p2 card #1/28 science revision card #2/28 · science revision— p2 topic: atomic structure science...
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: Resultant Forces
Science Revision—P2
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Topic: F = ma
Topic: Distance-TIme Graphs Topic: Velocity-Time Graphs
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: Forces and Braking
Science Revision—P2
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Topic: Forces and Terminal Velocity
Topic: Hookes Law Topic: Forces and Energy
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: Momentum—Collisions
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Topic: Momentum—Explosions
Topic: Static Electricity Topic: Circuit Symbols
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: Ohm’s Law
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Topic: V vs I graphs for Components
Topic: Series Circuits Topic: Parallel Circuits
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: The three-pin plug and Electrical Cables
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Topic: Alternating Current
Topic: Electrical Power Topic: E = V xQ
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Science Revision—P2
Topic: Atomic Structure
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Topic: Types of Radiation
Topic: Properties of Radiation Topic: Nuclear Equations for Decay—HT only
Draw and label the structure of an atom.
Use this to explain what an element is.
Draw a table to show the mass and charge of the particles that make up an
atom.
Use this to explain why atoms have no overall charge.
Explain the meaning of the words “isotope”, “ion”, “mass number” and
“atomic number”.
What are the 3 main types of radiation?
What are they made of?
What are the ways we use these type of radiation for good?
What are the dangers associated with each?
Describe the following properties of the 3 types of radiation:
Range (how far it can go)
Penetrating Power (what it can get through)
Ionising Power (how well it ionises things)
Deflection in magnetic and electric fields
Alpha Decay Beta Decay
When the nucleus decays, either an alpha or beta particle is emitted from the nucleus. This
means the new nucleus will have a different atomic and mass number.
Two protons and two neutrons are lost.
Subtract 2 from the atomic number.
Subtract 4 from the mass number.
One electron is lost.
Add 1 to the atomic number.
(as if a neutron has turned into a proton)
The mass number stays the same.
Try these:
Try these:
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Element is a substance containing only one type of atom.
Isotopes means two atoms of same element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Particle Charge Mass
Proton +1 1
Neutron 0 1
Electron -1 0
The number of protons and
electrons must be equal so
the atom is neutral. If elec-
trons are lost, ions are
formed.
Number of Protons = Number of Electrons = Atomic Number
Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons = Mass Number
Range in Air, Structure and Ionising Power
Radiation Type Ionising Power Range Stopped by..
Alpha (α) High cm Paper
Beta (β) Medium
(-1 charge no mass) m Aluminium
Gamma (γ) Low (no charge; no mass) longer Lead
Structure Radiation Type Uses Dangers
Helium nucleus (2
protons; 2 electrons) Alpha (α) Smoke Detectors
Very dangerous
inside body (can’t
get out)
Electron from Nucle-
us Beta (β)
Monitoring thick-
ness of materials
Very dangerous
outside body as
can pass through
skin.
EM radiation Gamma (γ) Radiotherapy;
Sterilizing Medical
Equipment
Very dangerous
outside body as
can pass through
skin.
Properties in electric and magnetic fields Alpha deflected a little (charged but high mass); Beta deflected a lot (charged and low mass); Gamma not deflected (no charge)
Science Revision—P2
Topic: Half Life
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Topic: Nuclear Fission
Topic: Nuclear Fusion Topic: Life Cycle of A Star
How are stars formed?
What is the “main sequence” period of a star?
List the different stages of the life cycle of a:
small star
large star
Why are supernova significant?
What is nuclear fusion?
Where does nuclear fusion take place naturally?
Which two nuclei can undergo nuclear fission?
What is nuclear fission?
Explain the process.
Why is nuclear fission sometimes called a chain reaction?
What is half life?
How can you calculate half life?
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Stars formed when lots of dust
and gas in space pulled to-
gether by gravity
This is when star is stable be-
cause forces within it (gravity,
heat energy, etc) are stable.
Elements
above Fe in
Periodic Table
can only be
formed in Su-
pernovae
(explosion),
which spreads
them around
universe.
Hydrogen Isotopes collide and fuse together.
A larger atom is pro-
duced and a lot of energy
is released.
This is the process that
happens in stars.
The target nucleus is made from 235-uranium or 239-plutionium.
The nucleus is bombarded with neutrons, one is absorbed and it splits.
Each time a nucleus
splits, 2 or 3 neutrons
are released that could
hit another nucleus.
This is a chain reaction.
Radioactive substances have a half life; “the average time it takes for the number of nu-
clei of an isotope in a sample to half”. In other words the time it takes for the count rate
to get to half its level.