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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

OYSTER BAY RESORT DEVELOPMENT

FALMOUTH, TRELAWNY, JAMAICA

Submitted to

Glyne Falmouth Arkin Ltd. 259 Spanish Town Road

Kingston 11 Jamaica

Prepared by Environmental Solutions Ltd. 20 West Kings House Road Kingston 10 Jamaica

JANUARY 2005

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FRONTISPIECE. AERIAL VIEW OF FLORIDA & BUSH CAY LANDS, TRELAWNY (photograph by J. Tyndale-Biscoe)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................i 1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1

1.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................1 1.2 BACKGROUND........................................................................................1

1.2.1 The Location......................................................................................3 1.2.2 The Site .............................................................................................4 1.2.3 The Concept ......................................................................................5 1.2.4 Long Term Vision for the Site ............................................................5

1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE ........................................................................7 1.4 STUDY TEAM ........................................................................................11 1.5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH......................................................12

1.5.1 General Approach ...........................................................................12 1.5.2 Physical Environment ..........................................................................13 1.5.3 Biological Environment ....................................................................16 1.5.4 Socio-economic Environment ..........................................................18

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................19

2.1 DESIGN AND LAYOUT ..........................................................................19 2.2 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND METHODOLOGY.........................25

2.2.1 Phasing ...........................................................................................25 2.2.2 Piling................................................................................................25 2.2.3 Mangrove Protection .......................................................................25

2.2.4 Building Construction Method .............................................................26 2.3 OPERATIONS ........................................................................................26

2.3.1 Utilities.............................................................................................26 2.3.2 Solid Waste Management ...............................................................26 2.3.3 Sewage treatment and effluent disposal..........................................26

3. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .............................30

3.1 PERMITTING ASPECTS........................................................................30 3.2 NATIONAL LEGISLATION – NATURAL ENVIRONMENT .....................30

3.2.1 Natural Resources Conservation Act (1991)........................................30 3.2.2 Environmental Review and Permitting Process (1997)....................30 3.2.3 Wildlife Protection Act (1945) ..........................................................31 3.2.4 The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act (1999)...........................................................................................31 3.2.5 The Natural Resources (Prescribed Areas)(Prohibition of Categories of Enterprise, Construction and Development) Order (1996).........................31 3.2.6 Water Resources Act (1995) ...........................................................32 3.2.7 Country Fires Act (1942) .................................................................33 3.2.8 Quarries Control Act (1983).............................................................33

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3.2.9 The Pesticides (Amendment) Act (1996).........................................34 3.2.10 Air Quality Standards.......................................................................35 3.2.11 Noise Standards ..............................................................................35 3.2.12 Water Quality NRCA Act (1990) ......................................................35 3.2.13 The Beach Control Authority (Licensing) Regulations (1956)..........37

3.3 NATIONAL LEGISLATION – SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.........................37 3.3.1 Town and Country Planning Act (1958)...........................................37 3.3.2 Land Development and Utilization Act (1966) .................................38 3.3.3 The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001)..........39 3.3.4 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act (1985)....................................39 3.3.5 Land Acquisition Act (1947).............................................................40 3.3.6 Registration of Titles Act (1989) ......................................................41

3.4 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS..........................................................................................................................41

3.4.1 Cartagena Convention (Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region) (1983) ........................................................................................................41 3.4.2 Biodiversity Convention ...................................................................42

4. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ................................................................44

4.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE ..........................................................44 4.2 CLIMATE ................................................................................................46 4.3 GEOLOGY..............................................................................................46 4.4 OCEANOGRAPHY.................................................................................47

4.4.1 Bathymetry ......................................................................................47 4.4.2 Currents and Waves........................................................................48 4.4.3 Beach Stability.................................................................................50

4.5 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY ....................................................................51 4.5.1 Flora ................................................................................................51 4.5.2 Fauna....................................................................................................56

4.6 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems ............................................................61 4.6.1 Fore Reef ........................................................................................63 4.6.2 Back Reef ........................................................................................65 4.6.3 Oyster Bay ............................................................................................66

4.7 MARINE WATER QUALITY ...................................................................68 4.8 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY ..................................................75

4.8.1 Hurricane storm surge, high velocity wind and tsunami...................75 4.8.2 Seismicity ........................................................................................77

4.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.......................................................79 4.9.1 The Tourism Context of The Project................................................79

4.10 THE COMMUNITIES AROUND THE PROJECT...................................80 4.10.1 COOPERS PEN .............................................................................81 4.10.2 ROCK .............................................................................................85 4.10.3 HAGUE...........................................................................................88

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4.10.4 MARTHA BRAE..............................................................................91 4.10.5 FALMOUTH....................................................................................94

5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES ............................99

5.1 ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS .......................................................................99

5.2 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS......................................................................127 6.0 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES.................................................129 7. OUTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING PLAN ....................130

7.1 MONITORING PROGRAMME..............................................................130 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................131 APPENDICES.....................................................................................................133 APPENDIX I: SMITH WARNER INTERNATIONAL LTD. REPORT ................134 APPENDIX II: ESL MARTHA BRAE DATA (ESL 2003)...................................135 APPENDIX III: HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY DATA (WEBBER ET AL 1995) 136 APPENDIX IV: BIOLOGICAL DATA...............................................................137 APPENDIX V: PLATES.....................................................................................143 APPENDIX VI: ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

........................................................................................................................150

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE This document presents the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) of the proposed coastal resort to be constructed on the Florida/Bush Cay

lands in Trelawny, Jamaica.

Resort developments of this nature are included on the list of prescribed activities

under the 1991 Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act (NRCA) that

require an application for permission to develop. The National Environmental

Planning Agency (NEPA), which administers the NRCAA, has requested that an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) be conducted for this project as a

requirement for obtaining a permit to implement.

Environmental Solutions Limited (ESL) has been engaged by Glyne Falmouth

Arkin Limited the developers, to prepare the EIA and to provide assistance in

other related activities. The Terms of Reference for the EIA are provided at

Section 1.3 below.

1.2 BACKGROUND The development of a high quality, environmentally sustainable green resort

development to be located on lands known as Bush Cay and Florida Cay in

Falmouth Trelawny. (Figure1.1)

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The major project goals include:

• Formulation of a conceptual sustainable land use plan for the project that

meets economic objectives and considers creative planning alternatives.

• Formulation of a business strategy that will engage strategic partners/

operators.

• Documenting the strategy for solicitation of strategic partners/ operators.

• Development of a partnership with the English Heritage Trust to encourage

the conservation of Georgian Architecture of Falmouth, the largest Georgian

architecture settlement in the Western Hemisphere.

In addition, the development of eco-tourism along the Martha Brae River and in

the Cockpit Mountains will be explored.

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1.2.1 The Location Falmouth, Trelawny lies on the northwestern coast of the island and is bordered

on the west by St. James, on the east by St. Ann and by St. Elizabeth and

Manchester on the south. Spanning an area of just over 874 square kilometers,

the parish was formed from the eastern part of St. James in 1770 and has its

place in Jamaican history as being the parish with the most sugar estates and

factories. The parish is approximately 35 kilometers from the Donald Sangster

International Airport in Montego Bay.

Falmouth the capital town of Trelawny, played an important part of Jamaica’s

history. The town served as the exit point for sugar and the landing point for

many essential goods needed by the estates of the interior and was considered

the busiest port on the north coast. During the period when the sugar industry

was thriving, the town prospered and supported many businesses including more

than one weekly newspaper. With the advent of steamships and the decline of

the sugar industry however, the town of Falmouth began to deteriorate and, to

date has not been able to re-capture its former glory days.

Falmouth was laid out in the late 1700s as a model Georgian town deserving of

international recognition. Today, Falmouth is considered a sleepy and quiet town

but its rich cultural heritage is clearly reflected in the remarkable remnants of

Georgian architecture in the town. Isolated from the rapid development that has

affected other tourist towns along the North Coast, the town of Falmouth has

maintained most of its cultural and historical integrity.

Relatively untouched by tourism activity, the parish only has a few major resorts

including – Starfish, Falmouth Resort, Grand Lido, Braco, Glistening Waters Inn,

Martha Brae Resort and FDR Pebbles. Due to its distinctive history, Falmouth

has been targeted for restoration by Tourism Action Plan (TAP), a USAID funded

initiative. There are several major initiatives being implemented aimed at

developing the town of Falmouth as a historic centre for eco-tourism/heritage

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within the parish. These initiatives include the expansion of the rafting activities

along the Martha Brae River as well as the development of a crocodile farm.

1.2.2 The Site The property is situated on a private peninsula of approximately 220 acres

enclosing Oyster Bay, a phosphorescent lagoon and tourist attraction on the

north coast of Jamaica, and forms part of the eastern arm of Falmouth Bay.

The site boundary extends immediately west of the Starfish and FDR Pebbles

Hotels to the Glistening Waters Motel, 2 miles east of Falmouth, the capital

township of the parish of Trelawny. Mangroves occupy the southern side of the

site, which plays an integral role in the ecology of the Martha Brae estuary, and is

included in the list of Jamaica’s major wetlands. The northern side faces the

Caribbean Sea and an extensive and almost continuous fringing of coral reefs

lies offshore. The tip of the peninsula offers a unique vista of Falmouth. The site

represents the largest remaining stretch of pristine white sand beach in the

island, which is geographically and physically unique to Jamaica and meanders

without interruption for over 3 ½ miles.

The site features the following attractions:

• Bioluminescent waters (once known as one of the most brilliant

bioluminescent bays in the world)

• A protected natural harbour/ marina

• 3.5 miles of pristine, white sand beach

• A protective reef offering excellent snorkeling and scuba diving

• Unpolluted waters

• Approximately 60% covered in mangroves providing excellent opportunities

for eco-tours.

• The Martha Brae River

• Natural flora and wildlife (birds) of ecological interest

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• Un-scarred surrounding tracts of land and hills

• A relatively unscathed economic and social environment

• The architectural and culturally historic township of Falmouth.

1.2.3 The Concept The developers are aware of their responsibility for ensuring a truly sustainable,

environmentally sound, green resort development and have adopted an

approach to development which will be informed by an environmental feasibility

study that will guide the planning and implementation process.

Green hotel development criteria parameters will be established for the site. They

will help guide the architectural design, construction methodology and

operational needs for the area. They will help minimize damage and ensure that

resources saving devices and appropriate waste management practices are

incorporated in the operation and maintenance of the resort.

