THIS IS A TRANSLATION OF

PAREEKSHA MITRA

PUBLISHED BY

HASSAN DISTRICT SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION (R)

Translated by D N MANJUNATH, M.Sc., B.Ed. ASSISTANT TEACHER (CBZ)

G P U COLLEGE NARASIMHARAJAPURA 577134

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CHEMISTRY

Match the Following

I A B 1] Soda Glass a] window panes and decorative glass 2] Borosilicate Glass b] windows in nuclear installations 3] Lead Glass c] Laboratory instruments 4] Coloured Glass d] Bottles and utensils e] Wind shields of vehicles Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b 4-a II A B 1] Safety Glass a] Lens and prisms 2] Fibre Glass b] Wind shields and Bulletproof glass 3] Lead Glass c] Laboratory equipments 4] Borosilicate glass d] Fire proof curtains e] Bottles and utensils Answers : 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c

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III A B 1] Copper pyrites a] 2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 2] Copper Glance b] CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 3] Malachite c] CuFeS2 4] Cuprite d] Cu2S 5] Azurite e] Cu2O Answers : 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-e, 5-a IV A B 1] Haematite a] FeCO3 2] Magnetite b] Fe2O3 H2O 3] Limonite c] Fe3O4 4] Siderite d] Fe2O3 e] Fe2O3 2H2O Answers : 1-d, 2-c, , 3-b, 4-a V A B 1] Brass a] Copper, Tin, Zinc 2] Bronze b] Copper, Zinc, Nickel 3] German Silver c] Copper, Tin 4] Gun Metal d] Copper, Zinc e] Copper, Iron Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a VI A B 1] Brass a] Gear & 2] Bronze b] Resistance coils & Decorative articles 3] German Silver c] Statues & Bells 4] Gun Metal d] Electrical motors & machinery parts e] Surgical instruments Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

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VII A B

1] Stainless Steel a] Iron, Nickel & chromium

2] Alnico b] Iron, Nickel & carbon

3] Invar Steel c] Iron, Aluminium, nickel & Cobalt

4] Nichrome d] Iron, Carbon, Nickel & Chromium

e] Iron, carbon

Answers: 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

VIII A B

1] Stainless Steel a] Heating Elements

2] Alnico b] Pendulums

3] Invar Steel c] Artificial magnets

4] Nichrome d] Surgical Instruments

e] Rifle Barrels

Answers: 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

IX. A B

1] Fuel a] Heavy water/Molten sodium

2] Moderator b] Uranium-235

3] Control Rods c] Graphite

4] Coolant d] Cadmium/Boron

e] Uranium-238

Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a

X A B

1] Fuel a] Absorption of Heat

2] Moderator b] Absorption of Neutrons

3] Control Rods c] Slow Down Neutrons

4] Coolant d] Bring About Nuclear Fission

e] Bring About Nuclear Fusion

Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

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XI A B

1] Radio-Phosphorus a] To estimate age of fossils

2] Radio-sodium b] To treat hyperactive thyroid gland

3] Radio-Iodine c] To study action of medicines

4] Radio-Carbon d] To determine phosphate

e] To examine machinery parts

Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

XII A B

1] Ethane a] C6H6

2] Propene b] C2H6

3] Butyne c] C3H6

4] Benzene d] C4H6

e] C6H5CH3

Answers : 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a XIII A B 1] Polythene a] PVC pipes 2] Nylon-66 b] Synthetic Fibres 3] Polyesters c] handbags and Films 4] Poly Vinyl Chloride d] Fibres & Brushes e] Gaskets, Seals Answers : 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a XIV A B 1] polythene a] Gaskets & Seals 2] Teflon b] Medicinal instruments 3] Neoprene c] Electrical Instruments 4] Thiokol d] Handbags, Films e] PVC Pipes Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

