paleolithic period (c. 40,000-7,000 bce):

Paleolithic period (c. 40,000-7,000 BCE):

Woman from Willendorf [Willendorf "Venus"], Austria, c. 22,000 - 21,000 BCE, limestone, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna

Bison WoundedLascaux, France

15,000-10,000 BCCave Painting

HorseVogelherd cave (Germany)

c. 28,000 BCMammoth Ivory, length 2-1/2 inches

Bison Licking Insect BiteLa Madeleine (France)

c. 15,000-10,000 BCReindeer Horn, length 4 inches

Hall of the Bulls: Bull, Red Horses & Brown Horses, Lascaux, Dordogne, France, c.15,000-13,000BCE (Paleolithic), cave painting on limestone

Two Spotted Horses with Negative HandprintsPainted and air-brushed on a cave wallPech-Merle, France, late period

Human with feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germanyca. 30,000-28,000 BCEMammoth ivory, 11 5/8 in. high. Ulmer Museum, Ulm

Stonehenge stands on the open downland of Salisbury Plain two miles (3 kilometres) west of the town of Amesbury, Wiltshire, in Southern England. It is not a single structure but consists of a series of earth, timber, and stone structures which were revised and re-modelled over a period of more than 2000 years.

Neolithic PeriodBegins in Near East, ca. 8000 BCEBegins in Europe ca. 4000 BCE

-The ice that covered Europe during the last Ice Age was at its maximum in about 16,000 BCE.Ice that covered Europe fully receded around 9,000 BCE as the climate warmed.

-Reindeer migrated north, woolly mammoth disappeared.

-Periods following this event are the Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age) periods. Distinctions among the periods are based on advancements in tools and progression from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies.

-Neolithic age is the age of agriculture. Animals are domesticated.

-The transition to the Neolithic period began first in the Middle East.

Early Dynastic Egypt (c. 3150-2700 BCE)

Old Kingdom (c. 2700-2190 BCE)

Middle Kingdom (c. 2040-1674 BCE)

New Kingdom (c. 1552-1069 BCE)

Term Definition

egyptology the study of ancient Egypt and Egyptian antiquitie, as well as its geography

sphinx a mythological Egyptian beast with a lion body and a human head

palette a stone slab

necropolis "city of the dead"a large burial area or cemetary

flutingvertical channeling, roughly semicircular in cross-section, and used principally on columns and pilasters

pharaoh the title of the ancient Egyptian kings

hieroglyphics

a system of writing using symbols or pictures

mastabaan ancient Egyptian rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over a subterranean tomb chamber connected with the outside by a shaft, an egaged column is a half column attached to a wall

columna verticle, weight-carrying archtectural member, circular in cross-section and consisting of a base, shaft, and capitals

capital the uppermost member of a column, serving as a transition from the shaft to the lintel

uraeus the royal cobra found on the nemes

canon a rule of proportions

hypostyle hall

a hall with roof supported by columns

gold leaf gold beaten into an extremely thin sheet used for gilding

pyramida quadrilateral masonry mass having smooth, steeply sloping sides meeting at an apex, used as a tomb

optical view how something would actually stand in space, a random view of it

The old kingdom represents an important phase in Egypt's political and cultural development. Almost five centuries of continuos progress, lay the foundation to one of the most influential cultures of the ancient world It was during this crucial period that Hieroglyphic writing reached a reasonable level of sophistication and the techniques of crafts came to a high level of professionalism. King DJOSER , owner of the step pyramid at Saqqara, is the first and most celebrated king of the third dynasty.The works of CHEOPS, CHEPHREN, and MYCERINUS , the creators of the three pyramids at Giza represents the peak of achievements in the architectural field. A strong centralized government , as well as a divine kingship characterize this period , but towards the end of the period, central authority disintegrated and the country fell into a state of rapid decline.

Name SEDAN CHAIR OF QUEEN HETEPHERES

Category FURNITURE

King Name Khufu

Date Old Kingdom , 4th Dynasty

Material Gold, Ebony

Name FIGURINE OF A FEMALE BREWER

Category Sculpture


Material Painted Limestone

Name THE MEMPHITE FAMILY OF NEFER-HERENPTAH CALLED FIFI

Category Sculpture



Name THE DWARF SENEB AND HIS FAMILY

Category Sculpture



The ancient Egyptians knew two types of dwarfs: Those with pathological deformities were entertainers for their masters, trained to be goldsmiths or were entrusted with the royal wardrobe and care of animals. The other type were the African pygmies who were usually employed in temples as " dancers before the gods ". The whole composition was successfully executed to show the happy family together. Two of the children substitute the legs of their father. They are executed in accordance with the established iconography for infants: hair hanging on one side, nude bodies, with a finger pointing to the mouth.

The re-establishment of a single administration for the whole country was achieved by MENTUHOTEP II. The middle kingdom was a period of revival of the Egyptian character. The kings of the eleventh dynasty were able to exert control over the land and located their capital in IST-TAWY (near modern El-LISHT) The kings of the twelfth dynasty promoted the economic and political development ;Egyptian trade flourished, and an elaborate irrigation system was again established.There was also a reversion to pyramid building , but it was undertaken on a much humbler level as compared with the old kingdom. Unfortunately, this revival was followed by the ultimate downfall of the central government and the country fell into the hands of foreign rulers.

Middle kingdom:

Name CARPENTERS? WORKSHOP

Category MODEL

Date Middle Kingdom , 11th Dynasty

Material Painted Wood

Name NUBIAN ARCHERS

Category MODEL


Material Painted Wood

Name HIPPOPOTAMI

Category Sculpture


Material Green and Blue Faience

Name KA-STATUE OF KING AUIBE-RE HOR

Category

SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURAL

King Name

Auibe-Re Hor


Name HEDGEHOG

Category

Sculpture


Name STATUE OF A VIZIER

Category Sculpture


Material Gray Granite

Name PECTORAL OF MERERET

Category

Jewelry

King Name

Senusert III


It was during this period that Egypt reached the zenith of its glory. Vast military expansions both in Asia and the Sudan were undertaken by the Egyptian ruler.TUTMOSIS III was among the pioneers in the military field. The degree of refinement of this age is clearly manifested in the architectural heritage. Under the rule of queen HATSHIPSUT, the artistic revival began .The reigning monarchs of this period showed a genuine interest in art and architecture. AKHENATON, the heretic pharaoh, reached the peak of artistic innovations with his unique art style that accompanied his religious reformation. Indeed, it is to the powerful kings of this kingdom that the capital, Thebes, owes its present allure.

New kingdom:

Category VALTURE

King Name TUT-ANKH-AMUN

Provenance VALLEY OF THE KINGS

Category PECTORAL

King Name

TUT-ANKH-AMUN

Provenance

VALLEY OF THE KINGS

Name KA STATUE OF TUTANKHAMON

Category Sculpture

King Name

TUT-ANKH-AMUN

Material Bronze, Gilded Wood

Name ANUBIS, DIVINITY

Category Sculpture


Material Stone, Gold, Silver, Wood

Category CANOPIC EQUIPMENT



Material ROCKS - STONES

Category VASE



Material ROCKS - STONES

Name THE GOLD COFFIN OF TUTANKHAMON

Category Tomb Equipment

King Name

TUT-ANKH-AMUN

Material Gold, Glass, Semi-precious stones

paleolithic period (c. 40,000-7,000 bce):

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