1.2.4 Long Term Vision for the Site Preliminary Site Plans and Building Designs have been drawn by Kay-Quinton

Architects. The development is still in an embryonic stage however and, as a

result, the concept is expected to change once the feasibility studies have been

completed.

The Government Town Planner and the Eco-Engineering Pre-Design Report

have indicated potential density of 2500 persons for property. However, the

intention is to arrive at a viable site development density based on sustainable,

green parameters as part of the feasibility study. As a result, the conceptual

designs include three hotels, holiday villas/ timeshare development, apartments

(leaseable cluster units), two marinas, a commercial complex, an equestrian

center, nature trails, a health & sports complex, and the necessary support

elements.

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The Resort will also feature a nature park. This park will include a bird sanctuary

and bird watching sites, aquatic life displays, educational walking tours of

mangrove habitats and since the site hosts a large butterfly population, a butterfly

sanctuary and exhibit.

A central feature of the resort layout will be the protection of the mangrove

wetlands bordering the site. Hotel construction will therefore be restricted to the

northern shore of the peninsula such that there will be minimal intrusion on the

mangrove ecosystem.

In order to conform to the availability of hard land, the hotel on the peninsula will

be laid out in a linear fashion along the northern coast.

The developers do not envision creating an all-inclusive, reclusive type of

environment for its guests. Rather, the resort development will take advantage of

the rich history and culture of the town, catering to the eco-heritage tourist, and

all it has to offer vis-à-vis food, shopping and other services. This is expected to

benefit the residents of the neighboring local communities by providing indirect

employment and improving the general economic condition of the communities.

A total green approach, from design development through to operation of all

facilities on the site will be pursued.

The implementation of this project is expected to stimulate significant additional

development in the parish of Trelawny, leading to the restoration of important

historic sites in Falmouth. Given the positive implication for the parish, the

sponsor is seeking grant- funding equivalent to fifty percent (50%) of the pre-

implementation project budget. These funds will be matched by the sponsor,

from his own resources.

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1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE The Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment of the

proposed Oyster Bay Resort Development are provided below. These have been

adapted from World Bank guidelines and take account of the contents of the draft

TOR provided by NEPA in their letter of 9 July 2004.

1. Introduction - Identify the development project to be assessed and explain

the executing arrangements for the environmental assessment. 2. Background Information - Briefly describe the major components of the

proposed project, the implementing agents, and include a brief history of the project and its current status.

3. Study Area - Specify the boundaries of the study area for the assessment

as well as any adjacent or remote areas within the area of influence of the project.

4. EIA Team – Identify the individuals responsible for collecting the data and

carrying out the impact assessment and their respective skills.. 5. Scope of Work - The following tasks are to be undertaken:

Task 1. Description of the Proposed Project - Provide a full description of the overall project (four hotels built in two phases) and its existing setting using plans, maps and graphic aids at appropriate scales. This is to include: hotel locations; general layout (size, capacity, etc.); areas slated for development, mangrove protection and mangrove resuscitation; pre-construction and construction activities; construction methodology (buildings, piling, etc.), site management, operation and maintenance activities; project life spans; plans for providing utilities, waste disposal and other necessary services; and employment. Specific attention is to be given to the proposed means of sewage treatment, level of treatment and effluent disposal.

Task 2. Description of the Environment - Describe the physical, ecological, demographic, socio-cultural and institutional setting of the project. Review and present information that provides an insight into previously existing conditions of the site and the influences of past development initiatives. Assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area, including the following:

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a) Physical environment: peninsular and coastal mainland and estuarine features; topography; geology; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient noise (at site and in area of influence); hydrology; drainage and storm water runoff; inshore water current patterns; shoreline structure, stability, and nature of land accretion; and marine water quality1. Any existing sources of pollution and the extent of contamination relevant to the project area are to be identified. The natural hazard vulnerability of the site is also to be considered, particularly with respect to hurricanes and storm surge.

b) Biological environment: flora and fauna of the terrestrial, mangrove,

sea grass, and coral reef ecosystems on and adjacent to the project site as well as the ecology of Oyster Bay2. Specify rare or endangered species, species of commercial importance, and species with potential to become vectors or nuisances.

c) Socio-cultural environment: present and projected population size,

land use, community structure, issues related to squatting and relocation, current development plans, recreation and public health, public and community perceptions and attitudes on the proposed project, and any historical sites affected by the project. Identify the solid waste management facilities to be used by the project and assess public perception of the proposed development.

Task 3. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations - Describe the pertinent environmental laws, regulations and standards governing coastal structures, land use control, environmental quality, health and safety, protection of mangroves and other sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, and tourism facilities. Particular reference is to be made to the Town and Country Planning (Trelawny Parish) Provisional Development Order, 1980, and to the Tree Preservation (Bush Cay, Trelawny)(Revocation) Order, 2004. Task 4. Determination of Potential Impacts – Identify the major issues of environmental concern and indicate their relative importance to the design of the project. Distinguish long-term and short-term impacts, construction and post-construction phase impacts, positive and negative impacts, and direct and indirect impacts. Identify the significant impacts and those that are cumulative, unavoidable or irreversible. Identify impacts through use of a matrix arraying the project activities against relevant environmental factors. Given the physical and ecological sensitivity of the proposed development site, conduct a comprehensive analysis of the overall master plan in the

1 Parameters to include: BOD, TSS, NO3, PO4, and faecal coliforms. 2 Full reference is to be made to a recent post-graduate study of the dinoflagellates in Oyster Bay.

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first instance to consider the more strategic environmental issues (e.g. long-term peninsula shoreline stability, mangrove protection, maintenance of the bioluminescent dinoflagellates in Oyster Bay, sewage treatment, etc.). and followed by attention to mitigation of the short-term impacts related to the construction works for each of the four hotels. a) Master Plan impact assessment:

• Vegetation clearance, especially mangrove habitat disturbance, related to site clearance, road construction, placement of buildings and services installation.

• Impact of proposed site layout on existing flora, fauna and

coastal resources, habitats to be protected, areas to be replanted, and landscaping.

• Modification of existing drainage patterns and surface runoff

during construction and post-construction phases, particularly with reference to the hydrography of the fringing mangroves and discharges to Oyster Bay.

• Modification of long-shore sediment transport processes due to construction of piers for ‘above-water rooms’.

• Potable water supply, demand and resource depletion.

• Waste water treatment, use, disposal and management.

• Solid waste management during construction and post-

construction phases.

• Socioeconomic conditions, effects on existing users of the coastal areas, infringement on rights of stakeholders, community involvement and public perceptions of the project.

• Unplanned squatter housing

• Potential impacts of the development on adjacent property

owners.

• Impacts of the proposed nature reserve.

• Natural hazard vulnerability

b) Assessment of construction works and resort operations

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• Construction impacts including earth materials sourcing, transport and storage; building construction methods; site management; noise; fugitive dust; traffic obstruction; and employment.

• Resort operations and maintenance; use of energy saving and

resource conservation technology, vehicular traffic generation, and employment.

Reference should be made to the extent and quality of the available data and any information deficiencies and uncertainties associated with the prediction of impacts should be clearly identified.

Task 5. Mitigation and Management of Negative Impacts - Recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or to reduce the significant negative impacts to acceptable levels.

Task 6. Development of a Monitoring Plan - Prepare the outline of a plan for monitoring the impacts of the project and the implementation of mitigating measures during construction. This plan is to be detailed after the permit for the project is granted and the construction plans for the project have been finalized at which time the plan is to be submitted to NEPA for approval. Task 7. Determination of Project Alternatives – Examine alternatives to the project including the no-action option and alternatives involving reductions in the scale and footprint of the development. The examination of alternatives should appropriately defend the proposed alternative examined in the context of the EIA. Task 8. Assist in Inter-Agency Coordination and Public/NGO Participation - Assist in co-ordinating the environmental assessment with the government agencies and in obtaining the views of local NGO's and affected groups. Manage and coordinate the public hearing on the EIA findings as required by the NEPA permit approval process.

6. Report - The environmental assessment report is to be concise and limited

to significant environmental issues. The main text is to focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report is to be organized according to the outline below.

o Executive Summary o Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework o Description of Proposed Project

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o Description of the Environment o Significant Environmental Impacts and Impact Mitigation Measures o Environmental Monitoring Plan o Project Alternatives o Inter-Agency and Public/NGO Involvement o List of References

1.4 STUDY TEAM A multidisciplinary team was identified to conduct the study and comprised the

following persons:

Peter Reeson, M.Sc. - ESL Principal, EIA Specialist and Team Leader - with

many years of experience in environmental impact assessments, project

management and working on a wide range of resort projects in Jamaica and the

Caribbean. He has brought that expertise to bear in his role as project manager

and principal consultant.

Barry Wade, PhD – Coastal Zone Management Specialist, ESL Chairman and

Principal – With over thirty years experience in coastal processes and pollution,

and with previous assessment of this project site, Dr. Wade was instrumental in

analysing the existing site and situation and determination of impacts and

recommendation of mitigation measures.

George Campbell, M.Sc. – ESL Principal and Social Ecologist – has brought his

wide range of experience in socioeconomic assessments and community

surveys to the social development and community aspects of the project.

Ian Gage, B.Sc., PE – ESL Principal and Sanitary Engineer – with many years of

institutional experience in the field of sanitation, Mr. Gage has provided advice

and technical assistance to the EIA team on aspects of sewage treatment and

disposal options and impacts.

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Margaret Williams, Ph.D. – Ecologist and EIA Specialist – using her extensive

knowledge of Jamaican terrestrial environments, she was responsible for the

review and compilation of the ecological aspects of the study and determination

of potential impacts and recommendation of mitigation measures.

Sharonmae Shirley, BSc, M.Phil – Environmental Chemist – with over eight

years experience in environmental chemistry, including water and solid waste

studies, Mrs. Shirley was responsible for analysis of coastal water quality.

Aedan Earle, M.Sc. – Earth Scientist – Experienced in GIS, geotechnical

investigations and terrain analysis, he was responsible for assessment of the

physical impacts, producing the graphical overlays, and compiling the EIA report.

Marlon Hibbert, M.Phil (pending) – Zoologist – Experienced in coral reef

surveys and aiding the design and implementation of research programmes, Mr.

Hibbert has worked on the ecology of the Martha Brae and was responsible for

the marine data collection.

