pancreatic pseudocyst - suny downstate medical center · 2012. 1. 6. · pancreatic pseudocyst...
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Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Sophia L Fu, MD
Brooklyn VA Hospital Brooklyn, NY
January 5. 2011
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History 53 yo male presents with persistent pancreatic
pseudocyst since 6/2011 after acute pancreatitis who
currently is asymptomatic
PMH: htn, CAD s/p NSTEMI, HLD, OA
PSH/ FHx: open appy, R shoulder /knee surgery
SocHx: 20ppy smoker; ex-ETOH 2002; +
cannabis/cocaine
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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Pre-operative course 6/5-6/24/2011: Admitted to BVA for acute
pancreatitis
RUQ US (6/6) – biliary sludge, no gallstones
CT A/P (6/6) – infiltration of peri-pancreatic soft
tissues of body & tail, representing pancreatitis &
small 1 cm pancreatic cyst
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (6/4/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Pancreatitis w/small 1 cm cyst
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Pre-operative course CT A/P (6/6) – acute pancreatitis w/interval
evolution & continued formation of pseudocyst
6/16/2011 – repeat CT A/P revealed increase in
pseudocyst size
12.4x8.4x8.0 cm
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (6/6/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Acute Pancreatitis w/evolving pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (6/16/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Pseudocyst 12.4 x 8.4 x 8.0cm
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Pre-operative course 7/27-8/2/2011: Re-admitted for acute on chronic
pancreatitis
CT A/P (7/28) – interval decrease in pseudocyst size
10.4 x 7.6 x 7.0 cm
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (7/28/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Pseudocyst 10.4 x 7.6 x 7.0 cm
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Further Imaging MRI (8/2) –complex cystic lesion w/fluid lvl & debris
9.1 x 6.2 x 7.3 cm
Communication with pancreatic duct
Short segmental discontinuation of PD in body medial to mass
MRCP (8/2) – short segmental occlusion of the
pancreatic duct in the body adjacent to pseudocyst
No ductal dilatation
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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MRCP (8/2/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – short segmental occlusion of PD
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Further Work-up 8/18/2011 – EUS: 5.1 x 5.93 cm pseudocyst
w/echogenic debris in body/tail, abutting gastric wall
No masses
Gallbladder sludge
Chronic pancreatitis
Selected tests wnl:
Triglycerides, HIV, Hep A/B/C, CA 19-9
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (10/7/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Interval decrease in Pseudocyst 8.9 x 8.4 cm
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Operative Plan Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Operative Plan
10/30/2011 – CT A/P interval decrease in pseudocyst
7.1 x 4.9 cm
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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CT Abdomen (10/30/2011) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Impression – Pseudocyst 7.1x4.9cm
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Physical Examination AVSS
Gen: in NAD
Cv: nl S1 S2, RRR, no m/r/g
Chest: CTAB/L
Abd: soft, nontender, nondistended, +BS
Rectal: no masses, guiac neg
Ext: no edema
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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Laboratory work-up Pancreatic Pseudocyst
138
5.2
104
30
18
0.8 128
PT 10.2
INR 0.88
6.7 14.1
42.0 306
9.8
7.1
4.2
17
19
84
0.2
PTT 23.4
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Surgical Intervention 10/31/2011 Bilateral subcostal incisions
Longitudinal incision on anterior then posterior gastric wall
After aspiration of pseudocyst through post gastric wall
Pseudocyst & posterior gastric wall sutured
Gastrotomy closed & omental buttress
Total OR time: 4:45
Operating time 4:00
EBL 75 mL
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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Post-op Course Pancreatic Pseudocyst
POD#1-7 – Extubated in OR, admitted to SICU
BP ctrl w/labetalol drip
POD#8 – started on diet
POD#10 – D/C home
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Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis (1992)
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
“A pancreatic pseudocyst is a collection of pancreatic juice
enclosed by wall of fibrous or granulation tissue which arises
as a consequence of acute pancreatitis, trauma, or chronic
pancreatitis”
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Pseudocyst vs Acute Fluid Collection