6GIVE SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR THE

FOLLOWING

1] Transparent glass plate is used in solar cookers. Reason : It prevents heat escaping from the cooker/It traps the heat inside the solar cooker box. 2] Lead Glass is used in the windows of nuclear installations. Reason : It can absorb harmful radiations 3] U-235 is used as Nuclear fuel. Reason : U-235 is an unstable nucleus 4] Heavy water is used as coolant in nuclear reactors Reason : It eliminates heat from the nuclear reactor 5] Nuclear power plants should be established away from human habitation Reason : They prevent health risks from the emission of harmful radiations. 6] In solar water heaters, coiled copper tubes are used Reason : It increases the surface area of absorption for solar energy 7] The inside of solar cooker is painted black. Reason ; It increases heat absorption. 8] We should encourage the use of Fluorescent tubes in place of incandescent bulbs. Reason : Fluorescent tubes use less energy and give our more light so that energy crisis can be minimised/overcome. 9] House must be constructed to get maximum light and air. Reason : To reduce energy conservation for lighting and air-conditioning. 10] It is better to use pressure cookers for cooking. Reason : To save energy 11] Sodium metal is stored in kerosene. Reason : To prevent its quick reaction with oxygen and sodium does not react with kerosene. 12] Gold is used to prepare jewellery. Reason : It has attractive shining 13] In purification of copper, the mass of cathode increases. Reason : The copper ions get deposited on cathode as pure cathode.

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14] Iron is considered as ‘King of Metals’. Reason : It has great applications in industries. 15] Hydrochloric Acid is used in extraction of amorphous silicon. Reason : To remove unchanged silica 16] Ethyl Mercaptan is used in liquefied petroleum gas. Reason : To detect leakage of LPG. 17] Borosilicate Glass is used in laboratory Equipments. Reason : It can withstand temperature fluctuations 18] It is necessary to minimise the use of plastics. Reason : It is non-bio-degradable 19] Gypsum salt is used in the manufacture of cement Reason : It prevents rapid setting of cement 20] Glass should be cooled slowly. Reason : To gain the capacity to withstand strain and to remove brittleness 21] Splinter-proof glass is used in Motor vehicles. Reason : It can withstand strain, and does not form sharp edges when broken. 22] Lead Glass is used in the preparation of Lens and Prisms Reason : It is highly transparent and has high refractive index 23] Permutit process is also called base ion exchange method. Reason : Here base ions like Ca++ and Mg++ ions are exchanged with Na+ ions. 24] Use of detergents should be reduced. Reason : It is non-biodegradable, and remain in the ecosystem causing pollution. 25] Hard water is not suitable for use in industrial boilers. Reason : It causes scaling in the walls of boilers, resulting in corrosion of boilers that may lead to explosion of boilers.

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DIFFERENCES 1. Differences between alpha and beta radiations Alpha Radiations Beta Radiations

1 Positively charged Negatively charged 2 Made up ot 2 protons and 2

neutrons Made up of electrons, similar to those that revolve around the nucleus.

2. Differences between Nuclear Fusion and Nuclear Fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear Fission

1 Fusion of two light nuclei Breaking down of a heavy, unstable nucleus

2 Releases enormous amount of energy, more than fission

Releases enormous amount of energy, less than fusion

3. Differences between amorphous and crystalline silicon Crystalline silicon Amorphous silicon

1 Light yellow coloured crystals Dark brown coloured powder 2 Crystals are isomorphous with

diamond Crystals are nor isomorphous with diamond

3 Less reactive More reactive 4. Differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

1 There are single bonds between carbon atoms

There are double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

2 Examples : Alkanes Examples : Alkenes, Alkynes 5. Differences between Aliphatic and Aromatic hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1 Derived from fats Derived from petroleum 2 Have no fragrance Have characteristic odour

9 6. Differences between alkanes and alkenes Alkanes Alkenes

1 There are single bonds between carbon atoms

There are double bonds between carbon atoms

2 Are saturated hydrocarbons Are Unsaturated hydrocarbons 3 General formula CnH2n+2 General formula CnH2n 7. Differences between addition and condensation polymers Addition Polymers Condensation Polymers

1 Polymers formed by union of several simple identical molecules without the elimination of simple molecules

Polymers formed by the union of several monomers with the elimination of simple molecules like water, methanol, etc.

2 Example : Polyvinyl chloride, polythene, polystyrene, etc.

Example : Bakelite, nylon, Thiokol, etc.

8. Differences between thermo and thermosetting plastics. Thermoplastics Thermosetting plastics

1 Plastics that become soft on heating and lose their shape.

Plastics that gain definite shape when heated and become irreversibly hard on cooling.