1.5 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH 1.5.1 General Approach

A multi-disciplinary team of experienced scientists and environmental

professionals was assembled to carry out the required resource assessment,

generation of baseline data, determination of potential impacts and

recommendation of mitigation measures. An iterative approach among the

environmental team members and other project professionals was adopted.

The team utilized the Charette-style approach to data gathering, analysis, and

presentation whereby team members conducted the reconnaissance

investigations together to determine the critical elements for analysis and the

issues to be highlighted for the design and planning process. Team meetings

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were held to discuss the progress of investigations and analyses and facilitate

integration of data toward an understanding of the systems at work in both the

natural and built environment. Baseline data for the study area was collected using a combination of:

o Windshield Survey

o Site Reconnaissance

o Aerial Survey

o Desk Top Research

o Analysis of Maps and Plans

o Review of Reports and background documents

o Public Consultations

o Field Studies

o Laboratory Analyses

o Charette Style Consultations

1.5.2 Physical Environment

Information was gathered on the existing physical environment, particularly as

related to geology, topography, soils, hydrology and drainage, water quality, air

quality and noise.

Geology, Topography, Soils

Information on the climate, geology, topography, soils, was obtained by compiling

existing data from reports as well as from source agencies. Aerial photos,

satellite imagery and other published maps were also examined.

Field work was carried out to augment and verify existing information relating to

geology and soils and to obtain first hand knowledge of the topography.

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Hydrology and Drainage

Surface and ground water characteristics and flows were assessed using field

investigation as well as maps, aerial photographs and data from previous reports.

Water Quality Water quality determinations, an important component of any environmental

assessment, provide critical data on the condition of the water resource. The

major objectives of the present water quality sampling programme are outlined

below:

◊ To assess coastal/land use practices prior to the construction of the

Oyster Bay Hotel(s),

◊ To determine baseline water quality conditions of the surface water

systems

◊ To determine the nature and extent of existing land use impacts,

◊ To determine the impact of the disposal of treated sewage effluent from

the proposed Oyster Bay Development on surface water quality,

◊ To determine compliance with local and international water quality

standards.

These objectives were largely met through the conduct of a water quality

sampling exercise on November 9, 2004.

Ten sampling stations were selected in Oyster Bay and the coastal waters off

Bush and Florida Cays, based on their location relative to the discharge points of

major water sources, and their current or potential impairment. The station

locations are shown at Table 1.5.

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Table 1.5: Water Quality Stations

STATION NUMBER STATION NAME

1 Deep sea control, north of Florida Cay

2 Coastal waters off Time and Place

3 Coastal waters off Florida Cay

4 Coastal waters off Bush Cay

5 Falmouth Harbour Mouth

6 Oyster Bay North

7 Center Oyster Bay

8 Northeast Oyster Bay

9 Oyster Bay South near boat dock

10 Martha Brae by bridge

Samples were collected at a depth of 0.5m. and collection was facilitated by use

of a boat. All samples were collected in pre-cleaned 2 litre polyethylene sample

bottles. Bacterial samples were collected at the water’s surface in sterilized 100

ml glass bottles.

The following parameters were analysed on all of the water samples:

◊ Ph

◊ Salinity

◊ Dissolved Oxygen

◊ Turbidity

◊ Nitrate

◊ Phosphate

◊ BOD5

◊ Total and Faecal Coliform

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Salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ at all

sampling stations using a YSI Model 57 Salinity/Conductivity/Temperature (SCT)

meter and YSI Model 33 oxygen meter respectively. Measurements were taken

at the surface (0.5m depth) of the water column.

Environmental Solutions Limited Laboratory performed or supervised the

analysis of all parameters. Laboratory analyses used certified methodology,

primarily from the text ‘Standard Methods for Examining Water and Wastewater’.

1.5.3 Biological Environment

The status of the flora and fauna of the study area was determined by a review of

literature relevant to the area and field investigations for both the terrestrial and

marine environments.

Flora

The vegetative communities were identified using the method of Grossman et al

(1991) and classified into community types. Identification was carried out of

dominant tree species, assessment of stage of growth (mature or sapling) and

assessment of canopy cover. The vegetation was identified and described for

seven sites along the property

Fauna

Information on avifauna was gathered from existing literature on reported species

as well as observations in the field. Birds were identified by both sight and call.

Marine Ecology- Fore Reef System and Back Reef Lagoon

The reef system north of the development site was investigated in an effort to

determine the status of the marine community and the possible impacts the

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proposed development might pose to this community. The assessment was

conducted using SCUBA diving.

A qualitative assessment was conducted in three areas, the data collected

provided a species list, each species was then further assessed by using the

subjective (DAFOR) rating for each species. The DAFOR provides an indication

of whether an individual species is Dominant, Abundant, Frequent, Occasional or

Rare in the environment, this rating is useful in giving an overall picture of the

area, but limited because the observation rating for an individual species may

change from day to day.

Qualitative data on general features of the site were obtained using roving swims

aided by underwater photography. Quantitative data on benthic communities

were obtained using three (3) twenty (20) m long transects, percentage cover of

these communities were collected using 0.25m quadrants along the transect line.

Plankton and Chlorophyll ‘a’ analysis

(i) Identification and Enumeration

A 250 mL opaque bottle was used for collection. Before entering the field 5 mL

of Lugol’s iodine solution was placed in the bottle as a preservative

(Vollenweider, 1969; Steidinger,1979). Once collected the sample was returned

to the lab and analyzed as soon as possible.

(ii) Biomass (Chlorophyll ’a’ determination) A one litre dark bottle was used to collect the sample to be used for the

flourometric determination of chlorophyll pigments. Dark bottles were used to

prevent light shock and subsequent degradation of chlorophyll pigments.

Filtration was achieved using the Nalgene Fractionating tower using different

filter sizes to obtain three fractions of phytoplankton. The filtrate obtained was

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collected, chloroform added to prevent nutrient degradation and frozen for later

analysis.

1.5.4 Socio-economic Environment Rural rapid appraisal techniques were used in 5 communities lying within or

neighbouring Oyster Bay, to identify issues of relevance to the Project. The

process involved windscreen observations, in-depth structured interviews as well

as non-structured ad hoc discussions with key informants, other individuals and

groups. Both Government agencies and private sector enterprises, were

canvassed. Demographic data was sourced from STATIN and hydrological data

from The National Water Authority. Information was gathered on the following

aspects:

• typology (urban, rural, unplanned residential, housing scheme, etc.)

• land uses and livelihoods

• developments underway

• community facilities

• water supply and other utilities

• waste management practices

• recreational activities

• heritage

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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 DESIGN AND LAYOUT The proposed resort to be located on the Florida peninsula-Bush Cay lands near

Falmouth will consists of four hotels to be built in two phases along the northern

half of the peninsula, Figure 2.1.1. Each hotel will consist of rooms on land as

well as rooms over the sea referred to as sea-rooms. The four hotels have a

reception area and the land rooms have pools and decks associated with them.

Table 2.1.1 indicates the number of land and sea rooms associated with each

hotel. The resort also has a conference and entertainment center as well as staff

accommodation, water storage and a waste water treatment plant.

Table 2.1.1: Allocation of Rooms to Hotels

Hotel No. No. of Land Rooms No. of Sea Rooms

1 432 44 2 453 42 3 520 36 4 736 42

Each hotel consists of a single story reception/lobby area as shown in Figure

2.1.1, and land rooms which consists of three story structures shown in Figure

2.1.2. The sea rooms consist of one bedroom wooden structures built over the

sea on concrete piles. Figure 2.1.3 illustrates the general configuration of the

sea rooms.

The land rooms will be built with the lower floor elevated above the land surface

which is typically about 1 meter above sea level. Figure 2.1.4 shows a section

across the peninsula and illustrates the relationship between the mangroves to

the south and the land rooms in relation to the land surface. Figure 2.1.5 shows

further details of the elevated nature of the lower floor and the relationship with

the beach area along the northern shoreline of the peninsula.

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Figure 2.1.1: Resort Layout

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Figure 2.1.2: Views of Hotel Block (1)

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Figure 2.1.3: Layout and Configuration of Sea Rooms

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Figure 2.1.4: Section across Peninsula showing Land Rooms from North to South

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Figure 2.1.5: Detail of Land Room showing the Raised Lower Floor in Relation to the Landscape

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Staff accommodation, staff offices, laundry area, water storage, and sewage

plant will be located at the extreme eastern end of the property where the

peninsula grades into the limestone foothills to the southeast.

2.2 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND METHODOLOGY

2.2.1 Phasing The resort will be constructed in two phases beginning with the construction of

hotels 1 and 2 followed by hotels 3 and 4. The first phase is anticipated to take

one year to complete.

2.2.2 Piling All major structures of the hotel including the land rooms and sea rooms will be

founded on piles. These will consist of concrete piles driven until the underlying

soils are of sufficient compaction to provide adequate bearing capacity.

Preliminary results from soil borings suggest that these piles will be in excess of

40 feet in some locations.

2.2.3 Mangrove Protection

The hotels will be built along the northern shoreline of the peninsula with the

overall footprint of the resort occupying areas north of the mangrove covered

portion. Figure 2.1.1 shows the relationship between the existing mangrove area

and the footprint of the resort. A small portion of mangrove fringing the southern

lagoon will be removed for siting the reception area of hotel 1. A large section of

mangrove removed from the southeastern part of the site for a previous

development over 30 years ago will be rejuvenated. A nature park will be

designed as part of this resuscitated mangrove area and will include ponds and

other wetland features.

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2.2.4 Building Construction Method

The developers intend to use “Tunnel Form “ construction method to build the

major hotel structures such as the reception areas and the land rooms. This

methodology involves the use of reinforced concrete poured in place using

rectangular tunnel shaped formwork. This forms a rectangular tunnel shaped

structure which is then partitioned. The process is repeated laterally and

vertically to form the shell of the building. The sea rooms will be made of water

resistant timber.

2.3 OPERATIONS

2.3.1 Utilities

Water will be supplied from the municipal water suppliers, the National Water

Commission. Electricity will be generated on-site by package electric generators.

2.3.2 Solid Waste Management

Solid waste will be disposed of by haulage to the municipal solid waste land fill at

Retirement in Montego Bay.

2.3.3 Sewage treatment and effluent disposal

A package sewage treatment plant will be installed capable of tertiary level

treatment located on limestone rock at the southeastern end of the property. The

plant is an activated sludge system capable of treating 600 m3 per day. The

process flow diagram of the treatment plant is shown in Figure 2.3.1 and a

diagrammatic layout of the plant is shown in Figure 2.3.2.

