pakistan soil resources, issues, threats, ongoing ...national soil resources of pakistan total area...
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Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arshad Tamgha-i-Imtiaz Distinguished National Professor
President, Soil Science Society of Pakistan Dean, Faculty of Agriculture University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan
“ Pakistan soil resources, issues, threats, ongoing activities
and their sustainable management
Asian Soil Partnership Consultation Workshop on Sustainable Management and
Protection of Soil Resources (Bangkok, Thailand: 13-15 MAY, 2015)
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National Soil Resources of Pakistan
Total area
79.6 mha
Semiarid 36.9% Sub-humid 5.4%
Mixed 6.2%
Forest area 3.5 mha
Canal irrigated 25 %
Tube well irrigated =75 %
Cultivated area 22 mha (27.6%)
Arid 41 mha
Deserts
(climate hyper-arid)
11 mha
Rangelands 45.2 mha (60.1%)
Salt: affected area 6.69 mha
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Importance of Pakistan in World of Agriculture
• Wheat (9th)
• Cotton (4th)
• Rice (8th)
• Sugarcane (4th)
• Mango (7th)
• Apricot (4th)
• Onion (5th)
• Date Palm (6th)
• Oranges (10th)
Pakistan ranks 20th worldwide in farm output.
3
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Growth Rates (%)
GDP Agriculture Manufacturing Services
1960s 6.8 5.1 9.9 6.7
1970s 4.8 2.4 5.5 6.3
1980s 6.5 5.4 8.2 6.7
1990s 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.6
2000s 4.8 3.2 7.0 5.3
2012-13 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.7
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Challenge I: Population
5
Year Population
Million
2015 188.1
2020 203.5
2025 218.1
2030 231.7
s
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Future crop production estimates
(m tons)
Crop Current 2015 2030
Wheat 21.7 25.4 33.0
Cotton (m bales)
12.4 21.5 29.2
Rice 5.5 7.5 8.5
Sugarcane 44.6 - -
Maize 3.1 - -
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A) Soil Health
B) Farm Inputs
C) Climate Change
E) Farm Mechanization
F) Agricultural Marketing
G) Extension Services
D) Agricultural Credit
Major threats and issue of Pakistan Agriculture
Threats
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A) Soil Health
Threats
Poor Quality water
Over Mechanization
Intensive cropping system
Poor OM content
Harsh climate
Poor soil health is threat to Food Security
Salinity/Sodicity Soil Erosion Waterlogging
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B) Farm Inputs
Seed
Fertilizers
Irrigation
Pesticide
Proper use of inputs is a key to food security/ Sustainable soil management
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Seed Production is the most ignored aspect
1. SEED
Timely availability/Cost
Quantity Quality
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Narrow genetic base
Development of new varieties is pre-requisite for enhancing agricultural growth & food security
Long time duration required
Complicated variety
approval system
Professional dishonesty
Lack of funding and
government policies
Non-integration of conventional
& modern techniques of
breeding
Variety Development
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Fertilizer Use efficiency
Urea / phosphorus
Soil degradation
Imbalance Use
Timely availability
Excessive use of nitrogen
2. Fertilizers
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Less amount available
Poor quality
WUE Tube-well
water
Water saving
Cropping pattern for
WUE
Water harvesting
Recycling wastewater
Lack of planing
3. Irrigation
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4. Pesticide
Bio-control
Govt. policies
Environmental issue
Cost issue
Quality issue
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Climate Change
Temperature
Floods
Precipitation
Drought
Soil
Loss of organic matter
Erosion Diffused pollution of surface water courses
loss of nutrient-rich topsoil
Increased soil wetness
C) Effects of Climate Change on Soil
Loss in yield
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Climate Change
Climate change is inevitable and ever-continued. No single approach will be effective, only multi disciplinary integrated approach can work.
Integrated Approach is
Required
Metrological Estimates
GIS and Remote Sensing
Conservative Agriculture
Varieties sustainable to climate
change
Cropping pattern
Strategic Management
Biotechnology
Immediate attention
Better Policy Instruments
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Inadequate credit
availability to
small farmers
High rate of interest
Cumbersome
procedures
D)
Agricultural
credit
Farmers
Face
Problems
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E) Farm mechanization
Absence of corporate
service provider
Non-availabilty of standard
& certification facilities Over mechanization limited
agricultural machinery
Farmer Face Problems
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Inefficient and corrupt market
committees system
Exploitative role of the middleman
Volatility in prices of essential
commodities
Poor forecasting system
No system for grading and quality
premium
F) Agriculture marketing & forecasting
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G) Farm Extension Services
Weakening of extension services after devolution
Deficient monitoring of
Extension Staff
Severance of linkage with
research
Capacity building of extension agent
Staff shortages and female quota
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How Agricultural Productivity could be enhanced on sustainable basis to ensure
food security for 200 million people without disturbing the ecosystem
Today’s Challenge
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Sustainable Soil
Management
Agriculture Sustainability/ Food Security
Agriculture Productivity
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BRIDGING THE YIELD GAP – THE CHALLENGE
73
65
90
70
100
40
25
55
45
75
55
70
30
15
30 32
55
23
57
18
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wheat Rice-Basmati(Paddy)
Rice-IRRI(Paddy)
Cotton Maize Sunflower Grams
YIE
LD (
MA
UN
DS
PER
AC
RE)
Biological Potential Progressive Farmer Average Farmer
Better
information
Optimal
inputs
Proactive
management
Timely
actions
Better
networks
Quality
inputs
Bigger
farms
Mechanize
d farming
Greater
economic
base
Maximum
efficiency
Progressive Farmers
The relevant gap that can be narrowed
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Green manuring
Proper mechanization- better aggregation
Soil rehabilitation
Replenish soil OM & balance nutrients
Manage harsh climate
Sustainable soil health management is key to food security
National Priorities for Sustainable Soil Management
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Carbon Sequestration in Soil
Biomass carbon 100 %
Biomass carbon 100 %
Biochar Biomass carbon
50 %
Biomass carbon 0 %
Biomass carbon >40 %
Energy
After 100 years
Common organic soil amendments Biochar
Potential to reduce current global carbon emissions by as much as 10%
Woolf et al., 2010
Pyrolysis
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INM/IPM Mineral Fertilizers availability
Balanced Fertilizers
Organic fertilizers
Biofertilizers
On going activities for sustainable management and protection of soil resources
Nutrient indexing
cyber network
Govt. Policies Formulation Revision Implementation
Tackle salinity/sodicity
drought- and
salt-tolerant
crops.
watercourse improvement
Raised bed farming
OM Incentives to the Farmers
Drainage facilties
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Bridging the yield gap between the potential and the present level of productivity through
Acceleration of seed
production
Time of application
Best agronomic practices
National Policies
Method of application
Timely supply of inputs
Innovative products
IPM/INM
Farmers visits and training
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Livestock Departments. Research Centre 20
Agriculture Research Centre/Departments 36
Agriculture Universities 10
Public Sector Universities having agri. Departments/Faculty 10
Agriculture College 2
• Human resource development
• Research & agriculture development for sustainable soil
management and food security
Role of Research and development organizations in agriculture development
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
Better management of soil & water resources
Increase OM in soil
Reclamation of salt affected soil
Novel management techniques / climate change requirements
New varieties / Hybrid and GMOs
Innovative and non-traditional agriculture
Farmers friendly policies (input cost, output price, export, taxation and
etc.)
Capacity building
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Thanks…..!