2 Example : Polyvinyl chloride Example : Bakelite 9. Differences between temporary and permanent hard water Temporary Hard Water Permanent Hard Water

1 Contain Bi-carbonates of Mg++ and Ca++ ions

Contain Chlorides and Sulphates of Mg++ and Ca++ ions

2 Can be softened by boiling Can be softened by Distillation, Soda process, Permutit process

1010. Differences between Soaps and Detergents. Soaps Detergents

1 Does not give lather with hard water

Gives lather with hard water

2 Prepared using edible vegetable oils or animal fats

Prepared using hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum

3 Does clean well in acidic medium

Cleans well in acidic medium also

EXPAND THE FOLLOWING

1] L.P.G. : LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

2] C.N.G. : COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS

WRITE BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

1] Emission of alpha particle from Radium-226

88Ra226 -------------------- 86Rn222

2] Emission of beta particle from Carbon-14

6C14 ----------------------- 7N14

3] When 13Al27 is converted to be radioactive

13Al27 + 2He4 ------------ 15P30 + 0n1

4] Nuclear fusion of two deuterium nucleus

1H2 + 1H2 -------------- 1H3 + 1H1 + Energy

5] When sodium is exposed to air

4Na + O2 ------------2Na2O

Na2O + CO2 ------- Na2CO3

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6] When a piece of sodium is dropped in water

2Na + 2H2O ------------- 2NaOH + H2

7] Magnecium ribbon is burnt in air

2Mg + O2 ---------------- 2MgO

8] Steam is passed over red hot iron.

3Fe + 4H2O ---------- Fe3O4 + 4H2

9] Zinc reacts with Dilute Hydrochloric acid

Zn + 2HCl ------------ ZnCl2 + H2

10] Magnecium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid.

Mg + H2SO4 --------------MgSO4 + H2

11] Copper reacts with Highly concentrated Nitric acid

Cu + 4HNO3 ------------ Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

12] Decomposition of Lime stone

CaCO3 -------------- CaO + CO2

13] When Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution

Fe + CuSO4 ------------- FeSO4 + Cu

14] When hard water containing calcium bi carbonate is boiled

Ca(HCO3)2 -------------- CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

15] Sodium Carbonate is added to water containing Magnecium

sulphate MgSO4 + Na2SO4 --------MgCO3 + Na2SO4

MOLECULAR FORMULA, ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS,

AND ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

1] IRON Atomic Symbol : Fe Atomic Number : 26 Atomic Mass : 56 Electronic Configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 2] COPPER Atomic Symbol : Cu Atomic Number : 29 Atomic Mass : 64 Electronic Configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

12 3] SILICON Atomic Symbol : Si Atomic Number : 14 Atomic Mass : 28 Electronic Configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 4] CARBON Atomic Symbol : C Atomic Number : 6 Atomic Mass : Electronic Configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p2 When Excited : 1s2 2s1 2px

1 2py1 2pz

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ORES AND THEIR COMPOSITION

1] IRON ORES : a] Haematite : Fe2O3 b] Magnitite : Fe3O4 c] Limonite : Fe2O3 H2O d] Siderite : FeCO3 2] COPPER ORES : a] Copper Pyrites : CuFeS2 b] Copper Glance : Cu2S c] Cuprite : Cu2O d] Malachite : [ CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 ] 3] Ajurite : [ 2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 ]

USES

A. USES OF RADIO ISOTOPES 1] Radio-Phosphorus is used to determine the phosphates required for

agriculture land and crop.

2] Radio-Iodine is used to treat hyperactive thyroid.

3] Radio-Cobalt is used to treat cancer

4] Radio-Sodium is used to study action of medicines.

5] Radio-Cobalt and Radio-Iridium is used to examine machinery parts

6] Radio-Carbon is used to determine age of fossils.

13B. USES OF SILICON COMPOUNDS

1] In mirror galvanometers – quartz glass

2] In optical instruments and chemical apparatus – quartz

3] In the preparation of glass and porcelain – Sand

4] As construction material – sand and stone

5] In calico printing – Sodium silicate

6] As an abrasive – silicon carbide

7] As insulating material in electrical appliances – silicones

8] In softening hard water – sodium aluminium silicate

C. USES OF PETROCHEMICALS

1] dyes 2] Detergents

3] Plastics 4] Artificial fibres

5] Insecticides & pesticides 6] Beauty products

D. USES OF PORCELAIN

1] In domestic utensils

2] In the preparation of decorative articles

3] In manufacture of sanitary items

4] In the preparation of laboratory instruments

DEFINITIONS

1] Define Radioactivity. The spontaneous disintegration of certain unstable atomic nuclei with the emission of certain/specific radiations 2] What is transmutation? It is the changing of one element into another. 3] What is half-life? The time taken by a radioactive element to reduce to half its initial mass is called its half life. 4] What is induced radioactivity? The phenomenon of making a non-radioactive element to become radioactive.