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Figure 2.3.1: Process Flow Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant

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Figure 2.3.2: Diagnostic Layout of STP Installation

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Waste water will be stored temporarily in holding tanks in each hotel. From there

it will be pumped to the treatment plant. The effluent will be gravity fed into

holding ponds within the rejuvenated mangrove area and the overflow dissipated

through multiple outlets through the mangrove. Final design specification will

have to ensure that the effluent produced by the plant meets NEPA standards

that apply to the installation of new waste water treatment systems.

Additional treatment of the effluent will produce irrigation water for the resort. The

final design specification of this aspect of the treatment process will have to

ensure that the grey water produced meets the NEPA standards for irrigation

water. (See Section 3)

NEPA requires an application for a licence to treat and discharge sewage

effluent. During this application process details of the final design will be made

available to NEPA for consideration and approval. However, the requirements

for sewage effluents have been outlined in this report and taken into

consideration for the assessments of impacts for this development. It is

anticipated that NEPA standards will be met, in the final design.

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3. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

This section presents the legislation and regulations pertinent to the proposed

Oyster Bay Resort Development.

3.1 PERMITTING ASPECTS

The Oyster Bay Resort falls within the prescribed category of ‘Development

Projects’ and a Project Information Form and Permit Application Form were

submitted to the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA). An

Environmental Impact Assessment for the project was requested, and is the

subject of this report. Several legal instruments, national and international, are

relevant to the proposed development.

3.2 NATIONAL LEGISLATION – NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

3.2.1 Natural Resources Conservation Act (1991)

The Natural Resources Conservation Act was passed in the Jamaican

Parliament in 1991 and provided the basis for the establishment of the Natural

Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) with primary responsibility for

ensuring sustainable development in Jamaica through the protection and

management of Jamaica’s natural resources and control of pollution. Sections 9

and 10 of the NRCA Act stipulate that an Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) is required for new projects and existing projects undergoing expansion.

3.2.2 Environmental Review and Permitting Process (1997)

The environmental Permit and License System (P&L), introduced in 1997, is a

mechanism to ensure that all developments in Jamaica meet required standards

in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. The P&L System is

administered by NEPA, through the Applications Section (formerly the Permit and

License Secretariat). Permits are required by persons undertaking new

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development which fall within a prescribed category. Under the NRCA Act of

1991, the NRCA is authorized to issue, suspend and revoke permits and licences

if facilities are not in compliance with the environmental standards and conditions

of approval stipulated. An applicant for a Permit or License must complete an

application form as well as a Project Information Form (PIF) for submission to the

NRCA. The Permit Application and PIF were submitted in January 2004.

3.2.3 Wildlife Protection Act (1945)

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1945 prohibits removal, sale or possession of

protected animals, use of dynamite, poisons or other noxious material to kill or

injure fish, prohibits discharge of trade effluent or industrial waste into harbours,

lagoons, estuaries and streams, and Authorizes the establishment of Game

Sanctuaries and Reserves. Protected under the Wildlife Protection Act are six

species of sea turtle, one land mammal, one butterfly, three reptiles and several

species of birds including rare and endangered species and game birds.

3.2.4 The Endangered Species (Protection, Conservation and Regulation of Trade) Act (1999)

This Act deals with restriction on trade in endangered species, regulation of trade in

species specified in the schedule, suspension and revocation of permits or certificates,

offences and penalties, and enforcement. Many species of reptile, amphibian and birds

that are endemic to Jamaica but not previously listed under national protective

legislation, or under international legislation, are listed in the Appendices of this Act.

3.2.5 The Natural Resources (Prescribed Areas)(Prohibition of Categories of Enterprise, Construction and Development) Order (1996)

The island of Jamaica and the Territorial Sea of Jamaica have been declared a

Prescribed Area. No person can undertake any enterprise, construction or development

of a prescribed description or category except under and in accordance with a permit.

The Natural Resources Conservation (Permits and Licenses) Regulations (1996) give

effect to the provisions of the Prescribed Areas Order.

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3.2.6 Water Resources Act (1995)

The Water Resources Act of 1995 established the Water Resources Authority

(WRA). This Authority is authorized to regulate, allocate, conserve and manage

the water resources of the island. The Authority is also responsible for water

quality control and is required under Section 4 of the Act to provide upon request

to any department or agency of Government, technical assistance for any

projects, programmes or activities relating to development, conservation and the

use of water resources.

It is the responsibility of the WRA as outlined in Section 16 to prepare, for the

approval of the Minister, a draft National Water Resources Master Plan for

Jamaica. Areas to be covered in this Draft Master Plan of 1990 included

objectives for the development, conservation and use of water resources in

Jamaica with consideration being given to the protection and encouragement of

economic activity, and the protection of the environment and the enhancement of

environmental values.

Section 25 advises that the proposed user will still have to obtain planning

permission, if this is a requirement, under the Town and Country Planning Act. In

addition, Section 21 of the Act stipulates that if the water to be used will result in

the discharge of effluents, an application for a license to discharge effluents will

have to be made to the Natural Resources Conservation Authority or any other

relevant body as indicated by the Minister.

With regard to underground water, Section 37 states that it is unlawful to allow

this water to go to waste. However, if the underground water "interferes or

threatens to interfere with the execution or operation of any underground works",

it will not be unlawful to allow the water to go to waste in order to carry out the

required works provided that there is no other reasonable method of disposing of

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the water. The Authority also has the power to determine the safe yield of

aquifers (Section 38).

3.2.7 Country Fires Act (1942)

Section 4 of the Country Fires Act of 1942 prohibits the setting of fire to trash

without prior notice being given to the nearest police station and the occupiers of

all adjoining lands. In addition, a space of at least fifteen feet in width must be

cleared around all trash to be burnt and all inflammable material removed from

the area. Section 6 of the Act empowers the Minister to prohibit, as may be

necessary, the setting of fire to trash without a permit.

Offences against this Act include:

• Setting fire to trash between the hours of 6.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.

(Section 5a);

• Leaving open-air fires unattended before they have been completely

extinguished (Section 5b);

• Setting fires without a permit and contrary to the provisions outlined in

Section 6 (Section 8);

• Negligent use or management of a fire which could result in damage to

property (Section 13a);

• Smoking a pipe, cigar or cigarette on the grounds of a plantation which

could result in damage to property (Section 13b).

3.2.8 Quarries Control Act (1983)

The Quarries Control Act of 1983 established the Quarries Advisory Committee,

which advises the Minister on general policy relating to quarries as well as on

applications for licenses. The Act provides for the establishment of quarry zones,

and controls licensing and operations of all quarries. The Minister may on the

recommendation of the Quarries Advisory Committee declare as a specified area

any area, in which quarry zones are to be established and establish quarry zones

within any such specified area.

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Section 5 of the Act states that a licence is required for establishing or operating

a quarry though this requirement may be waived by the Minister if the mineral to

be extracted is less than 100 cubic metres. Application procedures are outlined in

Section 8. The prescribed form is to be filed with the Minister along with the

prescribed fee and relevant particulars. The applicant is also required to place a

notice in a prominent place at the proposed site for a period of at least 21 days

starting from the date on which it was filed.

3.2.9 The Pesticides (Amendment) Act (1996)

The Pesticides (Amendment) Act of 1996 amended sections of the principal act,

which came into effect in 1975 and established the Pesticides Control Authority.

This Act gives the Authority the responsibility of controlling the importation,

manufacture, packaging, sale, use and disposal of pesticides. Section 11 states

that the Authority is required to keep a register or record of all relevant

information such as registered pesticides, restricted pesticides, pest control

operators and persons licensed to import or manufacture pesticides. Under

Section 16 of the Act, the Authority may also, with the approval of the Minister,

make regulations which relate to areas such as:

Aerial application of pesticides;

Supervision required for the use of pesticides, the prescribed protective

clothing to be worn and other precautionary measures;

The permissible levels of pesticides to be used;

The periods during which particular pesticides may or may not be used on

certain agricultural crops;

The disposal of pesticides and packages.

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3.2.10 Air Quality Standards

The Federal Clean Air Act which came into force in the United States in 1990

established air quality standards for six pollutants: ozone (O3), carbon monoxide

(CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter

(PM10) and lead (Pb). An allowable level for each of these pollutants has been

set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) whose

objective is to protect the public from exposure to dangerous levels. National

standards, known as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), were

established and they were categorized into two groups. In one group, there are

the primary standards, designed to protect human health and in the other, there

are the secondary standards designed to protect the environment and limit

property damage.

3.2.11 Noise Standards

To date, Jamaica has no National legislation for noise, but World Bank guidelines

are often used for benchmarking purposes. The NRCA is currently preparing a

draft document for national Noise Standards.

3.2.12 Water Quality NRCA Act (1990)

The NRCA has primary responsibility for control of pollution in Jamaica’s

environment, including pollution of water. National Standards exist for industrial

and sewage discharge into rivers and streams. WHO Standards for drinking

water are used and these are regulated by the National Water Commission.

There are no national standards for ambient water quality of riverine systems.

The tables below gives the relevant NRCA Interim Irrigation Standards and

Sewage Effluent Standards.

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Table 3.2.12a: Interim Irrigation Standards

Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) Interim Irrigation Standards

Parameter Standard Limit

Oil & Grease 10 mg/L

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 15 mg/L

Residual Chlorine 0.5 mg/L

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 15 mg/L

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) <100 mg/L

Faecal Coliform 12 MPN/100mL

Table 3.2.12b: NRCA Sewage Effluent Standards

Immediate Technology Based Effluent Standards

Parameter Effluent Limited

BOD5 20 mg/l

TSS 30 mg/l

Nitrates (as Nitrogen) 30 mg/

Phosphates 10 mg/l

COD 100 mg/l

pH 6-9

Faecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100ml

Residual Chlorine 1.5 mg/l

Proposed Sewage Effluent Standards

BOD5 20 mg/l

TSS 20 mg/l

Total Nitrogen 10 mg/l

Phosphates 4 mg/l

COD 100 mg/l

pH 6-9

Faecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100ml

Residual Chlorine 1.5 mg/l

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3.2.13 The Beach Control Authority (Licensing) Regulations (1956)

The Beach Control Regulations require a permit for any works on the beach,

coastline or foreshore. Application must be made to the Applications Secretariat

at the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA). Requirements

include a Notice of Application to be posted on the landward and seaward sides

of the property and said Notice should be served on adjoining neighbours.

