parental care patterns how much care to provide? who should provide care? when should care be...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Parental Care
• Patterns• How much care to provide?• Who should provide care?• When should care be
terminated?• Who should receive care?
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Insect parental care
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Distribution of parental care in vertebrates
• Teleost fishes = 21% of families show PC– 61% have male parental care
• Amphibians = 71% show PC– 50:50 maternal:paternal
• Birds = 100% show PC– Usually biparental, sometimes one sex
• Mammals = 100% show PC– Usually maternal, sometimes biparental
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How much care to provide?
• Parental investment: “any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring’s chance of surviving at the cost of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring (Trivers 1972)
• Costs of parental care include– Reduced future survival– Reduced mating opportunities
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Parental investment changes
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Parental care decreases survival in willow tits
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Parental care decreases mating opportunities
A female-biased sex ratio increases the cost of brood care for malesbecause parental care detracts from mating
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Alternative hypotheses for providing care
• Confidence of paternity– Expect parent with highest certainty to be
parental
• Order of gamete release– First to deposit gametes can desert
• Association– Sex nearest to offspring when care is needed
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Parental care in fishes and
frogs
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Alternative hypotheses for providing care: evidence
• Confidence of paternity (fish and herps)– Internal fertilization - 86% maternal care
– External fertilization - 70% paternal care
• Order of gamete release– Simultaneous fertilization (most species) - 78%
paternal
– Other species - male deposits first, but doesn’t leave
• Association– Territorial males have external fertilization
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Why male parental
care?
Randall’s jawfish
Mallee fowl
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Growth, fecundity and paternal care
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Parental care can cost females more
than males
Mouthbrooding results in weight loss due to reduction in feeding,and the cost of brood care is higher in females than males
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Parent-offspring conflict
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Parent-offspring conflict
• Assume fixed total resource that can be used to feed offspring
• Parents want to distribute resource equitably to all n offspring
• Offspring want more than 1/n but not all since they are related to siblings
• Difference between parent and offspring optimum increases as
relatedness decreases
Wallaby conflict
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Parent-offspring conflict: how much care to provide
Parent is equally relatedto all offspring, butoffspring are less relatedto sibs than themselves.Assuming full siblings,i.e. r = 1/2
Level of parental investment
Benefit or cost to parent
B
C
Max. inclusive fitnessfor parent
C/2
Max. inclusive fitnessfor offspring
B - measured in +units of RS of current offspringC - measured in - units of RS of future offspring
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Begging loudness increases as relatedness within nest decreases
Brown-headed cowbird
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Parent-offspring conflict: time of weaning
(Full-sibs)
(Half-sibs)
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Parental investment and maternal age
If reproductive value declineswith maternal age, then olderfemales should be willing toexpend more on parental care
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Who should receive care?
• Concorde fallacy: past investment should not determine future investment - only prospects for future success
• Expect parents to use honest indicators of offspring quality to allocate care
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Sibling competition
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Sibling conflict
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Chick color affects parental feeding in mixed broods of coots
Control broods were unaltered(orange) or had orange featherstrimmed (black)Experimental broods had1/2 orange, 1/2 black chicks
Chick color likely indicatesoffspring health