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5] What is energy crisis? The situation of energy demand more than energy supply. 6] What is charge? Concentrated Ore, Limestone and coke in the ratio 8:1:4 7] What is catenation? The phenomenon of carbon atoms joining together to form long chain. 8] What is pyrolysis or cracking of petroleum? Is breaking the long chain alkanes into short chains by heating in the absence of oxygen. 9] What is emission test? The test conducted to determine the amount of CO in the exhaust of vehicles. 10] What is polymerisation? The joining together of two or more molecules of a simple compound to get large molecule. 11] What are plastics? Plastics are substances that are soft during manufacturing. 12] What is cement? Is a homogenous mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate. 13] What is glass? Is the homogeneous mixture of sodium silicate & calcium silicate. 14] What is annealing? Is the process of slow cooling of glass. 15] What is curing? Is the hardening of cement by treating it with water. 16] What hard water? The water does not lather easily with soap is hard water. 17] What is permutit? Artificially prepared sodium aluminium silicate 18] What is soap? The sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. 19] What are detergents? Sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acid.

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BIOLOGY

CEREBRUM

THALAMUS

MIDBRAIN

CEREBELLUMMEDULLA OBLONGATA

PONS

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EAR PINNA AUDITORY CANAL

EAR DRUM

MALLEUSINCUS

STAPES

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS

AUDITORY NERVE

OVAL WINDOW

EUSTACHIAN TUBE

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING

I. A B 1] Fish a] Arctic Tern 2] Amphibia b] Tortoise 3] Reptile c] Panda 4] Aves d] Ichthyophis e] Bear f] Sea Horse g] Whale Answers :1-e, 2-f, 3-d, 4-a II A B 1] Amphibia a] covered with scales, Oviparous, Dry skin 2] Aves b] Covered with scales, respiration through lungs, swimming using fins 3] Mammals c] Respiration through lungs, Poikilothermic, 12 pairs of cranial nerves. 4] Reptiles d] Respiration through lungs, Homeothermic. Pendactyl forelimbs and hindlimbs e] Poikilothermic, 3 chambered heart, 10 pairs of cranial nerves f] homeothermic, Oviparous, Pneumatic bones g] Oviparous, Respiration through lungs, Poikilothermic Answers : 1-c, 2-f, 3-d, 4-a

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III A B 1] Supporting Tissue a] Adipose Tissue 2] Food Conducting Tissue b] Unstriped Muscles 3] Skeletal Muscles c] Blood Tissue 4] Fat Tissue d] Striped Muscles e] Sclerenchyma Tissue f] Phloem Tissue g] Xylem Tissue Answers : 1-e, 2-f, 3-d, 4-a IV A B 1] Sclereids a] Bones 2] Companion Cell b] Bone Marrow 3] Formation of Blood c] Neuron 4] Lymph d] Phloem e] Sclerenchyma f] Colourless fluid g] Tendons Answers : 1-e, 2-d, 3-b, 4-f V. A B 1] Cerebellum a] Mastication, Respiration, Facial expressions 2] Cerebrum b] Body temperature, Water balance 3] Pons c] Hearing, Viewing, Tasting 4] Diencephalon d] Body balance e] Receive stimulus from eyes and ear Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b

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VI A B 1] Eustachian Tube a] join sensory & motor neurons 2] Cones b] Supply nutrients to cells of brain and spinal cord 3] Cerebrospinal Fluid c] Sensitive to colour and light 4] Connecting Neuron d] Balance air pressure on both sides of eardrum e] Perceive taste f] Sensitive only to light g] Perceives stimulus of touch Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a VII A B 1] Meristematic Tissue a] Food conducting tissue 2] Xylem b] Supporting Tissue 3] Phloem c] Defence Tissue 4] Sclerenchyma d] Water Conducting Tissue e] Growth Tissue Answers : 1-e, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b VIII A B 1] Sieve Tube a] Provides tensile strength to plant 2] Companion Cell b] Store food and water 3] Phloem Fibre c] Transport of food 4] Phloem Parenchyma d] Regulate food transportation e] Regulate transpiration Answers : 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b