3.3 NATIONAL LEGISLATION – SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 3.3.1 Town and Country Planning Act (1958)

Section 5 of the Town and Country Planning Act authorizes the Town and

Country Planning Authority to prepare, after consultation with any local authority,

the provisional development orders required for any land in the urban or rural

areas, so as to control the development of land in the prescribed area. In this

manner, the Authority will be able to coordinate the development of roads and

public services and conserve and develop the resources in the area.

Any person may, under Section 6 of the Act, object to any development order on

the grounds that it is:

• impractical and unnecessary;

• against the interests of the economic welfare of the locality.

However, if the Minister is satisfied that the implementation of the provisional

development order is likely to be in the public interest, he may, under Section 7

(2) of the Act, confirm it with or without modification by publishing a notice in the

Gazette. Section 8 of the Act also gives the Minister the authority to amend a

confirmed development order.

Section 10 of the Act states that a development order must include:

• clearly defined details of the area to be developed;

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• regulations regarding the development of the land in the area

specified;

• formal granting of permission for the development of land in the area.

If the provisions of section 9A of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority

(NRCA) Act apply to the development, the application can only be approved by

the Planning Authority after the NRCA has granted a permit for the development.

(Section 11 (1A). The Authority may impose a "tree preservation order" under

Section 25 of the Act if it considers it important to make provision for the

preservation of trees and woodlands in the area of the development. This order

may:

prohibit the cutting down, topping, lopping or willful destruction of trees;

secure the replanting of any section of the woodland area in which trees

were felled during the forestry operations permitted under the order.

The tree preservation order is not applicable to the cutting down of trees which

were already dead, dying or had become dangerous and the order can take

effect only after it has been confirmed by the Minister.

The Minister can, under Section 26 of the Act, make regulations to restrict and

regulate the display of advertisements in any area to be developed if he

considers this to be in the interest of public safety. Section 28 of the Act

empowers the local authority to require the owner or occupier of land in the

development area to take the steps necessary to ensure its proper maintenance.

3.3.2 Land Development and Utilization Act (1966)

Under Section 3 of the of the Land Development and Utilization Act (1966), the

Land Development and Utilization Commission is authorized to designate as

agricultural land, any land which because of its "situation, character and other

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relevant circumstances" should be brought into use for agriculture. However, this

order is not applicable to land, which has been approved under the Town and

Country Planning Act for development purposes other than that of agriculture.

Among the duties of the Commission outlined in Section 14 of the Act is its

responsibility to ensure that agricultural land is "as far as possible, properly

developed and utilized".

3.3.3 The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001)

The National Solid Waste Management Authority Act (2001) is “an act to provide

for the regulation and management of solid waste; to establish a body to be

called the National Solid Waste Management Authority and for matters

connected therewith or incidental thereto”. The Solid Waste Management

Authority (SWMA) is to take all steps as necessary for the effective management

of solid waste in Jamaica in order to safeguard public health, ensure that waste is

collected, sorted, transported, recycled, reused or disposed of, in an

environmentally sound manner and to promote safety standards in relation to

such waste. The SWMA also has responsibility for the promotion of public

awareness of the importance of efficient solid waste management, to advise the

Minister on matters of general policy and to perform other functions pertaining to

solid waste management.

3.3.4 Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act (1985)

The Jamaica National Heritage Trust Act of 1985 established the Jamaica

National Heritage Trust (JNHT). The Trust's functions outlined in Section 4

include the following responsibilities:

To promote the preservation of national monuments and anything

designated as protected national heritage for the benefit of the Island;

To carry out such development as it considers necessary for the

preservation of any national monument or anything designated as

protected national heritage;

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To record any precious objects or works of art to be preserved and to

identify and record any species of botanical or animal life to be protected.

Section 17 further states that it is an offence for any individual to:

willfully deface, damage or destroy any national monument or protected

national heritage or to deface, damage, destroy, conceal or remove any

mark affixed to a national monument or protected national heritage;

alter any national monument or mark without the written permission of the

Trust;

remove or cause to be removed any national monument or protected

national heritage to a place outside of Jamaica.

3.3.5 Land Acquisition Act (1947)

Section 3 of the Land Acquisition Act (1947) empowers any officer authorized by

the Minister to enter and survey land in any locality that may be needed for any

public purpose. This may also involve:

• Digging or boring into the sub-soil;

• Cutting down and clearing away any standing crop, fence, bush or

woodland;

• Carrying out other acts necessary to ascertain that the land is suitable

for the required purpose. .

The Minister is authorized under Section 5 of the Act to make a public declaration

under his signature if land is required for a public purpose provided that the

compensation to be awarded for the land is to be paid out of the:

• Consolidated Fund or loan funds of the Government;

• Funds of any Parish Council, the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation

or the National Water Commission.

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Once the Commissioner enters into possession of any land under the provisions

of this Act, the land is vested in the Commissioner of Lands and is held in trust

for the Government of Jamaica in keeping with the details outlined in Section 16.

The Commissioner shall provide the Registrar of Titles with a copy of every

notice published as well as a plan of the land. The Commissioner will also make

an application to the Registrar of Titles in order to bring the title of the land under

the operation of the Registration of Titles Act.

3.3.6 Registration of Titles Act (1989)

The Registration of Titles Act of 1989 is the legal basis for land registration in

Jamaica, which is carried out using a modified Torrens System (Centre for

Property Studies, 1998). Under this system, land registration is not compulsory,

although once a property is entered in the registry system the title is continued

through any transfer of ownership.

3.4 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

3.4.1 Cartagena Convention (Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region) (1983)

Adopted in March 1983 in Cartagena, Colombia, the Convention for the

Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean

Region, also known as the Cartagena Convention, is the only legally binding

environmental treaty for the Wider Caribbean. The Convention came into force in

October 1996 as a legal instrument for the implementation of the Caribbean

Action Plan and represents a commitment by the participating governments to

protect, develop and manage their common waters individually and jointly.

Ratified by twenty countries, the Cartagena Convention is a framework

agreement which sets out the political and legal foundations for actions to be

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developed. The operational Protocols, which direct these actions, are designed

to address special issues and to initiate concrete actions. The Convention is

currently supported by three Protocols. These are:

• The Protocol Concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the

Wider Caribbean Region (The Oil Spills Protocol), which was adopted

and entered into force at the same time as the Cartagena Convention;

• The Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife in the

Wider Caribbean Region (The SPAW Protocol), which was adopted in

two stages, the text in January, 1990 and its Annexes in June, 1991.

The Protocol entered into force in 2000;

• The Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and

Activities in the Wider Caribbean Region (LBS Protocol), which was

adopted in October, 1999.

3.4.2 Biodiversity Convention

The objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity are "the conservation of

biological diversity, sustainable use of its components and the fair equitable

sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources". This is

the first global, comprehensive agreement which has as its focus all aspects of

biological diversity: genetic resources, species and ecosystems. The Convention

acknowledges that the "conservation of biological diversity is a common concern

of humankind and an integral part of the development process". In order to

achieve its goals, the signatories are required to:

• Develop plans for protecting habitat and species.

• Provide funds and technology to help developing countries provide

protection.

• Ensure commercial access to biological resources for development.

• Share revenues fairly among source countries and developers.

• Establish safe regulations and liability for risks associated with

biotechnology development.

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Jamaica’s Green Paper Number 3/01, entitled Towards a National Strategy and

Action Plan on Biological Diversity in Jamaica, speaks to Jamaica’s continuing

commitment to its obligations as a signatory to the Convention.

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4. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

4.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

The Florida/ Bush Cay lands consist of a peninsula that projects in an east-west

direction into the estuary embayment of Oyster Bay. (Figure 4.1.1. ) The property

consists of a wider eastern portion known as Florida which has become

connected over time with an island at the western extremity known as Bush Cay

to form a tombolo feature. The Martha Brae River flows into Oyster Bay through

an extensive wetland system found along the inland limestone foothills that run

parallel to the coastline. Where the peninsula is joined to the mainland the

topography rises sharply as a series of flat topped terraces to an elevation of

120 feet.

The land surface of the project site is gently undulating rising at a low angle from

the sea with a maximum elevation of about 2.5 meters. The morphology of the

land surface is defined by the beach structure running along the northern shore

of the peninsula, while the southern shore and eastern portion of the site is

shaped by the low lying wetland. The wetland area occupies approximately 60%

of the surface. 30% of these is old mangrove, 30% is current mangrove and

about 1% is freshwater wetland. 40% of the surface comprises sand flats and

sand dunes. Bush Cay has been joined through sedimentation with the Florida

peninsula to form a continuous stretch of land.

Drainage of the sand covered area of the site is good while extensive ponding of

the low lying wetland area occurs after heavy rains and persists for long periods.

The limestone hills south of the site drain by downward movement of rainfall

through cracks and other solution features. The water table is very close to or at

sea level throughout the site.

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Figure 4.1.1: Topography of Florida Peninsula and Bush Cay

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4.2 CLIMATE The climate of the site like the rest of Jamaica is subtropical with gentle

northeasterly prevailing winds and average daily temperatures varying from 23oC

in January to about 28oC in July. Humidity ranges from 66% to 87% with a

significant diurnal variation resulting in high morning humidity dropping off

significantly in the afternoon. Rainfall data from the Meteorological Office over

the period 1951- 1980 indicates mean monthly rainfall for Falmouth is in the

order of 85 mm with a high of 163 in November and 105 in May. There are two

distinct periods of higher than average rainfall between October to January and

during May. During the period June to November each year extreme weather conditions are

produced by tropical systems that develop in the north Atlantic and Caribbean

basins. These system move westwards through the Caribbean region and

generate intense rainfall of long duration as well as high velocity winds when they

pass close to or make landfall. Northers that form over the North American

continent in winter months produce slow moving cold fonts that approach the

island from the north and bring with them intense rainfall that can persist for

days.

4.3 GEOLOGY The peninsula making up the project site is underlain by a thick sequence of silt

deposited into Oyster Bay estuary by the Martha Brae River. Longshore currents

moving in a predominantly westward direction have caused long term deposition

of this sediment forming the base of the existing peninsula. Onshore drilling has

indicated that these sediments extend to depths in excess of 100 feet . Typically

the silt becomes highly compacted at depths of about 70 feet at the western end

of the site reducing to about 40 feet towards the eastern end of the property.

