part ii –climate change & transport sector€¦ · shipping • already a highly...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PART II – Climate Change &
Transport Sector
Prakash (Sanju) Deenapanray
Director
ELIA – Ecological Living In Action, Mauritius
2 October 2012
(Beau Bassin, Mauritius)
![Page 2: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reciprocity in climate change
CLIMATE CHANGE TRANSPORTATION
MITIGATION / OFFSET
ADAPTATION
FOCUS
![Page 3: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
1. Emissions – Global Context
2. Emissions – Local Context
3. Mitigation Approaches
![Page 4: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Global Context
![Page 5: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Trends in world CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion – highlights, IEA 2011
![Page 6: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
World CO2 emissions by sector, 2009
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion – highlights, IEA 2011
![Page 7: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Breakdown in CO2 emissions, 2008/9
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion – highlights, IEA 2011
![Page 8: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Projected world CO2 emission trends (Mt)
Reducing Transport GHG Emissions, Trends and Data, OECD 2010
~40% +
![Page 9: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Local Context
![Page 10: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Projected CO2 emissions, Mauritius
Year
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
CO
2 A
mou
nt
(10
6 t
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Removals
Emissions (measured)
Emissions (forecast)
![Page 11: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Year
1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
CO
2 E
mis
ison
s
(mill
ion t
onn
es)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
electricity
transport
manufacturing
residentialother
Trends in CO2 emissions, Mauritius
![Page 12: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Relative sectoral CO2 emissions, Mauritius
Year
1995 2000 2005 2010
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
100electricity
manufacturing
transport
residential
other
![Page 13: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sectoral CO2 emissions: Mauritius, 2011
Electricity (60.6%)
Transport (25.3%)
Man
ufac
turing
(9.3
%)
Residential (3.7%)
other (1.1%)
Environment Statistics, CSO - 2011
![Page 14: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sectoral CO2 intensities, Mauritius
Ag
ricu
lture
Min
ing
Foo
d&
drin
k
Te
xtile
s
Ch
em
ica
ls
Wa
ter
Su
pp
ly
Con
str
uctio
n
Wh
ole
sa
le
Hote
ls
Tra
ns&
Com
Fin
an
ce
&R
E
CO
2 I
nte
nsity
(tC
O2/R
s100,0
00)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Year tCO2/Rs100,000
2002 4.54
2003 4.70
2004 4.71
2005 4.54
2006 4.52
2007 4.09
2008 3.82
2009 3.38
![Page 15: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mitigation Approaches(maritime transport and aviation)
![Page 16: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Maritime Transport &
AviationTrans-boundary characteristics:• ‘discussions and negotiations on emission
reductions from international bunkering aretackled at the international level by theInternational Maritime Organization (IMO)and the International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO)’
• IMO & ICAO – 50% emission reductionsbelow 2005 levels by 2050
![Page 17: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Maritime Transport• ~90% of international trade done via
shipping
• Already a highly carbon-efficient mode
of transport
Mode of freight transportation gCO2/tonne/km
Air plane (air cargo), average Cargo
B747500 g
Modern lorry or truck 60 to 150 g
Modern train 30 to 100 g
Modern ship (sea freight) 10 to 40 g
Airship (Zeppelin, Cargolifter ) as
planned55 g
![Page 18: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IMO
1.Technical & Operational reduction measures
+ Energy Efficient Design Index, EEDI (new
ships)
+ Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan,
SEEMP (all ships) – operational efficiency
expected to deliver 20% emission
reductions
2. Market-Based Mechanisms
+ carbon levy
+ emissions trading
![Page 19: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Sustainable Shipping Initiative
Vision 2040• A vision for a sustainable shipping
industry in 2040
• Members include the largest shipping
companies/stakeholders in the world
http://www.forumforthefuture.org/project/sustainable-
shipping-initiative/more/ssi-vision-2040
![Page 20: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ICAO strategy
• ICAO Programme of Action on International Aviation and
Climate Change - States and relevant organizations will
work through ICAO to achieve a global annual average fuel
efficiency improvement of 2 per cent over the medium term
until 2020 and an aspirational global fuel efficiency
improvement rate of 2 per cent per annum in the long term
from 2021 to 2050, calculated on the basis of volume of fuel
used per revenue tonne kilometre performed
(http://www.icao.int/environmental-
protection/Pages/programme-of-action.aspx)
• States have to submit Action Plan for emission reductions
• ICAO emissions calculator:
http://www2.icao.int/en/carbonoffset/Pages/default.aspx.
