part 1: energy overviewgeode.colorado.edu/~geolsci/courses/geol3520/intro.pdfpart 1: energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Part 1: energy overview
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Earth at night
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Earth lights
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Population and per capita consumptionare the driving forces behind energy use
and climate change
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Energy use per capita
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Haves and have-nots
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US energy use
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US: 1949-2007
Last time wehad “Energyindependence”
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USenergy
production
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US energy consumption
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World consumption
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US energy projections
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Basic termsrenewable energy sources: energy sources for which thedemand rate (or use rate) is less than or equal to theproduction rate.
example... if trees are cut down faster for firewoodthan they can grow back, trees are non-renewable energysources. If they grow back faster than they are cut down ( or ifthe cutting rate is equal to the growing rate) then trees arerenewable energy sources.
This, of course, does not take into account other uses oftrees... how will other uses affect whether trees are renewableenergy sources or not?
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Energysources
Non renewable energy sources
1. oil2. natural gas3. coal4. nuclear5. fuelwood
Renewable energy sources
1. hydropower (water)2. windpower3. solar power4. geothermal
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Notesa. hydropower and wind power are really manifestations of solar power...they are separated here only for historical reasons.
b. fuelwood can be either renewable or non renewable
c. nuclear power is technically non renewable.. but potentially it will lasta long time...
d. hydropower includes tidal power
e. these are primary sources of energy. Many other forms can be derivedfrom these, such as electricity, hydrogen, etc.
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World energy use as a function oftime
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Consumptionby region
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AChanging
World
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Energy use: the fossil fuel issue
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Fossil fuels and CO2
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Fossil fuels and CO2: The future
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Energy use and OPEC
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Energy use and wealth
Relationship isnot perfect, butit is significant
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Public awareness?
Time/ABC/Stanford poll:• About 85% of Americans say global
warming is happening…right• But 65% think scientists disagree
about global warming…wrong• And 81% oppose higher taxes on electricity,
68% oppose higher gasoline taxes• Perception and reality… the first step is
admitting you have a problem… living on afault line…
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Publicawareness… or lackof it… polltaken inDenverafter a
month ofsnow and
coldweather
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Forms of energy
1. chemical: energy stored in materials that can be released bychemical reactions (such as combustion); examples includefood, oil, batteries
2. heat: energy in moving molecules that we perceive astemperature (warmer = more motion)
3. mass: energy and mass can be interchanged… nuclearreactions
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More forms of energy4. kinetic: energy of motion, a form of mechanical energy; amountdepends on mass and speed of moving object (an SUV has more thana Honda Civic)
5. potential: energy associated with position in a force field; obviousexample is object in gravitational field.
6, electrical: charged particles have potential energy, depends onvoltage and charge
7. electromagnetic: energy radiated by all bodies (sun is a goodexample)
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Key energy pointsKey points to keep in mind:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only beconverted from one form to another
Whenever you convert energy from one form to another,you do so at less than 100% efficiency… generally atmuch less than 100% efficiency…
Energy tends to go from useful forms (heat) to less usefulforms (entropy)
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Energy Reserves and the R/P Problem
R/P = reserves/production rate
units are:Time = amount/(amount/time)
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R/P spinningR/P is a dynamic concept... and thus one subject to abuseand misunderstanding.
reserves are constantly changing...
production rates are constantly changing...
reserves and production rates are notindependent...
production rate can be confused with consumption rate...They can be different
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R/P spinningAs long as use increases with populationand use per capita increases, unlessreserves increase exponentially, R/P willalways be inflated
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R/P concepts
1. History of R/P
2. What stabilizes R/P?
3. What is the future of R/P?
The R/P worksheet
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Fossil fuels are not just fuels
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Background thoughts:what are the characteristics of an ideal energy source?
•low pollution (are there any non-polluting sources?)•abundant (cost)•dependable (solar in the winter in Norway?)•well distributed (Gulf War)•useful in many applications (nuclear in a car?)
what are the merits of multiple versus single energy sources?
•is there a single, ideal energy source?•how is energy used in industry, transportation andresidences and businesses?
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Wheredoes ourenergycomefrom?
Less than 1Less than 1GeothermalLess than 1*Less than 1*SolarLess than 1Less than 1Windpower
76Hydropower15Fuelwood
43Nuclear3026Coal2017Natural gas3833Oil
Percent usewithoutwood
Percent useEnergy type
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Take home points• Fossil fuel use is 76%, or 88% not including fuel wood• Wind, solar, and geothermal total about 1%.• Roughly half of the world’s peoples still rely on wood as
the primary energy source• Solar use is intrinsically underestimated as we don't know
how much passive solar energy is used in heating, forexample.
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Some basics• The Earth’s resources are finite• Some can be re-used (iron, aluminum,
etc) with a cost (energy)• Others cannot be re-used, they are
converted to other forms (oil to CO2 andwater)
• Humans are very impressive… we usefossil energy far faster than the Earthproduces it (about 50,000 times faster)