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Depostion of calcareous sediment from organisms living in the offshore sea

grass beds and from the fringing reefs has been deposited on the northern

margin of the peninsula. These deposits have accumulated over the underlying

silts to form the existing beach berm complex. The beach sand consists of fine to

coarse, moderately sorted calcareous sand.

The southeastern part of the project site where the peninsula joins the mainland

is underlain by limestones belonging to the suite of rocks known as the Coastal

Group formed by offshore reef building processes. At this location the rock is

hard and massive with no well defined bedding. These rocks are well exposed

throughout this area with only a very thin layer of overlying soil in the order of

0.25 to 0.75 meters thick. As a result of periodic tectonic uplift and tilting the

limestone reef-rock formations have been elevated to form what are referred as

raised reefs. This gives the topography a distinctive terrace appearance with

steep scarp faces with flat tops.

There are no significant large scale geological structures that are in the general

area of the proposed site or on the site itself.

4.4 OCEANOGRAPHY 4.4.1 Bathymetry The peninsula is surrounded the Caribbean Sea along the northern shore while

the southern shore is surrounded by the waters of the enclosed Oyster Bay

lagoon. A fringing reef runs parallel to the shoreline about 50 meters offshore.

Towards the western end the reef becomes patchy and projects further away

from the shore. A detailed bathymetric survey was carried out by Smith Warner

International (SWIL)2004, (see Appendix I).

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An artificial channel was dredged in the passage between the reef and the

shoreline which is about five feet deep about thirty years ago. Towards the

western and eastern end of the fringing reef a distinct passage exists connecting

the channel to the fore reef areas. The eastern most opening was widened by

blasting at the time of dredging and now forms the channel through which most

of the water flows back out to sea. Beyond the reef the seafloor deepens with a

steep slope to depths of 20 meters over a horizontal distance of 300 meters.

Over the past 10 years erosion of some sections of the beach has removed

beach sand along some sections of the shoreline. In these areas the foreshore

is relatively flat and mostly consists of exposed reef-rock that extends up to 20

meters offshore.

The Oyster Bay lagoon is formed by the Florida peninsula partially surrounding

the Martha Brae River estuary. Sediment brought down by the river is deposited

in the lagoon and accumulates so that water depth in the lagoon is typically less

than 1-5 meters. The floor of the lagoon is relatively flat.

4.4.2 Currents and Waves Near shore currents are confined to the northern shore and result from the

interaction of near shore waves with the bathymetric configuration. Detailed

measurements taken by Smith Warner International, 2004 (Appendix I) indicate

a strong influence of sea tidal levels on these currents. The report indicates that

the currents are longshore currents that move towards the northeast during

periods of rising tide and towards the southeast on the falling tide. Total diurnal

variation in tide levels was found to be 0.5 meters. Current speeds varied

depending on the tide stage and localised bathymetry ranging between 0.03 and

0.9 ms-1 . A detailed analysis of the wave conditions on the northern shore is provided in

Appendix I. Deep water wind generated waves were shown to approach the

coastline primarily from the east and northeast with wave heights of 1.2 meters.

Oyster Bay EIA


The SWIL report indicates that the offshore fringing reef has a significant effect in

dampening the wave energy and reducing the height of waves reaching the

shore. Waves reaching the shoreline were shown to be in the order of 0.05 – 0.3

m when attenuated by the reef and range between 0.25 and 0.75m where there

are gaps in the reef. Currents When waves break on the reef, there is a collection of water between the reef

and the shoreline, which runs alongshore current. At several locations, these are

then transformed into a rip current as water escapes through the gaps in the reef.

Rip currents pose a safety issue for users of the beach, as they can be swept

offshore by the force of the current.

It is recommended that designated swimming areas be identified along the

shoreline where the swimming hazard that the rip current poses are non-existent.

As an alternative, artificial reefs could be created in the reef gaps to reduce the

velocity of the rip currents. Re-profiling of the shoreline with the intention of

reducing longshore currents and in turn reducing the rip currents is also another

possible option. Finally, it is possible to construct deepened swimming areas

along with cross-shore barriers to the alongshore current.

Storm Surge Storm surge computations have been conducted using return periods of 20 and

10 years, in addition to the 50 year return period. The results indicate that 10

year storm surge ranges up to 2.1 metres, and the 20 year, 2.8 metres. It should

be noted that storm surge does not include wave run-up which could carry

moving water at least 1.0 metres higher. As the ground elevation is rarely

greater than 2.0 metres, this analysis suggests that the entire site would be

inundated at even the 10 year return period. Normal set-back computations are

based on the intersection of the storm surge level with the corresponding

topographic contour. In this case, this is not possible. Instead, the setback

Oyster Bay EIA


distance should account for possible shoreline movements, and all permanent

infrastructure should include suitable scour protection measures.

4.4.3 Beach Stability The northern shoreline of the peninsula is highly dynamic resulting in significant

movement of sediment along the shoreline. The SWIL 2004 study carried out a

detailed analysis of the movement of sediment in response to the prevailing wave

regime. It was found that there is significant net movement of sediment in a

westerly direction due to the dominant prevailing winds from the east and

northeast. The quantities of sediment moved westwards along the coast was

estimated to be as high as 200,000 m3 per year.

While there is a net movement of sediment towards the west, sections of the

shoreline were shown to be areas primarily of erosion or accretion. Additional

estimates of shoreline erosion suggest that the shoreline has receded along

some sections by as much as 15 meters over the past 10 years. Evidence of this

can be seen as remnant tree stumps and old building foundations presently

located along the foreshore.

This reflects the sensitivity of the coastal processes operating on the northern

shoreline to localised conditions as well as to extreme weather events such as

Northers and hurricanes. It therefore suggests that any structural modification of

the shoreline will have to be carefully considered to take into account the

dynamics of this section of coastline.

In particular the study indicated that the placement of piles to support rooms

over- the sea will not a have a deleterious effect on sediment transport and the

near shore wave-current regime if piles have diameters of 0.4 meters and are

placed not less than 3 meters apart.

Oyster Bay EIA


4.5 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY 4.5.1 Flora The vegetation on the property is composed of two distinct zones the Whistling

Pine zone and the Mangrove zone, and may be classified as secondary modified

vegetative communities based on (Grossman et al, 1991) (Figure 4.5.1.) It

includes both terrestrial vegetation and coastal species. Ecological details on the

dominant vegetative species is given in Table 4.5.1.

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Figure 4.5.1: Vegetative Communities

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Table 4.5.1: Dominant Trees on the Oyster Bay Site

Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Status and Distribution

Casuarina equisetifolia Whistling Pine Common mostly in sandy

coastal and often planted

Native of tropical Asia and Australasia,

naturalized in the Wes Indies and

elsewhere, also Grand Cayman

Coccoloba uvifera Sea Grape Common and locally dominant

along the seacoast on strand,

sand dunes and in thickets, rare

inland

Florida, Bahamas, Atlantic coast from

Mexico to the Guianas, West Indies, Grand

Cayman, introduced in the Pacific

Rhizophora mangle Red Mangrove Common along muddy shores

and in estuarine swamps,

occasional inland

Coasts of continental tropical America,

West Indies, W. Africa and Pacific islands,

Grand Cayman

Laguncularia racemosa White Mangrove Common along the margins of

lagoons and brackens creeks

and also on the cays

Eastern tropical America, West Indies,

Cayman Islands, W. tropical Africa

Avicennia germinans Black Mangrove Common in all saline and

brackish communities around

the coast and on the cays

Coasts of the American subtropics and

tropics from Florida to Brazil, Ecuador, Peru

and W. Africa

Conocarpus erectus Button Mangrove Common at the inner margins of

mangrove swamps and in

thickets on Salinas and also on

Florida, Bahamas, continental tropical

America, West Indies, Cayman Islands, W.

tropical Africa

Oyster Bay EIA


the cays

Thespesia populnea Seaside Mahoe Common in littoral situations.

General on sandy or gravelly

shores and at mangrove

margins

Throughout the tropics

Terminalia catappa Almond Commonly planted and

naturalized, especially near the

sea in et areas

Native of SE Asia, N. Australia and the

Pacific, now widespread, Grand Cayman

Tamarindus indica Tamarind Cultivated and naturalized Probably native to tropical Africa, now

cultivated and naturalized throughout the

tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres

Oyster Bay EIA


4.5.1.1 Coastal Scrubland The Whistling Pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) association tends to be concentrated

on a raised beach berm running along the entire northern shoreline in a narrow

band up to 600 feet (approximately 200 m) wide. This zone can be divided into

three distinct associations as follows:

Pure stand of Whistling Pine

Whistling Pine and shrub

Whistling Pine and mixed forest

At the western tip of the site at Bush Cay the area consists almost entirely of the

Whistling Pine (Appendix V) growing right up to the waters edge, with few other

species present.

Further east the Whistling Pine becomes mixed with other coastal vegetation

such as the sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera). The dense forest cover eventually

gives way to a mixture of scattered Whistling Pine, low shrub and grasses which

is interspersed with areas of bare sand.

Along the remainder of the coast, to the east, the vegetation once again

becomes very dense now being dominated by a combination of Whistling Pine

and mixed forest species, including Thespesia, sea grape and buttonwood

(Conocarpus erectus).

4.5.1.2 Mangrove Zone In the southern section of the property, behind the beach berm, the area is

periodically waterlogged thus providing suitable conditions for the growth of

wetland species. In the wetter and more saline areas, particularly at the western

side of the property adjacent to Oyster Bay, the Red Mangrove (Rhizophora

mangle) predominates with some trees reaching as high as 60 feet (the southern

Oyster Bay EIA


section of Bush Cay is composed almost entirely of Red Mangrove), Plate 4.5.2.

In some places, there is a sharp transition from the dense stand of fringing

Whistling Pine to the equally dense stand of Red Mangroves.

Between the pine and the mangroves other species are found distributed based

on the degree of wetness of the sand - Buttonwood, and White Mangrove in the

dryer areas and Black Mangrove on the fringes of the wetter areas.

The two main north-south property roads which transect the open areas are

devoid of vegetation and are fringed primarily by the Black Mangroves. These

areas lacking in vegetation have been caused by the obstruction of the natural

water flow in 1968. These areas contain only relics of what was once a densely

vegetated mangrove forest.

In the eastern section of the property behind the mixed forest association is an

extensive area of dense vegetation dominated by the Red Mangrove.

