MBA-IB

DIV-A

PRN:

09020241046-54

Labeling Package labelling (BrE) or labeling (AmE) is any written,

electronic, or graphic communications on the packaging or on a separate but associated label

Many types of symbols for package labeling are nationally and internationally standardized

For consumer packaging, symbols exist for product certifications, trademarks, proof of purchase, etc.

Some requirements and symbols exist to communicate aspects of consumer use and safety

Examples of environmental and recycling symbols include: Recycling symbol, Resin identification code (below), and Green Dot (symbol).

Types of Labeling Technologies related to shipping containers are

identification codes, bar codes, and electronic data interchange (EDI).

These three core technologies serve to enable the business functions in the process of shipping containers throughout the distribution channel

Each type has an Essential Function: identification codes either relate product information or

serve as keys to other data bar codes allow for the automated input of identification

codes and other data EDI moves data between trading partners within the

distribution channel.

Types of Labeling Elements of these core technologies include: UPC and EAN item identification codes the SCC-14 (UPC shipping container code) the SSCC-18 (Serial Shipping Container

Codes) Interleaved 2-of-5 and UCC/EAN-128 (newly

designated GS1-128) bar code symbologies ANSI ASC X12 and UN/EDIFACT EDI

standards. RFID labels for shipping containers are also

increasing in usage.

Types of Labeling Shipments of hazardous materials or dangerous

goods have special information and symbols (labels, plackards, etc) as required by UN, country, and specific carrier requirements

Example:

With transport packages, standardised symbols are also used to communicate handling needs.

Some common ones are shown below while others are listed in ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods"

ISO 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods".

Packaging• Science, art and technology of enclosing & protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use

Objectives•Protection - Objects enclosed may require protection from shock, vibration, compression.•Containment or agglomeration - Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils•Security – Plays an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering•Portion control - Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households

Types of Packaging•Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.

•Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging – perhaps used to group primary packages together.

•Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping.

Packing

• Packing refers to the external containers used for transportation

• Factors Influencing Packing– Type of Product

• Large and heavy objects- Crates• Powders like cement – Bags• Liquids like acetic acid – Drums or Containers• Small and heavy items – Wooden Crates• Bulky materials like cotton - Bales

PackingMode of Transportation

○ Generally air transport require less packing than land and ocean transport

○ Containerized shipments require less packing Ports of destination

○ Stronger packing in areas where there is threat of loss or damage due to Theft or Pilferage

Climatic Conditions○ Special Packing Materials like Desiccants may

be required in areas of high moisture levels

PackingCustoms Duties and Freight Rates

○ Lighter and less packing material preferred in cases where the specific duty or freight rate is on weight basis

Cost of Packing Material○ Most economical as well as materials which

provides maximum safety to the goodsBuyer’s Requirement

○ Buyer’s may specify their demand in the contract

Packing

Types of PackingCorrugated Carton

Wooden Case

Wooden Crate

Drum or Container

PackingBag and Sack

Bale

Packing• As regard specification for the size, weight and

strength care must be taken to ensure that the weight of standard case does not exceed 50 Kg. for easy handling of the cargo.

• Before packing and sealing the goods, it should be ensured that all the contents are properly placed in the case and the list of contents of packing notes should be prepared so that the buyer, the Customs authorities and the Insurance authorities can easily check the contents of each and every case.

• The consolidated statement of contents for a number of case is called the Packing List, which should be prepared in the prescribed standardised format.

Packing List

Marking• Marking means to mark the address,

number of packages etc. on the packets. • It is essential for identification purpose and

should provide information on exporters' mark, port of destination, place of destination, order number and date, gross, net and tare weight and handling instructions.

• It should also be ensured that while putting marks, the law of buyer's country is duly compiled with.

Marking• All shipping cases should be marked a number with

special symbols selected by the exporters or the importers, so that the competitors cannot find out the details of the customers and the country of destination or supplier's country of despatch.

• Care should also be taken to ensure that the marking conforms to those written in the invoice, insurance certificate, bill of lading and other documents.

• The International Cargo Handling Co-ordination, Association has set out for the use of exporters a number of recommendations for the marking of goods carried by ocean-going vessels. They are equally useful for sending goods by other modes of transportation

MarkingExporters need to put the following markings on cartons to be

shipped: Shipper's mark. Country of origin (exporters’ country). Weight marking (in pounds and in kilograms). Number of packages and size of cases (in inches and

centimeters). Handling marks (international pictorial symbols). Cautionary markings, such as "This Side Up" or "Use No

Hooks" (in English and in the language of the country of destination).

Port of entry. Labels for hazardous materials (universal symbols adapted

by the International Maritime Organization).

