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Ozone Layer

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Page 1: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Layer

Page 2: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Content

• Electromagnetic Spectrum• Ultraviolet• Ozone Layer• Ozone Layer History• Ozone Depletion• Gases that affect Ozone Layer• Consequences of Ozone Layer Depletion

Page 3: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a form of radiant energy released by certain electromagnetic processes.

• The electromagnetic waves that compose electromagnetic radiation can be imagined as a self‐propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields.

Page 4: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic waves can be characterized by either the frequency or wavelength of their oscillations to form the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

• The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.

• Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ).

• Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency of the wave. → speed of light

Page 5: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

Page 6: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

NASA ‐ Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPcAWNlVl‐8

Page 7: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ultraviolet

• Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 400 nm to 10 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X‐rays.

• Though usually invisible, under some conditions children and young adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths of about 310 nm, and people with aphakia (missing lens) can also see some UV wavelengths.

• Near‐UV is visible to a number of insects and birds.• UV radiation is present in sunlight, and is produced by electric arcs and specialized lights such as mercury‐vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights.

• Suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of over‐exposure, along with higher risk of skin cancer.

Page 8: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ultraviolet

• The electromagnetic spectrum of ultraviolet radiation, defined most broadly as 10–400 nm, can be subdivided into a number of ranges.

Page 9: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

NASA ‐ Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum – UV waves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPcAWNlVl‐8

Page 10: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Layer

• The ozone layer or ozone shield refers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation.

• It contains high concentrations of ozone (O3) relative to other parts of the atmosphere, although it is still very small relative to other gases in the stratosphere.

• The ozone layer contains fewer than ten parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million.

Page 11: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer

Page 12: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Layer

• The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometers (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically.

• The ozone layer absorbs 97–99% of the Sun's medium‐frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength), which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface.

Page 13: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2kpz_8ntJY

Page 14: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Layer History

• The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson.

• Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground.

• Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day.

• The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in his honor.

Page 15: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Depletion

• Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions.

• The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole.• In addition to these well‐known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.

Page 16: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QGD‐KiqKdE

Discovery of the ozone hole | Natural History Museum

Page 17: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Gases that affect Ozone Layer

• CFCs and other contributory substances are referred to as ozone‐depleting substances (ODS).

• The basic physical and chemical processes that lead to the formation of an ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere were discovered by Sydney Chapman in 1930.

• Short‐wavelength UV radiation splits an oxygen (O2) molecule into two oxygen (O) atoms, which then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone. Ozone is removed when an oxygen atom and an ozone molecule "recombine" to form two oxygen molecules, i.e. O + O3 → 2O2. 

• In the 1950s, David Bates and Marcel Nicolet presented evidence that various free radicals, in particular hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO), could catalyze this recombination reaction, reducing the overall amount of ozone.

Page 18: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Gases that affect Ozone Layer

• In 1970 Paul Crutzen pointed out that emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a stable, long‐lived gas produced by soil bacteria, from the Earth's surface could affect the amount of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere.

• Crutzen showed that nitrous oxide lives long enough to reach the stratosphere, where it is converted into NO.

• Crutzen then noted that increasing use of fertilizers might have led to an increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the natural background, which would in turn result in an increase in the amount of NO in the stratosphere.

Page 19: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Gases that affect Ozone Layer

• In the following year, Crutzen and (independently) Harold Johnstonsuggested that NO emissions from supersonic passenger aircraft, which would fly in the lower stratosphere, could also deplete the ozone layer.

• However, more recent analysis in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, found that the drop in ozone would be from 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic passenger aircraft were operated.

Page 20: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Gases that affect Ozone Layer

• In 1974 Frank Sherwood Rowland, Chemistry Professor at the University of California at Irvine, and his postdoctoral associate Mario J. Molinasuggested that long‐lived organic halogen compounds, such as CFCs, might behave in a similar fashion as Crutzen had proposed for nitrous oxide.

• James Lovelock had recently discovered, during a cruise in the South Atlantic in 1971, that almost all of the CFC compounds manufactured since their invention in 1930 were still present in the atmosphere.

• Molina and Rowland concluded that, like N2O, the CFCs would reach the stratosphere where they would be dissociated by UV light, releasing chlorine atoms.

• Crutzen, Molina, and Rowland were awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on stratospheric ozone.

Page 21: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Gases that affect Ozone Layer

• After a 1976 report by the United States National Academy of Sciences concluded that credible scientific evidence supported the ozone depletion hypothesis a few countries, including the United States, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, moved to eliminate the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans.

• In 1985 20 nations, including most of the major CFC producers, signed the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, which established a framework for negotiating international regulations on ozone‐depleting substances.

• That same year, the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole was announced, causing a revival in public attention to the issue.

• In 1987, representatives from 43 nations signed the Montreal Protocol.• Meanwhile, the halocarbon industry shifted its position and started supporting a protocol to limit CFC production.

Page 22: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone‐depleting gas trends.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

Page 23: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLY8m‐dXOxo

NASAexplore

Page 24: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Consequences of Ozone Layer Depletion

• Since the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun, ozone layer depletion is expected to increase surface UVB levels, which could lead to damage, including increase in skin cancer.

• Increased UV• Biological effects

• Basal and squamous cell carcinomas (skin cancer)• Malignant melanoma (skin cancer)• Ocular cortical cataracts (cortical opacity)• Increased tropospheric ozone (asthma or other respiratory difficulties)• Increased production of vitamin D (excess cause mortality)• Effects on non‐human animals• Effects on crops

Page 25: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RS0Q3WIdosE

Antarctic Ozone Hole

Page 26: Ozone Layer - Tec...Ozone Layer •The ozone layeror ozone shieldrefers to a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's UV radiation. •It contains high concentrations

Ozone Layer