots of monocots. The barangayis accessible by road from Pinan, Zamboanga delNorte.

2. Gandawan

The floral species identified along the transectconsisted of 300 species. Most of these are treeswhich are predominantly Agathis anddipterocarps, considering the presence ofnatural forests in the high rising steepmountains around the barangay. Ornamentalplants within the open grasslands are alsodiverse and rich in species.

The domesticated/cultivated plants arecabbage, onions, sweet potato, gabi, chayote,and lutia. Some farmers plant abaca for fiberproduction as another source of income. Thecomplete listing of floral resources is shown inAppendix Tables 1-5.

The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods involving about 39 species(Appendix Tables 6 and 12). Among the birds,the dominant ones are grass warblers andPhilippine bulbuls which are considered beneficial.

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Being insectivores, they eat insects harmful tofarm crops. Arthropods are composed of threeclasses: Arachnida, Diplopoda, and Insecta. ClassInsecta was found to be dominated by beetles,moths, butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and bees(Appendix Table 12). In terms of biodiversitystatus, Barangay Gandawan is rated high.

Barangay Gandawan and Mansawan contrast interms of physical characteristics. BarangayGandawan is situated in the crater valley withan approximate area of about 30-40 ha up tothe foot of the surrounding mountains, whileMansawan is situated on top of the ridge. Thesurrounding mountains in Gandawan abruptly risein a steep slope from the base. Most farms arelocated at the base of the mountain, while someare located within the valley. Houses are mostlylocated in the valley; some are dispersed at thebase of the mountains (Fig. 3). The side slopeand base of the mountains where farms aremostly located ranges from 22 to 26°. Theelevation ranges from 1,100 to 1,280 masl fromthe barangay site to the highest farm site. Land

use is similar to Mansawan and the surroundingmountains are still thickly forested. There is onlyone drainage channel that continued toKalilangan River and joins the Dapitan River.

Gandawan is blessed with abundant watersupply. Potable water supply comes from thewater source tapped by Barangay Mansawan.Several springs are found at the base of themountains.

The top soil is characterized by black silty loam.It is thick and the “B” horizon is composed ofsolidified volcanic materials.

Gandawan is accessible by foot trail fromMansawan, which is about an hour’s hike.

The valley can be used for rice production sincethe irrigation system can work well in this area.An irrigation system can ensure food supply inthe community. Residential areas can berelocated to higher grounds.

Fig. 2. Panoramic view of Barangay Mansawan.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 15

3. Lake Duminagat

The biophysical resources are composed of flora,fauna, and land. The floral resources along thetransect consisted of 274 species. Most of theseare tree species belonging to Syzgium andPodocarpus genera, considering the presenceof natural forests in the high steep mountainssurrounding the barangay. Ornamental specieswithin the open grasslands and inside thenatural forests are also abundant and diverse.The domesticated/cultivated crops are similarto Gandawan. These are cabbage, onions, sweetpotato, gabi, chayote, and lutia for food andcash needs. Floral resources are listed in AppendixTables 1-5.

The faunal resources are dominated by birdsand arthropods involving about 49 species.These are shown in Appendix Tables 6 and 12.Grass warblers and Philippine bulbuls areregarded as beneficial birds, eating harmfulinsects. Biodiversity status is moderate andsimilar with that of Mansawan and Gandawan.

Barangay Lake Duminagat is a crater valleysimilar to that of Gandawan. The barangay siteand the residential houses including the primaryschool are located within the valley (Fig. 4).The farms and gardens are at the base of themountain ranges around the barangay,predominantly in the North Peak mountainrange rising at an elevation of 2,199 masl.

The lake itself is located across the ridge on thewestern part, about 1 km away or about 1-hourhike. The lake elevation is 1,400 masl. The cratervalley is about 20-30 ha and the lake is estimatedat 5-10 ha. The side slopes of the farms/gardensat the base of the mountains range from 19 to33°. Land use is similar to that of BarangaysGandawan and Mansawan. A shallow stream onthe eastern side drains the surface water towardKalilangan River, ultimately joining the DapitanRiver.

Barangay Lake Duminagat is also blessed withabundant water supply. Potable water supplycomes from different springs through waterpipes. The topsoil is thick black clay loam. The“B” horizon is solidified volcanic materials.

The barangay is accessible by foot along arugged trail, about one and a half-hour hike fromGandawan passing through thickly forestedmountains.

With the abundant water supply, the valley caneasily be converted into a rice-producing areaand houses can be relocated to the sides of themountains together with other governmentinfrastructures. Presently, the communitydepends on root crops as their staple food.

Ecotourism can be another source of income forthe barangay. However, there should be anenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) beforethis project can be implemented.

Fig. 3. Panoramic view of Barangay Gandawan with residential houses predominantly at thevalley.

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B. Southeastern transect ofDon Victoriano

The southeast transect of Don Victorianoincludes Barangays Lampasan, Tuno, and Lalud.Since these barangays are of the sameconditions, their biophysical characteristics arediscussed together.

The biophysical resources identified through thePRA are composed of flora, fauna, and land.The floral resources recorded through thetransect walks consisted of 190 species inLampasan, 172 species in Tuno, and 207 speciesin Lalud. Most of these species come frompatches of brushlands along the creeks andplanted species because of the absence ofnatural forests in these barangays. Thedomesticated plants are corn, bananas, fruittrees, sweet potato, lutia, gabi, lowland rice,other fruit trees, and onions (Appendix Tables1-5).

In faunal resources, the dominant ones arebirds, domesticated animals, fowls, andarthropods (Appendix Tables 6 and 12).

Insects are still dominant among the arthropods.The three barangays have low biodiversitystatus.

Its topography can be described as rolling tobroken steep side slopes; the side slopes rangefrom 8 to 20° in Lampasan and 15 to 30° inTuno and Lalud. In general, the three barangaysare situated along the sides of the mountainousterrain. Elevations range from 600 to 815 masl.

Land is used for corn and rice with trees plantedalong the sides and patches of brushlands andgrasslands. The soil is red clay loam.

Creeks, streams, and river systems drain thesurface water toward Clarin River on the easternside and Zamboanga del Sur on the westernside. Most prominent of these creeks areMuradje, Dimoroc, and Lampasan. These creeksdrain the surface water toward Zamboanga delSur.

These barangays are accessible by road fromMolave, Zamboanga del Sur, ending at Lalud.

Potable water supply comes from the springsthrough water pipes. Some residents get theirwater from open springs.

Fig. 4. Panoramic view of the crater in Barangay Lake Duminagat at thesouthwestern side.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 17

C. Northwestern transect ofConcepcion

This transect includes Barangays SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan, Upper Salimpuno,down to Sixto Velez of Sapang Dalaga, anoverlapping area with a lowland ecosystem.

The floral resources recorded along the transectare shown in Appendix Table 1. Most of thesespecies come from brushland areas. Inbarangays Upper Salimpuno and Sixto Velez,planted trees grow with naturally-growing plantspecies in coconut plantations. Except in SmallPotongan, there are no natural forests in thesebarangays.

The faunal resources may be classified intobirds, domesticated fauna, and arthropods(Appendix Table 6 and 12). Biodiversity statusin Sixto Velez is low.

The topography is level to rolling in barangaysSixto Velez and Upper Salimpuno. For UpperPotongan and Small Potongan, the topographyis rolling to broken and steep slopes. The sideslopes range from 10 to 35° in Small Potongan,10 to 20° in Upper Potongan, 0 to 6° in UpperSalimpuno, and 0 to 5° in Sixto Velez. Elevationranges from 840 to 1,400 masl in thesebarangays.

Land use involves small gardens and brushlandsin Small Potongan; brushlands and residentiallands in Upper Potongan; tree plantation, cornfields, and coconut plantation in UpperSalimpuno; and coconut plantation, fruit trees,and corn fields under coconut canopies in SixtoVelez.

The soil is red and white clay in Small Potonganand brown clay loam in all other barangays ofConcepcion.

Surface water in these barangays drains towardDioyo and Langaran Rivers. Potable water comesfrom spring reservoir on the side of Mt. BalabagRange.

These barangays are accessible by road fromthe municipality of Sapang Dalaga.

D. Northeastern transect ofConcepcion

This transect covers Barangay Virayan toPoblacion Concepcion from Small Potongan.

Floral resources consist of 249 species inVirayan and 272 in Poblacion Concepcion(Appendix Table 1). Most of these species arefrom vast areas of brushlands and patches ofsecondary growth forest. Old forests are absentin these barangays.

Thirty species of fauna were observed in Virayanand 10 species in Poblacion Concepcion. Thebiodiversity status is moderate in these areas.

The topography is from level to rough terrain.The side slopes range from 15 to 32° in Virayanand 8 to 20° in Concepcion. The elevationranges from 1,000 to 1,250 masl.

Land is used for coconut, fruit trees, and corn;also as brushland and residential lands inVirayan and Poblacion Concepcion. No farmscould be seen around Barangay Poblacion. Thesoil is reddish brown clay in these twobarangays.

Potable water comes from a spring. Eachbarangay has a separate water source. Surfacewater drains toward Dapitan River on thenorthwest side of Concepcion proper.

1. Upland subecosystems

The upland ecosystems in all barangays underPRA in both municipalities of Concepcion andDon Victoriano were subdivided intosubecosystems. Each barangay is subdividedinto agrosubecosystem, grassland/brushlandsubecosystem, and forest subecosystem.Biological resources were analyzed in relationto stakeholders and their impact on theenvironment (PRE). The following criteria wereused in this analysis: (a) identified bio-resources, (b) resource quantity, (c) equitabilityand sustainability of use by differentstakeholders, (d) resource use pattern, (e)impact on environmental security, and (f)impact on biodiversity conservation.

Appendix Tables 13-25 show the stakeholdersand subecosystems in the different barangaysand stakeholders’ roles in relation to biodiversityconservation. Needs relative to biodiversity werealso identified.

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2. Stakeholders identified

The indigenous people (IP) in the barangays whoare also members of the different organizationsare the primary stakeholders (Appendix Table 13).Groups or organizations that have impacts onbiodiversity were Piniling Nasud, Farmers’Association, BANWA, Tribal CommunitiesAssociation of the Philippines (TRICAP), localgovernment units, government organizations, andother NGOs. The stakeholders’ role andperceptions relative to the various resourceswithin each subecosystem are described in matrixform.

3. Biological resources and their uses

Various forms of life in the PRA sites were notedand documented. Direct observations, sightings,and ethnobiological interviews were employedto assess the biodiversity status of the differentbarangays.

a. Botanicals

The floral resources (Fig. 5) covered within theentire transects number 507, involving 369genera and 129 families (Appendix Tables 1-5).In terms of conservation status, these areclassified as common (194 genera and 256species), rare (28 genera and 35 species), andscarce (158 genera and 203 species).

Their uses can be classified into two: economicand ecological. Basically, all these resourceshave ecological roles not only in the specifichabitat where they abound but also in nature.Any of these resources which help alleviateeconomic conditions have economic use.

Economically important species are those usedfor timber, construction, cottage industry, food,medicine, fiber, feed (forage/pasture), and fuel.

Fig. 5. Botanical/floral resources commonly observed in Mt. Malindang and its environs.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 19

Ecologically important species are thoseornamentals, landscape plants, hedges, and otherplant resources used for soil erosion and weedcontrol.

b. Avifauna

Appendix Table 6 shows the avian species foundin all barangays.

Thirteen avian species were found in BarangayMansawan, 21 species in Barangay Gandawan,28 species in Barangay Lake Duminagat, 14species in Barangay Lampasan, 13 species inBarangay Tuno, 8 species in Barangay Lalud,48 species in Barangay Small Potongan, 14species in Barangay Virayan, 10 species inBarangay Poblacion Concepcion, 11 species inBarangay Upper Potongan, 8 species inBarangay Upper Salimpuno, and 11 species inBarangay Sixto Velez.

Barangay Small Potongan has the highestnumber of avian species followed by BarangaysLake Duminagat and Gandawan.

The common avian species observed in almostall barangays are Pycnonotus goiavier, Laniusschach, Centropus sinensis, Artamusleucorynchus, and Megalurus palustris. Thesespecies are practically lowland dwellers and arefruit and insect-eaters.

Forest birds were seen in Barangays LakeDuminagat and Small Potongan. Moreimportantly, a big eagle believed to bePithecophaga jifferyi was seen southwest of SitioPalale of Barangay Small Potongan at 10:24 a.m.on May 13, 1999.

C. Other Vertebrates

Species listing of Class Reptilia, Class Amphibia,Class Mammalia, Class Pisces, and ClassCrustacea are shown in Appendix Tables 7-11.These data were furnished by informants of everybarangay, except in the cases of Gehyramutilata, Sphenomorphus; Calamaria, a grasssnake under Class Reptilia; Rana magna and Bufomarinus, Class Amphibia; Callosciurus sp. andPtenochirus sp., Class Mammalia; the crabletlocally called as “kalong” and scientificallyknown as Portunus sp. “Pait-pait” or “paitan”,is a freshwater herring very common in streamsand riverine systems. Scientifically known as

Harengula tawilis, it is endemic to Taal Lake inTaal, Batangas (Conlu 1986). “Kasili” or eelswere also present in most of the rivers duringthe years when forest destruction was unknownto settlers.

Information gathered during interviews with oldsettlers suggest the presence of several wildlifefauna in the 1970s such as the rufous or tarictichornbills which they use as time indicators. ThePhilippine deer, monkey, flying lemur, eagles,palm civet, civet cat, squirrel, insects and fruitbats were abundant. According to the BukaganReport (1994), these still thrive in the northpeak.

Still present in the Malindang Mountain Rangeare reptilian species such as monitor lizard,python, Oligodon snake, and flying lizards (Mt.Malindang: A Rapid Appraisal 1994). Giant flyingfox, tree and mountain ground shrews, commonfield rats and mice, Philippine cobra, skunk,sailfin lizard, freshwater turtle, river frogs andtree frogs, horned toad, and flying lizard werepresent but in a threatened state (PASA Report1993). The local residents hunt thesevertebrates for food and for medicine.

Fish like freshwater eel, goby, carp, tilapia,mudfish, gorami, archerfish, and the freshwatercatfish were also reported but in a threatenedstate (PASA Report 1993).

D. Arthropods

Three important classes of arthropods wereobserved in seven barangays of Don Victorianoand Concepcion. These included Arachnida,Diplopoda, and Insecta. Among thesearthropods, insects (Appendix Table 12) werethe most prevalent in terms of number and kind.

Insects are valuable to man and other animals.They play a significant role in maintaining bioticcommunities of different habitats. As pollinators,they make possible the production of manyagricultural crops including vegetables andlegumes. They serve as food to many birds, fish,and other useful animals and also as scavengers.As predators and parasites, they contribute toecological balance through the regulation ofpopulation of prey species. Also, their usefulnessin medicine and scientific research has beenrecognized for a long time.

20 Technical Report

Sixty-three families belonging to 10 insect orderswere identified (Appendix Table 12). OrderLepidoptera has the highest number of families(13) represented, followed by Diptera (11),Coleoptera (9), Hymenoptera (8), Orthoptera (5),Odonata, Hemiptera and Homoptera (4), andDermaptera and Thysanoptera (1).

Lepidopterans are economically importantspecies. The larvae of most species arephytophagous and many of them are seriouspests of cultivated plants. The diamondbackmoth, Plutella xylostella is the major pest ofcabbage in Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat. Infestation is quite severe,hence, farmers have to spray insecticides. Afew farmers in Barangay Lake Duminagat practicemechanical control. They usually enclosecabbage seedlings in nylon mesh cloth beforetransplanting them in the field. OtherLepidopterous pests identified include thecommon cutworm, Spodoptera litura and thepotato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella.

A very significant finding during the PRA inGandawan was the recovery of parasitic cocoonson dead larvae of diamondback moth. This is aclear indication that natural enemies aresuppressing their population under fieldconditions. Dead larvae suspected to beattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses were also found along theway to Lake Duminagat.

Many species of Coleoptera are also pestsincluding the squash bug, Aulacophora similisand the green tortoise beetle, Casida sp. whichattack sweet potato. Click beetles and snoutbeetles are likewise abundant in grasses andshrubs of Mansawan, Gandawan, and LakeDuminagat. Beetles which are predaceousinclude the tiger, ladybird, and carabid and evenlarvae of fireflies.

Some Diptera such as houseflies and bowfliesare important vectors of diseases. However,many of them are useful scavengers andpredators too, like the syrphid flies which feedon aphids. The Hymenoptera is the mostbeneficial in the entire class of insects. Many ofthese insects are valuable as parasites and

predators of various insect pests and the mostimportant in the pollination of plants such asbees and wasps.

The Hemiptera consists of both terrestrial andaquatic booms. Cotton stainer, Dysdercuscingulatus, a pest of okra was observed inLampasan. Aquatic and predaceous ones suchas the water striders and ripple bugs are quiteabundant in Lake Duminagat and in the Virayanand Guiban Rivers. These insects arebioindicators of the rivers’ water quality.

All the Homoptera are plant feeders, while theOdonata are all predaceous. Cicadas forexample, damage and feed on roots of perennialplants. Aphids and leafhoppers are well-knownvectors of economically important viruses.

The Orthoptera and Thysanoptera are plantfeeders, some of which are very destructive tocrops, while the Dermaptera are mostlyscavengers.

E. Other invertebrates

Spiders, which are generally predators arepresent in all barangays, while the millipede, ascavenger, was observed in Mansawan and LakeDuminagat. Leeches with black, brown, andyellow with orange or green body colorationwere also prevalent.

The PASA Report (1993) indicated that most ofthe insects and other invertebrates found in theMalindang Mountain Range are threatened astypified by the freshwater shrimp, land andforest snail, and the red mountain crab.

II. Sociocultural and economiccharacteristics

From observations and interviews with keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe different barangays, information on thesocial, cultural, and economic profile of thepopulation were gathered (Appendix Table 25).These information were confirmed and validatedby residents through validation meetings.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 21

A. Municipality of Concepcion

1. Barangay Poblacion

a. Social profile

The barangay has 62 households and anestimated population of 240. The averagehousehold size is four. There are more femalesthan males. Residents aged 15-64 years makeup about 60% of the population; below 15 yearsold, 38%; and the elderly, 65 years old andabove, accounts for only 2%. About 80% of theresidents are non-Subanons (Cebuanos,Boholanos, Siquijodnons).

Barangay Poblacion is the only site which hascomplete elementary and high schools in themunicipality. The high school was establishedin 1974 through the initiative of the municipalgovernment and was placed under nationalfunding in 1980. These two schools have Parent-Teacher-Community Associations (PTCAs).

Aside from these two schools with 14 teachers,a health center staffed by a nurse and a midwifeis located in the Poblacion. However, there isno municipal health officer and medicines areoften lacking or unavailable.

Barangay residents have access to electricity.Some own transistor radios and others havetape recorders. Houses are made of wood andgalvanized iron sheets. Residents have to fetchwater and in instances where water is availablefor home use, big jars made of rubber are usedfor storage.

The Poblacion is accessible by motorcycle andother vehicles. The graveled road, however, isrough, especially during rainy days. The 30 peso(P)/person fare for a one-way trip (17 km) bymotorcycle, locally known as “habal-habal”, orP20 by jeep is quite expensive for localresidents.

The barangay is very peaceful according to thebarangay captain.

b. Economic profile

The main source of income for most residentsis farming, although some work as governmentemployees. Farming is a family activity. Children(9 years old and above) and women help in the

farm. Plowing, however, is considered a man’sjob because farms are located in steep slopesor hills and farmers do not have draft animals.

The main products are root crops. These aregrown for cash and consumption. Corn is grownprimarily for consumption. Rainy months arelean months because farmers cannot plant cornand root crops to produce small tubers. To cope,some residents work for daily wages in localgovernment projects.

There are no regular traders or middlemen whogo to Barangay Poblacion. Products are broughtto Sapang Dalaga and sold to wholesalers or toconsumers directly. There is no public marketin Concepcion so barangay residents have tobuy provisions for their daily needs and otheritems in Sapang Dalaga. Information aboutprices of commodities come from drivers ofpublic utility vehicles, from neighbors, andfriends who frequent Sapang Dalaga.

There are no known private financiers in thebarangay. The Comprehensive and IntegratedDelivery of Social Services (CIDSS) Project ofthe Department of Social Welfare andDevelopment (DSWD) extended a loan to awomen’s group for a cutflower project. There isa ready market for anthurium flowers every 2weeks. However, the women need more technicalknow-how and proper team building for theproject to succeed.

Soil erosion is a problem for farmers becausethe farms are located in slopes and no measuresto conserve soil and water are in place. Tenurialstatus is also a concern. Barangay residentsare occupants of forest lands in protected areaswith an average size of 2 ha. Farmers cannotget land titles and have not yet applied forancestral domain rights and privileges. If theysucceed in getting stewardship of the lands, theywill be encouraged to conserve existing resourcesand plant additional trees because they can besure that the fruits of their labor can be inheritedby their children.

c. Cultural profile

Food is inadequate and families aspire toimprove their livelihood to have enough foodfor the family. They also aspire to send theirchildren to school. To be able to provide for thefamily, husbands and wives work together in thefarm and share in the decision-making.

22 Technical Report

2. Barangay Small Potongan

The name “Potongan” was derived from thePotongan River which dissects the barangay.

a. Social profile

In 1998, there were 66 households with a totalpopulation of 394, and an average householdsize of six. There are more females than males.Fifty percent of residents are aged 15 to 64years old, 45% are below 15 years old, andonly 5% are 65 years old and above. About 90%of the residents are Subanons.

Small Potongan has a classroom with only oneteacher handling Grades I and II. Children hiketo Barangay Poblacion for an hour to attendGrades III-VI. There is no health center but thereare two barangay health workers. The NationalIrrigation Administration (NIA) completed itsconstruction of a farmers’ hall and it has plansto put up an irrigation project.

Houses are made of wood and GI sheets.Barangay proper residents received 14 GIsheets and 4 kg of nails from the DSWD to buildtheir houses. Water from Mt. Balabag reachesthe barangay through pipes. Barangay residentshave no access to electricity.

The barangay is accessible by motorcycleslocally known as “habal-habal” from SapangDalaga. The P40 fare is quite expensive forresidents. Jeepney fare is cheaper but few jeepsseldom go to “Small”, the name often used forthe barangay by local residents.

b. Economic profile

The main source of income is farming. Farmsare located in Sitio Migubay, a 2-hour walk fromthe barangay proper. The route is not evenaccessible by horse or carabao. Farming is afamily activity. Women and children help inplanting, weeding, harvesting, and cuttinggrasses. Plowing is done only by men.

The main products are rice, corn, and root crops.Rice is primarily for consumption. Part of theharvest is reserved for seeds. A ganta of seeds,if it grows well, means a sack of rice duringharvest. Corn is also grown for consumption andthe extra supply is for cash. Corn is usuallyplanted in April to May and is harvested after

four months. Fertilizers are bought from storesin Sapang Dalaga. Root crops are for cash andconsumption when rice or corn is no longeravailable. Wild pigs and rats pose a big threatto the crops.

There are no regular traders who go to SmallPotongan. Products are brought and sold toSapang Dalaga by the farmers themselves.

Residents of Small Potongan are occupants ofsmall forest lands. They can only manage tocultivate one-fourth of a hectare of forest land.

Another source of income is “manungha” orhired help (P50/day).

c. Cultural profile

Residents of Barangay Small Potongan believethat they have the right to cultivate and owntheir farms because they have cultivated thearea for many years. They also find the watersupply sufficient for the needs of the increasingpopulation. They look at the dam to be builtfavorable in improving rice production. Theyaspire to clothe and feed their children well tokeep them healthy.

3. Barangay Upper Potongan

Some residents refer to the barangay as“bansohan” because it was the site of thesawmill, Mt. Ampiro Timber Company (MATCO),during the 1970s.

a. Social profile

Upper Potongan has 35 households with 152residents and an average household size of four.Residents aged 15-64 years old make up 53%of the population, below 15 years old 45%, and65 years old and above only 2%. Ninety-eightpercent of the population are Subanons.

The barangay does not have an elementaryschool. Children go to Small Potongan orBarangay Poblacion. There is only one barangayhealth worker (BHW) and no health center. Thebarangay hall does not have cemented flooring.The water supply comes from Small Potongan.There is no electricity. Houses are clusteredalong the partly graveled road leading toBarangay Poblacion and Small Potongan.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 23

Motorcycles and jeepneys coming from SapangDalaga pass by Upper Potongan on their way toBarangay Poblacion. Most of the time, though,residents hike to Barangay Poblacion due to thelong wait for vehicles. Upper Potongan is thebarangay nearest to the town proper ofConcepcion.

b. Economic profile

Farming is the main source of income. Somefarm within the barangay. Others farm in SitiosMigubay and Palale in Small Potongan and haveto walk for 2-3 hours to reach their farms.Children and women help in the farm, makingfarming a family activity. Another source ofincome is “manungha” or a person rendering laborfor P50/day.

The main farm products are rice, corn, and rootcrops. Rice and corn are primarily forconsumption, while root crops are for cash andconsumption especially during rainy or leanmonths. Products are sold in Sapang Dalaga.Goods for daily use are also bought in SapangDalaga.

Residents of Upper Potongan are occupants offorest lands. The average farm size is ¼ ha.They want to get land titles for the farms toensure that their children will inherit the landsthey cultivate.

c. Cultural profile

Key informants could still remember that kasili,kalong, and paitan were found in the PotonganRiver. They believe these species are becomingextinct.

Residents also think that the wild pigsdestroying their crops can be hunted becausethese are not in the protected area. They areaware of the restrictions implemented by theDENR within the protected area.

4. Barangay Virayan

The name “Virayan” is derived from the VirayanRiver which cuts across the barangay. Noinformant could recall the year Virayan becamea barangay.

a. Social profile

In 1998, there were 58 households with a totalpopulation of 219, and an average householdsize of four. There are more females than males.More than 50% of the population is 15-64 yearsold. Forty-five percent of the residents areSubanons.

Virayan has only one classroom made of lightmaterials. A teacher handles Grades I and II.There is no health center but there is onebarangay health worker. The barangay hall doesnot have a cemented floor. There is a basketballcourt in the barangay proper. There iscockfighting every Sunday, where residents betsmall amounts of cash. The women play“spang”, a local version of volleyball, whereonlookers can also bet.

Houses are made of wood slots locally called“inak-ak” and cogon roofing. Very few use GIsheets. There are only 14 households in thebarangay proper. Houses follow a dispersedpattern. The barangay has no electricity.Drinking water comes from a spring.

Virayan is accessible from Barangays Poblacionand Small Potongan by foot or by horse.

b. Economic profile

The main source of income is farming. The mainproducts are root crops for cash andconsumption. Coconuts are primarily for cash.Corn, when grown, is only for consumption.Farming is a family activity. Women and childrenhelp in farm activities. Another source of incomeis “manungha”, where a person is hired to workin another man’s farm for a daily wage of P50.

No traders go to Virayan. Products are broughtand sold in Sapang Dalaga. Provisions for dailyuse are bought in Sapang Dalaga. Sometimes,farmers bring their products to Libertad inZamboanga del Norte.

Few residents raise chickens because they areeasily affected by diseases. Pigs are raised eitherfor sale or for special occasions like the fiestaor “buhat-buhat”. Cattle is raised for cash andhorses are for transport purposes.

24 Technical Report

Residents of Barangay Virayan are occupants offorest lands with an average farm size of ¼ ha.Some residents from the lowland bought rightsto some pieces of land. For Subanons who arenot familiar with their rights, these non-IPs whoare absentee landowners may become a problemin the future.

c. Cultural profile

Residents of Barangay Virayan are aware thatthey can be arrested if they are caught cuttingtrees in the PAMB area. They are also awarethat water is sufficient because of the trees andmountains in the PAMB area. They believe thatthe trees will prevent landslides. They also thinkthat the water for the irrigation project in SmallPotongan comes from the Virayan river.

They claim that there are still wild pigs,monkeys, and birds in the PAMB area. They donot hunt for wildlife but insist that once outsidethe protected areas, these animals can behunted. Wild orchids should not be taken outfrom protected areas, according to the son of abarangay official.

Insufficiency of food is a problem especiallyduring the rainy months. They believe that theycan improve their livelihood if only they canget water for their fields and plant rice. Theyalso want a better school building for theirbarangay.

5. Barangay Upper Salimpuno

Upper Salimpuno was still a forest in 1948. Theresidents from Salimpuno in Sapang Dalagastarted to farm the area in the 1950s and namedthe place Upper Salimpuno.

a. Social profile

The total barangay population is 264 with 53households and an average household size offive. Almost 60% of the residents are aged 15-64 years old. About 40% are Subanons and 60%are Cebuanos and Boholanos.

The barangay has an elementary school withGrades I-IV. It has no health center but thereare two BHWs. The barangay hall does not havewalls or even a cemented floor. The barangayhas access to electricity since 1994 but fewhouses have electric lights. Residents have to

fetch water from the springs, which serve as aprimary source of drinking water. Most housesare made of wood and GI sheets. Residents owntransistor radios. Among the 55 children belowseven years old, 14 are mildly malnourishedand 10 are moderately malnourished.

The road from the national highway to BarangayUpper Salimpuno is partly graveled making thebarangay accessible to motorcycles and othervehicles. The fare (P25) for a one-way 12-kmtrip by motorcycle is expensive for residents.

b. Economic profile

Farming is the main source of income. It is afamily activity because women and children helpin farming activities. Secondary sources ofincome include selling firewood and hand-sawing of tree species such as falcata andGmelina. Another source of income is “pasuhol”or hired help for a daily wage of P70.

