PARKING PROBLEMS IN METRO

CITIES

SUBMITTED BY:

ADITYA KUMAR SINGHAL

C.E. (3A-1)

UNI. ROLL NO. – 111000005

CONTENTIntroduction

Various parking sign

Ill effects of parking

• Congestion

• Accident

• Obstruction to fire-fighting operation

• Effects on environment Need for the study

Common terms used in parking facilities

Classification of parking facilities

• On-Street or Kerb Parking

• Off –Street Parking

Parking Study and Survey

Division of buildings according to their parking demand

Modern And Creative Methods To Reduce Parking Problems

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

One of the problems created by road traffic is PARKING. Not only do vehicles require street space to move about, but also do they require space to park where the occupants can be loaded and unloaded.

A systematic study of the PARKING CHARACTERISTICS and DEMAND and REGULATORY MEASURES that are possible for controlling parking is of great help to a traffic engineer as well as town planner.

INTRODUCTION CONTINUED . . .

. . . . . • The period over which a car is parked is very great compared with the time it

is in motion. The size of average parking space is 14 m2. It is roughly

estimated that out of 8760 hours in a year, the car runs on an average for

only 400 hours, leaving 8360 hours when it is parked.

• Every car owner would wish to park the car as closely as possible to his

destination so as to minimize his walking. This results in a great demand for

parking space in those areas where the activities are concentrated.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Various metro cities like Delhi, Bombay in India is now become a most congested city in India.

High volume of traffic consisting of both fast and slow moving vehicles is plying through the road.

The growth rates are reflected in the growth of traffic volume on the roads, thus leading to congestion and subsequent reduction in speed. So it has become necessary to project the future traffic growth and thereby finding out the requirement of increase in carriage way widths required to carry this traffic.

The parking space provided is not sufficient to meet the parking demand. Hence it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of the traffic characteristics and parking demand of the area.

VARIOUS PARKING SIGN

There are various effects of wrong parking

on

society as well as on environment -

CONGESTION ACCIDENTS

OBSTRUCTION TO FIRE

FIGHTING OPERATIONS

EFFECT ON ENVIRONMET

ILL-EFFECTS OF PARKING

CONGESTION• One of the serious ill-effects of parking is the loss of street space and

the resulting traffic congestions.

• The capacity of the streets is reduced, the journey speed drops down and the journey time and delay increase. The operational cost of vehicles is thereby increased, causing serious economic loss to the community.

ACCIDENTS• The consequences associated with wrong parking and unparking are

known to cause road accidents.

• Careless opening of the doors of parked vehicles, moving out of a parked position and bringing a car to the parking location from the mainstream of traffic are some of the common causes of parking accidents.

OBSTRUCTION TO FIRE-FIGHTING

OPERATION

• Parked cars obstruct the movement of fire fighting vehicles and greatly impede their operations. They block access to hydrants and access to buildings.

EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

Parked vehicles degrade the environment of the town Centre. Stopping and starting of vehicles result in noise and fumes.

Cars parked into every little available space debase the visual aesthetics and “buildings seems to rise from a plinth of cars”.

In spite of the above ill-effects, parking has to be allowed on the streets or off the streets close to the user’s destination.

The well being of the community and the town Centre demands that great thought should be bestowed with the parking needs and how

best to fulfill them.

SOME COMMON TERMS USED INPARKING FACILITIES

PARKING ACCUMULATION

PARKING VOLUME

PARKING LOAD

PARKING DURATION

Percentage of parking bays actually occupied by parked vehicles as compared to the theoretical number available.

PARKING INDEX

The total number of vehicles parked in an area at a specified moment.

The number of vehicles parked in a particular area over a given period of time. It is usually measured in vehicles per day.

The area under the parking accumulation curve during a specified period.

The length of time spent by a parked vehicle in a parking space.

CLASSIFICATION OF PARKING FACILITIY

ON – STREET OR KERB PARKING

OFF – STREET PARKING

ON-STREET OR KERB PARKING

In this type of parking vehicles are parked on the kerb or sections which may be designed for parking.

Kerb parking is quite convenient for those who could find a suitable space to park their vehicles near to the place they wish to stop, but for others who could not find a parking space it is a problem and often they may have to park their vehicles at a far off place you know and walk done to destination.