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IX A B

1] Areolar Tissue a] Join muscles to bones

2] Tendons b] Provide framework to tissues

3] Adipose Tissue c] Join bones with bones

4] Reticular tissue d] Digest toxic substances

e] Acts as shock absorber Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-e, 4-b X A B

1] Epithelian Tissue a] Movement

2] Muscular Tissue b] Connect tissue and provides support

3] Connective Tissue c] Irritability

4] Nerve Tissue d] Protects inner Tissues

e] Reproduction Answers : 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c XI A B

1] Red Blood Cells a] Help blood clotting

2] White Blood Cells b] Conduct Impulses

3] Platelets c] O2 & CO2 transportation

4] Plasma d] Defence of the body

e] Fluid matrix that conducts materials Answers : 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e

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XII A B 1] Pulses a] Jaggery and sugar 2] Turmeric Powder b] Colours, Kesari Dal 3] Pepper c] Metanil yellow 4] Honey d] Dried Papaya seeds e] Colours not permitted f] Talcum Powder g] Coloured Saw Dust Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a XIII A B 1] Pulses & grains a] Talcum Powder, Powdered lime 2] Red Chilly powder b] coloured tea leaves 3] Tea c] coloured saw dust 4] Wheat flour, Maida d] Soap-stones e] Metanil yellow f] Dried Papaya Seeds g] Colours not permitted Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a XIV A B 1] Air Pollution a] Reduce soil fertility 2] Water Pollution b] Cardiac diseases 3] Noise Pollution c] Cholera 4] Soil Pollution d] Lung Diseases e] Mental Retardation Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a

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XV A B 1] Nitrobacter a] Absorption of Nitrogen compounds 2] Pseudomonas b] Oxidise ammonia to produce Nitrates 3] Rhizobium c] Denitrification 4] Nitrosomonas d] Nitrification e] Biological Nitrogen Fixation f] Electrochemical fixation Answers : 1-d, 2-c, 3-e, 4-b XVI A B 1] Air Pollution a] Reduction in biodegradable wastes 2] Water Pollution b] Cardiac diseases 3] Noise Pollution c] Prevent growth of lichens 4] Soil Pollution d] Hereditary Diseases e] Minamata Answers : 1-c, 2-e, 3-b, 4-a

DIFFERENCES 1. Monocot and Dicot Plants

MONOCOT PLANTS DICOT PLANTS Parallel venation Reticulate Venation Have single cotyledon in seeds Have 2 cotyledons in seed Have fibrous root system Have Tap root system A group of roots grow from bottom of plants

Primary grows into main root from primordial root

Seed-leaves remain below the soil during germination

Seed-leaves appear above the soil during germination

Vascular bundles are scattered Vascular bundles are arranged as ring

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2. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES

Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Have Rhizoids Have roots Amphious plants Terrestrial plants Examples : Marchantia, Riccia Examples : Selaginella, Nephrolepis 3. Gametophyte and Sporophyte in

GAMETOPHYTES SPOROPHYTES Produce male and female gametes Produce spores Prominent in size Small in size 4. Vascular Plants and Non-Vascular plants

Vascular Plants Non-Vascular Plants Have xylem and phloem Donot have xylem and phloem Example : Monocot and dicot plants Example : Bryophytes 5. Antheridium and Archaegonium

ANTHERIDIUM ARCHAEGONIUM Produces male gametes Produces female gametes 6.Rods and Cones

RODS CONES Sensitive to dim light Sensitive to bright light Cannot distinguish colours Can distinguish colours 7. Androgens and Estrogens

ANDROGENS ESTROGENS Are male sex hormones Are female sex hormones Are responsible for male secondary sex characteristics

Are responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

Important Hormone : Testosterone Important Hormone : Estradiol

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8. Meristematc and Permanent Tissue Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Cells are capable of continuous division

Do not divide continuously

Found in growing regions of plant Found in regions where tissues are differentiated to perform specific functions

Responsible for growth, both in and height and in girth of plant

Responsible for various functions like transportation of materials, etc.

9. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS Bear seeds not enclosed in fruits Bear seeds enclosed in fruits Flowering plants Non-flowering Plants Examples : Cycas, Pinus Examples : Mango, Neem, etc. 10. Striped & Unstriped Muscles

UNSTRIPED MUSCLES STRIPED MUSCLES Muscles fibres are spindle shaped, without cross bands/stripes

Muscle fibres are cylindrical with cross bands/stripes

Involuntary Muscles Voluntary muscles Smooth Muscles Skeletal Muscles 11. Tendons & Ligaments

TENDONS LIGAMENTS Join Muscle bundles to bones Join bones to bones 12. Bones and Cartilage

BONES CARTILAGES Are hard and strong Have elasticity and are soft Contain bone marrow Does not contain bone marrow Produce blood cells Do not produce blood cells Withstand Stress & strain Cannot withstand stress & strain

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13. Blood and Lymph BLOOD LYMPH

Has Red Blood Cells Donot contain RBC Red in colour Colourless fluid Cells are involved in transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide, body defence and blood clotting

Cells are involved in body defence and blood clotting

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

1. Fixation and Recycling

FIXATION RECYCLING Movement of chemical substances from reservoir pool to exchange pool

Movement of chemical substances from exchange pool to reservoil pool

2. Reservoir pool and Exchange Pool

RESERVOIR POOL EXCHANGE POOL Represents the part of earth where chemical substances are stored

Represents the movement of chemical substances in the biosphere

Movement of materials is slow Movement of materials is quick Includes Abiotic components of environment

Includes biotic components of environment

Example: Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere

Example : Biosphere

3. Gaseous Cycles and Sedimentary Cycles

GASEOUS CYCLES SEDIMENTARY CYCLES Complete cycles Incomplete cycles Reservoir pools are atmosphere, hydrosphere

Reservoir pool is lithosphere

Examples : Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle

Examples: Phosphorus cycle, sulphur cycle

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4. Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Substances BIODEGRADABLE SUBSTANCES NONBIODEGRADABLE

SUBSTANCES Are divided by microbial activity Not divided by microbial activity Not toxic, harmless Toxic, Harmful Can be converted into harmless forms Cannot be converted into harmless

forms Examples : Cow-dung, Leaves, etc. Examples : Plastics, DDT, etc.

DEFINITIONS

1] What is Thallus? The flat plant body of multi-cellular algae. 2] What are rhizoids? The root-like structures in bryophytes 3] What are cones? The cone-like multicellular reproductive structures in gymnosperms 4] What is an inflorescence? A special branch bearing a cluster of flowers in angiosperms 5] What is Syrinx? The voice box situated near trachea in birds. 6] What is Synapsis? The tiny gap between two successive neurons. 7] What is reflex action? The automatic response to an external stimulus 8] What is reflex arc? The pathway of nerve impulse in a reflex action 9] What s irritability? The ability of responding to the stimulus. 10] What is a gland? A group of specialised cells that secrete a specialised secretion 11] What is a hormone?

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The chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands. 12] What is acromegaly? A disorder caused due to hyper-secretion of pituitary hormone in adults 13] What do you mean by ‘food management’? A complex activity of preservation of food substances so that it can be supplied to people throughout the year. 14] What is food adulteration? It is addition of substances of low nutritive value to a food material or removal of an essential component from the food. 15] What is ‘Green House Effect’? An abnormal rise in global temperature due to depletion of forests and extensive industrial activity, [similar to a condition seen in green houses constructed to grow plants] is called green house effect. 16] What is Biotechnology? Applying biological organisms, systems and processes in industrial activities to obtain useful products is called biotechnology. 17] What is tissue culture? Growing a large number of plants utilising a portion of a plant, tissue or cells, in nutritive medium under controlled aseptic conditions. 18] What is cloning? Growing a population of organisms, cells, molecules from a single parent, by asexual method, in vivi or in vitro.

USES

1] Write the uses of Sclerenchyma? The sclerenchyma fibres of jute and hemp are used in coir industries to produce gunny bags, ropes, etc. 2] What is use of DNA finger printing technology In forensic science to determine genetic similarity. 3] What is the use of DNA Recombinant Technology? It is used to bring desirable change in DNA.

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4] Write the uses of Tissue Culture. a] More plants can be grown in a short time & in a limited space b] The life-span of plants can be reduced c] New varieties of plants can be developed by germplasm hybridisation.

GIVE SCIENTIFIC REASONS

1] Vegetative propagation is a type of cloning.

New organisms are formed by asexual process.

2] Bryophytes are also called amphibians of plant kingdom.

They are found both in water and on soil

3] Pteridophytes are also called trachaephytes.