The main products are corn, root crops, andcoconut. Corn is planted for consumption. Rootcrops which are grown for cash and consumptiondo not grow well like corn, during continuousrainy season. Coconut is grown primarily for cash.Copra commands a good price (P16.80/kg) butthe coconut trees are not bearing fruit well. Inthe past, the meat from three coconuts weigheda kilo, but now, a farmer needs seven coconutsto get a kilo of coconut meat.

Some traders go to Upper Salimpuno for copra.In most instances, however, products for sale(i.e., firewood) are loaded in public utilityvehicles for Sapang Dalaga where these are soldto wholesalers or to consumers directly by theproducers themselves.

Residents have an average farm size of 2 ha.Some residents do not like to cultivate theirlands and plant trees and other species becausethey only have Integrated Social Forestry (ISF)from DENR. Although they have land declarations,they need land titles for security and theassurance that their children will inherit the land.

c. Cultural profile

Residents of Barangay Upper Salimpuno areaware that when there are no more trees,landslide, locally called “unas”, will take place.One key informant remembered that she saw atrunk of an apitong, a tree species with a

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 25

diameter of about 170 cm, loaded in a truck forexport. At present, apitong that big can no longerbe found in the vicinity of Upper Salimpuno.During the 1970s, logging was at its height andthere were about 10,000 residents in thebarangay. The roads were good but when thelogging companies left in 1980, the barangaybecame a haunted and deserted place.

Barangay residents aspire to improve theirlivelihood. They want to be able to fertilize theircorn fields to improve production. They wantto maintain the peace and order that theirbarangay enjoys.

B. Municipality of Sapang Dalaga

1. Barangay Sixto Velez

Its old name is Medallo Alto. When the petitionwas passed to convert Sitio Medallo Alto to abarangay in 1966, the name Sixto Velez wasadopted so that the high-ranking governmentofficial named P. Velez would not turn down thepetition.

a. Social profile

There are 74 households with a total populationof 311. The average household size is four.Sixty-one percent of the population are aged15-64 years old. There are more females thanmales and there are no Subanons in Sitio Velez.

The barangay has one day care teacher andone elementary school teacher who teachesGrades I and II. For Grade III, pupils go toBarangay Salimpuno or Barangay Sipac in SapangDalaga. There are two barangay health workers.The barangay has access to electricity and wateris an abundant resource.

Houses are generally made of wood and GIsheets. A few have nipa roofs. Houses are foundalong the road from Sapang Dalaga toConcepcion. One-way fare from Sapang Dalagato the barangay is P10 by jeep and P20 bymotorcycle.

b. Economic profile

Farming is the main source of income and coconutis the main cash crop. Coconut trees have nofootholds so coconuts are harvested throughthe use of long poles. For every 100 maturecoconuts harvested, the farmer is paid P10.Women and children of school age help ingathering the coconut. Coconut meat isextracted from the shell and dried using dryers.The entire family is involved from harvesting toprocessing of the coconut. Cassava is grownprimarily for consumption while extra supplies aresold. Planting and harvesting of cassava are doneby both men and women. Land preparation,however, is a man’s activity. Corn is grown forconsumption. However, it needs fertilizers, whichsome residents cannot afford to buy.

Farm products are sold in Sapang Dalaga.Although there are “sari-sari” stores in thebarangay, residents still prefer to buy goodsfor daily use from stores in Sapang Dalaga.

From September to October, mangosteen are inseason. This is another source of income forsome barangay residents. Others become hiredhelp in other farms at P50/day.

Pigs are raised for cash and special occasions,such as fiestas. Cattle is primarily for cash whilechickens are raised for consumption. There areresidents, however, who do not like to raiseanimals because they easily get sick during therainy season.

About 70% of the barangay residents aretenants of land owners from other areas ofMisamis Occidental. Tenants get one-third ofthe income from coconut production. Mostlandlords do not go to Sixto Velez to get theirshare. Instead, their share is brought to themby the tenant.

The main problem faced by residents is the lackof money to buy food. They wish to improvetheir livelihood to overcome this difficulty andalso be able to send their children to school.

26 Technical Report

C. Municipality of Don Victoriano

1. Barangay Tuno

Barangay Tuno was under the jurisdiction of themunicipality of Tudela before the municipality ofDon Victoriano was created. The barangay wasnamed after the color of the water from springsflowing in the creeks. The water is white, similarto coconut milk which is known locally as “tuno”.It is located on the southeastern part of DonVictoriano, with a total land area of 300 ha basedon the parcellary survey (ENR-SECAL Report1999).

a. Social profile

The most recent population data from themunicipal social welfare and development officeindicate the presence of 166 households withan average of five individuals per family and atotal population of 861. Fifty-five percent isbetween the ages 15 to 64 years old; 43% isbelow 15 years, and only 2% is 65 years oldand above. There are more females than males.

Seventy percent are Subanons; the rest areCebuanos, Boholanos, and other groups.

Residential settlements are clustered along thegraveled road leading to the next barangaywhich can be reached either by jeep ormotorcycle. Houses are made of GI roofings andwooden walls. Some have cemented houses.

Residents have access to electricity. Some havetransistor radios, tape recorders, television;ICOM radios are commonly used by barangayofficials.

A primary school (Grades I-IV) is operated bythe Department of Education, Culture and Sports(DECS) with four teachers and four classrooms.School children hike to Barangay Lalud to finishelementary education.

There is no barangay health worker. Theresidents need to go to the next barangay forhealth concerns. Patients are brought toMahayag or Molave hospitals for treatment orconfinement. There is no available data on thehealth and nutrition status of residents. However,no one was observed to be malnourished duringthe PRA.

The residents have access to a free-flowingwater system provided by the local government.There is a basketball court and cockpit. Themunicipal hall of Don Victoriano is located in thisbarangay.

b. Economic profile

Farming is a family activity and is the mainsource of income for most residents. When notin school, children help their parents in the farm.The main farm products are corn, rice, rootcrops, and vegetables. Corn and rice are mainlyfor consumption, while root crops andvegetables are for cash. During lean months(rainy season), root crops are their main staple.

Some residents engage in trading or buy-and-sell of vegetables and root crops which theydirectly sell to consumers in Molave. Manyhousewives have small stalls in Molave onweekends. Their daily needs are also purchasedmostly from Molave or Ozamiz.

Residents domesticate animals for cash orconsumption. Chicken is raised mainly forconsumption and cattle is mainly for cash. Pigsare raised both for cash and consumption, forspecial occasions like fiestas or “buhat-buhat”.The carabao is mainly used for plowing the field.

Credit is extended to farmers by “compradors”or traders who also buy their farm products.Trading is done in Lalud.

Labor is provided by the whole family. Thehusband plows the field, while the wife andchildren help plant and harvest the crops. Hiredlabor is at P60-70/day.

Another source of income for residents duringlean months is employment in construction, whichthey usually find in Dipolog.

Soil infertility is a problem resulting in high costsof farm inputs for farmers. This problem alsocauses extensive soil erosion because theirfarms are situated in hills and steep slopes.

c. Cultural profile

Husbands and wives share in the decision-making. Women do housekeeping and also helpin the farm. Some are members of the RuralImprovement Club (RIC) and Farmers’ Association.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 27

Parents aspire to send their children to school.Residents hope for a better and peacefulbarangay.

“Tabo” or market day is done every Friday wherefolks exchange news, play basketball, and playmasiao.

Looting of crops is common and a concern ofthe barangay council. The “Timuay” or “gukon”is the traditional leader who settles conflictsamong residents.

2. Barangay Lalud

In the local dialect, “lalud” means wavy landterrain. In earlier years, Lalud was under thejurisdiction of the municipality of Tudela.

a. Social profile

A DSWD survey shows 360 households with anaverage size of five and a total population of1,829. Forty-three percent of the population isbelow 15 years old, 55% is between 15-64 yearsold, and only 2% is 65 years old and above.There are more females than males. Seventypercent are Subanons and 30% are Cebuanos,Boholanos, and other groups.

Residential houses are clustered in the barangayproper and along graveled and cemented roads.Houses are made of GI sheets, wood, andconcrete.

Four preschool, eight elementary, and foursecondary school teachers are helping to moldthe character and values of school-age children(15%) in the barangay. The health center ofthe municipality of Don Victoriano is in BarangayLalud and this is run by a medical doctor and anurse. The center also has an ambulance.

Jeepneys and motorcycles are the means oftransport from Tuno and the neighboring townsof Josefina and Molave to the commercial centerat Lalud. Communication facilities include ICOMradios, transistors, television, and taperecorders.

Electricity and free-flowing water supply areprovided in the barangay. In addition, there isa basketball court, a tennis court, and videoke.

b. Economic profile

Farming is the main source of income. Thesecondary means of livelihood are trading,restaurant services, and gardening. The mainfarm products are corn, rice, vegetables, rootcrops, and bananas. On the average, farmersplant on a 1 ha farm. Cultivation rights arebased on stewardship certificates given tofarmers as occupants of forest lands.

Rice and corn are planted mainly forconsumption, while vegetables are mainly forcash. Root crops are both for cash andconsumption. These farm products are sold tocompradors/financiers. Other farmers bringtheir products to Molave or Ozamiz City.

Horses are domesticated mainly for transportof farm products to the market. Cattles are raisedfor cash, while chickens are for consumptiononly. Pigs are raised both for cash andconsumption especially during fiestas and otherspecial occasions.

Similar to Barangay Tuno, soil infertility and soilerosion are the major concerns of residents.

c. Cultural profile

Residents go to Dipolog City during lean monthsto work in the construction business. Husbandsare assisted by their wives in farming and inmaking decisions particularly on their savings.Despite their low income, parents still aspire tosend their children to school and improve theirlivelihood.

3. Barangay Lampasan

“Lampas” means a way of cutting grasses. Thebarangay was officially created in 1953 andschools opened in 1980. In the mid-1980s,residents outmigrated due to the poor peaceand order situation. After 10 years, there wasa high rate of in-migration and residents startedto farm in the area.

a. Social profile

Barangay Lampasan has a total population of1,065 with 206 households, and an averagehousehold size of five. Forty-five percent of thepopulation is below 15 years old, 50% is 15-64

28 Technical Report

years old, and 5% is 65 years old and above.There are more females than males; 40% areSubanons and 60% are Cebuanos and Boholanos.

The school has five classrooms, one room forpreschoolers and four for the elementary grades.There are two teachers for elementary and onefor the preschool. Communication facilities suchas ICOM radios, television, transistors, and taperecorders are available in the barangay. Housesare made of GI sheets, wood, and concrete.

The residents have “tabo” every Friday. Theyhave basketball courts and a cockpit forrecreation activities.

b. Economic profile

The main source of livelihood is farming. Othersources of income are gardening, operating a“sari-sari” store, and “manungha” at P70/day.The main farm products are corn, onions,chayote, cabbage, root crops, and tomatoes.These are transported to Tudela by means ofhorses, jeeps, and motorcycles. According toresidents, they are able to sell 50 to 100% oftheir products to Lalud even during lean months.

Planting, harvesting, and desuckering are doneby the whole family. The average farm size is 1ha. Soil infertility is also the main problem infarming.

c. Cultural profile

There is still food inadequacy and low incomeeven though husbands and wives are intofarming. Some residents earn extra incomethrough basket weaving and most of them aremembers of BANWA and LEAF.

4. Barangay Lake Duminagat

Lake Duminagat was named after the lake whichcuts across the barangay.

a. Social profile

There are 58 households with a total populationof 391; 100% are Subanons. Age composition issimilar to that of Barangay Lampasan. Residentsare distributed in clusters due to the area’scauldron-like terrain.

The barangay has a preschool and elementaryschool with two teachers and three classrooms.

The health center (6 km away) has one healthworker. The barangay can only be reached by atrail, which makes it inaccessible to any vehicle.Residents have to walk or use horses to transportgoods to nearby barangays. The barangay hasuncemented basketball court.

b. Economic profile

Farming is the main source of livelihood.Residents also earn income by “karyada” orhauling and as hired help in other farms. Theirmain products are onions, cabbage, chayote,root crops, and corn which are bought bycompradors from Mansawan. Transportation, soilinfertility, pests, and rats are their main concerns.

The residents of Lake Duminagat are occupantsof forest lands. They can only manage tocultivate small farms and raise few chickens dueto pests.

c. Cultural profile

Most residents are Catholics. Husbands andwives do the farming. Despite the problem offood inadequacy, farmers aspire to improve theirliving conditions and send their children toschool.

5. Barangay Gandawan

“Gandawan” means wild flowers. It was officiallycreated in 1980. In the 1970s, there was a highrate of outmigration because of the poor peaceand order situation.

a. Social profile

The residents are 95% Subanons and only 5%are Cebuanos. There are 61 households with atotal population of 363 distributed in clusters.There are more females than males. Fifty percentis between 15-64 years old.

The health center is 3 km away from thebarangay proper. There is a preschool, anelementary school, and a high school.

The road going to Barangay Gandawan is a trailand can be reached only by foot and by horse.Residents have ICOM and transistor radios forcommunication. Their houses are made of woodshingles, wood, and GI roofs. They have free-flowing water, a barangay hall, and an

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 29

uncemented basketball court. The barangaycelebrates its fiesta on August 28.

b. Economic profile

The main source of livelihood is farming and themain products are onion, cabbage, chayote, rootcrops, abaca, and sugarcane. Most of theirproducts are sold in Mansawan. The residentsraise horses mainly for transport, and cattles,pigs, chickens for food, and carabaos as draftanimals.

Their main problems are pests and soil infertility.To earn extra income, some work in other farmsas hired help.

c. Cultural profile

Husbands and wives farm and share in thedecision-making. Food is inadequate, andproblems of soil infertility and pests exist.Residents still believe that soon they willovercome these problems; they continue toaspire in improving their level of livelihood.

6. Barangay Mansawan

“Mansawan” is derived from the Subanon word“mansaw” which means wild sugarcane. Thisplant was abundant in the area when the firstsettlers who were all Subanons belonging to thePiniling Nasud, a religious sect, arrived in 1964.

a. Social profile

The population is estimated to be 1,686 with362 households and an average household sizeof five as of 1998. There are more females thanmales. Sixty-five percent of residents are aged15-64 years. About 85% are Subanons and 15%are Cebuanos and Boholanos. Children of mixedparentage (¾ Subanon) are called “libog”.Although majority of the residents are Subanon,the main spoken dialect is Cebuano.

Barangay Mansawan has a day care center withone teacher. It has a complete elementaryschool with eight teachers and there is a planto have a high school soon.

Mansawan has eight barangay health workers.A midwife lives in the barangay and also servesthree other barangays. The barangay has a

health center, a public market, a basketball court,artesian wells, and communal faucets.

Barangay residents have no access to electricity.Some own transistor radios and others have taperecorders. Houses are made of wood and GIsheets. There was a time though when roofswere made of “gulayan”, a pine tree. Water isfetched either from the artesian wells locallycalled “bumba” or communal faucets where thewater is piped from a spring in BarangayGandawan.

Residents go to the Don Victoriano town properby hiking or riding on a horse. During drymonths, they ride on public utility motorcyclescalled “habal-habal”. To reach Don Victoriano,one has to cross seven streams and a river.The barangay is also accessible by jeepney andmotorcycle on graveled roads from Mutia, a townin Zamboanga del Norte.

There are four religious groups in Mansawan:Piniling Nasud, the Roman Catholics, Born-againChristians, and the Seventh Day Adventists. TheSangguniang Kabataan (SK) is composed ofyoung people (18 years and below). At the timethe PRA was conducted, the SK held a benefitdance to raise funds to finance their variousactivities (i.e., cleaning of water source, market,and other public places).

b. Economic profile

The main source of income is farming. The mainproducts are vegetables (onion, cabbage,chayote), root crops, and corn.

Onions are planted anytime of the year primarilyfor cash. These can be desuckered after fourmonths and desuckering thereafter is done oncea month. After every desuckering, inorganicfertilizer is applied. Insecticides or pesticidesare sprayed once a week. If maintained properly,onions can last for as long as five years.Maintenance includes keeping the land cleanand free of weeds.

Farmers can grow onions on a 100 m2 piece ofland which can yield 1,500 bundles a month.Each bundle weighs approximately 750 g andcan be sold at P7/bundle. Onions are sold totraders or compradors in the barangay proper.Deliveries are done preferably on a Monday,which is the “tabo”, a special market day. Traderssell the onions as far as Dipolog City.

30 Technical Report

Cabbage is another cash crop planted anytimeof the year. It requires fertilizer and insecticidesand can be harvested after three months. It isalso sold to traders in the barangay proper.

Chayote is planted anytime primarily for cash.It does not have to be fertilized or sprayed withpesticides. Farmers sell it weekly and theincome from selling is used to buy fish, meat,and other food.

Root crops are planted anytime of the year forcash and consumption. During months whenthere is no money to buy food, barangayresidents eat root crops. Corn is planted withinMarch to April. It can be harvested after fivemonths.

Few residents raise pigs because they do nothave enough cash to buy corn or rice bran forfeeds. They also find pig raising time-consuming. Chickens are raised forconsumption, horses are for transport purposesand goats are for sale. Farmers do not plowtheir fields because these are in steep slopes.To till the land, they use a “sakol”. Farmers donot practice contour farming or slopingagricultural land technology (SALT).

The compradors or local traders set the pricefor onion, cabbage, chayote, and other crops.Some of them extend loans to farmers orprovide seeds and other farm inputs. In return,farmers sell their products to traders which makeit easy for them to dictate the price.

All residents have yet to own their farms whichis why they are not secure as far as tenurialstates are concerned.

Other sources of income are “manungha”, hiredhelp on the farm for a daily wage of P50 and“karyada”, a hired help for hauling vegetablesand other crops using a horse and is paid pertrip.

c. Cultural profile

Residents aspire for better and adequate food,good health, and education for their children.BANWA, TRICAP, and Piniling Nasud areorganizations present in the barangay. Mostresidents are members of these organizations.

III. Interconnectedness

The landscape approach to environmentalassessment for biodiversity status is quite timelyand appropriate. The upland ecosystem of theMt. Malindang Range highly affects the activitiesof the lowland and coastal ecosystems. Likewise,the reverse is true. Many aspects of daily lifeare interconnected. Politics and trading areexamples. The PRA site, being located in themountain flanks, is endowed with a rich riverinesystem. Headwaters drain from the mountainrange and together the water runs down withsilt, and flora and fauna. In exchange, productsfor household use are purchased from thelowland and brought to the upland.

a. Resource use and flow patterns

Most of the farm products, like onions, cabbage,chayote, and root crops, like sweet potato,kanaka, gabi or lutia are the cash crops grownin the municipalities of Concepcion and DonVictoriano.

In Concepcion, farmers sell farm productsdirectly to consumers. From as far as Virayan,Small Potongan, Upper Potongan, and UpperSalimpuno they sell their produce during the“tabo” of their respective barangays. But mostbring their produce to Sapang Dalaga wherethey sell these directly to consumers. From theirsale, they buy salt, vinegar, dried fish, saltedfish, cooking oil, rice or corn, sometimes clothingmaterials, and fertilizers and insecticides.

In Don Victoriano, two barangays are consideredas trading centers - Barangays Mansawan andLalud. In these centers, many compradors cometo buy farm products in wholesale. From Lalud,these are delivered and sold to stall owners inJosefina, Mahayag, and Molave then to PagadianCity. Others go to Bonifacio, Tangub City, thento Ozamiz City. Household needs such as salt,salted fish, dried fish, vinegar, cooking oil, clothes,and farm needs specifically farm implements,fertilizers, and pesticides are obtained from theseplaces. Farm products such as vegetables androot crops from as far as Liboron, Sibucal, LakeDuminagat, and Gandawan are brought toMansawan during “tabo” where compradors buythem. Farmers rarely bring their farm produceoutside of Mansawan because the transportation

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 31

cost is so prohibitive. Added to hightransportation cost is the time it takes themaway from their farms if they sell their goods inplaces beyond Mansawan. Compradors bring thefarm products to Mutia, Pinan, Polanco, DipologCity, all in Zamboanga del Norte. Another routein selling farm products is from Pinan, to Barcelonato Dapitan City, then to Dipolog City, or fromBarcelona to Sapang Dalaga then to Calambathen Plaridel of Misamis Occidental. Tradersbring farm and household needs to Mansawanfor farmers to buy.

Not only are farm products and farming needsexchanged, but siltation, faunal and floralcomponents of the environment too. Thesurface water, which drains from the hills andmountain slopes carry sediment and cause highsiltation both in the lowland and coastalenvironments. Together with the surface waterrun-off, nutrients drain from the upland soilresulting in soil infertility. In addition, seeds ofplants flowed with the run-off resulting indispersal of the plants in the lowland and coastalareas. In the riverine system, which is prevalentin the upland ecosystem, aquatic fauna can godownstream and upstream. For example, theeel goes downstream to spawn and upstreamto grow and mature, and back againdownstream to lay eggs. Both seed-eating birdsand fruit bats also function as seed dispersalagents resulting in the migration of plants. Allwinged organisms go from place to place andin so doing, serve also as dispersal agents.

b. Political flow

In both municipalities, the mayors are notpermanent residents of the town they head. InConcepcion, the mayor is a resident of Lopez-Jaena. In Don Victoriano, the municipal mayorresides in Ozamiz City with the parent, althoughhis wife is from Dipolog City. His younger brotheris also the mayor of Josefina, the town next toDon Victoriano that is a part of Zamboanga delSur. The dump trucks of the Don Victoriano mayoralso serve Josefina. Somehow, the influence ofthe Don Victoriano mayor is glaring also in Josefinaalthough the Josefina mayor is not similarlyinfluential in Don Victoriano.

IV. Common observations and findings

a. Biophysical resources

1. Severe pest infestation on cabbage: Uponexamination, the pest was identified asdiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Thisis the major pest of cabbage in Mansawan,Gandawan and Lake Duminagat such thatfarmers are forced to apply insecticides tominimize their impacts.

2. A practical mechanical control of pests oncabbage seedlings was installed andobserved in Barangay Lake Duminagat. Thefarmers used nylon net mesh to enclosetheir nursery beds.

3. The presence of parasitic cocoons on deadlarvae of diamondback moth in Gandawanclearly indicates the presence of naturalenemies that suppress the populationgrowth of insect pests.

4. Dead larvae observed on the way to LakeDuminagat were believed to have beenattacked by pathogenic organisms such asbacteria and viruses.

5. Cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus, wasobserved as a pest of okra in Lampasan.

6. Water striders and ripple bugs are abundantin the waters of Lake Duminagat, GuibanRiver, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality. Their presenceindicates the absence of pollutants in thebodies of water.

7. Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna speciesobserved had ecological value as pollinators,seed dispersal agents, and insect pestcontrol agents. Their social value lies in theirbeing used as pets and experimental orresearch materials. Economically, they areused as food and trading items.

8. The municipalities of Don Victoriano andConcepcion are all situated within aprotected area where the status ofbioresources remains unresolved.

32 Technical Report

b. Sociocultural and economic findings

From direct observations and interviews of keyinformants, participants, and stakeholders inthe PRA sites, information and data on thefollowing were gathered. In addition, theseinformation were validated in focus groupdiscussions and multisectoral meetings.

1. The number of households in all barangaysranged from 53 to 362. Population figuresbased on estimates and latest reports rangefrom 210 to 1,829. The average householdsize is six.

2. About 3-5% of the population in eachbarangay is composed of old (65 years andabove) folks. The young (0-14 years old)accounted for about 45% of the totalpopulation. The middle age group (15-64years old) comprises about 50%.

3. There are more females than males.

4. In Barangays Mansawan, Gandawan, LakeDuminagat, Small Potongan, UpperPotongan, and Virayan, more Subanons wereobserved than any other ethno-linguisticgroup. In these barangays, Subanonsprobably account for 85% to 100% of thepopulation. In Lalud and Tuno, the Subanonsmake up 70% of the total population.

5. The barangays have barangay healthworkers (BHW) but no municipal healthofficer (MHO). Medicines are very muchlacking.

6. Only five barangays have electricity. Themost common mass media facility is thetransistor radio. Barangay captains in DonVictoriano have ICOM radios.

7. Houses are mostly made of galvanized ironsheets and wood/wood shingles. Very fewhouses use cogon as roofing material.

8. Two barangays have high schools. UpperPotongan does not have any elementaryschool. Five barangays have Grades I-II,three barangays have Grades I-IV while threebarangays have complete elementaryschools.

9. Farming is the main source of livelihood.Secondary sources of income include“manungha” (hired help in the farm),“karyada” (hauling), hand-sawing, and sellingfirewood.

10.Cash crops from Mansawan, Gandawan andLake Duminagat are mainly onions,cabbage, and chayote. For Lalud, Tuno, andLampasan, cash crops are corn and rootcrops similar with Barangay Poblacion ofConcepcion.

11.The average area cultivated is only ¼ of ahectare. People occupy forest lands. Theycannot get titles for the land they till sincethey live within the protected areas. Somepossess certificates of stewardship over thepiece of land they occupy.

12.There is no definite cropping pattern for rootcrops, onion, cabbage, and other vegetables.Corn is planted from April to May. Thesecond cropping starts in September.

13. Rainy months are the lean months in SmallPotongan and Upper Potongan, while forVirayan, every month is a lean month.

14.Poultry is seldom raised due to problems ofpests and diseases.

15.Soil fertility is a big problem.

16.Women often help in the farm in addition todoing household chores. They plant, doweeding, and desucker onion plants. Theyalso engaged in “karyada” to augment familyincome.

c. Issues and concerns

The data and information gathered throughdirect observations, interviews, and meetingswith the local residents and their localgovernment units point to important issues andconcerns. In the following list, the first two arethe local residents’ main concerns. The othersare concerns raised by the team and residents.The team agrees with residents in believing thatthese issues and concerns are linked with eachother in an intertwining manner.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 33

1. Socioeconomics

a. Food security among uplandcommunities

b. Social stability/peace and order situationc. Alleviating family income above the poverty lined. Availment of credit facilities at low or

no interest at alle. Availment of social amenities and

servicesf. Improvement of literacyg. Increased productivity

2. Policy formulation needs

a. Resolving the status of the towns of DonVictoriano and Concepcion which arewithin the protected area

b. Tenurial rights of residents in themunicipalities

c. Integrated approach to projectimplementation

d. Advocacy and information campaigns

3. People’s empowerment through trainings andworkshops

a. Agroforestry technologyb. Soil rehabilitation and ameliorationc. Enterprise development and cottage

industry

4. Infrastructural needs

a. Rural electrificationb. Farm-to-market roadsc. Improved health servicesd. Improved water system

5. Habitat destruction

a. Shifting cultivation within grasslands andbrushlands

b. Unfavorable weather conditions andedaphic factors

c. Soil erosion/landslides

6. Chemical pollution

a. Application of pesticidesb. Application of inorganic fertilizers

7. Biological pollution

a. Indiscriminate introduction of alienspecies

b. Species extinction

d. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)

From these data, the strengths, weaknesses,opportunities, and threats (SWOT) were derived.These are presented in Appendix Table 26.

V. Interaction analysis

All the natural resources in the uplandecosystem are vulnerable to human interferenceor disturbance, thus threatening both theenvironmental security and biodiversity. Withthe shifting cultivation practices of farmers,more areas are cleared of plant materials thatprevent soil erosion. In turn, the loss of plantscorrespondingly lead to the loss of animals thatdepend on them for habitat or for food. As aconsequence, animals are driven away from thearea. Human beings continue to hunt either formeat or objects of trading.

a. Biophysical situations

1. Soil erosion appears less in Mansawan,Gandawan, and Lake Duminagat in DonVictoriano, and in Concepcion based on theaverage cultivated area per household ofless than ¼ ha. However, since farmers donot practice soil conservation measures,cultivation is done on steep slopes andfrequency of rainfall is high, soil erosion isrelatively high per unit area. In addition,vegetable production has resulted in thedepletion of soil nutrients. Without sufficientreplenishment, this has led to low soil fertilityand increased incidence of soil-bornediseases (Bunders et al. 1990). Reversing thissituation needs thorough and meticulousstudies to come up with appropriateintervention strategies.

2. Abundant sources of water remainuntapped. These are not taken advantagedof to boost staple crop production inGandawan and Lake Duminagat environsand in the barangays of Concepcion. Thisnecessitated the conversion of cultivatedareas and grasslands into rice fields interraces using suitable varieties and farmingpractices. Such conversion of land use mayhave also created negative impacts on themicroorganisms in the soil, altering theecological balance. Another aspect toconsider is the sociocultural condition. Such

34 Technical Report

intervention may not be acceptable or thecommunity may not be socially prepared forsuch a shift in the manner of land use. Thus,an intensive participatory action researchalong this line is a must.

3. About 30% of the total floral species in DonVictoriano and Concepcion was not recordedand about 2% is believed to be new species.Their characteristics, habitat, distribution,and uses have to be known and understoodfor appropriate biodiversity conservationmeasures to be undertaken.

4. Several ornamental plant species have beenobserved growing wildly in the grasslands(e.g., Medinilla, Begonia, bamboo orchids,ground orchids, etc.) that have potential forcommercial growing. Conservation of thesespecies and using them for economicventures to uplift the lives of residents isimperative. These plants may becomeextinct due to frequent shifting cultivationpractices.

5. Species diversity appears relatively rich inLake Duminagat and its environs. Yet, theirhabitat dynamics, degree of speciesassociation, and ecological functions are lessknown. Understanding these factors isneded to formulate effective forestmanagement decisions and effectsustainable development.

6. Don Victoriano and Concepcion are withinthe protected area of the Mt. MalindangNational Park and their status is stillunresolved. Resolution of this issue is vitalto the conservation efforts of Mt. Malindangand formulation of biodiversity conservationmeasures for sustainable development.