PARALLEL

PARKING

THE VARIOUS PATTERNS OF

“KERB PARKING”

OFF-STREET PARKING

On-street parking can only solve a part of the paring problem. For a

satisfactory solution various types of off-street parking facilities are also

be considered. The types of off-street facilitates commonly considered

are :

SURFACE CAR PARKS

ROOF PARKS

MECHANICAL PARKS

UNDERGROUND CAR PARKS

SURFACE CAR PARKS

Surface car parks properly located and developed on a piece of vacant land.

Great care is needed in their design and operation. A variety of layouts is possible depending upon the area.

A stall size of 2.5 x 5m is probably adequate for INDIAN CONDITIONS , predominated by small size cars.

for AMERICAN CONDITIONS2.6 x 5.5m is recommended

ROOF CAR PARKS

A very popular method of solving

the parking problems adopted in

many cities is to park the vehicles

on ROOF -TOPS.

Access ramps or mechanical lifts

provide the necessary access to

roofs.

To economies, many roofs may be

linked together served by a single

access ramp.

An extensive system of linked car

parks at roof level, integrated with

multi level, integrated with

multistoried parking garages is in

use.

The great advantage of underground car parks is that , least inappropriate welcome they cause to the aesthetics of a place.

These parking can be built in the basement of any multistoried building or below open spaces.

Since the work involves large quantities of excavation, construction of retaining walls, ventilation and lighting such car parks tend to be very costly.

UNDERGROUND CAR PARKS

PERIPHERAL PARKING SCHEMES

There are some alternatives parking options which

serves better parking facilities in the area, having

less space. These are : -

PARK AND WALK

PARK AND RIDE

PARK and WALK

Under this scheme the motorist are made to park their vehicles at

the outskirts of the town.

After that the rider / driver have to walk down to the town

Centre.

The attraction is in the form of lower parking charges at the

periphery than at the town Centre or no parking charges at all.

The less charges and other attractions should be very much

attractive if the scheme has to succeed.

This scheme provide for peripheral parking facilities and public transport

side to the destinations in the town centre.

This is an attractive scheme and has been tried with success in many

towns.

For success, the total travel time including parking time, waiting time at

the bus stop and travel time by bus should not be excessively high to make

him look at it with disfavour and decide to bring the car to the town centre

in spite of the high parking charges there.

Also, the cost of peripheral parking plus the charges for his journey by

bus should be less than the cost of travel by his car plus the charges for

parking at the town centre.

PARK and RIDE

Parking studies usually are prerequisite to developing new or expanded parking programs. The studies should be designed to :

Inventory of existing parking space supply and measure current levels of space usage (accumulation and space turn over).

Identify salient parking characteristics (duration, purpose, trip destination and walking distances to destination).

Qualify demands and needs.

Estimate facility capital and operating costs, usage and revenues.

PARKING STUDIES

and

SURVEYS

Parking studies provide the data essential to develop programs to meet

parking needs.

A parking study may be concerned with an individual trip generator or facility,

such as a hospital or office building, or with the entire CBD. It should

determine not only where motorists can and do park, but also where they

would like to park and how there parking practices affect other transportation

facilities.

Full scale, comprehensive parking studies involving extensive data collection

through parker interviews and other means, and detailed analysis provide a

sound basis for estimating parking usage and determining appropriate actions.

A limited parking study may rely on measuring parking usage by hourly

accumulation counts of parked vehicles or facility occupancy checks.

PARKING STUDIES

The types of parking surveys are usually conducted

as follows:

Parking Space in inventory

Parking Usage Survey by Patrol

Questionnaire Type Parking Usage Survey

Cordon Count

PARKING SURVEYS

The first step in a parking survey is to collect data and amount,

type and location of space actually or potentially available for

parking in an area.The area to be surveyed should first

described.The Central Business District [CBD] is usually the

area where the parking survey is needed.The items to be

recorded include the following :

Parking Space in inventory

FREQUENCY OF PATROL : Generally half N hour.

METHOD OF OBSERVATION : A tape recorded may also be used to record

the registration numbers of vehicles.

TIMING OF THE SURVEY : During working days.

EQUIPMENT AND FORM OF RECORDING : Each observer will be equipped

with a watch, pencil, supply of forms, a map of the street and a form.

The questionnaire Type Parking usage survey involves interviews with

the drivers who use the parking facilities.

As a result it is possible to collect information on the extend to which

existing facilities are being used, the parking requirements at the

process existing at the time of survey, the distribution of demand over

the area and time and journey purposes of car parkers.