They have vascular tissues, xylem and phloem

4] Gymnosperms are vascular plants.

They have vascular tissues, xylem and phloem

5] Cycas is included in gymnosperms.

They bear seeds not enclosed in fruits

6] Bean plant is an angiosperm

It bears seeds that are enclosed in fruits

7] It is easy to pull out monocot plants.

They posses fibrous root system.

8] It is difficult to pull our dicot plant

They have tap root system that grow deep in the soil

9] When ragi and legume are grown together, ragi quickly dehydrates with water

supply is stopped.

They have fibrous root system, that can absorb surface water that is about 2

feet deep. Whereas, legume has tap root system that can absorb water from

deeper soil layers.

10] Fishes have spindle-shaped body.

To reduce resistance for movement in water.

11] Frog is poikilothermic - cold blooded animal.

Its body temperature varies with that of environment.

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12] The bones in birds is called pneumatic bones.

They are hollow and filled with air.

13] The skin is dry, rough covered with horny scales.

To facilitate their creeping movement on land

14] Birds lay hard eggs

The egg shells are calcarious

15] Meristem is considered as growth tissue.

It contains cells capable of continuous cell division causing growth.

16] Parenchyma tissue is considered as simple permanent tissue.

Because they have identical cells which contain living protoplasm and nucleus

17] Xylem is a complex permanent tissue.

They have both living and non-living components

18] Meristematic tissue is found in stem apex, root tip and buds.

To bring about growth.

19] Sclerenchyma fibres are used to produce gunny bags & ropes.

They are elongated and are elastic & flexible

20] Striped Muscles are also called skeletal muscles.

They are found attached to bones to bring about movement.

21] The organs on the left side get paralysed if right cerebral hemisphere is

damaged.

The nerves originating from the right cerebral hemisphere control the organs

on the left side and vice versa.

22] We withdraw the hand if we touch a hot object.

As a result of reflex action.

23] No image is formed at blind spot region of the eye.

There are not receptor cells in this region.

24] The most clear and sharp images are formed in yellow spot/Fovea of the eye.

There are a large number of cones in this region.

25] We are visually blocked out when we enter the house from sunlit area.

The activity of cones gets totally stopped momentarily

26] We fail to feel the smell the food when suffering from common cold.

The olfactory epithelium is affected.

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27] The air pressure on either sides of eardrum is always equal

the Eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the throat.

28] Endocrine glands are also called Duct-less glands.

They release their secretions directly to blood.

29] Hormones are also called chemical messengers.

They carry messages in the form of chemicals from one part of the body to

another. 30] Thyroxin is considered as ‘Personality Hormone’. Thyroxin influences growth and differentiation of body. 31] Goitre is an endemic disease. It is found in certain regions only where there is not enough iodine. 32] Coastal people do not suffer from goitre. There is no deficiency of iodine in sea food and soil. 33] It is better to consume iodised salt. By this goitre can be prevented. 34] Adrenaline is also called ‘emergency hormone’ It is produced at the times of fear, tension, and such emotional stress conditions. 35] Pancreas is a mixed gland It has both exocrine and endocrine parts 36] A person shown reduced development of male characteristics. Deficiency of testosterone hormone 37] A patient suffering AIDS also suffers from many diseases His immunity is reduced because AIDS. 38] It is better to buy products that bear ISI or FPO marks. The quality of such products is guaranteed. 39] Lichens do not grow in city regions The level of air pollution is very high in cities. 40] Chloro Fluro Carbons are not environment friendly They destroy ozone layer. 41] It is desirable to grow broad-leaved plants near industries. They absorb noise produced by industries and reduce noise pollution.

33PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY SELECTED AREAS 1. DIAGRAMS : 20 MARKS 2. MATCH THE WORDS : 08 MARKS 3. DIFFERENCES : 04 MARKS 4. FORMUL, EQUATIONS CONSTANTS : 02 MARKS 5. LAWS AND PRINCIPLES : 02 MARKS 6. GIVE REASONS : 02 MARKS 7. USES AND APPLICATIONS : 04 MARKS 8. DEFINITIONS : 02 MARKS ___________ 44 MARKS ___________ PHYSICS EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PETROL ENGINES MATCH THE WORDS 1. A B 1] Ultraviolet Rays a] To examine ancient pictures 2] Infrared rays b] 3] X-rays c] Holography 4] Gamma Rays d] Crystallography e] To test artificial diamonds