7. Insect pests are the major constraint tovegetable production. Among these are thediamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), greentortoise beetle (Cassida sp.), potato tubermoth (Phthorimaea opercudela), cutworm(Spodoptera litura), squash beetle(Aulacophora similis), cotton stainer(Dysdercus cingulatus), and unidentifiedlepidopterous pest which attacks onion.Anthracnose is the major disease of Baguiobeans. Controlling pests and diseases ofvegetables necessitates immediate attentionto formulate integrated pest managementpractices.

8. Insecticides are commonly applied to controlinsect pests. It is the ultimate recourse offarmers to get high harvests. This practicethreatens biodiversity. Alternative means ofcontrolling pests that are environment-friendly and cost effective must be used.

9. Water striders and ripple bugs are quiteabundant in the waters of Lake Duminagat,Guiban River, and Virayan River. These arebioindicators of water quality since theirpresence and abundance indicate theabsence of water pollutants.

10.Most of the avian, reptilian, mammalian,amphibian, and ichthyofauna species areobserved to have ecological value aspollinators, seed dispersal agents, and insectpest control agents. Their social value liesin their use as pets and experimentalresearch materials. Their economic valuefocuses more on their use as food andtrading items.

b. Sociocultural and economicsituations

1. Vegetable production is the main source oflivelihood in Mansawan, Gandawan, andLake Duminagat. Vegetables grown includecabbage, onions, Baguio beans, chayote andsquash. Root crops are likewise grown whichsustain residents particularly during leanmonths. The common root crops cultivatedare sweet potato and lutia. The decision toplant them is governed by bothsocioeconomic and cultural values andenvironmental constraints.

2. The number of households in all barangaysof Don Victoriano and Concepcion rangesfrom 53 to 362. Latest population figuresare estimated to range from 210 to 1,829.The average household size is six. Theaverage income per month per householdof P700-1,000 is very low compared withthe P3,000 per month poverty levelindicator. Yet residents manage to survivebecause of coping mechanisms such as“karyada” (hauling) and “manungha” (hiredlabor) to augment their meager income.

3. At least 70% of the population in DonVictoriano is indigenous people. Their levelof education is low. Thus, any development

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 35

intervention to be introduced would requiremuch effort for social preparation and valueformation.

4. Fifty percent of the population belong to the15-64 years age range and 45% to 0-14years range implying available labor forceat household level. The average area ofcultivation per household in Lake Duminagatis less than ¼ ha. Due to lack or absence offarm implements and farm animals, manuallabor is used so only small farm size aremaintained per household. Farmers with smallfarms and who do not practice intensivesmall-scale farming get less harvests andmeager income.

5. Women often tend vegetable gardens inaddition to doing household chores. Thereare more females than males. Moreover, menattend most of the time to social and politicalfunctions.

VI. Recommendations

In view of these issues, problems, andinteraction analysis, the following first andsecond generation researchable areas andspecific research topics and development needsare recommended. These were analyzed usingthe following criteria: relationship to biodiversityconservation, needs, urgency, linkages, andpolicy relevance (Appendix Table 27).

a. First generation researchable areas

1. Tenurial arrangement with settlers and usersof Mt. Malindang resources, redelineationof the protected area, and empowermentof the people as effective forest managers

2. Land use pattern in the municipalities of DonVictoriano and Concepcion to determine thesuitability of plants to different ecozones

3. Patterns of forest/biodiversity resources useby Subanons and other users to provideinputs to appropriate resource managementstrategies

4. Marketing strategies, resource use pattern,income and market structures

5. Assessment of the biological resources inLake Duminagat and its environs (DonVictoriano) and inventory as input and guideto appropriate conservation and management

6. Analyses and determination of thephysicochemical parameters of the soil inrelation to biodiversity and managementstrategies

7. Hydrobiology of the freshwater ecosystemswhich include the physicochemicalproperties of the water and the dynamics

8. Study on the rate of soil erosion, water yield,and water-holding capacity, water qualityand water regimen of some waterways inLake Duminagat environs

9. Documentation and comparative studies oncultural practices of the indigenous peoplein different ecozones in relation tobiodiversity indices and status

10.Studies on impacts of resource use andincome-generating activities on thebiodiversity status in different ecozones

11.Studies on impacts of local governance onbiodiversity conservation status

b. Second generation and specificresearchable areas

1. Identification of appropriate and sustainableagroforestry systems that enhancebiodiversity conservation and sustainabledevelopment

2. Studies on using biological resources forpest control and soil amelioration

3. Propagation and mass production of locallyavailable ornamental plants

4. Identification, propagation, andperformance evaluation of forage species inLake Duminagat environs

5. Environmental impact evaluation studies onusing the waterfalls in Don Victoriano as asource of hydroelectric power

36 Technical Report

6. Macropropagation and use of localdipterocarps in rehabilitating naturalsecondary forests and grasslands

7. Environmental impact evaluation studies onthe proposed ecotourism project in LakeDuminagat and its environs

8. Ex situ breeding (captive breeding or tissueculture) of rare, endangered, threatenedspecies and establishment of biodiversityconservation and rehabilitation center foracademic purposes and for reintroductionof lab-produced species in the naturalhabitat whose performance will bemonitored and evaluated

9. In situ breeding of rare and endangeredspecies in protected areas under well-coordinated implementation rules andregulations by different agencies and LGUsconcerned.

10.Forest species composition, habitatdynamics, degree of species association,their ecological functions, and policyimplications

11.Survey and biological studies of major insectpests and diseases of vegetables in DonVictoriano and their natural enemies, andthe implications for integrated pestmanagement strategies

12.Biodiversity assessment of hymenopterousand lepidopterous insects in Lake Duminagatand its environs

13.On-farm profiling and residue analysis ofpesticides commonly used by farmers withimplications on policy formulations

14. Inventory, bioassay, and field applicationsof botanicals as alternative control measuresfor pests in vegetables in Don Victoriano

15. Inventory of pests and diseases of livestockand poultry in Concepcion and DonVictoriano and management planning forcontrol or eradication

16. Survey of ecto and endoparasites of avifaunalspecies in Lake Duminagat and SmallPotongan environs

17. Incidence of Plasmodium gallinarum in junglefowls of Lake Duminagat and its environs

18.Biodiversity assessment of timber-producingspecies in Lake Duminagat and SmallPotongan environs

c. Development needs for possibleinterventions by relevant GOs andNGOs

1. Development of farm-to-market roads

2. Lighting facilities

3. Provision of expert services for agriculturalvegetable production

4. Provision of assistance for agroforestrytechnologies

5. DENR assistance for placing the towns ofDon Victoriano and Concepcion under theCommunity-Based Forest Management(CBFM) program providing tenurial rights tothe people with corresponding empowermentas effective forest managers

6. Development of commercial ornamentalplant nurseries as alternative livelihood forthe people including empowerment

7. Development of a cooperative for cutflowerbusiness as an alternative source of incomeamong households

8. Backyard livestock and poultry raising as asmall cottage industry

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 37

d. Support programs

1. More team building activities, especiallyamong researchers of different disciplines

2. Training of local partners on biodiversityassessment: identification and inventory ofall on-site and off-site resources so they willbecome future parataxonomists

3. More training for researchers, locally andinternationally, to enhance their expertise

4. Fellowship grants for researchers who wantto update their knowledge

5. More research grants for theses students,both Filipinos and Dutch; more financialsupport for students from Mindanao

6. Intensive information dissemination onenvironmental awareness

7. Funded curricular development onbiodiversity conservation at all levels:elementary, high school, collegiate and postbaccalaureate degrees

8. Financially-supported biodiversity researchinstitute or centers in Mindanao

38 Technical Report

References

Alcala, A.C. 1976. Philippine land vertebrates: Field biology. New Day Publishers. Quezon City.

Bukagan Ecological Association. 1994. Mt. Malindang: A rapid site appraisal. May-June.

Bunders, B.G.J., editor. 1990. Biotechnology for small-scale farmers in developing countries: Analysisand assessment procedures. University Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Bunders, J., B. Havenkort, and W. Hiemstran. 1996. Biotechnology building on farmers’ knowledge.McMillan Education Ltd., London.

Conlu, P. V. 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. IX. JMC Press Incorporated, QuezonCity, Philippines. p. 41.

DENR. 1993. The Protected Area Suitability Assessment (PASA). Final Report Vol. 1. Mt. MalindangNational Park and Watershed Area, Misamis Occidental.

DENR and NEP. 1994. Philippine biodiversity: An assessment and plan of action.

Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. 1997. The conditions of biodiversity maintenance in Asia.East-West Center.

duPont, J.E. 1971. Philippine birds. Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville Delaware.

Gonzales, R.C. et al. 1988. Birds of the Philippines. Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc.,Manila, Philippines.

Gunawan, B., Parikesit, O.S. Abdoellah, and R. Kotanegra. 1997. Rapid appraisal for biodiversitymaintenance: An alternative approach for assessing biodiversity condition and maintenance.In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia.East-West Center.

Larausse Encyclopedia of Animal Life, 1976.

McNeely, J.A., K.R. Miller, W.V. Reid, R.A. Miermeier, and T.B. Werner. 1990. Conserving the world’sbiological diversity. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; WRI, CI, WWF-US, and the World Bank,Washington, D.C.

NEDA. 1998. Development master plan of the First District of Misamis Occidental final report.

Rabor, D.S. 1977. Philippine birds and mammals. UP Press Quezon City.

Rola, A.C. and P.L. Pingali. 1993. Pesticides, rice productivity, and farmers’ health: An economicassessment. International Rice Research Institute. Manila, Philippines.

Sajise, P.E. and M.V. Ticsay-Ruscoe. 1997. The conditions of biodiversity maintenance in Asia:Philippine studies. In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise, editors. The Conditions of BiodiversityMaintenance in Asia. East-West Center.

SEARCA and RAWOO. 1999. Orientation and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) training course forthe pre-implementation phase of the Biodiversity Research Programme for Mindanao, CentralMindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, 11-18 February.

Ticsay-Ruscoe, M.V. 1997. Biodiversity as an indicator of sustainability in the Apangan landscapeof Haliap-Panubtuban, Asipolo, Ifugao Province, Philippines. In: Dove, M.R. and P.E. Sajise,editors: The Conditions of Biodiversity Maintenance in Asia. East-West Center.

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 39

Appendix Table 1. List of plant and lichen species present in each of 12 barangays includedin the survey at Mt. Malindang Range, Upland Ecosystem PRA.

Taxon

Abelmoschus esculentusAcacia mangiumAcalypha ameniaceaAcorus calamusAdenanthera intermediaAdiantum philippenseAeschynanthus philippinensisAeschynamene sensitivaAgathis philippinensisAgave americanaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllum cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAlternanthera ficoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAmomum philippinenseAnacardium occidentaleAnonas comosusAndropogon citratusAngiopteris palmiformisAnisoptera thuriferaAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaAnthurium andreanumApium graveolensArachis hypogeaAralia spinosaArdista pyramidalisArenga tramulaArtemisia vulgarisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophylikusArtocarpus odoratisssimusArtocarpus sericarpusAschyranthes asperaAsclepiua curassavicaAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAglaia diffusaAglaia langlasseiAglaia luzoniensisAphananthi philippinensisAzaderacta indiceArisoptera aureaAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonAster linifolius

1

00100101000101110111010001000001110000001101100000101000

2

00110101101101000111011001100001011010000101101111100111

3

00100101111101001110000000110000010000000101101111100111

4

11000000000101010000010000001110000011111110010000000000

5

00100100000111110100010000101110000010101110000000000000

6

00100110000111111101010110101110000110101111000000000100

7

00100101001100000100001000110000011000100111101111101110

8

00101001000100000110001000110000011000000111100000000000

9

00101001000100000110101000110000011000001111100000000100

10

00100101000110110111111001100010110011111111100000100000

11

01000100000101110111010001001110110011111111000000010000

12

01000100000101100100010001001110000011111111000000000100

40 Technical Report

Astronia cumingianaAsystacia gangeticaAtuna racemosaAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarleria cristataBarringtonia racemosaBasella albaBasella rubraBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBischofia javanicaBixa orellanaBlechnum orientalesBlumea balsamiferaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBorreria laevisBougainvillea spectabilisBrachiaria muticaBrassica oleraceaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisBuchanania arborescensBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. phillippinensCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCalophyllum kuenstleriCalopogonium mucunoidesCanarium hirsutum forma multipinnataCanna indicaCanthium monstrosumCapsicum frutescensCarallia branchiataCarica papayaCarphalea kirondronBambusa spinosaBrossaia actinophyllaBridelia minutiloraBuchanania arborascensCalophyllum blancoiCaesalpinia pulcherrimaCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisCasearia grewiaefoliaCassia alataCassia javanicaCassia nodosaCassia occidentalis

11011110101000111001101111100001000000011101010000000010011

01011010111001111101111011100010111010011111010000010110000

01011010111010111101111011110000111001111111010001010110000

01110011100100011010100110001101000100001101010100101001011

01010010100000011010100110010111000000011101010100100001011

01011010101000111010100110110001000000011101010000000001111

11010000111011011001100010110000111010100011000011010110001

11010000100111011001100010110000111011100011000011000110000

11010010111011011001100010110000000011000011010001000111001

01011011101110111011101110110111111001011101110000000001001

01011111100100011010101110100001000100011101011000000001001

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

01011110100100011010101110100001000100011101011000000001001

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 41

Cassia toraCatharanthus roseusCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCelba pentandraCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisCentella asiaticaCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensCestrum nocturnumChingia feroxChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysalidocarpus lutescensChrysanthemum indicumChrysophyllum cainitoChrysopogon aciculatusCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareClethra lancifoliaClitorea ternateaCocos mucifera cv. “Green Tall”Codieaum variegatumCoffea robustaCoix lachryma-jobiColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumColocasia esculentaColona serratifoliaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCommelina bartramiaCordia dichotomaCordyline fruticosaCorypha utanCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumChisocheton pentandrumCaryota cuminquiChisocheton cymingianusCombretodendron quadrialatumCrinum asiaticumCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCrypsinus sp.Crypsinus glaucusCucurbita maximaCuphea hyssopifoliaCurcuma domesticaCyanotis axillarisCyathea callosaCyathea contaminans

100000110011100110011100001110101011011010111000100000010111

001011110011100011101100101100101111000010111101101011110111

001011110011100010001100101100111011000010111101100001010111

110100101001101110010001001110101011101000111000000000111101

100000101111100110010000001110101111001000111000000000110101

100000111111100110010000011110101111001000111000000100110101

100001111111100010000010100100101011000001111111101100110111

000001111011100010000010100100101011100001111100001100110111

100000111001100110010010101100101111100001111000101100110111

100000111001100111010011001110101111100001111000111100110101

100000111001110111010001001110101111000111111000001100110101

100000111001110111010001001110101111000101111000001100110100

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

42 Technical Report

Cyathea loheriCycas revolutaCynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus compactusCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtandra cumingiiCyrtococcum patensCyrtosperma merkusiiDacrycarpus imbricatusDactyloctenium aegypticumDalbergia sp.Datura metelDaucus carotoaDavallia solidaDendrocalamus asperDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium suffruticosumDieffenbachia pictaDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaDerris philippinensisDesmodium capitatumDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDiscranopteris linearisDigitaria ciliarisDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiplazium esculentumDipterocarpus gracilisDracaena fragransDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaDurio zibethinusDysoxylum gaudichaudianumEchinochloa colonaCreten leiophyllusCubilia cubiliDaemonorops melisDacrydium elatumDendrocalamus merriliamusDendrocoride meyenianaDiospyros copelandelDiospyros pilosantheraDemosphocalyx luzoniensisDrypetis bordiniDrypetes maquilingensisDwatanga moluccanaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElaeagnus philippinensisElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaber

001011111010010010111000011111111000111000100001000000010001

101011111110110011011010111111110000001100100101000100011101

101010111110110101010000010100110001001000000101000010011111

001000010011010000000100111000000000001001000011000000100000

001001110010010000001000011111010000001001000011000000100000

001001111010010010001000101100110110001001000010000000110001

101000111110011001001001110011110000001001011001111111100000

101001111010011001001000111111100000010001010001000000110001

101000110110011000001000111111110000010011010000000001110000

001001111010010001001100111100111000011011000000000001110000

001000000010010000000100011011100000111101000000000000110000

011000100010010000000100010111110000111101001000000000110000

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 43

Elephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEleutherine palmifoliaEmilia sonchifoliaEucalyptus degluptaEurycles amboinensisErvatamia pandacaquiErythrina orientalisEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEuphorbia pulcherrimaFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaFlagellaria indicaFragaria virginianaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGardenia jasminoidesGardenia mangostanGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Gliricidia sepiumGlochidion rubrumGmelina arboreaGossypium barbadenseGuioa koelreuteriaGymnostoma rumphianumHeliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus tiliaceusHelixanthera sessillisHippeastrum sp.Homulanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusGomalomena philippinensisEclipta prostrataFicus congestaFicus ampelosFicus heteropleuraFraxinus griffthieGrewia multifloraFlacourtia rukanGigantochloa levisHomalanthus populneusHopea acuminataGardenia pseudopsidiumHomalomena rubescensHydrangea lobbii

1110101000000101110110010010000011010011011010000101110010000

1111110000011001000010110111100100100010000011110111110010101

1111100000000001000010110011100000000010000011110111110011100

1110100001000000000000000000000010011000100010001100010110000

1110100000000000010000010000000010010000000000001101010110000

1110100000100001011011000000000010010000000000001110010110010

1110100000000000010000000011100000000110000100010111110010100

1110100100000001010010100011100000010110000000010111111110100

1110100110101011010010001010000001010110001000010111110110000

1110100110111110111100111000000110110010010000010110000110111

1110100010110011101110000000011111110010111000001000000000000

1110100010110000101000000000011111110010111000000000000000000

Appendix Table 1. Continued...Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

44 Technical Report

Hygrophila salicifoliaIchonocarpus volubilisImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiImperata cylindricaIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaIresine herbstiiIxora philippinensisKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLagerstroemia speciosaLansium domesticumLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLeea philippinensisLeucaena leucocephalaLeucosyke capitellataLindernia crustaceaLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaicaLitsea glutinosaLivistona rotundifoliaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMadhuca betisMallotus philippensisMalvaviscus pilosusMangifera indicaManibot esculentaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla magnificaMedinilla myrtiformisMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMelia dubiaMelicope triphyllaMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataHorpetica alataHorsifoldia megacarpaClachidion canesiensGlochidion albumLetsea perrottetiiMelastoma malabatricumMerremia peltataMicromelum minutumMikania cordata

101110110100001000111000000110000111000111000010010011100001

101110111100001100111010011110101111100001101110110011101011

101110111100001100111011011110101111110001101010010001111011

000010000100101001000000000101110001000001000010000101111101

000010100100001000010000000100000000000001000011001101100101

010011100110011000010001000100000000100001000011001101100101

111010100000001000101001000010101111010001110010100011111011

111110100001001100101101000010111111011101110010100000101111

111110100001001110111100000100101111011101000010100001101111

111110010100101111001000000100000101000011000111000001101101

000010010100111001010000100100000001000011000111001001100001

000010010100101001010000100100000000000011000111000000000101

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 45

Mimosa invisaMimosa pudicaMiscanthus floridulusMorinda citrifoliaMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Musa textilisMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartingiiNeonauclea mediaNepenthes alataNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeNephrolepis biserrataNopalea cochinelliferaOcimum sanctumOctomeles sumatranaOdontonema strictumOleandra maquilingensisOperculina turpethumOphioglossum reticulatumOphiopogon japonicusOplismenus compositusOrthosiphon aristatusOxalis repensPachyrhizus erosusPalaquium luzonensePandanus camarinensisPandamus copelandiiPandamus exaltatusPandamus tectorius var. laevisPanicum maximumParartocarpus venenosusParaserianthes falcatariaParmelia cristiferaPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPassiflora foetidaPennisetum polystachyonPersea americanaPhacelophrynium interruptumPhalaenopsis amabilisPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaNeonauilea bernadesNeoletea vidalliiPhaeanthus obracteitatusNeonauclea formicariaOncosperma tigillariaPalaquim toxvortyiPlanehonella nitidaPremna odorataOchroma pyramedaleOsmanga odorataPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarus

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

1110001100011000010101000011100000010011111011000000000000000

1110001111111100010000100010100000010111111010000100101100000

0010001111111100010010101010000110010111111010000101101100000

1110101100000000110000000110000000010001111000010000000010011

0110001100000000010000000010000000010001111000000000000010011

0110011110001000011100010011100001010001111000000000100010011

1110001111111100000010000010001111010001111000101111111100100

1111001111111110100000100010001111111001111110101110101100100

0111001111011100000000110010100101111001111111001010101101000

0110101110010100000001010110100000110001111111010100101000011

0111101100000001011001010110110000110111111111010000000000011

0110101100000001011000010110111000010001111011010000000000011

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

46 Technical Report

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Phyllanthus urinariaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPhysalis angulataPhyscia fragilescensPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPipturus arborescensPittosporum pentandrumPityrogramma calomelanosPlumeria albaPolyscias halfourianaPolyscias nodosaPometia pinnataPouteria micranthaPremna odorataPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumPsidium guajavaPterospermum obliquumPteridium aquilinumPterocymbium peltatumPsychotria luconiensisPteris vittataPterospermum diversifoliumPueraria phaseoloidesPunica granatumPyrus malusRadermachera pinnataRamalina nervulosaRhaphidophora merrilliiRicimus communisRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSamanea samanSambucus javanicaSandoricum koetjapeSanseviera trifasciataSaurauria glabrescensSchefflera insularisSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumSchizostachyum lumampaoScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSapindus saponariaPunica granatumSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSmilax chinensisSolanum melongena

000100101010000001010010000100111111010010010111100110010100

010111111011100001010000101000001111011001110111100111111010

010010111001100001010000000001001111010001110111100111110010

101000001000001111010010110000000011001000000100001000010001

101000001000000101010010100000000011001000000110000000010001

101000001100010101011001100000000011001000000110000000010001

000010101000100001010010000100001101000000000101110111110000

000111101000100001111111100101001101000000000101110111110000

000101101000101001110111100101001101000000000101110111110000

100100101010001111010010100101110011101100000110000000010001

101100000111001111010010100011110011101100001110000000010001

101100000110001111010010100011110011101100001110000000010001

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 47

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Solanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSpathiphyllum sp.Sphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenoclea zeylanicaSpenomeris chinensisSpiridens reinwardtiiStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisStenochlaena milneiSwietenia macrophyllaSymphytum officinaleSynedrilla nodifloraSyngonium podophyllumSyzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccenseSyzygium polycephaloidesSyzygium samarangenseTagetes erectaTamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Thayeria cornucopiaThemeda giganteaThemedia triandraTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientaleThysanolaena maximaTradescantia sp.Tridas procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaTypha angustifoliaUncaria philippinensisUrena lobataShorea palosapisShorea polyspermaShorea assamicaSyzgium calubcobSyzgium BurdinviToona calantasUsnea misamisensisVanda cumingianaVernonia arboreaVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaViburmum luzonicumVitex negundoVitiviera zizanoidesVoacanga globosaWedelia trilobaWikstroemia indica

000001111101101111010000000001000001111001100000010011000110

010100111101111011000000000111100001110011100010011111001010

000100111111110010000000000111000001010011100011011111101010

101000001001101011110111010001010100011100100000000011010010

000001001000101011110111100001000000011100100000000011000010

000000001000101011000111000001000010011100100000000011000010

000000001100110010000000001111100001010000011111111010000010

000000001101110010000000001111100001011101011000011010000110

000000111101110010000000001001100001011101010000001011000010

000000111100111011010000000001011001011101110000001011010111

000000111000101011110111100001010100011100100000000011010111

000000001000111011111111100001010100010000100000000011010011

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

48 Technical Report

Appendix Table 1. Continued...

Xanthosoma sagitifoliumZea maysZephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbetZoysia matrella

11101

11101

01101

11001

11111

11111

00011

11011

11011

11111

01001

01001

* 1-Mansawan, Don Victoriano, Misamis Occidental (DVMO);2-Gandawan (DVMO);3-Lake Duminagat (DVMO);4-Lampasan (DVMO);5-Tuno (DVMO);6-Lalud (DVMO);7-Small Potongan, Concepcion, Misamis Occidental (CMO);8-Upper Potongan (CMO);9-Virayan (CMO);10-Poblacion Concepcion (CMO);11-Upper Salimpuno (CMO);12-Sixto Velez, Sapang Dalaga, Misamis Occidental.

**Lichen species, Kingdom Mycetae/Fungi

Summary on the number of species per Barangay

1. Mansawan 231 + 13 = 2442. Gandawan 274 + 28 = 3003. Lake Duminagat 243 + 31 = 2744. Lampasan 172 + 18 = 1905. Tuno 158 + 14 = 1726. Lalud 96 + 11 = 2077. Small Potongan 191 + 49 = 2408. Upper Potongan 221 + 26 = 2479. Virayan 227 + 22 = 24910. Poblacion Concepcion 257 + 15 = 27211. Upper Salimpuno 229 + 4 = 23312. Sixto Velez 207 + 1 = 208

Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 49

Appendix Table 2. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to family with corresponding habit, uses, andconservation status.

Family/Taxon

AcanthaceaAsystacia gangeticaBarleria cristataBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisCanthium monstrosumOdontonema strictumPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumGendarussa vulgarisHygrophila salicifolia

AgavaceaeAgave americanaCordyline fruticosaDracaena fragransSanseviera trifasciata

AmaranthaceaeAlternanthera ficoidesAmaranthus spinosusAschyranthes asperaIresine herbstii

AmaryllidaceaeCrinum asiaticumEleutherine palmifoliaZephyranthes atamascoHippeastrum sp.

AnacardiaceaeAnacardium occidentaleBuchanania arborescensMangifera indica

AnnonaceaeAnnona muricataAnnona squamosa

ApiaceaeApium graveolensCentella asiatica

ApocynaceaeAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisCatharanthus roseusErvatamia pandacaquiIchnocarpus volubilisPlumeria albaThevetia peruvianaVoacanga globosa

Habit**

hbhbhbhbshshshshshsh

hbshtlhb

hbhbhbhb

hbhbhbhb

stmtlt

stst

hbhb

ltlthbshviststsh

Uses***

wwwweched, orhedhedhed, orw

ororlanhed

orwwor

orororor

edlaned

eded

spveg, sp

tmtmor, medecwlanlanec

Conservation status

commoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

scarcecommoncommonscarce

commoncommoncommonscarce

scarcescarcescarcescarce

commonscarcecommon

scarcescarce

commoncommon

commoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

50 Technical Report

AraceaeAcorus calamusAglaonemaCommutatumAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia andreanumCaladium bicolorColocasia esculentaCyrtosperma merkusiiDieffenbachia pictaHomalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensRhaphidophora merrilliiSchismatoglottis calyptrataSyngonium podophyllumXanthosoma sagittifolium

AraliaceaeAralia spinosaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumPolyscias balfourianaPolyscias nodosaSchefflera insularis

AraucariaceaeAgathis philippinensisPhyllocladus hypophyllus

AsclepiadaceaeAsclepia curassavicaHoya sp.

AspleniaceaeAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodon

AthyriaceaeDiplazium esculentum

BalsaminaceaeImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsonii

BarringtoniaceaeBarringtonia racemosa

BasellaceaeBasella albaBasella rubra

BegoniaceaeBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarum

BignoniaceaeRadermachera pinnata

lihbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbvihbvihb

mtstshmtep

ltmt

hbep

fefefe

fe

hbhb

mt

vivi

hbhb

st

medororedorororededororororecored

eclanhedecec

tmtm

wor

ororor

ed

oror

lan

vegveg

oror

ec

rarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommon

commonscarcecommonscarcescarce

scarcerare

commonscarce

scarcecommonscarce

scarce

commoncommon

scarce

scarcescarce

scarcescarce

rare

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 51

BischofiaceaeBischofia javanica

BixaceaeBixa orellana

BlechnaceaeBlechnum orientaleStenochlaena milnei

BombacaceaeCeiba pentandraOchroma lagopusDurio zibethinus

BoraginaceaeCordia dichotoma

Brassicaceae/CruciferaeBrassica oleracea

BromeliaceaeAnanas comosus

BurseraceaeCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatum

CactaceaeNopalea cochinellifera

CaesalpiniaceaeCassia alataCassia javanicaCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaGliricidia sepiumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaTamarindus indica

CannaceaeCanna indica

CaprifoliaceaeSambucus javanicaViburnum luzonicum

CaricaceaeCarica papaya

CasuarinaceaeGymnostoma rumphianum

ChrysobalanaceaeAtuna racemosa

lt

st

fefe

ltltmt

st

hb

hb

lt

hb

shmtshshshshshstlimt

hb

stsh

tl

mt

mt

tm

dye

orec

lan, fifi, lcmed

med

veg

ed

tm

or

medlan, shadorwwwwfu, om, lfeced

or

orec

ed

tm

ed

scarce

scarce

commonscarce

commonrarecommon

scarce

common

common

scarce

rare

commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarescarce

common

scarcerare

common

common

scarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

52 Technical Report

CladoniaceaeCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicum

ClethraceaeClethra lancifolia

CombretaceaeTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitens

CommelinaceaeCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCyanotis axillarisTradescantia sp.

CompositaeAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesArtemisia vulgarisAster linifoliusBidens pilosaBlumea balsamiferaChromolaena odorataChrysanthemum indicumCosmos caudatusCrassocephalum crepidioidesEclipta rostrataElephantopus scaberElaphantopus spicatusElaphantopus tomentosusEmilia sonchifoliaGerbera sp.Mikania cordataSynedrilla nodifloraTagetes erectaTridax procumbensVernonia arboreaVernonia cinereaVermonia patulaWedelia triloba

ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea batatasIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaMerremia peltataOperculina turpethum

CrassulaceaeKalanchoe pinnata

liclic

st

mtmt

hbhbhbhb

hbhbhbhbhbshshhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbvihbhbhbshhbhbhb

vivivivivi

hb

ecec

ec

lan, dyelan

wwwor

wwmedrwmedwororwwwwwworwworwecwww

edwwww

or

scarcescarce

common

scarcescarce

commoncommoncommoncommon

commoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommon

commonscarcecommoncommoncommon

scarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 53

CucurbitaceaeCucurbita maximaSechium edule

CupressaceaeThuja orientale

CyatheaceaeCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheri

CycadeceaeCycas revoluta

CyperaceaeCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculata

DatiscaceaeOctomeles sumatrana

DavalliaceaeDavallia solidaNephrolepis biserrataOleandra maquilingensis

DennstaedtiaceaePteridium aquilinum

DilleniaceaeDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaTetracera scandens

DioscoreaceaeDioscorea alataDioscorea esculenta

DipterocarpaceaeAnisoptera thuriferaDipterocarpus gracilisShorea contortaShorea negrosensis

EbenaceaeDiospyros pilosanthera

ElaeagnaceaeElaeagnus philippinensis

vihb

st

fefefe

tl

hbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbhb

lt

fefefe

fe

mtltli

vivi

ltltltlt

lt

li

vegveg

lan

ec, lan, omec, lan, omec, lan, om

lan

wwwwwwwwww

fi, lcm

ororec

w

ececec

eded

tmtmtmtm

tm, ed

ed

commoncommon

scarce

scarcecommonscarce

scarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

scarce

commoncommonrare

common

scarcescarcescarce

scarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarce

scarce

scarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

54 Technical Report

ElaeocarpaceaeElaeocarpus calomala

EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha amentaceaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCodieaum variegatumEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEuphorbia pulcherrimaGlochidion rubreumHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMallotus philippensisManihot esculentaMelanolepis multiglandulosaPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaRicinus communis

FagaceaeLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaica

FlagellariaceaeFlagellaria indica

GesneriaceaeAeschynanthus philippinensisCyrtandra cumingii

GleicheniaceaeDicranopteris linearis

GramineaeAndropogon citratusAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataBrachiaria muticaCentotheca lappaceaChloris barbataChrysopogon aciculatusCoix lachryma-jobiCynodon dactylonCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDendrocalamus asperDigitaria cilliaris

mt

shshshshhbhbshstststmtstmtststshstshshst

mtltmt

li

epst

fe

grgrtltltltlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrtlgr

tm, ed, fi

oreceched, orwworecececececececdyeedecwwmed

tmtmtm

cot

ecor

ec

spwcm, seched, seccm, seclan, secww, paswwecwwwcm, secw

scarce

commonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

commonscarcecommon

scarce

rarescarce

common

commoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommon

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 55

Echinochloa colonaEchinichloa crus-galliEleusine indicaImperata cylindricaMiscanthus floridulusOplismenus compositusPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scribucykatynPennisetum polystachyonSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum diffusumSchizostachyum lumampaoSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepenseThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraPhysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoidesZea maysZoysia matrella

CuttiferaeCalophyllum kuenstleriCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumGarcinia mangostana

HeliconiaceaeHeliconia metallica

HydrangeaceaeHydrangea lobbii

HabiataeColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataOcimum sanctumOrthosiphon aristatus

LauraceaeLitsea glutinosaPersea americana

LeeaceaLeea philippinensis

LiliaceaeAllium cepaAsparagus sprengeriBelamcanda chinensisEurycles amboinensisOphiopogon japonicus

grgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgrlitlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgr

mtststst

hb

sh

hbhbhbhbshsh

mtst

st

hbvihbhbhb

wwwcot, cmec, secww, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedcot, cmeccot, cmecw, pas, secw, secw, seccotcot, secedlan, sec

tmfufued

or

or

ororspicespicespiceor

eced

lan

spiceorororor

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommon

scarcescarcescarcescarce

scarce

rare

commonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommon

scarcecommon

scarce

commonscarcescarcerarecommon

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

56 Technical Report

LindsaeaceaeSphenomeris chinensis

LobariaceaeLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsonii

LycopodiaceaeLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosum

LythraceaeCuphea hyssopifoliaLagerstroemia speciosa

MalpighiaceaeDuranta erecta

MalvaceaeAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus tiliaceusMalvaviscus pilosusSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaThespesia populneaUrena lobata

MarantaceaeDonax cannaeformisPhacelophrynium interruptum

MarattiaceaeAngiopteris palmiformis

MelastomataceaeAstronia cumingianaMedinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMelastoma polyanthum

MeliaceaeDysoxylum gaudichaudianumLansium domesticumMelia dubiaSandoricum koetjapeSwietenia macrophylla

fe

liclic

vivi

shst

sh

shshshshshstshshshshstsh

hbhb

fe

stepepepsh

ltmtltmtlt

or

ec, medec, med

ec, insec, ins

orlan

hed, or

vegwfior, fihed, oranor, hedwwwlanw

orec

or

lanorororec

tmedtmedtm

common

scarcescarce

commonscarce

commonscarce

common

commoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommon

scarcerare

common

commonrarescarcescarcecommon

scarcescarcerarecommoncommon

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 57

MimosaceaeAcacia mangiumAcenanthera intgermediaAeschynomene sensitivaCalliandra haematocephalaLeucaena leucocephalaMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaParaserianthes falcantariaSamanea saman

MoraceaeArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusArtocarpus sericicarpusFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataParartocarpus venenosus

MoringaceaeMoringa oleifera

MusaceaeMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)

MyrsinaceaeArdisia pyramidalis

MyrtaceaeEucalyptus degluptaPsidium guajavaSyzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccenseSyzygium polycephaloidesSyzygium samarangense

NepenthaceaeNepenthes alata

NyctaginaceaeBougainvillea spectabilis

OphioglossaceaeOphioglossum reticulatum

stlthbshsthbhbltlt

ltltltltmtltshepstststmtstststmtmt

st

tltltl

st

ltststststst

vi

li

fe

tmtmwor, hedfu, lfwwtmtm

edecedededecececlanececececmed, ecececec

veg

fieded

or, lan

tmededededed

ec

or, lan

ec

commonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonrare

common

commoncommoncommon

scarce

scarcecommonscarcescarcerarescarce

rare

common

rare

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

58 Technical Report

OrchidaceaeBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiPhalaenopsis amabilisSpathiphyllum sp. (bright orange)Trichoglottis sp.

OxalidaceaeBiophytum sensitivumOxalis repens

PalmaeAreca catechuArenga tremulaCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisChrysalidocarpus lutescensCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanLivistona rotundifoliaOncosperma horridumPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensis

PandanaceaeFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiPandanus camarinensisPandanuscopelandiiPandanus exaltatusPandanus tectorius var. laevis

PapilionaceaeAbrus precatoriusAlysicarpus vaginalisArachis hypogeaCalopogonium mucunoidesCentrosema pubescensClitorea ternateaDalbergia sp.Derris philippinensisDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium suffruticosumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumErythrina orientalisIndigofera tinctoriaPachyrhizus erosusPhaseolus lathyroidesPueraria phaseoloides

hbhbhbhbhb

hbhb

tltllililitltltltltltltltl

lililitltltltl

livihbvivivimtlihbhbshhbshshshstshvivivi

ororororor

ww

maslancotcot, edcotlanlaned, cm, cotcot, edlan, coted, cmcm, eclan, ec

cot, eccot, eccot, ececececcot

medwedww, gmwtmpowwwgm, hedwwwlanwedww

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

commoncommon

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcerarerarescarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarcerarecommonscarce

rarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommon

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 59

ParmeliaceaeParmelia cristifera

PassifloraceaePassiflora foetida

PhysciaceaePhyscia fragilescens

PiperaceaePiper retrofractum

PittosporaceaePittosporum pentandrum

PodocarpaceaeDacrycarpus imbricatus

PolypodiaceaeCrypsinus claucusCrypsinus sp.Drynaria quercifoliaThayeria cornucopia

PteridaceaePteris vittataSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitus

PunicaceaePunica granatum

RhizophoraceaeCarallia brachiata

RosaceaeFragaria virginianaPyrus malusRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefolius

RubiaceaeCarphalea kirondronCoffea robustaGardenia jasminoidesIxora philippinensisMorinda ctrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartlingiiNeonauclea mediaPsychotria luconiensisUncaria philippinensis

lic

vi

lic

vi

mt

lt

fefefefe

fefefe

sh

st

vistshlish

shstshshshshshmtmtmtstli

ec

w, ed

ec

ec

tm

tm

orororec

orecec

or, ec

ec

ededoreded

orbevororecororfififiecec

scarce

scarce

scarce

scarce

rare

scarce

commoncommoncommonrare

commoncommoncommon

rare

scarce

scarcerarecommoncommoncommon

scarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommonrarescarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

60 Technical Report

RutaceaeCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaMelicope triphyllaMicromelum minutum

SapindaceaeGuioa koelreuteriaNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okePometia pinnata

SapotaceaeChrysophyllum cainitoMadhuca betisPalaquium luzonensePouteria campechiana

Saurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibractea

SchizaeaceaeLygodium circinatumLygodium merrillii

ScrophulariaceaeLindernia crustacea

SelaginellaceaeSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvens

SinopteridaceaeAdiantum philippensePityrogramma calomelanos

SmilacaceaeSmilax china

SolanaceaeCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCestrum nocturnumDatura metelLycopersicon esculentumPhysalis angulataSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifolium

SonneratiaceaeDuabanga moluccana

stststshst

ststmtlt

mtltltst

stmt

fefe

hb

hbhbhb

fefe

li

shshvishhbshshshshshsh

lt

edededecec

ecedec, edtm

edtmtmed

ecec

cot, inscot, ins

w

ececec

oror

ec

spicespiceorw, po, medecwvegvegvegww

fi, lcm

commonscarcecommonscarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarce

commonscarcescarcescarce

scarcescarce

scarcescarce

common

commoncommoncommon

commoncommon

scarce

commoncommonscarcescarcecommonrarecommonscarcescarcecommoncommon

scarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 61

SphenocleaceaeSphenoclea zeylanica

SpiridentaceaeSpiridens reinwardtii

SterculiaceaePterocymbium peltatumPterocymbium diversifoliumPterocymbium obliquumTheobroma cacao

ThelypteridaceaeChingia feroxMacrothelypteris polypodioides

ThymelaeaceaeWikstroemia indica

TiliaceaeCasearia grewiaefoliaColona serratifoliaCommersonia bartramiaMuntingia calaburaTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitriloba

TyphaceaeTypha angustifolia

UlmaceaeCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisTrema orientalis

UmbelliferaeDaucus carota

UrticaceaeElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumLaportea brunneaLeucosyke capitellataPipturus arborescens

UsneaceaeUsnea misamisensis

sh

bry

mtmtmtst

fefe

sh

stmtststshsh

hb

ltltmt

hb

hbhbshshsh

lic

w

ec

fififibev

oror

fi

ecfi, fuwedww

ec

tmtmec, fu

veg

ecedwecec

med

common

rare

rarescarcescarcescarce

commoncommon

rare

scarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommon

rare

scarcescarcecommon

scarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommon

scarce

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

62 Technical Report

VerbenaceaeCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareGmelina arboreaLantana camaraPremna odorataStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSymphytum officinaleVitex negundo

VitaceaeCayratia trifolia var. cinereaTetrastima sp.

ZingiberaceaeAmomum philippinenseCostus speciosusCurcuma domesticaKolowratia elegansZingiber zerumbet

shshststmtshstshshhbsh

vivi

hbhbhbhbhb

ececorortmor, wmedwwmedmed

ecec

ororspecor

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarce

scarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez

** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine

Family/Taxon Habit** Uses*** Conservation status

Appendix Table 2. Continued...

*** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction material

lf = live fencemed = medicinalom = orchid mediumor = ornamentalpas = pasturepo = poisonousshad = shade plantsec = soil erosion controlsp = spice/condimenttm = timber sourceveg = vegetablew = weed

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 63

Appendix Table 3. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to habit with corresponding family, uses, andconservation status.

BryophyteSpiridens reinwardtii

EpiphytesAeschynanthus philippinensisFicus baleteHoya sp.Medinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisSchefflera insularis

FernsAdiantum philippenseAngiopteris palmiformisAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonBlechnum orientaleChingia feroxCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriDavallia solidaDicranopteris linearisDiplazium esculentumDrynaria quercifoliaLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMacrothelypteris polypodioidesNephrolepis biserrataOleandra maquilingensisOphioglossum reticulatumPityrogramma calomelanosPteridium aquilinumPteris vittataSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenomeris chinensisStenochlaena milneiThayeria cornucopia

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Spiridentaceae

GesneriaceaeMoraceaeAsclepiadaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeAraliaceae

SinopteridaceaeMarattiaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeBlechnaceaeThelypteridaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeDavalliaceaeGleicheniaceaeAthyriaceaePolypodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaeThelypteridaceaeDavalliaceaeDavalliaceaeOphioglossaceaeSinopteridaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaeLindsaeaceaeBlechnaceaePolypodiaceae

ec

ececororororec

orororororororororec, lan, omec, lan, omec, lan, omorecedorcot, inscot, insororececorworececorecec

rare

rarescarcescarcerarescarcescarcescarce

commoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommonrarerarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerare

64 Technical Report

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

GrassesAndropogon citratusAxonopus compressusBrachiaria muticaCentotheca lappaceaChloris barbataChrysopogon aciculatusCoix lachryma-jobiCynodon dactylonCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDigitaria cilliarisEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEleusine indicaImperata cylindricaMiscanthus floridulusOplismenus compositusPanicum maximumPaspalidum flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepenseThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraThysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoidesZea maysZoysia matrella

FernsAeschynomene sensitivaAgave americanaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllium cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlternanthera ficoidesAmaranthus spinosusAmomum philippinenseAnanas comosusAnthurium andreanumApium graveolens

GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae

MimosaceaeAgavaceaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeLiliaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeZingiberaceaeBromeliaceaeAraceaeApiaceae

spwww, paswwecwwwwwwwcot, cmecww, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedcot, cmec, secw, pas, secw, secw, seccotcotedlan, sec

worwworvegoredororworedorsp

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommon

commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommon

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 65

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Arachis hypogeaArtemisia vulgarisAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAster linifoliusAsystacia gangeticaBarleria cristataBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBalamcanda chinensisBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisBrassica oleracea

Bulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCanna indicaCatheranthus roseusCentella asiaticaChrysanthemum indicumColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumColocasia esculentaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCrinum asiaticumCurcuma domesticaCyanotis axillarisCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtosperma merkusiiDaucus carotaDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium suffruticosumDieffenbachia pictaDonas cannaeformisEclipta rostrataElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatus

PapilionaceaeCompositaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeCompositaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeCompositaeOxalidaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaeAraceaeCannaceaeApocynaceaeApiaceaeCompositaeLabiataeLabiataeAraceaeCommelinaceneCommelinaceneCompositaeZingiberaceaeCompositaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceaeCommelinaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAraceaeUmbelliferaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeAraceaeMarantaceaeCompositaeUrticaceaeUrticaceaeCompositaeCompositae

edmedwworwworororwwwwveg

ororororor, medveg, sporororedwwororworspwwwwwwwedvegwwgm, hedororwecedww

commoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

scarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

66 Technical Report

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Elephantopus tomentosusEleutherine palmifoliaEmilia sonchifoliaEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaEurycles amboinensisFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaGerbera sp.Heliconia metallicaHippeastrum sp.Homalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiIresine herbstiiKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLindernia crustaceaLycopersicon esculentumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaNopalea cochinelliferaOphiopogon japonicaOxalis repensPhacelophrynium interruptumPhalaenopsis amabilisSanseviera trifasciataSchismatoglottis calyptrataScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvensSpathiphyllum sp.Symphytum officinaleSynedrilla nodifloraTagetes erectaTradescantia sp.Trichoglottis sp.Tridax procumbensTypha angustifoliaVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbet

CompositaeAmaryllidaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLiliaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCompositaeHeliconiaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAraceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeAmaranthaceaeCrassulaceaeZingiberaceaeScrophulariaceaeSolanaceaeLabiataeLabiataeMimosaceaeMimosaceaeCactaceaeLiliaceaeOxalidaceaeMarantaceaeOrchidaceaeAgavaceaeAraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCucurbitaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeOrchidaceaeVerbenaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCommelinaceaeOrchidaceaeCompositaeTyphaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae

worwwworwworororororororororecwecspspwwororwecorhedecwwvegecececormedworororwecwwwedoror

commonscarcecommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommonrarescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarecommonscarcecommonscarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 67

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Lianas (Woody vines)Abrus precatoriusAcorus calamusBougainvillea spectabilisCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisDerris philippinensisElaeagnus philippinensisFlagellaria indicaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetianegrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusSchizostachyum diffusumSmilax chinaTetracera scandensUncaria philippinensis

LichensCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiParmelia cristiferaPhyscia fragilescensUsnea misamisensis

Large TreesAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAnisoptera thuriferaArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancolArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus sericicarpusBischofia javanicaCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatumCeiba pentandraCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisDacrycarpus imbricatusDillenia reifferschidiaDiospyros pilosantheraDipterocarpus gracilisDuabanga moluccana

PapilionaceaeAraceaeNyctaginaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaePapilionaceaeElaeagnaceaeFlagellariaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeSmilacaceaeDilleniaceaeRubiaceae

CladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeParmeliaceaePhysciaceaeUsneaceae

MimosaceaeAraucariaceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeBischofiaceaeBurseraceaeBombacaceaeUlmaceaeUlmaceaePodocarpaceaeDilleniaceaeEbenaceaeDipterocarpaceaeSonneratiaceae

medmedor, lancotcot, edcotpoedcotcot, eccot, eccot, ececedecececec

ececec, medec, medececmed

rmtmtmtmtmedecededectmtmlan, fitmtmtmectm, edtmfi, lcm

rarerarecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcerarecommoncommonscarcescarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

scarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

68 Technical Report

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Dysoxylum gaudichaudianumEucalyptus degluptaLithocarpus philippinensisMadhuca betisMangifera indicaMelia dubiaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatranaPalaquium luzonenseParaserianthes falcatariaPometia pinnataSamanea samanShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSwietenia macrophylla

Medium-sized TreesAralia spinosaArtocarpus odoratissimusAtuna racemosaBarringtonia racemosaBuchanania arborescensCalophyllum kuenstleriCassia javanicaChrysophyllum cainitoColona serratifoliaDalbergio sp.Dillenia philippinensisDurio zibethinusElaeocarpus calomalaFicus minahassaeFicus variegataGmelina arboreaGymnostoma rumphianumLansium domesticumLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus sundaicaLitsea glutinosaMacaranga bicolorMacaranga grandifoliaNauclea orientalisNeonauclea burtlingiiNeonauclea mediaNephelium ramboutan-okePartocarpus venenosusPhyllocladus hypophyllusPittosporum pentandrumPolyscias nodosaPterocymbium peltatumPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquum

MeliaceaeMyrtaceaeFagaceaeSapotaceaeAnacardiaceaeMeliaceaeBombacaceaeDatiscaceaeSapotaceaeMimosaceaeSapindaceaeMimosaceaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceae

AraliaceaeMoraceaeChrysobalanaceaeBarringtoniaceaeAnacardiaceaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeSapotaceaeTiliaceaePapilionaceaeDilleniaceaeBombaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeVerbenaceaeCasuarinaceaeMeliaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeLauraceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeSapindaceaeMoraceaeAraucariaceaePittosporaceaeAraliaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceae

tmtmtmtmedtmfi, lcmfi, lcmtmtmtmtmtmtmtm

ecededlanlantmlan, shadedfi, futmecedtm, ed, fiecectmtmedtmtmecececfififiec, edectmtmecfififi

scarcescarcescarcescarcecommonrarerarescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommon

commoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarerarerarescarcerarescarcescarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 69

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Sandoricum koetjapeSaurauia latibractea

Tamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTrema orientalis

ShrubsAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumAcalypha amentaceaBlumea balsamiferaBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCanthium monstrosumCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCarphalea kirondronCassia alataCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraChromolaena odorataCodieaum variegatumCordyline fruticosaCrotolaria linifoliaCrotolaria saltianaCuphea hyssopifoliaDatura metelDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDuranta erectaErvatamia pandacaquiEuphorbia pulcherrimaFicus angustissimaGardenia jasminoidesGendarussa vulgarisGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHydrangea lobbiiHygrophila salicifoliaIndigofera tinctoriaIxora phiilippinensisLantana camaraLaportea brunnea

MeliaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeUlmaceae

MalvaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMimosaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeAcanthaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeRubiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeAgavaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeLythraceaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeMalpighiaceaeApocynaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMoraceaeRubiaceaeAcanthaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeHydrangeaceaeAcanthaceaePapilionaceaeRubiaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceae

edec

edlan, dyelanec, fu

vegwormedececor, hedecececspspormedorwwwhed, ororwworw, po, medwwwwhed, orecorecorhed, orfior, fihed, ororwworor, ww

commonscarce

scarcescarcescarcecommon

commoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonrarecommonscarcecommoncommoncommon

70 Technical Report

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Leucosyke capitellataMalvaiscus pilosusManihot esculentaMelastoma polyanthumMelicope triphyllaMorinda citrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda phiklippicaOcimum sanctumOdontonema strictumOrthosiphon aristatusPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPhysalis angulataPipturus arborescensPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumRosa centifoliaRubus rosaefoliusSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Solanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSphenoclea zeylanicaStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia arboreaViburnum luzonicumVitex negundoVoacanga globosaWikstroemia indica

Small TreesAcacia mangiumAnacardium occidentaleAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaArdisia pyramidalisAstronia cumingianaBixa orellanaBoerlalgiodendron diversifoliumCarallia brachiataCasearia grewinefolia

UrticaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeLabiataeAcanthaceaeLabiataeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSolanaceaeUrticaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSphenocleaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCaprifoliaceaeVerbenaceaeApocynaceaeThymelaeaceae

MimosaceaeAnacardiaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeMyrsinaceaeMelastomataceaeBixaceaeAraliaceaeRhizophoraceaeTiliaceae

ecor, hededecececororsphed, ororwwwechedhedhedoredwwwvegvegvegwwwwwwwwececmedecfi

tmedededor, lanlandyelanecec

commonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcerarescarcescarcerare

commoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 71

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Citrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaClerodendronmacrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareClethra lancifoliaCoffea robustaCommersonia bartramiaCordia dichotomaCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumCyrtandra cumingiiErythrina orientalisFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaGarcinia mangostanaGliricidia sepiumGlochidion rubrumGuioa koelreuteriaHibiscus tiliaceusHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusLagerstroemia speciosaLeea philippinensisLeucaena leucocephalaMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga tanariusMallotus philippensisMelanolepis multiglandulosaMicromelum minutumMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaNephellium lappaceumPersea americanaPlumeris albaPouteria campechianaPremna odorataPsidium guajavaPsychotria luconiensisPunica granatumPyrus malusRodermachera pinnataRicinus communisSambucus javanicaSaurauia glabrescens

Syzygium cuminiSyzygium malaccense

RutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeVerbenaceae

VerbenaceaeClethraceaeRubiaceaeTiliaceaeBoraginaceaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeGesneriaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSapindaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLythraceaeLeeaceaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRutaceaeMoringaceaeTiliaceaeSapindaceaeLauraceaeApocynaceaeSapotaceaeVerbenaceaeMyrtaceaeRubiaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeBignoniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCaprifoliaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiqaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae

edededor

orecbevwmedfufuorlanlanecececmed, ececedfu, omececlanececlanlanfu, lfececdyeececvegedededlanedmededecor, ededecmedorec

eded

commonscarcecommonscarce

scarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonrarecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarerarerarerarecommonscarcescarce

scarcescarce

72 Technical Report

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Syzgium polycephaloidesSyzgium samarangenseTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientale

Tree-likeAreca catechuArenga tremulaBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgarisBambusa vulgaris var. striataCarica papayaCaryota rumphiana ssp. philippinensisChrysalidocarpus lutescensCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanCycas revolutaDendrocalamus asperDracaena fragransLevistona rotundifoliaMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Oncosperma horridumPandanus camarinensisPandanus copelandiiPandanus exaltatusPandanus tectorius var. laevisPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisSchizostachyum lumampao

VinesAlysicarpus vaginalisAsparagus sprengeriBasella albaBasella rubraCalopogonium mucunoidesCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCentrosema pubescensCestrum nocturnumClitorea ternateaCucurbita maximaDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaFragaria virginianaIchnocarpus volubilisIpomoea batatas

MyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeSterculiaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceae

PalmaePalmaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeCaricaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaeCyacadaceaeGramineaeAgavaceaePalmaeMusaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaePalmaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePalmaePalmaeGramineae

PapilionaceaeLiliaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaePapilionaceaeVitaceaePapilionaceaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaeCucurbitaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeRosaceaeApocynaceaeConvolvulaceae

ededbevlanlanlan

maslancmhedcmlanedlanlaned, cm, cotcot, edlancmlanlan, cotfiededed, cmecececcotcm, eclan, eccot, cm

worvegvegwecw, gmorwvegedededwed

rarescarcescarcescarcescarcescarce

scarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommonrarescarcerarecommonscarcescarcescarcescarce

commonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcecommon

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 73

Appendix Table 3. Continued...

Habit/Taxon Family Uses** Conservation status

Ipomoea quamocliIpomoea trilobaLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumMerremia peltataMikania cordataNepenthes alataOperculina turpethumPachyrhizus erosusPassiflora foetidaPhaseolus lathyroidesPiper retrofractumPueraria phaseoloidesRhapidophora merrilliiSyngonium podophyllumTetrastigma sp.

ConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeLycopodiaceaeLycopodiaceaeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeNepenthaceaeConvolvulaceaePapilionaceaePassifloraceaePapilionaceaePiperaceaePapilionaceaeAraceaeAraceaeVitaceae

wwec, insec, inswwecwedw, edwecwororec

scarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarce

*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper SalimpunoSapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez

** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction materiallf = live fencemed = medicinalom = orchid mediumor = ornamentalpas = pasturepo = poisonousshad = shade plantsec = soil erosion controlsp = spice/condimenttm = timber sourceveg = vegetablew = weed

74 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to uses with corresponding family, habit, andconservation status.