![Page 21: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Aviation – generic measures• Energy efficiency: reducing CO2/passenger km by a
combination of efficient engines, lightweight aircraft
(dreamliner), increasing number of passengers per flight
(A380), using turbo propellers on short-hauls; taxying using
electric engine on nosewheel’s axle ….
• Operational: Optimisation of airline timetables, route networks
and flight frequencies to increase load factors (minimise the
number of empty seats flown), together with the optimisation of
airspace;
• Alternative fuels: biofuels (sustainability of first generation
fuels?)
• Market based mechanisms: carbon levy; emissions trading;
• Reducing demand: government interventions (fares);
cancelling frequent flyer programmes;
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation)
![Page 22: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mitigation Approaches(road transport)
![Page 23: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Road Transport (Mauritius)
Vehicles (1000)
150 200 250 300 350 400
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(mill
ion t
on
ne
s)
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
r2 = 0.88
1995
2006
2007
2011
2000
For every 100,000 vehicles emissions
rise by ~ 120,000 tonnes CO2
![Page 24: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Energy efficiency by mode(averaged over 84 global cities)
Technologies for CC Mitigation – Transport Sector, 2011
(http://tech-action.org)
![Page 25: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1. Reducing overall travel
• by encouraging and enabling people to use mass
transit and to walk and cycle
• by having denser communities, so that people are
closer together
• by having more mixed land use, so that people’s trip
destinations – shops, schools, workplaces and
friends’ houses, for example – are also closer
together
• by having greater community self-reliance, so that
people can meet more of their needs and pursue
more of their interests within their own communities
• Encourage use of ICT
![Page 26: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
2. Increasing use of low-carbon modes
a) The Walkable Locality
b) Supporting Cycling
c) Mass Transit
d) Influencing Travel Choices
![Page 27: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Walking & Cycling• the provision of walkways / bike paths that enable
people to walk / cycle from one point to another as
directly as possible
• town planning measures to maximize the proportion
of journeys that are walkable / can be biked
• the integration of walkway /bike path networks with
mass transit routes and services
• control of motorized traffic and non-transport land
uses, and separation of walkways / bike paths from
motorized traffic, to ensure that pedestrian travel /
biking is safe and pleasant
• make bikes more affordable
• the enactment and enforcement of laws and
regulations to support these measures
![Page 28: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mass transit
• Average travel speed must be higher than private
modes of transport (one determinant of modal shift)
• Transit-oriented development - town planning
measures that foster higher density residential
complexes and a mix of other land uses like
schools, shops, workplaces, health facilities, as well
as good walking and bike paths, limited parking,
• Increasing the status and attractiveness of mass
transit (e.g. good bus connectivity, climate control,
comfortable, decreased number of road accidents, a
cheap mode of travel etc …)
![Page 29: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Influencing travel choices
• information provision, especially about the routes,
timetables and costs of mass transit services, and
about cycling routes
• behaviour change programs, which employ a range
of methods to encourage and assist people to use
more sustainable low carbon transport
• integrated ticketing for different modes of mass
transit, which make multi-modal travel easier
![Page 30: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Making current modes low carbon
a) Private Vehicle Demand Management
b) Improving Private Vehicle Operating
Standards
c) Traffic Management
d) Electric Vehicles
e) Vehicle and Fuel Technologies
![Page 31: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Private vehicle demand management
• parking policy – restricted parking and high price
• price incentives and disincentives – tollways,
vehicle registration charges (Singapore – 150% of
car price), congestion taxes, fuel taxes
• restricting areas within which private vehicles can
travel (e.g. car-free city centres – Curitiba)
• street design and traffic calming measures (e.g.