4.5.2 Fauna The natural wildlife of the area is composed mainly of birds. A number of fresh-

water birds were observed particularly in the water logged areas. These included

Sand Pipers and Common Stilts observed in groups feeding in the shallow

waters. Other types of birds such as Herons were also observed. The densely

forested areas provide ideal nesting and feeding habitats for migratory birds.

The avifauna is largely comprised of waterfowl and other species associated with

coastal/wetland ecosystems. Several micro habitats are found in the area

including mud flats and salvas, mangrove forests, and coastal waters.

A list of the birds reported from this site, the Martha Brae estuary and from on

site observations is given in Table 4.5.2 including data from Webber et al 1998.

Oyster Bay EIA


The sandy nature of the soil provides the ideal habitat for burrowing crabs such

as Uca. Numerous burrows were observed throughout the property.

Several species of insects have been reported from the project area and are

typical of marine areas and coastal systems. No endangered species were

reported from a study by Webber et al (1998). A list of species identified from

that 1998 study is given in Table 4.5.3.

Oyster Bay EIA


Table 4.5.2: List of Dominant Bird Species Identified on the Oyster Bay Site

Scientific Name Common Name Habitat Range and Status

Caladris spp. Sand Pipers Several species common on mudflats and beaches, some uncommon winter visitors and transients

Several species throughout C. and S. America and the West Indies

Himantopus mexicanus Common Stilts Common resident in fresh and saline ponds

Bahamas, Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles, N., C. and S. America. Large flocks of visitors and transients from N. America increase Jamaican populations in winter

Tachornis phoenicobia Antillean Palm Swift Lowlands, common near human habitations, over golf courses, dry swamps and canefields

Very common resident

Loxipasser anoxanthus Yellow-shouldered Grassquit

Common in hills and mountains

Locally common resident, An endemic genus and species

Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird Open wooded areas, cultivations and gardens

North America, Bahamas, West Indies and mainland coasts around the Caribbean

Columbina passerina Common Ground Dove Dry limestone forest edges and clearings, in the plains and foothills, but less common in the mountains

Very common and widespread resident. Jamaica. C.p. jamaicensis is an endemic subspecies.

Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Pastures and open areas Very common resident. Worldwide

Oyster Bay EIA



Egretta thula Snowy Egret Common resident in wetlands

N. America and the West Indies. Local populations are increased by migrants in the winter

Quiscalus niger Greater Antillean Grackle Cow pastures, cultivated land and around human habitations especially where they are fed.

Jamaica. Q.n. crassinostris is an endemic subspecies.

Vireo modestus** Jamaican Vireo Bushy areas, forest edges and roadsides at all elevations

Very common. Jamaica. An endemic species

Columba leucocephala Saffron Finch Open grassy areas, gardens, from sea level to the mountains (except the highest). Often seen on roads, near cattle ponds at feeding stations and chicken farms

Common resident. S. America and introduced to the Hawaiian islands, panama, Puerto Rico and Jamaica

Coerebo flaveola Bananaquit Ubiquitous. Found wherever flowering plants occur

Abundant and widespread resident. Jamaica. C.f. flaveola is an endemic subspecies.

Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellow Legs Beaches, Salinas or mudflats

Fairly common winter visitor. N. America wintering south to S. America

Dendrocygna arborea West Indian Whistling duck Mangrove swaps at Parottee, Black River Lower Morass, Negril morass, Falmouth Swamp, Salt

Resident, probably locally common but extremely shy and rarely seen. Bahamas, G. Antilles and northern W.I.

Oyster Bay EIA



Island lagoon, Grant’s en, Caymanas Dam

islands

Mimus Polyglottus Northern Mocking Bird

Found in winter up to about 600 m, but goes to higher elevations in the summer

Very common resident. M.p. Orpheus Bahamas and G. Antilles, also N. America

Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican In coastal waters, on reservoirs, fish farms and marshy areas

P.o. occidentalis West Indies. Also n, C and s America

Ardea herodias Great Blue heron Common winter visitor in wetlands, a few may spend the summer

N. America, wintering in W. I. and C. America south to northern S. America

Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead Kingbird Open wooded areas, cultivations and gardens

N. America, Bahamas, W. I. and mainland coasts around the Caribbean

Tiaris bicolor Black faced Grassquit Gardens and open situations T.b. marchii Jamaica, Hispaniola and adjacent island. Other subspecies throughout the Caribbean except mainland Cuba

Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron Wetlands Common resident. Bahamas, W.I. and the Americas.

Ecological information taken from Downer and Sutton, 1990

Oyster Bay EIA


Although the area periodically becomes waterlogged it does not appear that

these areas support an abundance of fish life. Some species may live in the pre-

dominantly wet areas associated with the Red Mangroves but generally,

seasonal variations in water availability and the lack of water exchange with the

marine environment reduces the attractiveness of the site for fish species.

4.6 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems The shoreline of the Florida/Bush Cay peninsula consists of Mangrove and Sand

Beach environments (Plate 4.6.1). The Mangrove shores are on the south side of

the peninsula in Oyster Bay (Glistening Waters) and are almost entirely Red

Mangrove. (At one time, Bush Cay which, is predominantly mangrove was

separated from the rest of the peninsula). These mangroves are very dense and

impenetrable and are unlikely to be disturbed by the development.

The sandy beach which is continuous over more than three miles extends from

the east of the Starfish Hotel (previously the Trelawny Beach Hotel) in the east to

the tip of Bush Cay in the west. As such it is one of the longest remaining

stretches of undeveloped beach in Jamaica.

The beach consists of white to golden white calcareous sands made up of algal

and coral remains. The texture is generally fine to medium size with really coarse

sediments occurring in only a few locations. Visually and texturally, the beach is

first class.

In the late 1960s, in an attempt to improve the beaches and swimming areas,

some of the lagoonal areas between the beach and the fringing reef were

dredged to 5 ft. depth or more.

Oyster Bay EIA


Figure 4.6.1: Coastal Eco Systems

Oyster Bay EIA


An extensive and almost continuous fringing reef occurs about 200 - 600 ft.

Offshore of the beach. Between the beach and the reef the sea bottom is

covered by healthy seagrass beds (Thalassia and Syringodium). These occur

almost up to the back reef which, however, is devoid of much live coral. The

corals are on the reef flat and breaker zone have been damaged to a great

extent by recent hurricanes, but much less so than at Ocho Rios and even

Discovery Bay. On the other hand the reef below the breaker zone and lower

palmate zone is in reasonably good condition and is still a diverse and interesting

environment.

4.6.1 Fore Reef

The reef system is situated between 60m and 100m from the shoreline. The fore

reef stretches for 2km from Time ‘n’ Place in the east to Bush Cay in the west. A

total of 112 species were identified including 22 scleractinian corals, 29 algal

species, 8 sponge species,15 invertebrate species and 45 fish species (Table

4.7.1 in Appendix). Coral cover at all three transect were relatively high ranging

from 32% at Time n Place, 35% at Split Rock and 30% at Bush Cay.

Fleshy macroalgal cover was low averaging 5-7% at all three sites. The substrate

was dominated by bare rock. The incidence of the herbivorus Diadema antillarum

was also quite noticeable. Density of individuals averaged between 8 m-2 at Time

‘n’ Place to 13 m-2 at Bush Cay. Density of coral recruits recorded were also

high ranging from 7 m-2 to 10 m-2 (Table 4.6.2).

A list of species identified on the reef and within the coastal waters is given in

Appendix IV.

Oyster Bay EIA


Table 4.6.2: Percent cover of Benthic substrate and Diadema on the Fore Reef

The reef system at all three sites was similar, with reef buttresses starting at the

reef crest. At 3m-6m these buttresses lead into finger like projections (spur and

groove) separated by deeper sand filled canyons. These buttresses lead onto a

reef flat at 8m-10m, this reef flat is contiguous for approximately 150 m. There is

a patchy distribution of corals dominated by the boulder type corals. Algal cover

at this depth is higher and the absence of Diadema noticeable, gorgonian density

was also seen to be higher. This reef flat then ends abruptly and merges into

sheer wall dropoffs leading down to >30m.

On the reef buttresses the dominant coral types were plate-like (Agaricia sp) and

boulder type (Montastrea). At the transect conducted at the Split Rock the

dominant species was the branching Acropora palmata. This species before

Hurricane Allen in 1980 was the common reef coral species on the North Coast.

The abundance exhibited here is unexpected but indicative of the good health of

this reef.

The fore reef system can be described as healthy. High coral cover, low

macroalgal cover as well as the frequency of the Diadema allows significant coral

recruitment. The absence of algae and smothering sediments gives these

recruits the proper environment for development and continuity of the reef

building process.

Site Hard Coral

Fleshy macroalgae

Calcareous macroalgae

Crustose coralline algae

Sand/bare rock

Coral Recruits m-2

DiademaDensity m-2

Time’n

Place

32 6 <5 <5 55 10 8

Spilt rock 35 5 <5 <5 50 7 10

Bush Cay 30 7 <5 <5 52 7 13

Oyster Bay EIA


4.6.2 Back Reef

The back reef community is characterized by shallow water between <1m and

3m deep. The substrate slopes gently from a white sand beach into slightly

deeper areas and reef flats with sporadic patches of corals. The substrate

consists mainly of hard pavement with a thin layer of medium to coarse-grained

sand. The pavement is coralline in nature and tufts of turtle grass (Thalassia) are

found frequently.

Coral recruitment on this substrate is high, dominated by the Porites sp. The

other dominant benthic community is seagrass meadows. Extensive in their

distribution sometimes extending up to within a few centimetres of the beach

front. Three species of seagrass were found Thalassia testudinum (Dominant),

Syringodium filiforme (Frequent) and Halodule wrightii (Occasional).

The seagrass meadows were punctuated by halos (large sand filled depressions)

that were populated with juvenile fish. The dominant invertebrate species was

Diadema while Juvenile parrots were the dominant fish species. The seagrass

meadows provide an Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) for these reef fish and their

importance cannot be over emphasised.

The algal community was dominated by calcareous algae namely Halimeda sp.

and Galaxaura sp.the incidence of which indicates a fairly healthy reef system.

The benthic survey revealed only two suitable areas along the back reef area

that were suitable for swimming. The first is located in the area called Florida is

shallow and can barely support wading. The second located close to the western

tip of the site (Figure 4.6.1) is much more suitable having the necessary depth

required 1m –2m and is fairly extensive. Sand in this area is not coarse but has

a silt-like texture, the extensive seagrass beds may have a lot to do with this as

they are highly productive systems and readily trap sediments as well.