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

BeverageCoffee robustaTheobroma cacao

Construction MaterialBambusa blumeanaBambusa vulgarisCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Dendrocalamus asperImperata cylindricaOncosperma horridumPinanga insignisSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum lumampao

Cottage IndustryCalamus dimorphocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Corypha utanFlagellaria indicaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiImperata cylindricaLivistona rotundifoliaLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiPandanus tectorius var. laevisSaccharum spontaneumSchizostachyum lumampaoThysanolaena maximaVitiviera zizanoides

DyeBixa orellanaMallotus philippensisTerminalia catappa

Ecological functionAeschynanthus philippinensisAralia spinosaArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus sericicarpus

RubiaceaeSterculiaceae

GramineaeGramineaePalmaeGramineaeGramineaePalmaePalmaeGramineaeGramineae

PalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaePalmaeFlagellariaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeGramineaePalmaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaePandanaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae

BixaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCombretaceae

GesneriaceaeAraliaceaeMoraceaeMoraceae

stst

tltltltlgrtltlgrtl

lililitltllilililigrtlfefetlgrtlgrgr

ststmt

epmtltlt

commonscarce

commoncommoncommonscarcecommonrarescarcecommonscarce

scarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonrarescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonrare

scarcerarescarce

rarecommoncommoncommon

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 75

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Breynia cernuaBridelia stipularisCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosanaCanthium monstrosumCarallia brachiataCasearia grewidefoliaCayratia trifolia var. cinereaCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClethra lancifoliaCoix lachryma-jobiCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriDicranopteris linearisDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaElatostema lagunenseErvatamia pandacaquiFicus angustissimaFicus baleteFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGlochidion rubrumGuioa koelreuteriaHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusKolowratia elegansLeucosyke capitellataLitsea glutinosaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robiinsoniiLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMelicope triphylla

EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeAcanthaceaeRhizophoraceaeTiliaceaeVitaceaeCladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeClethraceaeGramineaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeGleicheniaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeUrticaceaeApocynaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSapindaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeZingiberaceaeUrticaceaeLauraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeSolanaceaeLycopodiaceaeLydopodiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceae

shshshshshststviliclicstgrfefefefemtlthbshshspststmtstststmtlililiststststhbshmtliclichbvivimtstmtststshsh

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarce

76 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Micromelum minutumMiscanthus floridulusMorinda citrifoliaNepenthes alataNephelium ramboutan-okeOleandra maquilingensisOphioglossum reticulatumPandanus camarinensisPandanus copelandiiPandanus exaltatusParartocarpus venenosusParmella cristiferaPhacelophrynium interruptumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaPhyscia fragilescensPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPipturus arborescensPolyscias nodosaPsychotria luconiensisRadermachera pinnataSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibracteaSchefflera insularisSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupredssinaSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaSmilax chinaSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSpiridens reinwardtiiStenochlaena milneiTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Thayeria cornucopiaTrema orientalisTypha angustifoliaUncaria philippinensisVernonia arboreaViburnum luzonicumVoacanga globosa

Edible partsAlocasia macrorrhizosAnacardium occidentaleAnanas comosusAnnona muricata

RutaceaGramineaeRubiaceaeNepenthaceaeSapindaceaeDavalliaceaeOphioglossaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeMoraceaeParmeliaceaeMarantaceaeCaesalpiniaceaePhysiaceaePalmaePalmaePiperaceaeUrticaceaeAraliaceaeRubiaceaeBignoniaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeAraliaceaeAraceaeGramineaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeGramineaeSmilacaceaePteridaceaePteridaceaeSpiridentaceaeBlechnaceaeDilleniaceaeVitaceaePolypodiaceaeUlmaceaeTyphaceaeRubiaceaeCompositaeCaprifoliaceaeApocynaceae

AraceaeAnacardiaceaeBromeliaceaeAnnonaceae

stgrshlimtfefetltltlmtlichblilictltlvishmtstststmtephblihbhbhbgrlifefebryfelivifemthblishshsh

hbsthbst

scarcecommonscarcerarescarcerarerarescarcerarecommonrarescarcerarerarescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcerarerarescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarcescarcescarcerarecommonrarescarcescarcerarescarce

commoncommoncommonscarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 77

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Annona squamosaArachis hypogeaArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusAtuna racemosaCalamus merrilliiCarica papayaChrysophyllum cainitoCitrofortunella microcarpaCitrus limonCitrus maximaCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Colocasia esculentaCorypha utanCyrtosperma merkusiiDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiospyros pilosantheraDiplazium esculentumDurio zibethinusElaeagnus philippinensisElaeocarpus calomalaElatostema pulchellumFragaria virginianaGarcinia mangostanaIpomoea batatasLansium domesticumMangifera indicaManihot esculentaMuntingia calaburaMuxa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Nephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeOncosperma horridumPachyrhizus erosusPassiflora foetidaPersea americanaPouteria campechianaPsidium guajavaPunica granatumPyrus malusRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSandoricum koetjapeSyzgium cuminiSyzgium malaccenseSyzgium olycephaloides

AnnonaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeChrysobalanaceaePalmaeCaricaceaeSapotaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeRutaceaePalmaeAraceaePalmaeAraceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeEbenaceaeAthyriaceaeBombaceaeElaeagnaceaeElaeocarpaceaeUrticaceaeRosaceaeGuttiferaeConvolvulaceaeMeliaceaeAnacardiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeTiliaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaePalmaePapilionaceaePassifloraceaeLauraceaeSapotaceaeMyrtaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeMeliaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae

sthllltmtmlitlmtstststtlhbtlhbviviltfemtlimthbvistvimtltshsttltlstmttlvivistststststlishgrmtststst

scarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcerarescarcescarcecommonscarcecommonrarerarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcerare

78 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Syzgium samarangenseTamarindus indicaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZea mays

Fiber sourceCeiba pentandraColona serratifoliaDuabanga moluccanaElaeocarpus calomalaGossypium barbadenseHibiscus cannabinusMusa textilisNauclea orientalisNeonauclea bartlingiiNeonauclea mediaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatranaPterochymbium peltatumPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquumWikstroemia indica

Fuelwood sourceColona serratifoliaCartoxylon celebicumCartoxylon formosanumGliricidia sepiumLeucaena leucocephalaTrema orientalis

Green manure/fertilizerCentrosema pubescensCalopogonium mucunoidesDesmodium suffruticosumPueraria phaseoloides

Hedge plantsBambusa glaucescensCalliandra haematocephalaCodieaum variegatumDesmodium suffruticosumDuranta erectaGendarussa vulgarisHibiscus rosa-sinensisMalvaviscus pilosusOdontonema strictumPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumSanseviera trifasciata

MyrtaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeAraceaeGramineae

BombacaceaeTiliaceaeSonneratiaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMusaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeBombacaceaeDatiscaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeThymelaeaceae

Tiliaceae GuttiferaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeCaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceaeUlmaceae

PapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceae

GramineaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaePapilionaceaeMalpighiaceaeAcanthaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAcanthaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeAgavaceae

stmthbgr

ltmtltmtshshtlmtmtmtltltmtmtmtsh

mtststststmt

vivihbvi

tlshshhbshshshshshshshshhb

scarcescarcecommoncommon

commonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarescarcerarescarcescarcerare

scarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommon

commoncommoncommoncommon

scarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 79

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Instructional materialLycopodium cernuumLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrillii

Landscape plantsArdisia pyramidalisArenga tremulaAstronia cumingianaBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarringtonia racemosaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBougainvillea spectabilisBuchanania arborescensCaryota rumphiana ssp.philippinensisCassia javanicaCeiba pentandraChrysalidocarpus lutescensCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriCycas revolutaDracaena fragransErythrina orientalisFicus benjaminaHibiscus tilliaceusLagestroemia speciosaLeea philippinensisLivistona rotundifoliaPinanga philippinensisPlumeria albaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensThespesia populneaTheveria peruvianaThuja orientaleZoysia matrella

Light construction materialDuabanga moluccanaOchroma lagopusOctomeles sumatrana

Live fenceGliricidia sepiumLeucaena leucocephala

MasticatoryAreca catechu

LycopodiaceaeLycopodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceae

MyrsinaceaePalmaeMelastomataceaeGramineaeBarringtoniaceaeAraliaceaeNyctaginaceaeAnacardiaceaePalmae

CaesalpiniaceaeBombacaceaePalmaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyacadaceaeAgavaceaePapilionaceaeMoraceaeMalvaceaeLythraceaeLeeaceaePalmaePalmaeApocynaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceaeGramineae

SonneratiaceaeBombaceaeDatiscaceae

CaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceae

Palmae

vivifefe

sttlsttlmtstlimttl

mtlttlfefefetltlstststststtltlstmtmtstststgr

ltltlt

stst

tl

commonscarcescarcescarce

scarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarce

scarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcerarescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommon

scarcerarescarce

commoncommon

scarce

80 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Medicinal plantsAbrus precatoriusAcorus calamusArtemisia vulgarisBlumea balsamiferaCassia alataCatharanthus roseusCordia dichotomaDatura metelFicus septicaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiPremna odorataRicinus communisSymphytum officinaleUsnea misamisensisVitex negundo

Orchid mediumCyathea callosaCyathea contaminansCyathea loheriGliricidia sepium

Ornamental plantsAcalypha amentaceaAdiantum philippenseAgave americanaAglaonema commutatumAlocasia bicolorAlocasia zebrinaAlternanthera ficoidesAmomum philippinenseAngiopteris palmiformisAnthurium andreanumArdisia pyramidalisAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium nidusAsplenium polyodonAster linifoliusBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBlecyhnum orientaleBougainvillea spectabilisBulbophyllum auratumBulbophyllum deareiCaladium bicolorCalliandra haematocephala

PapilionaceaeAraceaeCompositaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeBoraginaceaeSolanaceaeMoraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeVerbenaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeUsneaceaeVerbenaceae

CyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCaesalpiniaceae

EuphorbiaceaeSinopteridaceaeAgavaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeAmaranthaceaeZingiberaceaeMarattiaceaeAraceaeMyrsinaceaeLiliaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeCompositaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeBlechnaceaeNyctaginaceaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaeAraceaeMimosaceae

lilihbshshhbstshstliclicststhblicsh

fefefest

shfehbhbhbhbhbhbfehbstvifefefehbhbhbhbfelihbhbhbsh

rarerarecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommonrarescarcescarce

scarcecommonscarcescarce

commoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarce

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 81

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Canna indicaCarphalea kirondronCassia nodosaCathranthus roseusCestrum nocturnumChingia feroxChrysanthemum indicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareCodieaum variegatumColeus blumeiColeus igolotorumCordyline fruticosaCosmos caudatusCostus speciosusCrinum asiaticumCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cuphea hyssopifoliaCyriandra cumingiiDavallia solidaDieffenbachia pictaDonax cannaeformisDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaEleutherine palmifoliaEuphorbia pulcherrimaEurycles amboinensisGardenia jasminoidesGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Heliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus rosa-sinensisHippeastrum sp.Homalomena philippinensisHomalomena rubescensHoya sp.Hydrangea lobbiiImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiIresine herbstiiIxora philippinensisKalanchoe pinnataLantana camaraMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMalvaviscus pilosusMedinilla magnificaMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMussaenda anisophylla

CannaceaeRubiaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeSolanaceaeThelypteridaceaeCompositaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLabiataeLabiataeAgavaceaeCompositaeZingiberaceaeAmaryllidaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeLytharaceaeGesneriaceaeDavalliaceaeAraceaeMarantaceaePolypodiaceaeMalpighiaceaeAmaryllidaceaeEuphorbiaceaeLiliaceaeRubiaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeHeliconiaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAsclepiadaceaeHydrangeaceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeAmaranthaceaeRubiaceaeCrassulaceaeVerbenaceaeThelypteridaceaeMalvaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeRubiaceae

hbshshhbvifehbststshhbhbshhbhbhbfefeshstfehbhbfeshhbshhbshshhbhbshshhbhbhbepshhbhbhbshhbshfeshepepepsh

commonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarcescarcerarescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcerarecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommoncommonscarcerarescarcescarcescarce

82 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Mussaenda philippicaNephrolepis biserrataNopalea cochinelliferaOdontonema strictumOphiopogon japonicusOrthosiphon aristatusPhalaenopsis amabilisPityrogramma calomelanosPteris vittataPunica granatumRhaphidophora merrilliiRosa centifoliaSambucus javanicaSpathiphyllum sp.Sphenomeris chinensisSyngonium podophyllumTagetes erectaTradescantia sp.Trichoglottis sp.Zephyranthes atamascoZingiber zerumbet

Pasture/forage plantsCentotheca lappaceaPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSorghum halepense

Poisonous plantsDatura metelDerris philippinensis

Soil erosion controlBambusa blumeanaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgaris var. striataBambusa vulgarisPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonSetaria palmifoliaSorghum halepense

RubiaceaeDavalliaceaeCactaceaeAcanthaceaeLiliaceaeLabiataeOrchidaceaeSinopteridaceaePteridaceaePunicaceaeAraceaeRosaceaeCaprifoliaceaeOrchidaceaeLindsaeaceaeAraceaeCompositaeCommelinaceaeOrchidaceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae

GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae

SolanaceaePapilionaceae

GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineae

shfehbshhbshhbfefestvishsthbfevihbhbhbhbhb

grgrgrgrgrgrgrgr

shli

tltltltlgrgrgrgrgrgrgrgr

scarcecommonrarecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonrarescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcecommonscarcescarcescarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

scarcescarce

commonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 83

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Themeda giganteaThemeda triandraZoysia matrella

Shade plantsAcacia mangiumCassia javanicaSamanea samanTerminalia catappa

Spice/condimentsAndropogon citratusApium graveolensCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCentella asiaticaCurcuma domesticaMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataOcimum sanctum

Timber sourceAcacia mangiumAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAnisoptera thuriferaBischofia javanicaCalophyllum kuenstleriCanarium hirsutum f.multipinnatumCeltis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisDacrycarpus imbricatusDalbergia sp.Diospyros pilosantheraDipterocarpus gracilisDysoxylum gaudichaudianumElaeocarpus calomalaEucalyptus degluptaGmelina arboreaGymnostoma rumphianumLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus philippinensisLithocarpus sundaicaMadhuca betisMelia dubiaPalaquium luzonenseParaserianthes falcatariaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPittosporum pentandrum

GramineaeGramineaeGramineae

MimosaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeMimosaceaeCombretaceae

GramineaeApiaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeApaceaeZingiberaceaeLabiataeLabiataeLabiatae

MimosaceaeMimosaceaeAraucariaceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeDipterocarpaceaeBischofiaceaeGuttiferaeBurseraceae

UlmaceaeUlmaceaePodocarpaceaePapilionaceaeEbenaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceaeElaeocarpaceaeMyrtaceaeVerbenaceaeCasuarinaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeSapotaceaeMimosaceaeSapotaceaeMeliaceaeAraucariaceaePittosporaceae

grgrgr

stmtltmt

grhbshshhbhbhbhbsh

stltltltltltltmtlt

ltltltmtltltltmtltmtmtmtltmtltltltltmtmt

commonscarcecommon

commonscarcescarcescarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommonscarce

commonscarcescarcecommoncommonscarcescarcescarcescarce

scarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcescarcecommoncommonscarcecommonscarcerarescarcecommonrarerare

84 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Pometia pinnataSamanea samanShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSwietenia macrophylla

VegetablesAbelmoschus esculentusAllium cepaBasella albaBasella rubraBrassica oleraceaCentella asiaticaCucurbita maximaDaucus carotaMoringa oleiferaSechium eduleSolanum melongenaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)

WeedsAbutilon indicumAeschynomene sensitivaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAsystacia gangeticaAxonopus compressusBarleria cristataBidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechum pyramidatumBorreria laevisBrachiaria muticaCalopogonium mucunoidesCassia occidentalisCassia toraCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysopogon aciculatusClitorea ternateaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCommersonia bartramiaCrassocephalum crepidioides

SapindaceaeMimosaceaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMeliaceae

MalvaceaeLiliaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeApiaceaeCucurbitaceaeUmbelliferaeMoringaceaeCucurbitaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceae

MalvaceaeMimosaceaeCompositaeCompositaePapilionaceaeAmaranthaceaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeOxalidaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeGramineaeCompositaeGramineaePapilionaceaeCommelinaceaeCommelinaceaeTiliaceaeCompositae

ltltltltlt

shhbvivihbhbvihbsthbshshsh

shhbhbhbvihbhbhbhbgrhbhbhbhbhbgrvishshgrvigrshgrvihbhbsthb

scarcescarcescarcescarcecommon

commoncommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommonscarcescarce

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommon

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 85

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Crotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCyanotis axillarisCynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtococcum patensDactyloctenium aegypticumDatura metelDesmodium capitatumDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDesmodium velutinumDigitaria ciliarisEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEmilia sonchifoliaEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaHygrophila salicifoliaIchnocarpus volubilisIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIpomoea trilobaLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLindernia crustaceaMerremia peltataMikania cordataMimosa invisaMimosa pudicaOperculina turpethumOplismenus compositusOxalis repensPanicum maximumPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatumPaspalum distichum

CaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCommelinaceaeGramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeGramineaeGramineaeSolanaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineaeCompositaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAcanthaceaeApocynaceaePapilionaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceaeScrohulariaceaeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeMimosaceaeMimosaceaeConvolvulaceaeGramineaeOxalidaceaeGramineaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceaeConvolvulaceae

shshhbgrhbhbhbhbhbhbgrgrshhbhbshshshshgrgrgrhbhbhbhbgrhbhbhbhbhbshvishvivishshhbvivihbhbvigrhbgrgrgrgr

commoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommonscarcecommonscarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcescarcescarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

86 Technical Report

Appendix Table 4. Continued...

Taxon Family Habit** Conservation status

Paspalum scrobiculatumPassiflora foetidaPennisetum polystachyonPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPhysalis angulataPteridium aquilinumPueraria phaseoloidesScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSphenoclea zeylanicaStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSynedrilla nodifloraThemeda giganteaThemeda triandraTridax procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaZoysia matrella

GramineaePassifloraceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSolanaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePapilionaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeGramineaeSphenocleaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeCompositaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineae

grvigrvishshshfevihbhbshshshshshgrshshshhbgrgrhbshshshhbhbhbgr

commonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommonrarecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommonscarcecommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommoncommon

*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez

** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 87

Appendix Table 5. List of plant and lichen species recorded from 12 barangays*. Taxaarranged according to conservation status with corresponding family,habit, and uses.

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

CommonAbelmoschus esculentusAbutilon indicumAcacia mangiumAcalypha amentaceaAdiantum philippenseAeschynomene sensitivaAgeratina adenophoraAgeratum conyzoidesAglaonema commutatumAllium cepaAlocasia bicolorAlocasia macrorrhizosAlocasia zebrinaAlstonia macrophyllaAlstonia scholarisAlternanthera ficoidesAlysicarpus vaginalisAmaranthus spinosusAnacardium occidentaleAnanas comosusAndropogon citratusAngiopteris palmiformisAnthurium andreanumApium graveolensArachis hypogeaAralia spinosaArtemisia vulgarisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus blancoiArtocarpus communisArtocarpus heterophyllusArtocarpus odoratissimusArtocarpus sericicarpusAschyranthes asperaAsclepia curassavicaAsplenium nidusAstronia cumingianaAsystacia gangeticaAxonopus compressusBambusa blumeanaBambusa vulgarisBarleria cristata

MalvaceaeMalvaceaeMimosaceaeEuphorbiaceaeSinopteridaceaeMimosaceaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeLiliaceaeAraceaeAraceaeAraceaeApocynaceaeApocynaceaeAmaranthaceaePapilionaceaeAmaranthaceaeAnacardiaceaeBromeliaceaeGramineaeMarattiaceaeAraceaeApiaceaePapilionaceaeAraliaceaeCompositaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeAmaranthaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAspleniaceaeMelastomataceaeAcanthaceaeGramineaeGramineaeGramineaeAcanthaceae

shshstshfehbhbhbhbhbhbhbhbltlthbvihbsthbgrfehbhbhbmthbltltltltmtlthbhbfesthbgrtltlhb

vegwtmororwwworvegoredortmtmorwwededspororspedecmededecedededecwworlanwwcm, seccm, secw

88 Technical Report

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Bidens pilosaBiophytum sensitivumBlechnum orientgaleBlechum pyramidatumBlumea balsamiferaBorreria laevisBougainvillea spectabilisBrachiaria muticaBrassica oleraceaCaladium bicolorCalopogonium mucunoidesCanna indicaCapsicum annuum var. annuumCapsicum frutescensCarica papayaCassia alataCassia nodosaCassia occidentalisCassia toraCatharanthus roseusCeiba pentandraCentella asiaticaCentotheca lappaceaCentrosema pubescensChingia feroxChloris barbataChromolaena odorataChrysophyllum cainitoChrysopogon aciculatusCitrafortunella microcarpaCitrus maximaClethra lancifoliaClitorea ternateaCocos nucifera cv. ‘Green Tall’Codieaum variegatumCoffea robustaColeus blumeiColocasia esculentaCommelina benghalensisCommelina diffusaCordyline fruticosaCosmos caudatusCrassocephalum crepidioidesCrotalaria linifoliaCrotalaria saltianaCrypsinus glaucusCrypsinus sp.Cucurbita maximaCuphea hyssopifoliaCyanotis axillarisCyathea contaminans

CompositaeOxalidaceaeBlechnaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeAcanthaceaeNyctaginaceaeGramineaeBrassicaceae/CruciferaeAraceaePapilionaceaeCannaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeCaricaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeApocynaceaeBombacaceaeApiaceaeGramineaePapilionaceaeThelypteridaceaeGramineaeCompositaeSapotaceaeGramineaeRutaceaeRutaceaeClethraceaePapilionaceaePalmaeEuphorbiaceaeRubiaceaeLabiataeAraceaeCommelinaceaeCommelinaceaeAgavaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeCaesalpiniaceaePolypodiaceaePolypodiaceaeCucurbitaceaeLythraceaeCommelinaceaeCyatheraceae

hbhbfehbshhbligrhbhbvihbshshtlshshshshhblthbgrvifegrshmtgrstststvitlshsthbhbhbhbshhbhbshshfefevishhbfe

wworwmedwor, lanwvegorworspspedmedorwwor, medlan, fiveg, spw, pasw, gmorwwedwededecwed, cm, cothed, orbevoredwwororwwwororvegorwec, lan, om

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 89

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Cynodon dactylonCyperus alternifoliusCyperus compactusCyperus flabelliformisCyperus iriaCyperus kyllingiaCyperus rotundusCyrtococcum patensDactylectenium aegypticumDavallia solidaDesmodium capitatumDesmodium pulchellumDesmodium suffruticosumDesmodium velutinumDicranopteris linearisDieffenbachia pictaDigitaria ciliarisDracaena fragransDrynaria quercifoliaDuranta erectaDurio zibethinusEchinochloa colonaEchinochloa crus-galliEclipta rostrataElatostema lagunenseElatostema pulchellumElephantopus scaberElephantopus spicatusElephantopus tomentosusEleusine indicaEmilia sonchifoliaErythrina orientalisEuphorbia heterophyllaEuphorbia hirtaFicus benjaminaFicus botryocarpaFicus guyeriFicus minahassaeFicus notaFicus septicaFicus ulmifoliaFicus variegataFimbristylis dichotomaFimbristylis monostachyaGendarussa vulgarisGerbera sp.Gymnostoma rumphianumHibiscus rosa-sinensisHomalanthus alpinusHomalanthus populneusHomalomena philippinensis

GramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeGramineaeGramineaeDavalliaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeGleicheniaceaeAraceaeGramineaeAgavaceaePolypodiaceaeMalpighiaceaeBombaceaeGramineaeGramineaeCompositaeUrticaceaeUrticaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeGramineaeCompositaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeMoraceaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeAcanthaceaeCompositaeCasuarinaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeAraceae

grhbhbhbhbhbhbgrgrfehbshhbshfehbgrtlfeshmtgrgrhbhbhbhbhbhbgrhbsthbhbstststmtstststmthbhbshhbmtshststhb

wwwwwwwwworwwgm, hedwecorwlanorhed, oredwwwecedwwwwwlanwwlanececececmed, ecececwwhed, orortmhed, orececor

90 Technical Report

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Hygrophila salicifoliaImpatiens balsaminaImpatiens hutchinsoniiImperata cyliindricaIpomoea batatasIpomoea trilobaIxora philippinensisLantana camaraLaportea brunneaLeucaena leucocephalaLeucosyke capitellataLindernia crustaceaLithocarpus mindanaensisLithocarpus sundaicaLycopersicon esculentumLycopodium cernuumMacaranga bicolorMacaranga dipterocarpifoliaMacaranga grandifoliaMacaranga tanariusMacrothelypteris polypodioidesMangifera indicaManihot esculentaMelanolepis multiglandulosaMelastoma polyanthumMentha arvensisMentha arvensis var. piperataMerremia peltataMikania cordataMimosa pudicaMiscanthus floridulusMoringa oleiferaMuntingia calaburaMusa textilisMusa x paradisiaca (AAB)Musa x paradisiaca (BBB)Nauclea orientalisNeonauclea barilingiiNeonauclea mediaNephrolepis biserrataOdontonema strictumOperculina turpethumOphiopogon japonicusOplismenus compositusOrthosiphon aristatusOxalis repensPandanus exaltatusPanicum maximumParaserianthes falcatariaPaspalidium flavescensPaspalum conjugatum

AcanthaceaeBalsaminaceaeBalsaminaceaeGramineaeConvlvulaceaeConvlvulaceaeRubiaceaeVerbenaceaeUrticaceaeMimosaceaeUrticaceaeScrophulariaceaeFagaceaeFagaceaeSolanaceaeLycopodiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeThelypteridaceaeAnacardiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeLabiataeLabiataeConvolvulaceaeCompositaeMimosaceaeGramineaeMoringaceaeTiliaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeMusaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeDavalliaceaeAcanthaceaeConvolvulaceaeLiliaceaeGramineaeLabiataeOxalidaceaePandanaceaeGramineaeMimosaceaeGramineaeGramineae

shhbhbgrvivishshshstshhbmtmthbvimtstmtstfeltshstshhbhbvivihbgrststtltltlmtmtmtfeshvihbgrshhbtlgrltgrgr

wororcot, cmedworor, wwfu, lfecwtmtmecec, insececececorededececspspwwwecvegedfiededfififiorhed, orworworwecw, pas, sectmw, pas, secw, pas, sec

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 91

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Paspalum distichumPaspalum scrobiculatumPennisetum polystachyonPersea americanaPhaseolus lathyroidesPhyllanthus amarusPhyllanthus urinariaPipturus arborescensPityrogramma calomelanosPolyscias balfourianaPseuderanthemum purpureumPseuderanthemum reticulatumPsidium guajavaPteridium aquilinumPteris vittataPueraria phaseoloidesRicinus communisRosa centifoliaRubus fraxinifoliusRubus rosaefoliusSaccharum officinarumSaccharum spontaneumSandoricum koetjapeSchismatoglottis calyptrataSchizostachyum diffusumScleria lithospermaScleria scrobiculataSechium eduleSelaginella ciliarisSelaginella cupressinaSelaginella involvensSetaria palmifoliaSida acutaSida cordifoliaSida rhombifoliaSolanum melongenaSolanum torvumSolanum verbascifoliumSorghum halepenseSphaerostephanos productosSphaerostephanos unitusSphenoclea zeylanicaSphenomeris chinensisStachytarpheta indicaStachytarpheta jamaicensisSwietenia macrophyllaSynedrilla nodifloraThemeda giganteaThysanolaena maximaTradescantia sp.Trema orientalis

GramineaeGramineaeGramineaeLauraceaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeUrticaceaeSinopteridaceaeAraliaceaeAcanthaceaeAcanthaceaeMyrtaceaeDennstaedtiaceaePteridaceaePapilionaceaeEuphorbiaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeRosaceaeGramineaeGramineaeMeliaceaeAraceaeGramineaeCyperaceaeCyperaceaeCucurbitaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeSelaginellaceaeGramineaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeGramineaePteridaceaePteridaceaeSphenocleaceaeLindsaeaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeMeliaceaeCompositaeGramineaeGramineaeCommelinaceaeUlmaceae

grgrgrstvishshshfeshshshstfefevistshlishgrgrmthblihbhbhbhbhbhbgrshshshshshshgrfefeshfeshshlthbgrgrhbmt

w, pas, secw, pas, secw, pas, secedwwwecorhedhedhededworwmedoredededcot, cmedececwwvegecececec, secwwwvegwww, pas, secececworwwtmww, seccot, secorec, fu

92 Technical Report

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Tridax procumbensTriumfetta bartramiaTriumfetta semitrilobaUrena lobataVernonia cinereaVernonia patulaWedelia trilobaXanthosoma sagittifoliumZea maysZoysia matrella

RareAbrus precatoriusAcorus calamusAeschynanthus philippinensisEurycles amboinensisHydrangea lobbiiLivistona rotundifoliaMallotus philippensisMedinilla magnificaMelia dubiaNepenthes alataNopalea cochinelliferaOchroma lagopusOleandra maquilingensisOncosperma horridumOphioglossum reticulatumPandanus copelandiiParartocarpus venenosusPhacelophrynium interruptumPhanera cumingiana ssp. integrifoliaPhyllocladus hypophyllusPhysalis angulataPittosporum pentandrumPsychotria luconiensisPterocymbium peltatumPunica granatumPyrus malusRadermachera pinnataSpiridens reinwardtiiSymphytum officinaleSyzygium polycephaloidesThayeria cornucopiaTypha angustifoliaViburnum luzonicumVitiviera zizanoidesWikstroemia indica

CompositaeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeMalvaceaeCompositaeCompositaeCompositaeAraceaeGramineaeGramineae

PapilionaceaeAraceaeGesneriaceaeLiliaceaeHydrangeaceaePalmaeEuphorbiaceaeMelastomataceaeMeliaceaeNepenthaceaeCactaceaeBombacaceaeDavalliaceaePalmaeOphioglossaceaePandanaceaeMoraceaeMarantaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeAraucariaceaeSolanaceaePittosporaceaeRubiaceaeSterculiaceaePunicaceaeRosaceaeBignoniaceaeSpiridentaceaeVerbenaceaeMyrtaceaePolypodiaceaeTyphaceaeCaprifoliaceaeGraminearThymelaeaceae

wwwwwwwededlan, sec

medmedecororlan, cotdyeorunecorfi, lcmeced, cmececececectmwtmecfior, ededececmededecececcotfi

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 93

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

ScarceAdenanthera intermediaAgathis philippinensisAgave americanaAmomum philippinenseAnisoptera thuriferaAnnona muricataAnnona squamosaArdisia pyramidalisAreca catechuArenga tremulaAsparagus sprengeriAsplenium cymbifoliumAsplenium plyodonAster linifoliusAtuna racemosaBambusa glaucescensBambusa vulgaris var. striataBarringtonia racemosaBasella albaBasella rubraBegonia hernandioidesBegonia nigritarumBelamcanda chinensisBischofia javanicaBixa orellanaBoerlagiodendron diversifoliumBreynia cernuaBridelia stipularisBuchanania arborescensBulbophyllum deareiCalamus dimorhocanthusCalamus merrilliiCalamus ornatus var. philippinensisCalliandra haematocephalaCallicarpa candicansCallicarpa formosonaCalophyllum kuenstleriCanarium hirsutum f. multipinnatumCanthium monstrosumCarallia brachiataCarphalea kirondronCaryota rumphiona ssp.philippinensisCasearia grewiaefoliaCassia javanicaCayratia trifolia var. cinerea

MimosaceaeAraucariaceaeAgavaceaeZingiberaceaeDipterocarpaceaeAnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeMyrsinaceaePalmaePalmaeLiliaceaeAspleniaceaeAspleniaceaeCompositaeChryusobalanaceaeGramineaeGraminearBarringtoniaceaeBasellaceaeBasellaceaeBegoniaceaeBegoniaceaeLiliaceaeBischofiaceaeBixaceaeAraliaceaeEuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceaeAnacardiaceaeOrchidaceaeOrchidaceaePalmaePalmaePalmaeMimosaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeTuffiferaeBurseraceaeAcanthaceaeRhizophoraceaeRubiaceaePalmaeTiliaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeVitaceae

ltlthbhbltstststtltlvifefehbmttltlmtvivihbhbhbltststshshmthbhblililishshshmtltshstshtlstmtvi

tmtmorortmededor, lanmaslanororororedhed, seclan, seclanvegvegororortmdyelanececlanororcotcot, edcotor, hedecectmtmececorlaneclan, shadec

