Part I Introduction of CCOA

CCOA - Chinese Cereals and Oils

Association

● CCOA, a national scientific and technical

organization for the cereals and oils industries,

covers a wide range of food related issues.

At the moment 8, 200 individual and 1, 298

corporate members are represented in the CCOA.

● With its excellent network within the Chinese

and international food industry and governmental

institutions, CCOA is a first choice partner for

coordination and dissemination of MoniQA activities

in China.

● The research fields of CCOA comprise resources

of raw materials, processing of cereals, oils and

feed, breeding, selection of high grade seeds,

cereals and oils processing technology and

equipment, utilization of by-products, quality control

and inspection, cereals and oils chemistry and feed.

Part II Mycotoxin and its hazards

Zhao yinli

Henan university of technologe

China

Contents

1. Introduction of mycotoxin

2. Reason analysis on mycotoxin contamination

3. Main mycotoxin and its hazards

1) Aflatoxin

2) Ochrotoxin

3) Trichothecent toxin

1. Introduction of mycotoxin

● Mycotoxin is a class of poisonous secondary

metabolites of fungi at appropriate temperature

and humidity. Aspergillus, penicillium and

fusarium are main fungi which produce toxin.

Mycotoxin often contaminated agricultural

products, particularly rice, wheat, corn,

soybean, and peanuts.

● Mycotoxin can be produced either during the

grain growth or processing, production, storage,

transportation after grain harvested.

Fungi killed may be prevent mycotoxin produced, but

can not eliminate the mycotoxin that had been produced

in food and feeds. If animals ate the feeds contaminated

mycotoxin, it would be accumulated in their milks, meat

and eggs.

● Mycotoxin contaminated grain has become

a global problem.

Mycotoxin can pollute food and influence human

health. Mycotoxin have severely hurt mankind that

influence immune function and produce cancer.

Mycotoxin contaminated feeds is also a serious

threat to animal health, lead to animal husbandry

productivity decline, and causing serious economic

losses.

2. Reason analysis on mycotoxins contamination

● First is seed itself.

Fungi attached on the seeds pass on to the field by

sowing seeds, lead to grain contamination. After

contaminated crops are harvested, then contaminated

seeds come back to the granary again from the field.

● Second is Spread by natural media.

fungal spore widely exist in the air. plants extensive

contact with all kinds of natural objects from grow to

harvest, storage. Fungi will spread to the grain with

the rain, dust, insects.

● Third, storage environmental contamination.

Many grain had been invaded by fusarium before

harvesting. The invasion degree of the fungi and

mycotoxin production mainly affected by plant

cultivated measures and the climate. For example,

too much nitrogenous fertilizer will promote fungi

distribution and reproduction.

Fusarium growth need high water, after grain

harvesting with the lossing of water, fusarium

growth slowed down. But at this time penicillium and

aspergillus being present in grain. These fungi can

be produced in the wheat, barley, corn, rice,et al.

After animal take in feeds contain toxins,

fungi will enter into some organs or tissues and

be stored. In the contaminated feeds there may

contains T-2 toxin, Ochratoxin A, Aflatoxin B,

Zearalenone. Another possible danger was

mouldy meat products.

3. Main mycotoxin and its hazards

Studies confirmed that mycotoxin can cause human

and animal’s acute or chronic poisoning, can

damage liver, kidney, nerve tissue, blood-forming

tissues, skin tissues et al. In fact, many mycotoxin

can harm two or more organs. More seriously, some

mycotoxin have carcinogenic effect, teratogenic

effect and mutagenic effect.

1) Aflatoxins

Aflatoxin is mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and

Aspergillus parasiticus, and mainly contaminates

corn, peanut, nut, and their productions.

A lot of epidemiological investigations confirmed that

aflatoxin high intake has a positive corrilation with

human cancer rates. Aflatoxin acute poisoning mainly

damage the liver and chronic poisoning lead to

growth slow, liver cell degeneration and induce liver

cancer.

2) Ochrotoxin

Ochrotoxin is produced by Aspergillus and

penicillium ， and mainly contaminates wheat, corn,

barley, rice, peanut.

Ochrotoxin include seven structure of compounds

and Ochrotoxin A has the most toxicity. Ochrotoxin

mainly damage the liver and kidney.

3) Trichothecent toxin

Trichothecent toxin is the most common kind

of toxin in grain produced by fusarium,

include deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, Zearalenone,

Fumonisins et al.

The fungi is mostly in the cold, damp and the harvest

season, grow slowly in the grain, usually it contain

a high concentration in barley, wheat, corn and a

low concentration in rice.

DON DON is also called vomintoxin, It has

been proven that DON in mouldy corn can hurt

pigs and cause human leukocytes deficiency.

DON contaminated grain is common. Residents foods

from esophagus and gastric cancer high incidence

area in china's hebei province have high DON

pollution rate. Recent studies have found that DON

produced significant impact on immune function of

people and animals.

T- 2 toxin T- 2 toxin exists widely in nature and

mainly contaminate wheat, barley, corn, and their

products, it is a threat to human health and animal

husbandry.

Human Kaschin-Beck disease distributed from tibet

to heilongjiang area, in which T- 2 toxin is found

extraordinarily gathered in the normal appearance of

flour, cornmeal. The results of the subchronic

animals experiment is approximately the same as

Human Kaschin-Beck disease earliest change.

Zearalenone Zearalenone is also called F-2 toxin,

and it is an estrogenic mycotoxin. Zearalenone mainly

exists in the corn and corn products, and also has a

certain extent in the wheat, barley, sorghum and rice.

Zearalenone has a strong reproductive toxic and

teratogenic effects, lead to animals infertility,

abortion, and economic losses to animal husbandry.

People who have been swallowed by mistake, then

pregnancy, ovulation, and embryo develop will be

affected.

Fumonisin Fumonisin is a new kind of toxin

discovered in 1989, it is proved the fumonisin

can lead a horse to a softening of white brain, and

was suspected to be induced to human esophagus

cancer and other diseases, and thereby the animal

husbandry and human health are threatened.

Fumonisin maily contaminate the corn and corn

products, its content, generally exceeds 1 ppm, also

lie in the rice, noodles, spices, sorghum, beer at a

low concentration.

In a word, major poisonous effects of

mycotoxin include the carcinogenic effect,

the genetic toxicity, the teratogenic effect,

the liver and kidney cells toxicity,

reproduction disturbanced and

immunosuppression.

According to the FAO’s report, about 25%

crops suffered from fungal and toxin

contaminated, about 2% crops lost nutritional

and economic value for serious mycotoxin

pollution.

So fungi control and mycotoxin removing are

very important.

Thank you for your attention