Packaging: Preferences

•Prevention•Minimization•Reuse•Recycling•Energy recovery•Disposal

Labeling: Best Practices

Suggestions:• The marks should appear in certain order.

Essential data should be placed in oblong frames with lines 1.5 centimetres thick, and subsidiary information should be placed in another type of frame.

• Declaration on large packages should be placed on two continuous sides, and for consignments bound together on a pallet, also on the top. Handling instructions should be placed on all four sides. Similar packages, such as goods in sacks, should be marked on two opposite sides.

Suggestions:• Only fast dyes should be used for lettering.

Essential data should be in black and subsidiary data in a less conspicuous colour; red and orange lettering should be reversed for dangerous goods only. For food packed in sacks, only harmless dyes should be employed, and the dye should not come through the packing in such a way as to affect the goods.

• Stick-on labels should only be used on individual package or parcel and all old labels should be removed.

Suggestions:

Lettering should be at least 7.5 centimetres high for essential data, and at least 3.5 centimetres for subsidiary data. If the package is too small for such letter, other sizes may be used, but in the same ratio. The sizes of the symbols should also be in proportion to the size of the package and of the other markings.

Suggestions:• Marking should be made by stencil or by

branding or by pencil or brush without a stencil. If stencils are used, care should be taken that the letters and figures are perfectly legible to prevent confusion. This is especially true of the letters and figures --- B.R.P, O, G-G-D-C, H.N; 3-8 : 6-9 and 1-7.

• The surface to be marked should be smooth and clean. If packages are to be bonded, they can be marked before this is done; the hoops should not however, cover the markings.

Suggestions

1520/15/1

1520/15/15 Stencil

Suggestions:• The figure should indicate the total number of

packages making up the consignment and the consecutive number of the individual package. For example : 1520/15/1 identifies the first package of a total number of 15 packets and 1520/15/15 the last one.

• The name of the ship and the bill of lading number should be shown when this is possible. Handling instructions must appear in the language of the exporter and importer, and also, if possible, in the language of the countries where goods are to be handled en route or transhipped.

Suggestions Country of Origin Markings

The country of origin (C/O) is the country where the goods are grown, produced or manufactured. Typical wordings are:Made in [name of the country]          --- for example  Made in Canada

Product of [name of the country]          --- for example  Product of USA

The C/O marking normally is required on the product, the inner package and the master package in a permanent manner, in legible words (some countries may require a minimum size of the words), and in a conspicuous place.

The permanent marking can be in the form of printing, stencilling, embossing, and other means, such as casting and moulding. In certain countries, it is not uncommon that the importer may request that stickers (printed labels) are used to mark the product and its package, instead of a permanent marking, in order that it can be removed or altered later so they

can sell the product at a higher price.

Suggestions Marking Plastic Bags

Plastic bags are not toys, playing with them can be hazardous! As a safety precaution and a reminder to consumers, the exporter may print on plastic bags used in packaging the goods:

WARNING!   TO AVOID DANGER OF SUFFOCATION, KEEP THISBAG AWAY FROM BABIES AND CHILDREN. DO NOTUSE IN CRIBS, BEDS, CARRIAGES, OR PLAYPENS.THIS IS NOT A TOY.

Cisco Systems, Inc. Implementation of Korrvu® Packaging for SOHO Products.

BackgroundCisco’s Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) products were traditionally shipped in a corrugated container with a combination of Polyethylene and Polyurethane foam cushioning. Not only was the pack composed of three different materials,

it was also difficult and time consuming to assemble.

In March of 1995 a new product was added to the SOHO line. The new product did not fit into the existing package system. An opportunity arose to redesign the pack based on the following criteria:

1.The new pack would have to accommodate all 4 products

2.The new pack would have to be easier to assemble

3.The new pack should be less expensive

4.The new pack should use less material

Korrvu® Packaging Korrvu® packaging is a dynamic

packaging product that uses a strong, highly-resilient low-slip film to surround your products, protecting them from shock and vibration.

Product Protection Showcases Your Product's

Appearance Versatile and Flexible Environmentally Sound

Types

Korrvu® Retention Packaging

Korrvu® suspension Packaging

Solution

By implementing the Korrvu Packaging system on the SOHO product line, all four criteria were met in the following manner:

The design of the package allows all 4 products to fit into the same Korrvu insert. This also allows for the same shipping carton and accessory kit carton to be used across products.

The new pack would have to be easier to assemble.

Total packout time was around 90 seconds.

Solution.. The new pack is less expensive. The old package system cost $4.48 per

10,000. The new systems costs $2.20 per 10,000. Cisco typically ships between 20,000 and 30,000 SOHO units per month for a monthly average cost savings of $57,000.

The new pack uses less material. Both packs weigh about 1100 grams each,

but the new pack contains no foam, takes up less space volumetrically and is more easily recycled.