94 Technical Report

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Celtis luzonicaCeltis philippinensisCestrum nocturnumChrysalidocarpus lutescensChrysanthemum indicumCitrus limonCladonia sp.Cladonia vulcanicumClerodendron macrostachyumClerodendron quadriloculareCoix lachryma-jobiColeus igolotormColona serratifoliaCommersonia bartramiaCordia dichotomaCorypha utanCostus speciosusCratoxylon celebicumCratoxylon formosanumCrinum asiaticumCurcuma domesticaCyathea callosaCyathea loheriCycas revolutaCyrtandra cumingiiCyrtosperma merkusiiDacrycarpus imbricatusDalbergia sp.Datura metelDaucus carotaDendrocalamus asperDerris philippinensisDesmodium heterocarponDesmodium triflorumDesmodium umbellatumDillenia philippinensisDillenia reifferschidiaDioscorea alataDioscorea esculentaDiospyros pilosantheraDiplazium esculentumDipterocarpus gracilisDonax cannaeformisDuabanga moluccanaDysoxylum gaudichaudianumElaeagnus philippinensisElaeocarpus calomalaEleutherine palmifoliaErvatamia pandacaquiEucalyptus degluptaEuphorbia pulcherrima

UlmaceaeUlmaceaeSolanaceaePalmaeCompositaeRutaceaeCladoniaceaeCladoniaceaeVerbenaceaeVerbenaceaeGramineaeLabiataeTiliaceaeTiliaceaeBoraginaceaePalmaeZingiberaceaeGuttiferaeGuttiferaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceaeCyatheaceaeCyatheaceaeCycadeceaeGesneriaceaeAraceaePodocarpaceaePapilionaceaeSolanaceaeUmbelliferaeGraminearPapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaePapilionaceaeDilleniaceaeDilleniaceaeDioscoreaceaeDioscoreaceaeEbenaceaeAthyriaceaeDipterocarpaceaeMarantaceaeSonneratiaceaeMeliaceaeElaeagnaceaeElaeocarpaceaeAmaryllidaceaeApocynaceaeMyrtaceaeEuphorbiaceae

ltltvitlhbstliclicststgrhbmtststtlhbststhbhbfefetlsthbltmtshhbtllihbshshmtltviviltfelthbltlttimthbshltsh

tmtmorlanoredececororecorfi, fuwmedcot, edorfufuorspec, lan, omec, lan, omlanoredtmtmw, po, medvegcmpowwwececededtm, ededtmorfi, lcmtmedtm, ed, fiorectmor

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 95

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Ficus angustissimaFicus baleteFlagellaria indicaFragaria virginianaFreycinetia cumingianaFreycinetia negrosensisFreycinetia williamsiiGarcinia mangostanaGardenia jasminoidesGliricidia sepiumGlochidiuon rubrumGmelina arboreaGossypium barbadenseGuioa koelreuteriaHeliconia metallicaHibiscus cannabinusHibiscus tiliaceusHippeastrum sp.Homalomena rubescensHoya sp.Ichnocarpus volubilisIndigofera tinctoriaIpomoea quamoclitIresine herbstiiKalanchoe pinnataKolowratia elegansLagerstroemia speciosaLansium domesticumLeea philippinensisLithocarpus philippinensisLitsea glutinosaLobaria meridionalisLobaria robinsoniiLycopodium squarrosumLygodium circinatumLygodium merrilliiMadhuca betisMalvaviscus pilosusMedinilla malindangensisMedinilla myrtiformisMelicope triphyllaMicromelum minutumMimosa invisaMorinda citrifoliaMussaenda anisophyllaMussaenda philippicaNephelium lappaceumNephelium ramboutan-okeOcimum sanctumOctomeles sumatranaPachyrhizus erosus

MoraceaeMoraceaeFlagellariaceaeRosaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeGuttiferaeRubaceaeCaesalpiniaceaeEuphorbiaceaeVerbenaceaeMalvaceaeSapindaceaeHeliconiaceaeMalvaceaeMalvaceaeAmaryllidaceaeAraceaeAslepiadaceaeApocynaceaePapilionaceaeConvolvulaceaeAmaranthaceaeCrassulaceaeZingiberaceaeLythraceaeMeliaceaeLeeaceaeFagaceaeLauraceaeLobariaceaeLobariaceaeLycopodiaceaeSchizaeaceaeSchizaeaceaeSapotaceaeMalvaceaeMelastomataceaeMelastomataceaeRutaceaeRutaceaeMimosaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeRubiaceaeSapindaceaeSapindaceaeLabiataeDatiscaceaePapilionaceae

sheplivilililistshststmtshsthbshsthbhbepvishvihbhbhbstmtstltmitliclicvifefeltshepspehsthbsbshshstmtshltvi

ececcotedcot, eccot, eccot, ecedorfu, omectmfiecoror, filanorororwwwororeclanedlantmecec, medec, medec, inscot, inscot, instmor, hedororececwecororedec, edspfi, lcmed

96 Technical Report

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Palaquium luzonensePandanus camarinensisPandanus tectorius var. laevisParmelia cristiferaPassiflora foetidaPhalaenopsis amabilisPhyscia fragilescensPinanga insignisPinanga philippinensisPiper retrofractumPlumeria albaPolyscias nodosaPometia pinnataPouteria campechianaPremna odorataPterospermum diversifoliumPterospermum obliquumRhaphidophora merrilliiSamanea samanSambucus javanicaSanseviera trifasciataSaurauia glabrescensSaurauia latibracteaSchefflera insularisSchizostachyum lumampaoShorea contortaShorea negrosensisSmilax chinaSolanum nigrumSolanum sp. (wild)Spathiphyllum sp.Stenochlaena milneiSyngonium podophyllumSyzgium cuminiSyzgium malaccenseSyzgium samarangenseTagetes erectaTamarindus indicaTerminalia catappaTerminalia nitensTetracera scandensTetrastigma sp.Themeda triandraTheobroma cacaoThespesia populneaThevetia peruvianaThuja orientaleTrichoglottis sp.Uncaria philippinensisUsnea misamisensisVernonia arborea

SapotaceaePandanaceaePandanaceaeParmeliaceaePassifloraceaeOrchidaceaePhysciaceaePalmaePalmaePiperaceaeApocynaceaeAraliaceaeSapindaceaeSapotaceaeVerbenaceaeSterculiaceaeSterculiaceaeAraceaeMimosaceaeCaprifoliaceaeAgavaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeSaurauiaceae/ActinidiaceaeAraliaceaeGramineaeDipterocarpaceaeDipterocarpaceaeSmilacaceaeSolanaceaeSolanaceaeOrchidaceaeBlechnaceaeAraceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceaeCompositaeCaesalpiniaceaeCombretaceaeCombretaceaeDilleniaceaeVitaceaeGramineaeSterculiaceaeMalvaceaeApocynaceaeCupressaceaeOrchidaceaeRubiaceaeUsneaceaeCompositae

lttltllicvihblictltlvistmtltststmtmtviltsthbstmteptlltltlishshhbfevistststhbmtmtmtlivigrststststhblilicsh

tmeccotecw, edoreccm, eclan, ececlanectmedmedfifiortmorhedecececcot, cmtmtmecvegvegorecoredededoredlan, dye, shadlanececw, secbevlanlanlanorecmedec

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 97

Appendix Table 5. Continued...

Status/Taxon Family Habit** Uses

Vitex negundoVoacanga globosaZephyranthes atamascoZingiber Zerumbet

VerbanaceaeApocynaceaeAmaryllidaceaeZingiberaceae

shshhbhb

medecoror

*Don Victoriano:(1) Mansawan, (2) Gandawan, (3) Lake Duminagat, (4) Lampasan, (5) Tuno, and (6) LaludConcepcion:(7) Small Potongan, (8) Upper Potongan, (9) Virayan, (10) Poblacion Concepcion, and (11) Upper Salimpuno,Sapang Dalaga: (12) Sixto Velez

** bry = bryophytefe = ferngr = grasshb = herbli = liana (woody vine)lic = lichen (Kingdom Fungi/Mycetae)lt = large treemt = medium-sized treesh = shrubst = small treetl = tree-likevi = vine

*** bev = beveragecm = construction materialcot = cottage industryec = ecological functioned = edible partfi = fiber sourcefu = fuelwoodgm = green manure/fertilizerhed = hedge plantins = instructional uselan = landscape plantlcm = light construction material

98

Tech

nica

l Report

Accipeter trivirgatus

Arthopyge shelleyi

Amauromis phoenicuros

Aplonis panayensis panayensisD.S. Rabor (1977)

Arachnothera elaraeGonzales (1988)

Artamus leucorhynchus

Bubulcus ibis coromandusRabor (1977)

Buceros hydrocorax

Caprimulgus macrurusmanillensis

Centropus bengalensis

Centropus sinensisJ.E. duPont

Cesticola juncidis tinnabulane

Chelcophaps indica indicaRabor (1977)

Phil. Sparrow Hawk

Lovely Sun Bird

White-breasted Swamphen

Phil. Glossy Starling;Galanciang (Bis.)

Naked-faced Spider Hunter;Siwi

White-breasted Wood Swallow

Cattle Egret; Talawong

Hornbill;Kalaw (Bis.)

Long-tailed Night Jar

Lesser Coucal;Saguksok (Bis.)

Common Coucal;Cocok (Bis.)

Common Fantail Warbler; Pirot(Bis.)

Green-winged Ground Dove;Manatod (Bis.)

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Pollinator

Seed dispersal

Control pests,seed dispersal

Control pests,seed dispersal

Control insectpopulation

Insect eater;control insectpopulation

Seed dispersal

Control insectpopulation

Control insectpopulation

Control insectpopulation

Control insectpopulation

Seed dispersal

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

Appendix Table 6. Avian species listing (summary) of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

Legend:1-Mansawan 5-Tuno 9-Poblacion Concepcion 1 - present/sighted2-Gandawan 6-Lalud 10-Upper Potongan 0 - absent3-Lake Duminagat 7-Small Potongan 11-Upper Salimpao X - as informed by the residents4-Lampasan 8-Virayan 12-Sixto VelezNote: Economic value of avian species as food; social value as pet

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

99

Appendix Table 6. Continued...

Collocalia brevirostrisRabor (1977)

Collocalie troglodytesRabor (1977)

Corvus macrorynchusRabor (1977)

Dendrocopos maculatus

Dendrocygna arcuata arcuata

Dicaeum australe

Dicaeum pygmaeumpygmaeum

Eudynamys scolopaceaemindanensisRabor (1977)

Eurystamus orientalis

Gallus gallus gallus

Geopelia striataGonzales, et al. (1988)

Halcyon chloris collarisRabor (1977)

Halcyon lindsayi

Halcyon smymensis

Haliastur indus intermedius

Harpactes ardens ardensRabor (1977)

Hemiprocne comataJ.E. duPont

Hirundo rustica gutturalis

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Himalayan Swiftlet

Pygmy Swiftlet;Kalogay

Large Billed Crow;Kakwak (Mar.)

Pygmy woodpecker

Whistling duckPato thalas (Bis.)

Phil. Flower Picker

Pygmy Flower Picker

Philippine Koel;Kwahoe (Bis.)

Dollar Bird

Wild chicken;Manok thalas (Bis.)

Zebra birdPagapak (Mar.)

White-collared Kingfisher;Laasan (Mar.)

Spotted Wood Kingfisher

White-throated Kingfisher

Brahminy Kite;Banog (Bis.)

Phil. Trogon;Mag-apoy (Mar.)

Lesser Tree Swift;Sayaw (Bis.)

Barn Swallow;Sayaw (Bis.)

Control insects

Seed dispersal,control insects

Kills harmful insects

Seed dispersal,control insects

Seed dispersal

Pollinator

Pollinator

Seed dispersal,control insects

Control insects

Seed dispersal

Control insects,seed dispersal

Insect eater,control insects

Control insects

Control insects

Control insects

Insect eater,control insects

Insect eater,control insects

Insect eater,control insects

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

x

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

x

1

1

1

1

1

x

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

0Te

chnica

l Report

Appendix Table 6. Continued...

Hypothymis helenae helenae

Hysipetes philippinus

Ixobrychus cinnamomeus

Lalage nigra nigra

Lanius cristatus luciorensis

Lanius schach nastus

Lonchura malacca jagorii

Lonchura punctulata

Loriculus philippinensis

Macropygia phasianellaJ.E. duPont

Megalaima haemacephaladuPont (1971)

Megalurus palustris forbesi

Merops philippinus philippinus

Merops viridis americanus

Microhierax erythrogonys

Motacilla cinereaRabor (1977)

Nectarinia sperata

Nycticorax caledonicus

Short CrestedMonarch; Balilang

Philippine Bulbul

Cinnamon Least; Bittem

Pied Triller; Ak Ak (Bis.)

Brown Shrike

Schach Shrike

Chestnut Mannikin; Maya (Bis.)

Nutmeg Mannikin; Maya (Bis.)

Phil. Hanging Parakeet;Kosi (Bis.)Slender-billed CuckooDove; Tukwoo (Bis.)

Crimson-BreastedBarbet

Striated CanegrassWarblerGreen-headed Bee-eater;Pisutin (Sub.)

Chestnut-headed Bee-eater; Pisutin(Sub.)Philippine Falconet

Gray Wagtail

Purple-throated Sun Bird

Rufous Night Heron;Buso

Insect eater, controlinsect population

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Control insect pests

Pollination

Seed dispersal,control insectpopulation

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

10

1

Appendix Table 6. Continued...

Oriolis chinensisRabor (1977)

Orthotomus nigrecepsnigreceps

Otus bokkamoena nigrorum

Parus elegansJ.E. duPont

Passer Montanus

Penelopides paniniGonzales, et al (1988)

Pericrocotus flammeusJ.E. duPont

Pithetcophaga jefferyi

Pycnonotus goiavierRabor (1977)

Rallus striatus striatusRabor (1977)

Rallus torquatus

Rhipidura javanica

Sarcopa calvus melanonater

Stretopelia bitorquatadusumieri

Terpsiphone cinnamomeaJ.E. duPont

Treron pompadora, duPont

Black-naped Oriole;Antilaw

Screech Owl;Bukoo (Bis.)

Elegant Tilmous

Tree Sporrow

Tarictic Hornbill;Tagip-tip (Sub.)

Flame Minivet

Monkey-eating Eagle

Yellow Vented Bulbul;Lokilok (Sub.)

Slaly Breasted Rail;Tikling (Bis.)

Barred Rail

Black & White Fantail

Maria KapraColeto

Phil. Turtle Dove

Rufous Paradise Flycatcher

Pompadour Green Pigeon; Punay(Bis.)

Control insect pests

Control insectpopulation

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersal,control insects

Seed dispersal

Seed dispersalcontrol insect pest

Seed dispersal

Control insectpopulation

Seed dispersal

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

x

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

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Appendix Table 7. Listing of reptilian species of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

Draco volans

Gehyra mutilata

Gecko gecko

Hydrosaurus pustulotusA. Alcala (1976)

Naja naja philippinensis

Paython reticulatus

Sphenomorphus sp.

Trimeresurus sp.A. Alcala (1976)

Tortoises sp.

Varanus salvator

Calotes sp.

Flying lizard

Laluto (Bis.)

Water lizard

Philippine cobra

Sawa (Bis.)

Skink

Pit Viper

Land Turtle, Bao (Bis.)

Monitor lizard, Halo (Bis.)

Agamid lizard

Control insectpopulation

0

1

0

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

0

1

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

1

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

X

1

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

1

X

1

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

0

0

1

0

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

X

X

0

0

1

X

0

X

X

X

0

X

X

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Appendix Table 8. Listing of amphibian species of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

1

2

Bufo marinus

Rana magna

Frog/toad

Frog

1

1

X

X

1

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

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Appendix Table 9. Listing of mammalian species of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EcologicalNo. value

Acerodon sp.

Callosciurus sp.

Cervus sp.

Cynocyphalus volans

Macaca sp.Rabor (1986)

Paradoxurus philippinensis

Ptenochirus sp.

Rattus sp.

Suncus occulidens

Sus celebensis philippinensisRabor (1986)

Tarius philippinensis

Viverra tungalungaRabor (1986)

Kabog (Bis.)

Tree squirrels;Laksoy (Bis.)

Philippine Deer;Lagsoo (Bis.)

Flying lemur;Kaguang (Bis.)

Philippine monkey; Amo (Bis.)

Palm civet; Milo (Bis.)

Fruit bat; Kulaknit (Bis.)

Rats; Ilaga, Bagtok (Bis.)

House shrew; Miniak (Bis.)

Wild pig;Baboy sulop

Tarsier; Malmag (Bis.)

Malay civet;Tingalong

Seed dispersal

Dispersal offorest tree-bearing fruits

Control pestspopulation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

1

X

X

X

0

X

X

1

X

X

X

X

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

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Appendix Table 10. Listing of class pisces species of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EconomicNo. value

Anabas testulineus

Clarias batrachus

Genus anguilla

Gobbie sp.

Ophiciphalus striatus

Tilapia sp.

Pupuyo

Catfish, Pantat

Eel, Kasili

Anga

Mudfish, Haloan

Tilapia

as food

as food

as food

as food

as food

as food

1

2

3

4

5

6

X

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

0

0

0

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

0

X

0

X

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

X

X

X

X

0

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

X

X

0

0

X

X

X

X

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

X

0

X

X

X

X

X

X

Potamonidaefamily

CrabletCalong

Appendix Table 11. Crustacean species of Mt. Malindang.

BarangaysRef. Species and author Local name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EconomicNo. value

1 X X X X X X X X X X X X as food

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 105

Appendix Table 12. List of insect orders and families present in 7 barangays of DonVictoriano and Concepcion, Misamis Occidental.

Ref. Order/ Common Economic BarangaysNo. Family Name value

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

2

3

4

ColeopteraChrysomelidae

CurculionidaeScarabidaeCoccinellidaeElateridaeLampyridaeCicindelidaeCarabidaeCerambycidae

HymenopteraIchneumonidaeApidaeBraconidaeAnthoporidaeEvaniidaeVespidaeSphecidaeFormicidae

LepidopteraNoctuidaePlutellidaePieridaeHesperiidaePapilionidaeSatyridaeNymphalidae

DanaidaeSphingidaeLiparidaeGeometridaePyralidaePsychidaeGelechiidae

DipteraSyrphidaeSarcophagidaeMuscidae

Squash beetle/Leaf beetle/Green tortoisebeetleSnout beetleScarab beetleLadybird beetleClick beetleFireflyTiger beetleCarabid beetleLong-horned beetle

IchneumonsBumble beesBraconidsCarpenter beeEnsign waspVespid waspSphecid waspBlack/red ants

CutwormDiamondback mothPieridsSkippersSwallowtailsSatyrsBrush-footedbutterfliesMilkweed butterfliesHornwormTussock mothMeasuring wormLeaffoldersBagwormPotato tuber moth

Syrphid fliesFlesh fliesHouse flies

Pest

PestPestPestPestPredatorPredatorPredatorPredator

ParasitePollinatorParasitePollinator/pestParasiteNectar feederNectar feederPredator/pest

PestPestPestPestPestPestPest

PestPestPestPestPestPestPest

PredatorNectar feederScavenger

1

11110010

11000000

1100010

0000001

111

0

00100000

11100000

0110000

0000000

001

1

10010000

11111001

0101101

1011110

100

1

00000000

10000001

0000100

0000000

000

1

00011000

11000111

0011100

0000000

000

0

10000101

10100001

0000100

0110000

000

1

00000100

10000000

0010100

0000000

000

106 Technical Report

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

CallipharidaeMicrpezidaeStratiomyidaeAsilidaeDolichopodidaeOtitidaeBibionidaeTipulidae

OrthopteraAcrididae

GryllidaeGryllotapidaeGrylloacridaeTetrigidaeNetrigidae

Becanthinae

OdonataAesnidaeRibellulidaeCalopterygidaeCoenagrionidae

HemipteraSedunidaeGerridaeVeliidaePyvihocoridae

HomopteraMembracidaeCicadidaeAphididaeCicadellidae

Dermaptera

Thysanoptera

OtherarthropodsArachnidsDiplopoda

BlowfliesStill-legged fliesSoldier fliesRobber fliesLong-legged fliesPicture-winged fliesMarchflies/LovebugsCraneflies

Short-hornedgrasshopperCricketsMole cricketWingless long-hornedPygmy grasshopperLong-hornedgrasshopperCricket

DragonflyDragonflyDamselflyDamselfly

Assassin bugWater stridersRipple bugsCotton stainer

TreehopperCicadaAphidsLeafhoppers

Earwig

Thrips

SpiderMillipede

ScavengerDung feederFlower feederPredatorPredatorSaprophagousFlower feederSaprophagous

Pest

PhytophagousPhytophagousPestPestPhytophagous

None

PredatorPredatorPredatorPredator

PredatorPredatorPredatorPest

PhytophagousPestPestPest

Scavenger

Pest

PredatorScavenger

Ref. Order/ Common Economic BarangaysNo. Family Name value

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Appendix Table 12. Continued...

01000000

1

11101

1

0000

1000

1000

0

0

10

11000000

1

00000

0

1100

0000

0111

1

0

10

10101000

0

00010

0

1111

0110

0100

0

1

11

00000000

0

00000

0

0000

0001

0000

0

0

10

00000000

0

00001

0

0000

0000

0000

0

0

10

00000010

0

00000

0

1111

0000

1001

0

0

10

00010111

0

00010

0

1111

0110

0000

0

0

10

Barangays:**

1 = Mansawan2 = Gandawan3 = Lake Duminagat4 = Lalud5 = Lampasan6 =Small Potongan7 = Virayan

1=present 0=absent

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Appendix Table 13. Stakeholders in the upland ecosystem.

Stake- Man- Ganda- Lake Lampa- Lalud Tuno Small Upper Vira- Pobla- Upper Sixto Needs in relation to BRPholders sawan wan Dumi- san Poto- Poto- yan cion Salim- Velez

nagat ngan ngan puno

Piniling Nasud 1 1 1 Sustainable farming system which is consistent with biodiversity conservation

IEC materials on biodiversityLGUs

Brgy. Council 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Formulation and implementationSang. Bayan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 of policies on biodiversityABC 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 conservation and managementSK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

IEC materials on biodiversity

GOsRIC 1 Proper monitoring andDSWD 1 1 evaluation of existingRRMP-SECAL 1 projects which are notPAMB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 dependent on forest resourcesCluster PAMB 1 1 1 1

IEC materials on biodiversity

NGOsBANWA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Capability building on biodiversityTRICAP 1 1 1 conservationLEAF 1Local FAs 1 1 1 1 1

Legend: 1-present

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Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem-Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.

Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Fauna Wildlife Fauna Bamboos Others

Local IPs

LGUs SB Council ABC GOs DA DSWD NIA

Plant cabbage, onion, chayote, squash Share resources Sustainability not assured due to poor soil condition Environmental security not assured due to clear and well-defined boundaries of the protected area Biodiversity is threatened by use of chemicals Not their priority No support given

Grow rice and corn Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest is insufficient for the family Sustainability is not assured Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened by monoculture cropping Grow rice and corn Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest insufficient for the family Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened by monoculture cropping No support given

Plant cassava, gabi, sweet potatoes Limited cultivated areas, oftentimes in the form of kaingin Harvest is insufficient for the family Sustainability is poor Mass production not promoted No support for mass production

No attention given No campaign and support for their growth No attention given

Raise pigs and chickens Economically unsustainable Increases biodiversity No policies and support in raising them No attention given

Conserve biodiversity due to existing laws; clear or well-defined demarcation/ boundaries of protected areas Economically unsustainable Biodiversity is favored Assist in the implementation of policies re: conservation of wildlife No attention given

No attention given No attention given No attention given

AssisteWomenthroughloans toproductdue to technic NIA assin the eof irrigabut is nfunction

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Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.

Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Wildlife Bamboos Others Fauna Fauna

NGOs Plant cabbage, No attention No attention Prioritize No attention No attention No attentiononion, chayote, given given planting of fruit given given givenand squash trees to reforest

Mt. MalindangBANWA Share resources and environs

Sustainability Provide seedlingsnot assured due to membersto poor soilconditions

Environmentalsecurity assureddue to clear andwell-definedboundaries ofprotected areas

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Appendix Table 14. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.

Stake- Forage spp Forest Patches Fern and Bamboos Livestock Wildlifeholders Shrubs/Herbs Mosses Fauna Fauna

Local IPs Left unused due to Allowed to cut trees No attention No attention Participate in livestock, Conserve biodiversityabsence of cows, for house construction given given swine, and poultry due to existing laws;

carabaos, and horses raising well-defined demarcation of protected areas

LGUs Equity is undefined Equitable use Free choice Economically unsustainable

No sustainable use Not sustainable Sustainability is yetto be determined Biodiversity is favored

Absence of policies No complete policiesof their uses Environmental security Biodiversity is

is threatened because enhancedEnvironmental security Environmental security of absence ofis strengthened is strengthened technical knowledge

Biodiversity isBiodiversity is favored Favorable to biodiversity enhanced with

conservation their domestication

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Appendix Table 14. Upland-Ecosystem Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Small Potongan.

Stakeholder Trees Palm/Rattan Vines/Creepers Wildlife Fauna Shrubs/Herbs Ornamentals Ferns

Local IPs Observe the policy of “no cutting of trees and kaingin” inside protected forest areas No access No sustainable use Environmental security strengthened

Some exploit those that are growing in their farms Not sustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened

Undefined use Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity is favored

Very few and limited to birds of lowland types, snakes, insects, and arachnids Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened due to human encroachment

Only those with medicinal value were given attention for cultivation Others have no definite use Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity favored

No attention given

No attegiven

LGUs Observe the policy of “no cutting of trees” No access Undetermined sustainable use Empowered to implement policies Environmental security is strengthened

Not their priority No attention given

Assist in the implementation of conservation Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity enhanced

Not their priority Economically unsustainable Environmental security assured Biodiversity favored

No attention given Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened because of kaingin practices

No attegiven

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Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Virayan.

Stakeholders Vegetables Cereal Crops Root Crops Fruit Trees Livestock Wildlife BamboosFauna Fauna

Local IPs Not Not cultivated Plant cassava, Limited around Raise poultry, Protect wildlife These are naturally-cultivated due to gabi, sweet residential areas horses, and due to awareness grown

unfavorable potatoes, and lutia carabaos of PAMB policies/climate for cash and Most people regulations No attempt to use them

consumption plant coconut Economically for reforestationtrees unsustainable Limited to

Hardly enough for avifauna of Economically unsustain-basic needs Economically Environmental lowland type able

unsustainable security isEconomically threatened Economically Environmental securityunsustainable Environmental because no unsustainable is threatened

security is assured veterinarianEnvironmental is available Environmental Biodiversity issecurity is Increased security is threatenedthreatened biodiversity Biodiversity is threatened

increased withMonoculture is their domesti- Biodiversity isa threat to cation threathenedbiodiversity

LGUs No attention Not adoptable Plant cassava, Limited around Raise poultry, Promote Not their concernSB members given to the place gabi, sweet residential areas horses, and biodiversityABC potatoes, and lutia carabaosSK for cash and Most people Conservation

consumption plant coconut Economically program becausetrees unsustainable of existing laws

Hardly enough forbasic needs Economically Environmental

unsustainable security isEconomically threatenedunsustainable Environmental because no

security is assured veterinarianEnvironmental is availablesecurity is Increasedthreatened biodiversity Biodiversity is

increased withMonoculture is their domesti-a threat to cationbiodiversity

GOs None in this Not a No support No support No support Promote biodiversity Not their concernbarangay priority given given given conservation program

because of existinglaws by PAMB/DENR

NGOs None in thisbarangay

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Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem-Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Virayan.

Stakeholders Forage spp Small Forest Patches and Shrubs/Herbs

Ornamentals Fern and Mosses Bamboos Livestock Fauna Wildlif

Local IPs LGUs ABC SB Council

Natural pasture areas or naturally-grown Equal access Unregulated use Lack empowerment on sustainable use Environmental security need to be evaluated Biodiversity is threatened

Allowed to cut trees around brushland areas for house construction Some are used for medicinal purposes Mostly used for fencing materials Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened Biodiversity is threatened

Abundant but not cultivated Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened because burning may occur unintentionally Biodiversity is threatened

No definite use Economically unsustainable Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened because nobody attempts to lift a finger for their care and conservation

Naturally-growing along creeks and rivers Economically unsustainable Only few hills were observed Environmental security and biodiversity are threatened

Only few have carabaos, horses, chickens, and swine Economically unsustainable Environmental security is threatened Biodiversity is threatened

Only felowlanwere o Consedue tolaws/pby DENwith spattentmonkeeagle Economunsust Envirosecuritassurewith pimplem Biodivbe enhlater

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Appendix Table 15. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Virayan.

Stakeholders Trees Palm/Rattan Vines/Creepers Wildlife Shrubs/Herbs Ornamentals Ferns/MossesFauna

Local IPs Most of them Use only No definite use Observations Only medicinal No attention No attention givensupport no those found in were limited plants are given, they just because of unknowncutting of their farm to birds cultivated grow naturally definite usenaturally- because of Economically anywheregrowing trees policy awareness unsustainable No other verte- Economically Economically

brate wildlife unsustainable Economically unsustainableNo equitable Economically Environmental was observed unsustainableuse of resources unsustainable security and Environmental Environmentally secure

biodiversity may Insects and security and Environmentally if no kaingin is doneSustainable use Environmental be threatened arachnids were biodiversity may secure if noof resources not security is because of observed be threatened kaingin is done Environmental securityyet determined threatened shifting cultivation because of is still assured if no

practices Economically shifting cultivation Biodiversity is kaingin is doneEach household Biodiversity may unsustainable practices threatenedis allowed to cut be enhanced Biodiversity may beone tree from later Environmental Biodiversity is threatened with shiftingthe brushland security and threatened cultivation practicesfor house biodiversity areconstruction threatened

LGUs Promote/ Conservation Not their Policies have Not their concern Not their concern Not their concernadvocate no is facilitated by concern been formulatedcutting of trees policies formu- by DENR/PAMBfrom protected lated for implementationareas

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Appendix Table 16. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Poblacion, Concepcion.