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Collection of nonenzymatic fluid that is a product of the acute
inflammatory response
Not 2° disrupted pancreatic duct
Will resolve spontaneously
∴ No treatment necessary
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Pathogenesis of Pseudocysts Acute Pancreatitis (15%)
No previous injury
Main pancreatic duct is
normal
Single point of disruption
that may heal well
Chronic Pancreatitis (35%) Repetitive ETOH use causes
loss of acinar cells & deposition of collagen
Major changes to architecture
Pancreatic duct Strictured Dilated Obliterated
May be small & require NO treatment
Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Distinction from Cystic Neoplasms
Cystic neoplasms constitute 15% of all pancreatic cysts
Not associated with history of pancreatitis
May contain septa
Contain exuberant and calcium-containing wall growth
Epithelial lining may undergo malignant transformation
Histological assessment when radiographic distinction fails
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When to operate? Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Symptomatic
Dependent on size: >6 cm
Nausea, vomiting, early satiety, biliary obstruction,
abd pain, bloating
Enlarging
Complications
Venous congestion or GI bleed - splenic, superior
mesenteric, or portal vein thrombosis
Hemosuccus pancreaticus – pseudoaneurysm from
erosion into vessel
Splenic hemorrhage
Infection
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Era of Minimal Management Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Risk of complication increased after 7 wks
Bradley (1979)
Risk (46%) > risk of operation
Mortality (7% & morbidity (>40%)
Risk of complication related to size of the lesion
Vitas & Sarr (1992): 6 cm
expectant management of asymptomatic, small pseudocysts
Percutaneous drainage of all collections
>30% required further operative therapy
Vitas G et al. Surgery, 1992
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“Root Cause” Management Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Identification of cause of pseudocyst Acute vs chronic
Symptom assessment
Symptomatic in chronic pancreatitis Imaging of pancreas MRCP vs ERCP
Location & duct status Endoscopic vs surgical drainage Not percutaneous drainage
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Pancreatography Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Nealon & Walser (2002)
ERCP used to define pancreatic duct anatomy
Duct strictures, duct-cyst communication, duct cutoff
Surgical intervention
MRCP as less invasive approach
Sensitivity poor; specificity & overall accuracy >90%
Does not delineate pancreatic duct side branch changes
Interpretation of heavily calcified gland is difficult Nealon W et al. Ann Surg, 2002
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Endoscopic Management Transmural
Pseudocyst deforms gastric or
duodenal wall
Relies on Seldinger technique of
dilating track btwn pseudocyst
& alimentary tract lumen
EUS detects wall thickness,
varices, amt of pseudocyst
debris
Transpapillary
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Moderate-sized pseudocysts
w/duct-cyst communication
Contraindications:
Extensive necrosis
Intracystic debris
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Transmural drainage Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Transpapillary drainage Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Endoscopic Pseudocyst Drainage Authors Tran
spapillary
Transmural
Success (%)
Complication Long-Term F/U
Sharma et al 2002 (n=38)
5 33 100 - 3 (8%) recurrence (44 months)
De Palma et al 2002 (n=49)
19 30 84.290 -
Binmoeller et al 1995 (n=53)
33 20 94 11% Gallbladder puncture, 1 Bleeding, 2 Abscess, 2
23% (22 months)
Vita9le et al 1999 (n=36)
9 27 83 1/36 Nonadherent cyst
17% (16 months) recurrent -> surgery
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Guidelines for Endoscopic Drainage
Well-developed cyst wall
Nonacute pseudocyst
Noninfected pseudocyst
Pancreatic ductal disruption or stricture
Pseudocyst wall <1cm
Pseudocyst indenting gastrointestinal tract vs endocoscopic
ultrasonography location of cyst
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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Indications for Surgery Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Similar results w/endoscopic drainage for simple cases
Surgery reserved for most complex pseudocysts
Giant pseudocyst
Multiple pseudocysts
Multiple pancreatic duct abnormalities
Strictures, stones, & duct cut-offs
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Surgical Options Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cystgastrostomy/ cystduodenostomy
Roux-en-Y cystjejunostomy
Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy
Duodenal-sparing pancreatic head resection
