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Ozone Trends in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Over the Past Two Decades: Evidence that the Clean Air Act Works Howard S. Neufeld Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC Howard S. Neufeld Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC NC Breathe Conference, Charlotte, NC April 8, 2016

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Page 1: Ozone Trends in Great Park Over the Past Two Decades: that ... · 4/8/2016  · Ozone Trends in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Over the Past Two Decades: Evidence that the Clean

Ozone Trends in Great Smoky Mountains National Park Over the Past Two Decades: 

Evidence that the Clean Air Act Works

Howard S. NeufeldDepartment of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC          

Howard S. NeufeldDepartment of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC          

NC Breathe Conference, Charlotte, NC April 8, 2016

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From U.S. EPA

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Timeline of Important Actions Mandated by the  Clean Air Act and Individual State Actions

2000:• EPA establishes regulations requiring more than 90 percent 

cleaner heavy duty highway diesel engines and fuel • Sources must meet SO2 budgets established in CAA as part of 

Title IV program. 

2001:• NC EMC adopted rules to reduce ozone‐forming NOx emissions from 

coal‐fired power plants and other large industrial sources by 68% between 2000 and 2006 in response to the Federal NOx SIP call

2002:• North Carolina General Assembly passed Session law 2002‐4 

(Senate Bill 1078) called “The Clean Smokestacks Act”

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Timeline of Important Actions Mandated by the  Clean Air Act and Individual State Actions

2005:• EPA issues the Clean Air Act Interstate Rule (CAIR) to achieve the 

largest reduction in air pollution in more than a decade, by permanently capping SO₂ and NOx emissions in the eastern US 

2006:• North Carolina 1998 Clean Air Plan low sulfur gasoline requirements 

go in place statewide

2007:• North Carolina Clean Smokestacks Act requires Duke Energy to limit 

NOx emissions to 35,000 tons per year and Progress Energy to 25,000 tons per year for certain coal fired units

• New heavy duty engine standards phased‐in and 90‐95% lower emissions expected

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Timeline of Important Actions Mandated by the  Clean Air Act and Individual State Actions

2009:• EPA approved NC’s Clean Air Interstate Rules into the State 

Implementation Plan in which NOx and SO2 emissions allowances for NC utilities are even lower than those set by the CSA

2011:• EPA promulgates the Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR).  Twenty‐

three states are required to reduce their annual NOx and S02emissions and 20 states are required to reduce ozone season NOxemissions

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Timeline of Important Actions Mandated by the  Clean Air Act and Individual State Actions

2011:• North Carolina, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and several other 

parties agreed to a comprehensive settlement consisting of (1) requiring all TVA coal‐fired facilities to system‐wide caps that decline on an annual basis to permanent levels of 110,000 tons of SO2 in 2019 and 52,000 tons of NOx in 2018, (2) requiring TVA to install modern pollution controls or shutdown several its coal fired units, and (3) requiring TVA to pay for mitigation project in North Carolina 

2013:  • North Carolina Clean Smokestacks Act requires Duke Energy to limit 

SO2 emissions to 80,000 tons per year and Progress Energy to 50,000 tons per year for certain coal fired units

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Progress Energy

Asheville Plant

8

1990 2005 2012 2014

75% Reduction

GSMNP

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TVABull Run Plant

71% Reduction

GSMNP

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Improvement in Haze at Great Smoky Mountains National Park  

19989 mile Visual Range

33 deciviews

200924 mile Visual Range

23 deciviews

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Examples of Ozone Injury in the field

Blackberry

White PineYellow poplar

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Ozone Injury in Coneflowers – Great Smokies

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Open‐top Chamber Facility(Active from 1988 – 1992)

Twin Creeks, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, near Gatlinburg, TN

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Ozone Injury on Winged Sumac

Ozone Injury on Black‐eyed Susan

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Ozone Injury on Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Leaf from CF treatment Leaf from 2X ambient treatment

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Ozone Injury on Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)

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Ozone Injury on Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)

CF 1.0X 1.5X 2X

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Ozone Exposure Response Functions for Trees exposed in the Open Top Chambers

Most Sensitive Tree TestedRequires Low Amounts of Ozone to Cause Growth 

Reductions

Moderately SensitiveRequires More Ozone to Cause Growth Reductions

Relatively InsensitiveRequires High Amounts of Ozone to Cause Growth 

Reductions

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Air Quality and Climate Monitoring StationsAir Quality Climate

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Look Rock, TN• Pine‐Oak Ridgetop• 823 m• Since 1984• Year‐round• NPS, TVA, TDEC

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Clingmans Dome,             TN/NC

• Highest Point in Park

• 2030 m• Since 1993• Seasonal• NPS, TVA, 

EPA, TDEC

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Cove Mountain, TN

• High elevation mountaintop• Hardwood forest• 1265 m• Monitored since 1988• Year‐round• NPS, TDEC, TVA

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Cades Cove, TN

• Low elevation open valley

• 564 m• Monitored since 1994

• Year‐round• NPS, TDEC

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Purchase Knob, NC

• High elevation ridgetop• Northern hardwoods• Since 1995• Year‐round• NPS, NCDENR,           NOAA

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Bryson City, NC

• High elevation ridgetop• Northern hardwoods• Since 1995• Year‐round• NPS, NCDENR,           NOAA

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Low Elevation Sites Have Very Different Diurnal Patterns than High Elevation Sites

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Clingmans DomeLook Rock

1999

2012

1999

2012

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Clingmans Dome

Cove Mountain

Look Rock

1999

2012

1999

2012

1999

2012

Purchase Knob

1999

2012

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Clingmans Dome

Cove Mountain

Look Rock

Cades Cove Bryson City

1999

2012

1999

2012

1999

2012

1999

2012

1999

2012

Purchase Knob

1999

2012

Bryson City 1999

2012

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Average Ozone Concentration, July‐August 2000Passive Sensor Study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Ozone scale(ppb)

Purchase Knob

Data for 2001, Courtesy of Dr. John Ray, ARD, NPS

Bryson City

Cades Cove

Clingman’s Dome

Look Rock

Cove Mountain

co‐kriged with 30m DEM elevation

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SUM06 Exposures Increase up to ~1100 m             and Then They Plateau

CC

LRCM CD

PK

1999

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SUM06 exposures increase up to ~1100 m             then they plateau

CC

LRCM CD

PK

1999

CC

LRCM CD

PK

1999

2012

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Frequency Distributions for Ozone at Low and High Elevations in GRSM

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r = ‐0.421 (p = 0.064) r = ‐0.345 (p = 0.107)

r = ‐0.307 (p = 0.189) r = ‐0.186 (p = 0.460)

r = ‐0.307 (p = 0.201) r = ‐0.277 (p = 0.265)

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SUM06 24 HR Exposures for the months Jun‐Aug Predicted to Cause 10% Biomass Losses

Red MapleSweetgum

Yellow PoplarSycamore

Winged SumacBlack Cherry

413

1820

2020

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SUM06 24 HR Exposures for the months Jun‐Aug Predicted to Cause 10% Biomass Losses

Red MapleSweetgum

Yellow PoplarSycamore

Winged SumacBlack Cherry

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Averages (ppm*hrs)

• Before 2003: 20.3 + 2.1

• After 2002: 8.4 + 1.2

59% Reduction

• Ozone generally higher in Smokies than Shenandoah NP

• Correlation of W126 values very high between the two Parks

• Suggests similar responses to weather and also long‐range transport processes

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