In this interview of actual parkers, the information collected should

include:

Questionnaire Type Parking usage survey

• Address of origin of trip

• Address of destination of trip

• Trip purpose

• Time of arrival at the parking place

• Time of departure from the parking place

• Type of parking space used

• Type of vehicle used

Land use survey

Parking mainly depends upon the land-use pattern.Shopping centers

attract more people towards them than most other land-uses. But, the

parking requirements of different Commercial centers are not the same.

They vary from one to one. Some Commercial centre attracts more

customers to it.

Commercial centers are classified into two :

Customer attractive Commercial centers Non-customer attractive Commercial centers

The nature of the Commercial centre was decided by making observations at the

particular site for 1 hour. Commercial centre in which more than 5 customers visited

within 1 hour was taken as CUSTOMER ATTRACTIVE COMMERCIAL CENTRE ;

otherwise it was taken as NON-CUSTOMER ATTRACTIVE COMMERCIAL CENTRE.

Shops like textiles attracted more customers whereas in Beauty Parlors, Printing shops

etc. customers were less.

DIVISION OF BUILDINGS

ACCORDING TO PARKING DEMAND

For all the sections need parking the buildings are

divided into :

Customer Attractive Shops (CAS)

Non-customer Attractive Shops (NCAS)

Customer Attractive Office (CAO)

Non-customer Attractive Office (NCAO)

No Customer attractive Shops Non-Customer attractive shops

1 Textile Electricals

2 Vegetable Shop Printing Shop

3 Restaurant Furniture

4 Stationery Grocery Shop

5 Flower marts Beauty Parlour

6 Fancy Shop Tailoring Shop

7 Internet café Hotel

8 Photostat shop Mill

9 STD Booth Appliances

10 Bakery Electronics Shop

Number Customer attractive Office Non-Customer attractive Office

1 Bank School

In some offices, there was not any customer whereas customers in addition to employees were seen in some other offices. The parking space required for the latter type is more. Based on this the offices are classified as customer attractive and Non-customer attractive offices -

MODERN AND CREATIVE METHODS

TO REDUCE PARKING PROBLEM IN

METRO CITIES

Basically there are two method which are largely adopting in various

metropolitan cities like Delhi , Noida , Bangalore and Mumbai etc.

Multistoried Car Parks

Puzzle Car Parking

Multistoried parking garages are

restored to when the floor space

available for the parking garage is

less and is very costly.

It is possible to construct

multistoried garages to park a large

number of cars at a time.

It is necessary to provide the inter

floor travel facility for the vehicles,

such as elevators, ramps, etc.

Multistoried car parks are

designed for a capacity of about

400 to 500 cars.

MULTISTORIED CAR PARKS

Some of the desirable standards for designing of the multistoried car parks are :

GRADIENT OF THE RAMP : 1 in 10 generally and 1 in 8 for very short ramps

PARKING STALL DIMENSIONS : 2.5m x 5m

CLEAR HEIGHT BETWEEN FLOORS : 2.1m

INSIDE RADIUS OF CURVES : 7m

WIDTH OF TRAFFIC LANE ON RAMPS AND ENTRANCES : 3.75m

GRADIENT OF SLOPPING FLOORS : Not steeper than 1 in 20

PUZZLE CAR PARKING

CONTD. .

• This System Is

Electromechanically

Operated. Fast IN & OUT

Of The Cars Is Possible.

• Combination Of Multiple

Levels Vertically &

Horizontally Is Possible

• Mostly Preferred In

Residential Complexes, IT

Parks Commercial

Complexes, Malls, Hotels

Etc.

Suitable for :Sedan Car For All levels &

SUV Car For only ground level.

CONCLUSION

As we know, The Numbers of vehicles are going on increasing at an

alarming rate and commercialization of the area is also happening at a

fast rate, thus demanding more parking spaces near the destination. All

these factors correspond to generate various parking

problems.Consequently it have various Congestion, Accidental problems

and it adversely affect the fire-fighting operation and Nature.

Thus Parking structures will need to be reconsider the

technology especially if they are located in heavy traffic areas. The

available legal parking spaces will have to be utilized to highest

efficiency. We have to follow the various parking policy while meeting

some parking needs and also lower the personal vehicle travel and urban-

peak traffic to reduce congestion, accidents and pollution. Now there is a

need of modifying existing parking facilities and construction of new

parking facilities such as puzzle car parking , Multilevel Parking

THANK YOU