Stakeholders

Local IPs

Vegetables

Grow squash,chayote andonion for cashand consumption

Location of farmsare very far fromresidences

Low sustainabilitydue to poor soilconditions

Prevalence ofkaingin system/shifting cultivation

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isquestionable

Monoculturecroppingthreatensbiodiversity

Other Crops/Corn

A number plantcorn mainly forconsumption

The size of theircornfield is verylimited

Non-use ofchemicalpesticides favorsbiodiversity

Very few engagein production ofcoconut andsmall scalerubberplantation

Increasesbiodiversity

Root Crops

Many peoplegrow sweetpotatoes, gabi,cassava, andlutia for cashand consumption

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofshiftingcultivationpractices

Biodiversity isthreatened withkaingin practices

Fruit Trees

Few are plantedin their backyards

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is assured

Biodiversity isfavored

LivestockFauna

Somedomesticate pigsand poultry

Some have horsesand carabaos

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause of somediseases theanimalsencounter and noveterinarian isavailable

Biodiversity isenhanced

WildlifeFauna

Only few lowlandbirds wereobserved

Some still huntfor food andpossibleadditionalincome

Veryeconomicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is indanger

Biodiversity isthreatened

Bamboos

Naturally-growing alongriverine areas

Economicallyunsustainable

Due to kainginpractices,environmentalsecurity is neverassured

Biodiversity isthreatened

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Forage spp

Untended andnaturally-growing

Shared by residents

Not managed properly

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened with thepeople’s dependenceon naturally-growingforage

Untended andnaturally-growing

Shared by residents

Not managed properly

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened with thepeople’s dependenceon naturally-growingforage

Shrubs/Herbs

Only those withmedicinal value arecultivated

Gathered asfirewood

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofkaingin practices

Biodiversity isthreatened

Only those withmedicinal valueare cultivated

Gathered asfirewood

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause ofkaingin practices

Biodiversity isthreatened

Fern/Mosses

No definite use

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened dueto kainginpractices

Biodiversity isthreatened

No definite use

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened dueto kainginpractices

Biodiversity isthreatened

Bamboos

Naturally-growingin the riverineareas

Only few wereobserved

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened

Naturally-growingin the riverineareas

Only few wereobserved

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened

Livestock Fauna

Few domesticatepoultry and swine,horse, goat, andcarabao

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened bydiseases

Few domesticatepoultry, swine,horse, goat, andcarabao

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Biodiversity isthreatened bydiseases

Wildlife Fauna

Very limited to birdsof lowland type

Some insects,arachnids,millipede, andsnails wereobserved

No policies in thisregard

Biodiversity is verymuch threatened

Very limited tobirds of lowlandtype

Some insects,arachnids,millipede, andsnails wereobserved

No policies in thisregard

Biodiversity isvery muchthreatened

Appendix Table 16. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Poblacion, Concepcion.

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUsGOsLGUsBANWATRICAP

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Vegetables

Unattended

Equity undefined

98% Subanonstewardship-landtenure

Some plantsquash,chayote, gabi,and camote forcash andconsumption

Sustainability islow since thearea is almostbarren becauseof poor soilcondition

Noenvironmentalsecurity

Cereal Crops

Grow corn andrice but farmlotsare situated farfrom residences

Economicallyunsustainable

Few plant uplandrice and corn forconsumptiononly

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isdecreased withmonoculturecroppingpractices

Noenvironmentalsecurity

Root Crops

Grow root cropsthat can hardlysupport the needsof the family

Economicallyunsustainable

More plant rootcrops for cash andconsumption

Hardly enough forsubsistence,therefore, it iseconomicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened

Fruit Trees

Seldom seen onresidences andeven in farmlots

Not attending tothe need forvaried fruits

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isthreatened

LivestockFauna

Few raisechicken and swine

Others tendhorses

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Only few tendpoultry, swine,horses, andgoats

Economicallyunsustainable

Adds tobiodiversity

WildlifeFauna

Presence oflowland birds

Diversity is verylow since UpperPotongan hasclustered houses– a remnant ofloggingconcession areawhich operated in1950s to 1970s

Some still huntfor food andadditionalincome

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isthreatened

Bamboos

Not observed

Not their priorityresource

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isthreatened

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.

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Livestock Fauna

Few raise ruminants likehorses, goats, etc.

Economically unsustainable

Adds to biodiversity

Environmental security isthreatened

Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

Forage spp

Unattended

Shrubs/Herbs

Unattended

Fern/Mosses

Unattended

Bamboos

Not observed

Wildlife Fauna

Very few were observed exceptlowland birds which werefrequently sighted in the area

Economically unsustainable

Biodiversity is highly threatenedby human settlements

Planted Trees

They are notconcerned

Palm/Rattan

They are notconcerned

Vines

They are notconcerned

Wildlife Fauna

Some still hunt forfood andadditional income

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity ishighly threatened

Environmentalsecurity isimpossible

Shrubs/Herbs

Undefined use asidefrom some whichhave medicinalvalue

Economicallyunsustainable

Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Ornamentals

Unattended

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmental securityand biodiversity areuncertain

Ferns/Mosses

Undefined use

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity aresomehow certain ifno kaingin is done

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

Appendix Table 17. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Upper Potongan, Concepcion.

Particip

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the u

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Vegetables

Not cultivatedbecause ofunfavorable soil

Not cultivated

Cereal Crops

Plant corn asstaple food

Equallydistributedamong the localpeople

Empowermentrests on thefathers butdecisions arelikewiseinfluenced by themothers

Sustainabilityassured due topresence ofpermanent cropslike coconuts

Root Crops

Plant root cropssuch as camote,gabi, cassava, andlutia for cash andconsumption

Economicallyunsustainable

Monoculturepractice is a threatto biodiversity

Fruit Trees

Coconut palms areplenty but bearlimited fruits

Jackfruit,lanzones, andmangosteen areplanted aroundresidents’backyard andalong theprovincial/barangay road

Sustainabilityassured due topresence ofpermanent cropslike coconuts

Moreenvironmentalsecurity due topresence ofpermanent crops

Livestock Fauna

Raise pigs,chickens, andgoats

Economicallyunsustainable

Increasesbiodiversity

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause properprotection frominfestation is nil

Not givenemphasis

Wildlife Fauna

Less due tocloser humansettlements andare limited toavifauna whichis characteristicof the lowland

Biodiversity ishighlythreatened dueto humanhabitation inthe area

Lesserbiodiversity dueto nearbyhumansettlements

Less emphasison policies/lawsgoverningprotected areas

Bamboos

Few hills areobserved alongthe riverine areas

Economicallyunsustainable

Contributes tobiodiversityincrease

Environmentalsecurity isthreatenedbecause nomanagement isapparent

Not givenattention

Not their concern

Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno, Concepcion.

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

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Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno.

Forage spp

Utilized as pasturelands fordomesticatedanimals

Economicallyunsustainablebecause peopledepend onnaturally-growingspecies

Environmentalsecurity is veryuncertain

Biodiversity isthreatened

Shrubs/Herbs

Patches are cutand sold asfirewood

Some are usedfor herbalmedication

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isthreatened if noreplenishment willbe done

Ferns/Mosses

Unattendedbecause people donot find themuseful

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity is high

Bamboos

Some are planted nearthe creeks to minimizesoil erosion

Only few hills arefound

Economicallyunsustainable

Adds to biodiversity

Livestock Fauna

Horses, cattles,carabaos, and poultry

Economicallyunsustainable

Increases biodiversity

Wildlife Fauna

Less biodiversity

Not given attention

Economicallyunsustainable

Diversity is limited toavifauna of lowlandtype

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

Planted Trees

Some participate in tree plantingalong cultivated land boundaries

Economic sustainability needs tobe evaluated

Lack empowerment in plantingtrees

Environmental security isuncertain

Promote DENR policies onplanting

No established policies onequitable use of lands

Lack empowerment in treeplanting

Environmental security isuncertain

Palm/Rattan

NA

NA

Wildlife Fauna

NA

No pronouncedinsect pestscomplaint byfarmers

NA

Vines/Creepers

NA

NA

Shrubs/Herbs

NA

NA

Ornamentals

NA

No attentiongiven

Ferns/Mosses

NA

No attentiongiven

Undefined use

Highly diverse

Appendix Table 18. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Upper Salimpuno, Concepcion.

Stakeholders

Local IPs

LGUs

Particip

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ry ru

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isal in

the u

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nd e

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Vegetables

Some participatein the growing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage

Everybody’s optionto plantvegetables

Respect thedecision offarmers

Enough to sustainpoor way of life

Economicallyunsustainable

NA

NA

Corn

Someparticipate inthe growing oftomatoes,onion, andcabbage

Everybody’soption to plantvegetables

Respect thedecision offarmers

Enough tosustain poorway of life

Economicallyunsustainable

NA

NA

Root Crops

Someparticipate in thegrowing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage

Everybody’soption to plantvegetables

Respect thedecision offarmers

Enough to sustainpoor way of life

Economicallyunsustainable

NA

NA

Fruit Trees

Someparticipate in thegrowing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage

Everybody’soption to plantvegetables

Respect thedecision offarmers

Enough to sustainpoor way of life

Economicallyunsustainable

Participate in thepromotion ofagroforesttechnology bydistributingseedlings tofarmers as loanto members ofCooperative

Promoters ofagroforestconservation andmanagement

Livestock Farm

Some participatein the growing oftomatoes, onion,and cabbage

Everybody’s optionto plant vegetables

Respect the decisionof farmers

Enough to sustainpoor way of life

Economicallyunsustainable

NA

NA

Wildlife Fauna/ Flora

Not collectedbecause ofawareness onwildlifeconservation andmanagement

Economicallyunsustainable

Advocates ofenvironmentalsecurity

Biodiversityconservation andmanagement

NA

Contribute towildlifeconservation andmanagement

Bamboos

Very fewplantbamboos

Economicallyunsustainable

Minimize soilerosion

Contribute tobiodiversityincrease

NA

NA

Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lampasan, Don Victoriano.

Stakeholders

SangguniangBayan

BarangayCouncil

ABC

SK

RRMP-ENR-SECAL

PAMBCluster PAMBBANWALEAFDSWD-SEAK

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Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lampasan.

Stakeholders

SangguniangBayan

BarangayCouncil

ABC

SK

Forage spp

Naturally-grownand used forlivestock grazingand pasture

Not properlymanaged

Everybody has thefreedom to utilizethem

Not economicallysustainable

Biodiversity isthreatened

Shrubs/Herbs

Naturally-grown andsome areused forherbalmedicine

No effort formanagementandconservationwas observed

Noteconomicallysustainable

Biodiversity isendangeredbecause ofland use

No assuranceof ecologicalsecurity

Fern/Mosses

Use is not knownto many

Naturally-grown

Some werecultivated

Economicallyunsustainable

Highly contributeto biodiversity

Bamboos

Naturally-grown

No attempt tomanage thisresource

Noteconomicallysustainable

Increasebiodiversity inthe area

LivestockFauna

Some areinvolved inpoultry andswine raising

Not properlymanaged

Economicallyunsustainable

Contribute toincrease inbiodiversity

Wildlife Fauna

Protect wildlifeby formulatingpolicies

NA

Economicallyunsustainable

Enhancedbiodiversityconservation andmanagement

Wildlife Flora

Protect wildlifeby formulatingpolicies

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity isenhanced

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

12

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Appendix Table 19. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lampasan.

Stakeholders

SangguniangBayan

BarangayCouncil

ABC

SK

RRMP-ENR-SECAL

LEAF

Trees

Initiated treeplanting activity

They have a commonchoice of tree to beplanted

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is enhanced

Contribute tobiodiversityenhancement

Initiates treeplanting

Implements treeplanting through theguidance and helpfrom RRMP-ENR-SECAL

Palm/Rattan

Not concerned

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened oftheir non-concern

Not theirconcern

Not theirpriority

Species forplanting

Vines/Creepers

Unknowneconomic use

Economicallyunsustainable

Highly diverse

NA

NA

Wildlife Fauna

Protect wildlifeby policiesformulated

Economicallyunsustainable

Ecologicalsecurity andbiodiversity areuncertain

NA

NA

Wildlife Flora

Not their concern

Some species arehighly recommendedfor ex situcultivation

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity isuncertain

NA

Not their priorityspecies

Shrubs/Herbs

Some are usedin herbalmedicine

Economicallyunsustainable

Highly diverse

NA

Not theirpriority species

Ferns/Mosses

Undefined use

Economicallyunsustainable

Highly diverse

NA

NA

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Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.

Vegetables

Some participatein the productionof cabbage,onion andtomatoes

Sale of producemay not beenough to meetthe needs of thefamily especiallywhen they arecheap

Economicallyunsustainable

Monoculture, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicalsthreaten theirenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

NA

Stakeholders

LGUs

SangguniangBayan

BarangayCouncil

ABC

SK

DA

DSWD

Piniling Nasud

RRMP-ENR-SECAL

NGOs

BANWA

Cereal Crops

Few participate inplanting rice andcorn mainly forconsumption (notethe presence ofcorn mill here)

Produce cannotsustain them untilthe next harvestperiod

Economicallyunsustainable

The use ofchemicals forpests, mildews,rusts, andinorganic fertilizersthreaten theirenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

NA

Root Crops

Most of themembersparticipate inplanting camote,cassava, gabi,and lutia both forcash andconsumption

Sale of produceare not enough tomeet the needs ofthe family

Economicallyunsustainable

Monocultureenhances soilinfertility

Environmentalsecurity is notassured

Biodiversity is notfavored

NA

Fruit Trees

Some participatein planting fruittrees likejackfruit, andmango, in thebackyards

Offer incentive inplanting highvalue fruit trees(i.e., durian) byproviding peoplewith necessaryseedlings

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is still tobe scrutinized

Biodiversity isenhanced withthe planting ofdifferent varietiesof fruit trees

Encourage fruittree planting toreforest someareas

Free seedlings aregiven toparticipatingmembers

Economicsustainability stillto be determined

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity willbe enhanced

Livestock Farm

Many membersraise swine,poultry, carabaos,horses, and goats

Livestock such asgoat is issued tomembers of theRIC as a way ofletting womenaugment theincome of thefamily

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is yet tobe determined

Biodiversity isenhanced

NA

Wildlife Fauna

All residentsparticipate inthe conservationof wildlife fauna

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areaffectednegatively

Promote wildlifeconservation byprovidingniches of theseanimals throughtreereforestationacivities

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity canbe enhanced

Bamboos

Most are naturally-growing along theriverbanks whichminimizes soilerosion

Very few plantbamboos

Economicallyunsustainable

Increasesbiodiversity

NA

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

12

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Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.

Forage spp

Naturally-grown fordomesticated grazers

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmental securityand biodiversity arenot favorable

Not their concern

Stakeholders

LGUsSangguniangBayanBarangayCouncilABCSK

GOsDADSWD

Shrubs/Herbs

Only those withmedicinal value arecultivated, others aretaken for granted

Environmental securityand biodiversity areassured and favoredbecause of non-exploitation

NA

Ferns/Mosses

Undefined economicuse

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmental securityand biodiversity areassured and favoredbecause of non-exploitation

NA

Bamboos

Few may be located nearthe riverbanks

Economically unsustainable

Environmental security andbiodiversity are threatenedbecause no attention isgiven for its conservationand cultivation

NA

Wildlife Fauna

Very few and limited toavifauna

Human habitation and over-exploitation of the habitatreduce their population

Policies formulated andimplemented by LGUs promotetheir biodiversity andenvironmental security

Prioritize livestock breedingand distribution to women toaugment the income of thefamily

Environmental security andbiodiversity are assured

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Trees

Formulated policiesregarding non-cutting oftrees and no kaingin inprotected areas

Encourage planting offruit trees by providinga nursery in themunicipality

Economic sustainabilityis questionable

Environmental securityand biodiversity arefacilitated

Strict implementation ofpolicies, rules andregulations in terms ofcutting trees is alwaysmonitored

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmental securityneed to be assessedespecially for introducedspecies

Biodiversity is favored

Encourage treeplanting by giving outseedlings

Economicalyunsustainable

Environmental securityis threatened with thealien species

Biodiversity is favored

Stakeholders

LGUs

PAMB

NGOsBANWA

Appendix Table 20. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Tuno, Don Victoriano.

Palm/Rattan

Not their priority

Only few are presentin their respectivehabitat

Economicsustainability isquestionable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened

As applied amongtrees

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areenhanced

Not their majorconcern to use in thereforestation activities

Shrubs/Herbs

Only those withmedicinal valuesare cultivated;others have nodefinite use

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity can beassured

NA

NA

Ferns/Mosses

No definite use isindicated

Economicallyunsustainable

Biological diversity isenhanced

Environmentalsecurity cannot beassured

NA

NA

Ornamentals

Many cultivatesome anthuriumsand orchids

Economicallyunstable

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity areenhanced

NA

NA

Wildlife Fauna

Recent policyformulations favorwildlife conservation

Only few and arelimited to avifauna

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity are assured

Implements wildlifeconservation policies

Favors biodiversityand environmentalsecurity

Wildlife conservationis facilitated

Biodiversity isenhanced

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

12

7

Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.

Vegetables

Some people growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage

They have farmswith an averagesize of 1 ha

Not sustainable dueto poor soilcondition

Lack technicalknowledge on cropgrowing

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures andapplication ofchemical

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened

Almost allmembers growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage

Not sustainable dueto poor soilcondition

There is noenvironmentalsecurity

Cereal Crops

Few membersgrow rice andcorn forconsumptiononly

Only small areais suitable torice and corn

Usuallyharvested in 4to 5 monthsafter sowing

Terrain and soilare unfavorablefor theirsustainability

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened byuse of inorganicfertilizers andchemicalpesticides

Almost allmembers growonions,tomatoes, andcabbage

Not sustainabledue to poor soilcondition

There is noenvironmentalsecurity

Root Crops

Many membersgrow sweet potato,gabi, lutia, andkanaka for cashand consumption

Farmer’s choice

Sale of producecan hardly meetthe needs of thefamily, hence,people do“manungha” foradditional income

Lack knowledge onSALT

Monoculture andnon-application ofsoil and waterconservationmeasures depletesoil nutrients andfacilitate soilerosion

Environmentalsecurity andbiodiversity arethreatened

Almost allmembers growonions, tomatoes,and cabbage

Not sustainabledue to poor soilcondition

There is noenvironmentalsecurity

Fruit Trees

Some membersplant fruit treesin theirbackyards

Farmer’s choice

Economicallyunsustainable

No promotion ofthis resourcecontributes tobiodiversityconservationandenvironmentalsecurity

Provideincentive bysupplyingseedlings fromthe nurseryestablished

Financialassistance andguidance areprovided by thecooperativeestablished

Livestock Fauna

Many membersraise chickens,pigs, goats,horses, andcarabaos

Economicallyunsustainable

Free choice

Lack supportmechanism forlivestock raising

Contribute less tobiodiversity, thusenvironmentalsecurity isuncertain

Many membersraise chickens,pigs, goats,horses, andcarabaos

Economicallyunsustainable

Contribute lessto biodiversity,thusenvironmentalsecurity isuncertain

Wildlife Flora/Fauna

Some collectand sell birdsto augmenttheir income,which is a bigthreat tobiodiversity

Discreetly donethus no equity

Economicallyunsustainable

Someundermine thelaw

No assurance ofenvironmentalsecurity

Protect wildlifeby policyformulations

Everybody iscovered by thepolicy

Ornamentals

Some membersgrow ornamentalplants likeanthuriums andorchids as ahobby

No propermanagement isbeing observedbecause they aremainly for homeuse

Economicallyunsustainable

Contribute tobiodiversity

Gardening can bea goodopportunity foralternative sourceof income which isnot forest-based

Not their concern

Not their concern

Stakeholders

Piniling Nasud

Localindigenouspeople

LGUsSanguniangBayanBarangayCouncilABCSKGOsDADSWD-SEAK

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Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano continued...

Stakeholders

LGUsSanguniangBayanBarangay CouncilABCSKGOsDADSWD-SEAKNGOs (BANWA)TRICAP

Vegetables

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicals threatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Cereal Crops

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicalsthreatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Root Crops

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andapplication ofchemicals threatenenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Fruit Trees

Equitabledistribution ofplanting stock

Sustainable useis expected

Livestock Fauna Wildlife Flora/ Fauna

Not theirconcern

Ornamentals

No attentiongiven

Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.

Forage spp

Dependence onnaturally-growing foragefor theiranimals

No equity

Unsustainableuse

Unaware ofproper foragemanagement

No assurance ofenvironmentalsecurity

Not their areaof concern

Stakeholders

Localindigenouspeople

Piniling Nasud

LGUsGOsNGOs

Shrubs/Herbs

Some naturally-grown are usedin herbalmedicine

Free choice

Economicallyunsustainable

Lack supportand incentives

Clean cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity

Not their areaof concern

Ferns/Mosses

No definite use

Equityundefined

Economicallyunsustainable

Due to shiftingcultivationpractices, theseresources areenvironmentallythreatened

Not givenattention

Bamboos

Few participatein planting

No equity

Few hills helpminimize soilerosion

Lackpromotionaleffort

Unsustainable

Noenvironmentalsecurity

Livestock Fauna

Few tend swine,goat, andchicken

Free choice

Lack technicalknowledge onlivestock raising

Unsustainable

No environmentalsecurity

Wildlife Fauna

Limited to avifaunawhich is acharacteristic ofthe lowland

Some IPs collectfor trading

Equity is notdefined

Economicallyunsustainable

No properimplementation oflaws

No environmentalsecurity

Wildlife Flora

Very few due tohuman habitation

Equity undefined

No sustainability

No environmentalsecurity

Lack awarenesscampaign

No environmentalsecurity

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

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nd e

cosy

stem

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Appendix Table 21. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lalud, Don Victoriano.

Trees

Some participate inplanting

Introduce species

Equity is not clearlydefined

Sustainability of fewplanted trees needsto be assessed

Not empowered toreforest someareas

Environmentalsecurity is uncertain

Encourage localpeople to reforesttheir areas

Policies formulatedfor implementationinvolve non-cuttingof trees

DA providesseedlings forreforestation

DA providestechnical support

Their main concernis to reforest manyareas

Give incentives bygiving out seedlingsfor planting

Vines/Creepers

Undefined use

Economicallyunsustainable

Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Biodiversity isenhanced becauseof no defined use

Not their concern

Economicallyunsustainable

Uninformed of itsuses

Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Wildlife Fauna

Promote conservation byrefraining from huntingactivities

Very few left and limited toavifauna of lowland species

More insects of pest potentialwere observed

Fully empowered to protectthem

Biodiversity may be restoredin shorter period

Some collect for trading toaugment their income but areencouraged by the LGUs toprotect them

Lack observation of laws

Economically unsustainable

Biodiversity andenvironmental security arethreatened

Encourage locals to protectwildlife by giving financialincentives/awards for beingable to point the location oftheir nests

Some areas are closed tohunting

Economic sustainability is notpossible

Partially empowered toprotect wildlife

Spearheaded theconservation of wildlife

Inequitable use

Economically unsustainable

Shrubs/Herbs

Not their concernexcept for somewith medicinalvalues

Equity issue notaddressed

Economicallyunsustainable

Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Some membersuse them formedicinal purposes

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened

No attention given

Economicallyunsustainable

Enhancedbiodiversity

No attention given

Ornamentals

No attentiongiven

Equity issue notaddressed

Economicallyunsustainable

Shiftingcultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

Few arecultivated inbackyards foraesthetic valueonly

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened

No attentiongiven

Economicallyunsustainable

Enhancedbiodiversity

No attentiongiven

Ferns/Mosses

Not given attentionbecause their use isundiscovered

Equity issue notaddressed

Economicallyunsustainable

Shifting cultivationendangersenvironmentalsecurity andbiodiversity

No defined use

Equity issue is notaddressed

Economicallyunsustainable

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity arethreatened

No attention given

Economicallyunsustainable

Enhancedbiodiversity

No attention given

Stakeholders

PinilingNasud

Localindigenouspeople

LGUsGOs

NGOs

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Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.

Vegetables

All membersparticipate ingrowing onions,cabbage,chayote, andpechay

The size of thefarm is limited tothe family’scapacity. Eachhousehold hasequal access to theland/grassland

Both husband andwife have equalrole in decision-making as to whatvegetable to plant

Both are unawareof integrated pestmanagement

Hardly enough tosustain themeconomically

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasuresendangerbiodiversity

Reliance oninorganic fertilizersand chemicals arethreats tobiodiversityconservation

Corn

Few membersplant corn as itis not adoptableto the climaticcondition

The size of thefarm is limited

Both husbandand wife share indecision-makingbut lacktechnical know-how

Not enough forconsumption

Reliance oninorganicfertilizers is athreat tobiodiversityconservation

Root Crops

All members growgabi, camote,lutia, andcassava

The size of thefarm is limiteddepending on thecapacity of thehousehold

Both husband andwife share indecision-making

They lack thetechnical know-how on SALT

Just enough forcash andconsumptionneeds

Absence of soiland waterconservationmeasuresthreatenbiodiversityconservation andenvironmentalsecurity

Fruit Trees

Only few membersgrow fruit trees

The number oftrees are few

Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut lack thecapability to growand manage fruittrees

Insufficient forcash andconsumption needs

Lack impetus toplant fruit trees;this is notcontributing tobiodiversityconservation

Livestock Fauna

Very few tendpigs, poultry,and horses

The number isnot sufficient

Both husbandand wife share indecision-makingbut lack thetechnology inraising livestock

Their number isnot enough foreconomicsustainability

Less efforts forlivestock raisingdoes notcontribute tobiodiversityconservation

Wildlife Fauna

All members donot kill anywildlife

Mandated toprotect wildlife

Highlysustainable topractice wildlifeconservation

Such practiceensuresenvironmentalsecurity

Some membershunt for wildlifeand participatein conservation

“No use” policynot equitable

Mandated toprotect wildlife

Bamboos

Few are involvedin plantingbamboos

The number ofhills are verylimited and notsufficient

Unaware of theirimportance

Hardly enoughfor their use;unsustainable

Less emphasis onbamboo plantingthreatensenvironmentalsecurity

Someparticipate inplanting giantbamboos

No equitable useof bamboos

Urged tocampaign forplantingbamboos

Sustainability isthe target

Promote theattainment ofenvironmentalsecurity

Stakeholders

PinilingNasud

LGUs

BarangayCouncil

SangguniangBayan

SK

GOs

RuralImprovementClub (RIC)

DSWD/SEAK

RRMP-SECAL

PAMB

NGOs

BANWA

TRICAPLEAF

LocalFarmers’Association

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

13

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Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.

Stakeholders

PinilingNasud

LGUs

Forage spp

Dependent onnaturally-growingforage spp fortheir livestockconsumption

First-come-first-use basis

No controlmechanism

No scheme ofsustainability ofuse

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Fern and Mosses

No attention given

No equity of use

Shifting cultivationis tolerated,resulting todestruction ofspecies

No controlmechanism

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened,biodiversityresources are low

Bamboos

Few plantbamboos

No equity in theuse of species

Sustainability isuncertain

No regulatorymechanism

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened buttheir presencealong creeksminimizes soilerosion

Most of themraise horses

Individuals’choice

No regulatorymeasures

Lack know-howin horsemanagement

Environmentalsecurity is atstake

Wildlife Fauna

No concern inbirds and insectconservation

Undefinedequity of use

No establishedpolicies/schemes

Sustainability isuncertain

Environmentalsecurity isunder question

Remain unusedby everybody

Open access forbioprospecting

No regulatorypolicies

Not economicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Shrubs/Herbs

Dependent onnaturally-growingforage spp fortheir livestockconsumption

First-come-first-use basis

No controlmechanism

No scheme ofsustainability ofuse

Environmentalsecurity isthreatened

Ornamental PlantsLivestock Fauna

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Trees

All membersobserve non-cutting of trees

No utilization oftree and equityis sacrificed

Not economicallysustainablebecause they arenot being used

Each household isempowered toprohibit membersfrom cutting trees

Environmentalsecurity assured

Appendix Table 22. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Mansawan, Don Victoriano.

Palm/Rattan

All membersobserve non-cutting of treestherebyconservingpalms andrattans for thefuturegenerations

Equity of use issacrificed

Not economicallysustainablebecause they arenot being used

Environmentallysecure, therebycontributing toincrease inbiodiversity ofresources

Vines/Creepers

Members do notuse these resources

Equity undefined

Empowered toimplement the“no use” policy

Environmentallysecure, therebycontributing toincrease inbiodiversity ofresources

Shrubs/Herbs

Members participatein growing medicinalherbs

Equal access toresources

Economicallysustainable, manymembers rely onherbal plants formedication

Encourage plantingof medicinal plants

Planting practicesincrease biodiversityconservation

Ornamentals

Members do notuse them

Equity isundefined

Not economicallysustainablebecause membersdo not use them

Environmentalsecurity isassured andthereforecontributing tobiodiversityconservation

Wildlife Fauna

Members do not killanimals because ofreligious beliefs

Equity is undefined

Economicallyunsustainable

Members prohibitcollection of wildlife

Members contributeto environmentalsecurity therebyincreasingbiodiversityconservation

Ferns/Mosses

Members do notuse them

Equity of use isundefined

Not economicallysustainable

Memberscontribute toenvironmentalsecurity therebyincreasingbiodiversity inthe ecosystem

Stakeholders

PinilingNasud

PAMB

LGUs

GOs

NGOs

RIC

DSWD

RRMP-SECAL

PAMB

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

13

3

Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Gandawan, Don Victoriano.