‘road diet’ in Toronto)
• car-pooling – several persons sharing a ride
(coupled with incentives)
• car-sharing schemes - cooperatives of car
ownership
![Page 32: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Private vehicle operating standards
• standards for vehicle fuel economy – applied to
new vehicles; beware of ‘rebound effect’ –
standards make driving cheaper and people tend
to drive longer distances and take more trips!
• vehicle inspections – especially when there are
emission charges
• taxation and pricing measures for vehicle
performance – fuel taxes, emissions-related road
taxes
• inclusion of emissions standards in warranties
• getting older vehicles off the roads - legislation
• standards for fuel quality – cleaner burning fuels
• driver or owner education
![Page 33: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Traffic management
• Designing transport network – to adjust driving
conditions so as to enable vehicles to operate in the
least emissions-intensive manner possible
e.g. increasing average speeds to an optimal
level (60 – 90 km/hr)
e.g. “smoothing flow” – reducing need to
accelerate/decelerate
‘can have the effect of increasing the attractiveness of
private transport – rebound effect’
• Mechanisms to avoid ‘rebound effect’ - emissions
charges or fuel levies; reduced parking;
• the allocation of road lanes and space to favour
more efficient modes
![Page 34: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Electric vehicles
• Only when charged from renewable sources
BARRIERS
• Availability of recharging infrastructure
• Cost of vehicles (especially batteries)
Modèle Assomptions Facteur
d’émission
Emission / km
Nissan Leaf 160 km –
24kWh
0.990484
kgCO2/kWh
~148 gCO2/km
Nissan March 100 km – 5.5 L 2.2104
kgCO2/L(fuel)
~122 gCO2/km
Emissions match when Nissan March would use 6.7 L for 100 km
![Page 35: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Vehicle and fuel technologies
• Drive train technologies
• Low-carbon fuels – biodiesel, ethanol, renewable
electricity, LPG, (NG?)
Technology Mechanical efficient (%)
Spark-ignited ICE 15-20% (best ~32%)
Compression ignition ICE 22-28% (best ~43%)
Micro turbines (similar to
combined cycle GT)
26%
Fuel cells 36%
Electric drives Up to 85%
Catenary electric motors Renewable power source
hybridisation ICE operates at max .effi.
![Page 36: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Congestion – build roads!!!
free flowingtraffic
fuel consumption &emissions in individual
vehicles
overall fuelconsumption &
emissions in urban area
number ofcars
attractiveness ofroads
use of publictransport, biking &
walking
distancestravelled
- +
+
+
+ --
-
-
+
congestedtraffic
build roads
roadinfrastructure
+
++
+
+
+
![Page 37: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Congestion – make it worse …..
fuel consumption &emissions in individual
vehicles
overall fuel consumption& emissions in urban area
number of
cars
attractiveness of
roads
use of publictransport, biking &
walking
distances
travelled
+
+
+ --
--
+
congested
traffic +++
+
-
reduce
parking
increase
parking fee
increase
car-free areas
emission-indexed
tax
-
-+
-
increase investmentin public transport
incentives for
model shift
++
![Page 38: PART II –Climate Change & Transport Sector€¦ · shipping • Already a highly carbon-efficient mode of transport Modeoffreighttransportation gCO2/tonne/km Air plane (air cargo),](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071213/60419304fb403e278942d7d8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ELIA – Ecological Living In Action
Thank You
Prakash (Sanju) Deenapanray
www.EcoLivingInAction.com
Mob: +230 924 3395