w/pseudocyst incorporation w/ or w/o pancreatic
duct drainage
Pancreatic resection
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Management Options for Pseudocyst
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Acute Pancreatitis Endoscopic Chronic Pancreatitis
Cystenteric anastomosis
Pancreaticojejunostomy
Duodenal-sparing head rsxn Infected Percutaneous
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Management Scheme Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Surgery
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Open Technique
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Cystogastrostomy Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Palpable through anterior wall of stomach
Kocherize duodenum & HOP Stay sutures on anterior wall stomach Transverse gastrostomy Palpate cyst through posterior wall Aspirate cyst w/20G needle Transverse incision thru posterior
wall stomach Ellipse of wall sent for frozen section
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Cystogastrostomy (cont’d) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Continuous locking 3-0 absorbable synthetic suture Posterior wall stomach Anterior wall cyst Ensures good hemostasis
Anterior gastrotomy closed Inner continuous 3-0 absorbable
synthetic suture in a Connell stitch Outer interrupted 3-0 silk
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Roux-en-Y Cystjejunostomy 1 – Kocherize duodenum &
HOP
2 – Palpate entire pancreas
Cyst should be palpable
3 – Aspirate cyst through
transverse mesocolon
60cm Roux-en-Y jejunal loop
End-to-side jejunojejunostomy
Side-to-side cystojejunostomy
No need to enter lesser sac
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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Roux-en-Y (cont’d) Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Outer interrupted 3-0 silk Jejunal & Tr mesocolon 2.5-5cm long
Cystotomy & elliptical excision Frozen section
Parallel enterotomy Inner continuous 3-0
absorbable, locking Outer interrupted 3-0 silk
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Minimally Invasive
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Laparoscopic Drainage Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Transgastric cystogastrostomy
Laparoscopic approach
Intragastric cystogastrostomy
Laparoscopic & gastroscopic guidance
Minilaparoscopic intragastric cystogastrostomy
2mm intragastric ports on anterior gastric wall
Cystogastrostomy via lesser sac approach
Roux-en-Y cystojejunostomy
30 cm limb
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Minilaparoscopic approach Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Cystogastrostomy via lesser sac Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Does not require anterior gastrostomy Not dependent on adherence of cyst to posterior gastric
wall
Window created in gastrocolic omentum Elevate stomach Cystotomy made adjacent to posterior gastric wall
gastrotomy Cystogastrostomy created w/endoscopic stapler Suture opening
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Laparoscopic lesser sac approach Pancreatic Pseudocyst www.downstatesurgery.org
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Indications for Surgical Treatment Options
External Drainage Internal Drainage Pancreatic Resection Free Rupture Mature cysts (>1cm) Cysts in body & tail
w/poss malignancy Grossly infected Pancreatic Duct stricture
or leak Complex cystic diseases of the head
Unstable paitents w/bleeding
Benign cyst wall biopsy Pancreatic pseudoaneurysm
Cyst wall not thick enough to allow an anasomosis -Open drainage -- percutaneous drainage
-Cystgastrostomy -- cystdudodenostomy -Roux-en-Y cystjejunostomy
-Distal pancreatectomy to include cyst -pancreaticoduodenectomy
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Guidelines for Open Surgical Intervention
Cyst rupture or hemorrhage, or cyst adjacent to vascular structures Cysts w/potential to be cystic neoplams Patients w/multiple or infected pseudocysts Cysts w/associated high-grade pancreatic duct
stricture Cyst wall >1cm Pancreatic pseudoaneurysm
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References
• Cameron JL. Current Surgical Therapy, 10th ed. 2010.
• Fischer JE. Mastery of Surgery, 5th ed. 2007.
• Nealon W, Walser E. Main pancreatic ductal anomaly can direct choice of modality for treating pancreatic pseudocysts (surgery versus percutaneous drainage). Ann Surg 2002; 235:751.
• Souba WW. ACS Surgery: Principles & Practice, 6th ed. 2007
• Townsend CM. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 18th ed. 2007.
• Vitas G, Sarr M. Selected Management of pancreatic pseudocysts: operative versus expectant treatment. Surgery 1992; 111:123.
• Zinner MJ & Ashley SW. Maingot’s Abdominal Operations, 11th ed.
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
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