Vegetables

Members engagein vegetableproduction(onions, cabbage,chayote, andpechay)

The size of thefarm is limited tothe family’scapacity; there isequal sharing

Both husband andwife have equalparticipation indecision-making- as whatvegetable toplant; lack know-how on IPM

Hardly enough tosustain themeconomically

Monoculturepractices, non-application of soiland waterconservationmeasures, andreliance oninorganicfertilizers andchemicals arethreats tobiodiversity

Corn

Very fewmembers plantcorn due toclimatic conditionandenvironmentallimitations

The size of thefarm is small,depending onone’s capability

Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut lacktechnology in landpreparation

Not enough forconsumption

Reliance oninorganicfertilizers is athreat tobiodiversityconservation

Root Crops

Most membersplant sweetpotatoes,cassava, andother root crops

The size of thefarm is dependenton one’s capability

Both husband andwife share indecision-makingbut need sometechnology in foodprocessing andpost harvest

Just enough forcash andconsumptionneeds

Monoculture is athreat toenvironmentalsecurity

Fruit Trees

Severalmembers growfruit treesaround theirbackyards

The number oftrees are few

Both husbandand wife share indecision-making

Hardly enoughfor cash andconsumptionneeds

Planting somefruit treesincreases floraldiversity

Most membersdomesticatepoultry andswine

The number isnot sufficient

Both husbandand wife sharein decision-making butlack knowledgein raisinglivestock

Their numberis not enoughto sustain themeconomically

Tendingdomesticatedanimalsincreases faunaldiversity

Wildlife Fauna

Conserve faunaincluding Aphiscerana in their ownhouses

The numbers arelimited to avifauna,insects, arachnids,leeches, frogs,and toads

Covered by lawprohibiting its uses

Economicallyunstable

Environmentalsecurity isascertained

Bamboos

Few membershave bamboos intheir areas

The number ofhills are verylimited; not anequitable size

No policy forgrowing bamboos

Hardly enoughfor their use

Promotion ofbamboo growingincreasesbiodiversityconservation

Stakeholders

PinilingNasud

Localindigenouspeople

LGUs

Barangaymembers

ABC

SK

GOs

PAMB cluster

NGOs

BANWA

TRICAP

Livestock Fauna

13

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Forage spp

Utilizeuncultivatedforage spp foranimals

First-come-first-use basis

No specificpolicy

No sustainableuse

Environmentalsecurity isuncertain

Do not exerteffort inmanagingovergrazedlands

No equitableuse

Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Gandawan.

Stakeholders

Piniling Nasud

LGUs

GOs

Localindigenouspeople

Shrubs/Herbsand Abaca

Some shrubsand herbs areused asmedicines forcuring variousailments

“Free for all”

Sustainability ofuse is uncertain

Environmentalsecurity isuncertain

Sustainability ofuse is uncertain

Environmentalsecurity isuncertain

Some plantabaca andproduce fiberfor sale and useshrubs andherbs as curingailments

Fern andMosses

Non-utilization offerns andmosses

Equity does notapply

Unaware of theiruses

Sustainability ofthe resource isundefined

Environmentalsecurity/conservation isuncertain

Bamboos

Few plantbamboos; wildor climbingbamboos arestill present butunattended

Equity of usenot defined

Environmentalsecurity/conservation isuncertain

Sustainabilitynot assured

Livestock Fauna

Most membersown horses,chickens, andpigs

“Free choice”based on instinct

Lack know-howin raisinglivestock

Sustainability isuncertain

Environmentalsecurity is notassured

Wildlife Fauna

Do not disturbwildlife basedon religiousbeliefs

Equity doesnot apply

Knowledgeableaboutconservation

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Ornamentals

Not attended

No equity

No knowledge

Sustainabilityis uncertain

Environmentalsecurity is notassured

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

13

5

Appendix Table 23. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Gandawan, Don Victoriano.

Trees

All membersobserve non-cutting of trees

All membersshare the viewthat trees shouldbe preserved forfuture generationsbeing the giftfrom God

Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

May not beeconomicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Palm/Rattan

All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees

All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God

Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

May not beeconomicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Shrubs/Herbs

Some use themfor medicinalpurposes

Free access

Equity isuncertain

Lack know-howin conservingthem

Sustainability isundefined

Environmentalsecurity isuncertain

Ornamentals

Remainunutilized

Not takenadvantagedof

Equity isundefined

Unaware ofthe potentialof theseresources

No economicsustainability

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Ferns/Mosses

Remain unused

No equitable use

No policy on theuse of theseresources

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Stakeholder

Piniling Nasud

LGUs

GOs

PAMB

Localindigenouspeople

All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees

All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God

Eachhouseholdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

May not beeconomicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Wildlife Fauna

All membersobserve non-cutting oftrees

All membersshare the viewthat treesshould bepreserved forfuturegenerationsbeing the giftfrom God

Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

May not beeconomicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Vines/Creepers

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Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in agrosubecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat, Don Victoriano.

Vegetables

Engage invegetable productionwhich includecabbage, onion,and chayote

Free choice

Sale of produce isinsufficient inmeeting the basicneeds of the family

Insufficienttechnical know-how

Use of insecticidesthreatensenvironmentalsecurity

Corn

Not cultivateddue to longrainy months

Root Crops

Grow sweetpotato togetherwith gabi andcassava

No other choice

Barely enoughto sustain foodneeds

Indigenousknowledge ismaintained

Continuousgrowing of thesame cropsdepletes soilnutrient

Livestock Fauna

Raise ducks,chickens, andpigs

Free choice

Sustainabilityis uncertain

Lack technicalknowledge onlivestockraising

Promotefaunaldiversity

Wildlife Fauna

Promote wildlifefaunaconservation

No economicequity

Sustainablebiodiversity

Religiousmandate

Bamboos

Few plant giantbamboos

Free choice

Not sustainable

Lack promotionon this resource

Contribution toenvironmentalsecurity is nil

Fruit Tress

Notcultivated

Stakeholder

Piniling Nasud

LGUs

Localindigenouspeople

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

13

7

Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in grassland/brushland subecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat.

Forage spp

Utilize forage forpasture; othersplant forage forhorses

First-come-first-use basis

No policy for itsuse

Assurance ofsustainability andenvironmentalsecurity may betrue for a shorttime but manyyears after,withoutreplenishment, itcan endangersustainability andenvironmentalsecurity. This willlead to threatenedbiodiversity

Stakeholder

Piniling Nasud

LGUs

Localindigenouspeople

GOs

NGOs

Shrubs/Herbs

Some are usedfor medicinalpurposes

Presence ofabaca which is asource of fiber(as an additionalsource of income)

Resources sharedby all

No policy forproper use

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Fern/Mosses/Ornamentals

Unutilized for notknowing theirpotentials

Abundance offerns, mosses, andother ornamentalplants

Equity is undefined

Economicallyunsustainable;unutilized

Environmentalsecurity is assured

Bamboos

Naturally-growing in theforest;unattended

Not gainfully used

No policy forsustainable use

People do notmaximize theiruse due to lack ofinnovativeness

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Livestock Fauna

Raise chickens,pigs, and horsesfor hired“karyada”,homeconsumption,and selling

Depend onone’s decision toraise livestock

Lack technicalknowledge onlivestock raising

Unsustainableway of raisinglivestocks

Income earnedfrom “karyada”is hardly enoughto maintaineconomicsustainability

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Wildlife Fauna/Flora

All members do notuse these wildlifefauna

Local IPs collectbirds and nativeorchids for housedecors and foradditional income

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity is threatened

Biodiversity is highlythreatened

Piniling Nasudmembers areadvocates ofassured biodiversitybecause of theirbeliefs

13

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Appendix Table 24. Upland Ecosystem–Resources in forest subecosystem of Barangay Lake Duminagat.

Trees

All membersobserve non-cutting of trees

All members sharethe view that treesshould bepreserved forfuture generationsbeing the gift fromGod

Each householdhead is empoweredto restrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

Not economicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Policies formulatedfor implementationby PAMB arenecessary forbiodiversityconservation andmanagement

Palm/Rattan

All members donot cut them toconserve forfuturegenerationsbecause theseare gifts fromGod and mustnot be abused

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Favorable tobiodiversityconservation

Policiesformulated forimplementationcan secure itscontribution tobiodiversityconservation

Vines/Creepers

Their economicuses are notwidely known

Ecologicallyimportant tominimize soilerosion

Economicallyunsustainable

Contribute tohigh biodiversityin the area

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Biodiversity isconserved

Mainly left togrow forecological reasons

Biodiversity andenvironmentalsecurity areassured

Wildlife Fauna

All membersobserve non-cutting of trees

All membersshare the viewthat trees shouldbe preserved forfuture generationsbeing the giftfrom God

Each householdhead isempowered torestrict themembers of hishousehold fromcutting trees

May not beeconomicallysustainable

Environmentalsecurity isstrengthened

Some collect fortrading to earnadditional income

Conservationwith emphasis onthe monkey-eating eagle

Biodiversity isendangered

Ornamentals

Remainunutilized

Not takenadvantagedof

Equity isundefined

Unaware ofthe potentialof theseresources

No economicsustainability

Environmentalsecurity isassured

No attentiongiven

Ferns/Mosses

Remainunused

No equitableuse

No policy onthe use oftheseresources

Economicallyunsustainable

Environmentalsecurity isassured

Biodiversity ishigh

Undefined use

Economicallyunsustainable

Shrubs/Herbs

Some usethem formedicinalpurposes

Free accessand equity isuncertain

Lack know-how inconservingthem

Sustainabilityis undefined

Environmentalsecurity isuncertain

No attentiongiven

Stakeholder

Piniling Nasud

Local IPs

LGUs

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

13

9

Appendix Table 25. Socioeconomic and cultural profile of the 12 barangays.

Barangays*Checklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A. Population characteristics

No. of households

Ave. size/ household

Size of population

Age composition

below 15 yrs old15-64 yrs old65+ years old

Sex ratio (More females than males in all barangays)

Distribution by linguistic background

% Subanon% Cebuano,Boholano, others

Size of school age population

Settlement pattern

Why?

B. Infrastructure/ Social Services Education

Pre-schoolNo. of teachersNo. of classroomsNo. of grades

362

5

1686

65%

85%

15%

10%

Clustered

111

61

6

363

45%50%5%

95%

5%

10%

Clustered

Terrainis like acauldron

111

58

7

391

45%50%5%

100%

10%

Clustered

Terrainis like acauldron

111

206

5

1065

45%50%5%

40%

60%

10%

Clustered

Definedbarangayproper site

111

360

5

1829

43%55%2%

70%

30%

10%

Clusteredin brgy.proper

111

166

5

861

43%55%2%

70%

30%

10%

Clustered

111

66

6

394

45%50%5%

90%

10%

10%

Clusteredin brgy.proper

111

35

4

152

45%53%2%

98%

2%

10%

Clustered

111

58

4

219

45%53%2%

95%

5%

10%

Dispersed

111

62

4

240

38%60%2%

10%

90%

Clustered

53

5

264

38%58%4%

40%

60%

10%

Clustered

111

74

311

38%61%3%

0

100%

10%

Housesarefoundalongtheroad

111

*1-Mansawan, 2-Gandawan, 3-Lake Duminagat, 4-Lampasan, 5-Lalud, 6-Tuno, 7-Small Potongan, 8-Upper Potongan, 9-Virayan, 10-Poblacion, 11-Upper Salimpuno, 12-Sixto Velez

1 1 1

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Appendix Table 25. Continued...

Barangays

ElementaryNo. of teachers

No. of classrooms

No. of grades

High schoolNo. of teachers

No. of classrooms

No. of grades

HealthNo. of BHWs

No. of visits bymidwife

Distance to nearesthealth center

Prevalence ofmalnutrition

TransportationType of road topoblacion

Means of transportto poblacion

Communication

8

6

6

0

0

0

8

Midwifelives inMansawan

Healthcenter isin brgy.proper

No data

Trail

Foot,horse

ICOM

1

2

2

0

0

0

1

once amonth

3 kms

No data

Trail

Foot,horse

ICOM

1

2

2

0

0

0

1

once amonth

6 kms

No data

Trail

Foot,horse

ICOM

2

4

4

0

0

0

Healthcenter isin brgy.proper

No data

Gravelled

Jeep,horse,motorcycle

ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders

8

8

6

4

4

4

Hasdoctor,nurse,ambul-ance

Healthcenter isin brgy.proper

No data

Gravelled

Jeep,motorcycle

ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders

4

4

4

0

0

0

No data

Gravelled

Jeep,motorcycle

ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders

1

1

2

0

0

0

2

3 kms

No data

Partlygravelled

Foot,motorcycle

Transistor

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2 kms

No data

Partlygravelled

Foot,motorcycle

Transistor

1

4

2

0

0

0

1

7 kms

No data

Partlygravelled

Foot,horse

Transistor

7

6

6

6

6

4

Hasnurseandmidwife

Healthcenter isin brgy.proper

No data

Gravelled

Jeep,motorcycle

ICOMradio,TV, taperecorders

4

4

4

0

0

0

2

14 - 1stdegree10 - 2nddegree

Partlygravelled

Jeep,motorcycle

Radio,taperecorders

1

2

2

0

0

0

2

No data

Gravelled

Jeep,motorcycle

Radio,taperecorders

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

radio radio radio

Checklist 1 2 3

Particip

ato

ry ru

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ppra

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the u

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nd e

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Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Type ofhouses

Utilities/otherfacilities

C. History

1. Creation of the barangay

2. How the barangay got its name

3. First school was opened

4. First barangay elections

5. High rate of out-migration

Reason

6. Year of high rate of in- migration

Reason

GI roof,wood,shingles

“Freeflowing”water,brgy. hall,basketballcourt

1980

Hadmanywildflowers

mid1970s

Poorpeaceand order

Late1970s

GI roof,wood,shingles

Deep well,basketballcourt,market

1964

“Mansaw”is theSubanonterm forwild sugarcaneabundantin the area

1964

1967

1980s

Poorpeace andorder

1960s

Encouragedto comebyreligiousleaders

GI roof,wood,shingles

Basket-ballcourt,

GI roof,wood,cement

Watersystem,corn mill,basket-ball court,cockpit

1953

“Lampas”means tocutgrasses

1980s

mid 1980s

Poorpeace andorder

1990s

To farm

GI roof,wood,cement

Electricity,watersystem,basket-ball/tenniscourts,videoke

GI roof,wood,cement

Electricity,watersystem,basket-ballcourt,cockpit,municipalhall

GI roof,wood

Watersystem,basket-ballcourt,farmers’hall

GI roof,wood,cogon

Watersystem,basket-ballcourt

Cogonroof,wood,shinglesBrgy.hall butuncemen-ted floor

1980

GI roof,wood,cement

Electricity,gym,waitingshed

1954

Namedafter apatronsaint

1972

GI roof,wood

Electricity,brgy.hall butuncemen-ted floor

GI roof,wood

Electricity,brgy.hall

1966

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Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D. Economic profile

Main sourceof livelihood

Secondarysources oflivelihood

Cropsplanted/harvested

Lean months

Busy months

Tenurialstatus

Average sizeof cultivatedland

Farming

“Karyada”or haulinghired helpon farm

Onions,cabbage,chayote,pepper,root crops

Rainymonths

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

“Karyada”or haulinghired helpon farm

Onions,cabbage,chayote,abaca,sugarcane, rootcrops,corn

Rainymonths

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

“Karyada”orhaulinghiredhelp onfarm

Onions,cabbage,chayote,corn, rootcrops

Rainymonths

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

Gardening,“sari-sari”store,“manungha”

Onions,corn,cabbage,chayote,tomatoes,root crops

Rainymonths

Summer

Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland

1 ha

Farming

Trading,restaurant,gardening

Corn, rice,vegetables,rootcrops,bananas

Rainymonths

Summer

Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland

1 ha

Farming

Gardening,trading,buy andsell

Corn, rice,vegetables,root crops

Rainymonths

Summer

Stewardcertificate,occupantsof forestland

1 ha

Farming

Gatheringrattan,“manungha”

Corn, rice,root crops

Everymonth

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

“Manungha”

Corn, rice,root crops

Everymonth

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

“Manungha”

Coconut,root crops

Rainymonths

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

¼ ha

Farming

Governmentemployment

Rootcrops,bananas,corn

Rainymonths

Summer

Occupantsof forestland

2 ha

Farming

Sellingfirewood,“manungha”,handsawing,falcata

Corn,rootcrops,coconut

July

Summer

Have PLTPfromDENR, ISF

¼ ha

Farming

“Manungha”

Coconut,corn,cassava

Rainymonths

Summer

Mostlytenants

Particip

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Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Disposal of cropsCorn

% sold% consumed

Why produce?

Onion% sold% consumed

Why produce?

Cabbage% sold% consumed

Why produce?

Root crops% sold% consumed

Why produce?

Copra% sold

Animals raisedHorses

% sold% consumed

Why raise?

Cattle% sold% consumed

Why raise?

NoneNone

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

10%90%For con-sumption

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

10%90%For con-sumption

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

95%5%Cash cropeasilysold

10%90%For con-sumption

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

20%80%

For con-sumption,very fewplantcorn

95%5%For cash

95%5%For cash

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

95%5%For cash

95%5%For cash

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

95%5%For cash

95%5%For cash

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

00

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

00

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

00

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

0100%Fortransport

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

0

00

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

100%

00

100%0For cash

None100%

For con-sumption

00

00

50%50%For con-sumption,cash

100%

00

100%0For cash

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Animals raisedPigs

% sold% consumed

Why raise?

Chickens% sold% consumed

Why raise?

Carabaos% sold% consumed/used

Why raise?

Source of credit

Source of laborPlowing

Planting

Weeding

Harvesting

Desuckering

Appendix Table 25. Continued...

Barangays

10%90%Forspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

Com-prador

Family

Family

Skilledfamilymember

10%90%Forspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Family

Family

Skilledfamilymember

10%90%Forspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

None

Family

Family

Skilledfamilymember

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

0100%

Draftanimal

COOP/Farmersorg.

Hiredlabor,husband

Family

Hiredlabor

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

0100%

Draftanimal

Com-prador/financiers

Hiredlabor,husband

Family

Hiredlabor

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption,fewraisechickendue topests

0100%

Draftanimal

Com-prador/financiers

Hiredlabor,husband

Family

Hiredlabor

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Husband

Family

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Husband

Family

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Husband

Family

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

0100%

Draftanimal

None

Husband

Family

Family

50%50%Forcashandspecialoccasion

0100%For con-sumption

None

Family

Family

Family

Checklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

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nd e

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Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

To whom areproducts soldto?

Onion

Cabbage

Root crops

Copra

Problems infarming

Copingmechanics

Com-prador

Com-prador

Com-prador

None

Highcost oftransport,soilfertility

Eat rootcrops 2xa day,move torelativesin otherareas ashiredhelp,“manung-ha” orwork infarms atP50 orP60/day

Com-prador inMan-sawan

Com-prador inMan-sawan

Com-prador inMansawan

None

Pests,soilfertility

Work inotherfarms ashired help

Com-prador inMan-sawan

Com-prador inMan-sawan

CompradorinMansawan

None

Highcost oftransport,pests andrats, soilfertility

Eat rootcrops 2xa day,“manung-ha”,migrantlabor

Com-prador inLalud

Com-prador inLalud

Com-pradorin Lalud

None

Soilfertility

Hiredlabor forP70/day

None

None

Sell inSapangDalaga

Com-prador inSapangDalaga

Lack ofcapital forfarminputs,low yieldof coconut,climate isnot good

Sellfirewood,“manung-ha”

None

None

Sell inSapangDalaga

Com-prador inSapangDalaga

Animalsget sickduringrainyseason

“Manung-ha”

None

None

Sell inSapangDalaga

None

Cannotplant corndue tocontinuousrain, soilerosion

“Manung-ha”

None

None

Sell inLibertad

None

Nofertilizers,alwaysraining

“Manung-ha”

None

None

Sell inSapangDalaga

None

Rats andwild pigs

“Manung-ha”

None

None

Sell inSapangDalaga

None

Rats andwild pigs

Eat rootcrops 2xa day,“manung-ha”

Com-prador

Com-prador

Com-prador

None

Soilfertility,soilerosion

Go toDipologfor workin cons-truction

Com-pradorin Lalud

Com-pradorin Lalud

Com-pradorin Lalud

None

Soilfertility,soilerosion

Go toDipologfor workin cons-truction

14

6Te

chnica

l Report

Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

E. Domestic concerns

Decision-makingFarming

Savings

Membership in orgs.

Family problems

Family aspirations

Women’s activities

Leisure/ Community

activities

Sports/games

Specialevents

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

BANWA,PinilingNasud,TRICAP

Inadequatefood,health

Adequateand betterfood, goodhealth,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basketball,billiard,“baile”

“Tabo”everyMonday,Fiesta onSept. 25

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Catholicchurch,Born Again

Insufficientfood

Improvelevel ofliving,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball

Fiesta onAug. 28

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

BANWA

Insufficientfood

Improvelevel ofliving

House-keeping,help infarm,“karyada”or hauling

Basket-ball

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

LEAF

Health

Improvelevel ofliving

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,Masiao

“Tabo”everyFriday

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Lowincome

Improvelevel ofliving,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,Masiao

“Tabo”everyThursday

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

R IC

Lowincome

Educationforchildren

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,Masiao

“Tabo”everyFriday

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Farmers’association

Inadequatefood, lowproduction,health

Adequatefood,Improvelevel ofliving

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,Masiao

“Tabo”every 2ndand lastThursdayof themonth

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Farmers’association

Inadequatefood, lowproduction

Adequatefood,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,Masiao,cardgames

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Farmers’association

Inadequatefood

Adequatefood,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball,“Hantak”,“spang”

Fiesta onMay 15

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Inadequatefood, lowproduction

Adequatefood,livelihood,educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball

Fiesta

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Lack ofmoneyfor food

Basket-ball

Fiesta

Husband/wifeHusband/wife

Educationfor children

House-keeping,help infarm

Basket-ball

Fiesta

Particip

ato

ry ru

ral a

ppra

isal in

the u

pla

nd e

cosy

stem

14

7

Appendix Table 25. Continued...

BarangaysChecklist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Social organizationsBarangay council

Problems

Aspirations

Farmers’organization

Women’sorganization

Other organizations

Traditional leaders

Governmentprograms

Resource use Land use pattern

Road toDonVicto-riano

None

None

BANWA,PinilingNasud,TRICAP

Timuayleader ofPinilingNasud

Road toGan-dawan,Road toOsmeña,A high-school

Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping

Lack ofcooperationamongresidents,lack ofhealthfacilities

LEAF

InactiveRIC

Timuay

Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU

Multiplecropping

Lootingof crops

Peaceand order,preventsoilerosion

Inactivefarmers’assoc.

None

SK

Timuaygukom

Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU

Multiplecropping

Soilfertility,pests

Improvelivelihood

None

None

BANWA

Timuay

RoadfromMansa-wan

Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping

No road tobrgy.

None

None

BANWA

Timuay

Road tothe lake

Multiplecroppingor spatialmono-cropping

Lootingof crops

Peaceand order

Tunofarmers’assoc.

RIC formen andwomenSK

Timuaygukom

Farmingtech-niquesfromDENRand LGU

Multiplecropping

NIAresettle-mentproj.None

SK

Timuaygukom

Reforesta-tion, damconstructionforirrigation

Multiplecropping

None

SK

Timuaygukom

Reforesta-tion,springdevelopmentby DPWH

Multiplecropping

Betterschoolbuilding

None

SK

Brgy.captain

Given GIsheets forroofing

Multiplecropping

Lack ofwater,poorroads

Betterwatersystem

Farmers’assoc.

Loan fromDSWD

SK

LoansfromCIDDS forcutflowers,pineapple,rambutanseedlingsfrom DA

Residential

Improvelivelihood,maintainpeace andorder,fertilizerfor corn

Farmers’assoc.

SK

Multiplecropping

Lack ofcash forfood

Improvelevel ofliving

None

SK

Multiplecropping

14

8Te

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l Report

1.The people respect the laws.

2. The people understand andpractice biodiversityconservation.

3. The people are resilient andhave survival instincts.

4. The people are willing toparticipate in developmentprograms.

5. There are springs which aresources of potable water.

6. Root crops (sweet potato,cassava, lutia, and gabi) are theprimary staple food of majority ofthe IPs.

7. One of the religious groupsencourages biodiversityconservation and engages only insmall farm cultivation.

8. Biodiversity increases as theforest is located farther fromhuman settlements.

9. “Kaingin” is done only onpreviously fallowed areas wherethere are no more trees.

10. There are more vegetablefarmers in the highland barangaysof Don Victoriano.

11. School facilities for primaryeducation are present in mostbarangays.

12. There are vegetable farmersin Lake Duminagat who usemechanical methods to controlinsect pests.

1. People lack access to improved farmingsystem technologies and capital.

2. Rice and corn are not suited for BarangayMansawan, Lake Duminagat, and Gandawanand in some barangays of Concepcion.

3. Electricity is not available in mostbarangays.

4. The entire municipalities of Don Victorianoand Concepcion are within the protectedareas.

5. Farm lots are small (less than ¼ ha),limited for manual cultivation due to steepslopes.

6. Soil erosion is a problem because farmersdo not practice soil and water conservationmeasures.

7. Low income discourages the youth topursue higher education.

8. The crater valleys of Gandawan and LakeDuminagat are utilized for residential areaswhile farm lots are located on the hillsideswith steep slopes.

9. Farm-to-market roads are wantingespecially from Mansawan to Liboron and allbarangays of Concepcion.

10. Open springs utilized for potable waterare prone to contamination which can behazardous to health.

11. Sanitation system is lacking in somebarangays.

12. Most barangays have health centers butare wanting in medicines.

13. Top soil is shallow with hardened volcanicmaterials at the subsurface.

14. People hesitate to give information, thereis a need for total immersion in their localityto get information.

1. There are wide openuncultivated lands that can bedeveloped for sustainable farmingsystems consistent withbiodiversity conservation.

2. Great deposits of white and redclay are suited for bricks andceramics industry which can bealternative sources of income.

3. Floral and faunal species arediverse.

4. A waterfall located in KalilanganRiver at Barangay Mansawan canbe developed for hydroelectricity.

5. Abundant water supply in thecrater valleys of Gandawan and LakeDuminagat can be tapped forirrigation.

6. Ornamental plants growingabundantly under forest canopies canbe developed for ex situ breedingand mass production.

7. The climate in Don Victoriano andConcepcion are suited forcutflower production.

8. Fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetesfound in the area are possiblesources of biofertilizers for soilrehabilitation.

9. The abundance of parasitic insectsand pathogens can be utilized asbiocon agents to control pests.

10. An average family size of six isimportant economically as memberscan provide labor in the farm.

11. More women (IPs, inmigrants)are working in the fields(feminization of agriculture).

1. Hunting of wildlife speciesis still prevalent in SmallPotongan, Upper Potongan,and Lake Duminagat.

2. Collection and trading ofavifauna is still ongoing inDon Victoriano.

3. Continuous utilization ofpalm species like anibong,pugahan, and black palm forfood and rattan shingles forbasket and tying materials.

4. The use of pesticides andinorganic fertilizers.

5. Low monthly income offamilies (P700 to P1000)encourage people to dependon forest resources.

6. Emigration of non-IPs to buyrights over land leads tomonoculture land use patternand these non-IPs becomeabsentee landlords.

7. Monoculture cropping.

Appendix Table 26. SWOT analysis of the upland ecosystem.

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Participatory rural appraisal in the upland ecosystem 149

Appendix Table 27. Prioritized researchable areas.

Sites Priorized Researchable Areas Criteria S W O T

MansawanGandawanLake Duminagat

MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatSmall PotonganLampasanTunoLaludUpper PotonganUpper Salimpuno

MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatLaludTunoPoblacionConcepcion

MansawanGandawanLake DuminagatSmall PotonganUpper SalimpunoPoblacionConcepcionVirayan

ConcepcionMansawanGandawanLake DuminagatLampasan

Lake Duminagat

LampasanLaludTunoSmall PotonganVirayanMansawan

Don Victoriano

Identification of appropriate andsustainable agroforestry systems thatenhance biodiversity conservation

Studies on the utilization of biologicalresources for pest control and soilamelioration

Propagation and mass production oflocally-available ornamental plants

Documentation of ethnobiologicalpractices of indigenous people of Mt.Malindang and its environs

Identification, propagation andperformance evaluation offorage spp.

Environmental impact assessmentstudies on the proposed ecotourismproject on Lake Duminagat

Utilization of macropropagated localdipterocarps in the rehabilitation ofnatural secondary forests andgrasslands

Feasibility study on the utilization ofwaterfalls in Don Victoriano as sourceof hydroelectric power, EIA study

BCNULPR

BCNULPR

BCNU

BCNUPR

BCNUPR

BCNVUPR

BCNUPR

NUPR

234

46

1012

8

468

10

2349

4

478

4

167

173

7

17

76

13

4

6

3

15

1011

89

56

3

12

1011

5

1

4

12357

4

12357

57

1235

123

7

BC - Relationship to biodiversity conservation; N - Needs; U - Urgency; L - Linkages; PR - Policy relevance

Biodiversity Research Programme (BRP) for Development in Mindanao:

Focus on Mt. Malindang and Environs

National Support Secretariat (NSS) SEAMEO SEARCA, College, Laguna

4031 Philippines

Site Coordinating Office (SCO) Don Anselmo Bernad Avenue

cor. Jose Abad Santos St. Ozamiz City

7200 Philippines

ISBN 971-560-108-1