Oyster Bay EIA


4.6.3 Oyster Bay

The Oyster Bay area is a shallow embayment extending from the eastern end of

the Falmouth Harbour at a depth of 0.6m to a depth of 1.7m. The bay is particular

in its significance, as it has been described as having one of the most

spectacular displays of bioluminescence in the world (Seliger and McElroy,1968).

The organism responsible for the bioluminescence is Pyrodinium bahamense

and has been previously reported in numbers of up to 273,000 individuals/ L.

Recent anecdotal reports point to a reduction in the brilliance and numbers

recorded as recently as 1998 Webber, Edwards and Hibbert saw a decrease to

44,000 individuals.

The samples collected were in the Inner Bay at the water quality stations 7 and 8.

Along with the enumeration of the individuals, chlorophyll analyses were done to

determine productivity of the area. This productivity can be linked to the presence

of nutrients in the water column. Average number of cells per litre for site 8 was

98, 297cells/L, at site 7 that number was slightly lower at 94,014 cell/L.

The numbers would seem to indicate an increase in the numbers over the last

few years. There has been a mechanism put forward to explain the

accumulation of the Pyrodinium within Oyster Bay (Seliger and Carpenter,1970),

but generally the combination of low flushing, high reproductive rates, high

nutrient concentrations from both interstitial sediments and surrounding

mangroves can support the numbers reported. Eight (8) species were found and

are listed in (Table 4.6.3).

Oyster Bay EIA


Table 4.6.3. List of phytoplankton species found at two sites in Oyster Bay

Total Chlorophyll ‘a’ readings recorded were 4.25 ug/L at site 8 and 1.95 ug/L at

site 7., (Table 4.7.4). These readings though higher than the recommended

international standard of 1 ug/L for oceanic waters could be perceived as normal

for an estuarine environment such as Oyster Bay. Previous studies have

recorded values less than 1 ug/L (Hibbert,2004 pers. comm.) but these were

averaged results over a longer time period. The dominant size fraction was the

nanoplankton at site 8 and net plankton at site 7. The significance of this is that

Pyrodinimum belongs to this fraction.

Table 4.6.4: Total chlorophyll ‘a’ and numbers of Pyrodinium bahamense.

Site Average #of individuals/L

Net Plankton ug/L

NanoPlankton ug/L

Picoplankton ug/L

Total Chlorophyll’a’ ug/L

#7 94,014 1.63 0.30 0.029 1.95

#8 98`297 1.55 2.26 0.44 4.25

The Oyster Bay region has as its main threats uncontrolled runoff from

businesses and residential properties. The new Northern Coastal Improvement

Highway also increases the potential for runoff, on the southern shore of the bay

drainage pipes from the highway exit into the Bay adjacent to the Fisherman’s

Inn Hotel and Restaurant. The Martha Brae River also plays a significant role,

sediments and nutrients are brought from upstream into the Bay. There is the risk

Site 7 Site 8

Pyrodinium bahamense Pyrodinium bahamense

Ceratium furca Ceratium furca

Ceratium fusus Ceratium fusus

Thalassionema frauenfeldii Unknown Species A,B,C,D

Oyster Bay EIA


that if the nature of these inputs change, a loss of the bioluminescence could

occur. 4.7 MARINE WATER QUALITY Results The results of the water quality sampling exercise conducted on November 9,

2004 are presented at Tables 4.8.1 below. The locations of the sampling stations

are shown above at Figure 4.8.1

Table 4.7.1: Water Quality Data for Oyster Bay, Trelawny, Jamaica

SAMPLING STATIONS

PARAMETERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NRCA Draft Ambient Marine Standards

pH 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.0-8.44

Salinity (ppt) 36.1 34.9 36.1 36.0 19.5 6.0 32.2 34.9 6.8 6.2 -

Dissolved Oxygen

(mg/L)

5.6 6.0 6.6 5.8 6.1 6.5 5.2 5.9 6.2 6.4 4.5-6.8

BOD (mg/L) 2.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.57-1.16

Nitrate (mg/L) 0.25 0.99 0.24 0.07 2.79 1.12 0.68 1.67 4.77 2.36 0.001-

0.081

Turbidity (NTU) 0.29 0.67 0.66 0.79 4.64 4.12 6.99 4.38 4.63 31.1 -

Phosphate (mg/L) 1.1 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.2 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.03 0.001-

0.055

Oil & Grease

(mg/L)

2.0 1.0 0.9 1.6 1.1 2.0 2.3 0.9 1.1 1.5 -

Total Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

<3 3.0 <3 <3 1100.0 460.0 43.0 75.0 1100.0 460.0 48-256

Faecal Coliform

(MPN/100ml)

<3 <3 <3 <3 <3 240.0 <3 7.0 21.0 43.0 <2-13

Oyster Bay EIA


Figure 4.7.1: Location of Sample Stations

Oyster Bay EIA


It must be stated for the record that the following discussion is based on data

generated from only one sampling exercise. Therefore, no conclusive inferences

can be drawn from the limited data although it does provide a good indication of

the current status of water quality in Oyster Bay. The current data is compared

with the historical water quality data from the North Coast Highway Monitoring

Project -Martha Brae River [Environmental Solutions, 2003] and the Ecological

Assessment for the Martha Brae River Estuary/Wetland Management Project

[Webber, Edwards and Hibbert, 1998].

Oyster Bay, also known as Glistening Waters on the north coast of Jamaica is

one of the world’s most brilliant bioluminescent bays. This bay shares some

similarity to Mosquito Bay in Puerto Rico. Mosquito Bay is described as one of

the world’s healthiest bioluminescent bays. Both bays have been studied

extensively by scientists from John’s Hopkins University. Mosquito Bay is

surrounded by mangroves, and is very shallow at its entrance. The mouth of the

bay is situated in such a way that the currents allow ocean waters to enter the

bay. The shallowness of the bay results in high evaporation, with the saltier

surface water sinks to the bottom. This heavier water moves out to sea and the

surface waters which are abundant in plankton flow into the bay bringing

populations of Pyrodinium the dinoflagellate responsible for the bioluminescence.

[www.stjohnbeachguide.com/Vieques_HTML/Bioluminescent_Bay.html] and

[Grasso in Verde, 1993].

Vitamin B12, the essential nutrient for dinoflagellates is produced by scavenging

bacteria from the rotting detritus from the mangroves. Because of the

shallowness of the bay, B12 and other nutrients stay in the bay rather than being

flushed out [Tom Verde, 1993 (www.biobay.com)]. This balance is very delicate,

if the rate of flushing of the bay increases or the nutrient balance is altered then

the Pyrodinium population may decline considerably. A bioluminescent bay in

Hawai and the Bahamas suffered severe damage because of changes in the

Oyster Bay EIA


water movements in the bay. Oyster Bay should be managed with the intention

of preserving or regenerating existing stocks of Pyrodinium.

The water quality data generated for the present study as well as the historical

data is presented in the following sections.

◊ Salinity and Conductivity

Salinity measurements at the coastal stations, Stations 1 -4, ranged between

34.9 and 36.1 psu. These are typical of Jamaican coastal waters. The salinity

regime in Oyster Bay is somewhat unsual. At the mouth of the Falmouth

Harbour the surface waters are brackish reflecting the influence of freshwater

inflowsfrom the Martha Brae. North of the bay near the thickest wetlands the

surface water is fresh. Similarly, south of the bay near the boat dock the water is

also fresh. At Stations 7 and 8, center and northeast of the bay the water is

pretty saline 32.2 and 34.9psu respectively. Research has shown that the

salinity balance in bioluminescent bays is also a critical environmental factor for

the health of dinoflagellates [www.stjohnbeachguide.com]. The proposed

discharge of treated sewage effluent to the mangroves should be evaluated, to

ensure that the salinity balance in the bay is not adversely affected.

◊ Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolved oxygen concentrations at almost all the stations sampled is at or near

saturation levels.

◊ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) BOD levels in excess of 2.0 mg/l indicates elevated organic loading, which is a

cause for concern. The BOD levels at all stations sampled were within the

required guideline except at Stations 2 and 6, waters off Time and Place and

Oyster Bay North, respectively.

Oyster Bay EIA


◊ Oil and Grease The oil and grease level recorded for each station were all within acceptable

levels <2 mg/l.

◊ Total and Faecal Coliform Faecal coliform bacteria counts are used as indicators of the presence of

pathogenic organisms. The generally accepted limit for faecal coliforms in human

contact waters is 100 MPN/100 ml. Coliform bacteria levels were all within the

recommended limits except at Station 6, Oyster Bay North.

◊ Turbidity Turbidity measurements are good for the coastal stations, Stations 1-4, ranging

between 0.07 and 0.99 NTU. Turbidity levels at the stations within the bay are

elevated, ranging between 4.12 and 6.99 NTU. The highest turbidity level

(31.1NTU) was recorded at Station 10, the mouth of the Martha Brae River.

◊ Nitrate Nitrate levels are also used as an indicator of contamination by wastewater from

sewage and/or fertilisers from agriculture. Nitrate levels in coastal waters higher

than 1 micro-mole (µM) or 0.65 mg/l NO3 usually indicate nutrient enrichment

from one or both sources.

Nitrate concentrations exceeded 1.0 µM at all stations sampled, with a maximum

of 73.0µM measured at Station 9, south of the bay near the boat dock. Nitrate

concentrations within the bay generally ranged between 10.5 and 43.0 µM (0.68

and 2.79 mg/l). In the coastal waters the nitrate concentration was somewhat

lower, ranging between 1.08 and 15.2 µM. Similar high nitrate concentrations

were recorded during the Webber, Edwards and Hibbert study in 1998 (Appendix

III). During this study nitrate levels in the bay reached a high of 91 µM, while at

the mouth of the Martha Brae a concentration of 200µM was recorded. The data

Oyster Bay EIA


for the Martha Brae reported by Environmental Solutions (Appendix IV) also

support the current findings.

The data show that nitrate enrichment in the coastal waters and within the bay is

considerable. At present the dissolved oxygen levels are good, this could easily

change with any alteration of the present environment, such as change in the

flow or addition of an additional nutrient source(s).

◊ Phosphate

Of the ten stations sampled phosphate concentrations are elevated at only four

stations. Of these four stations only Station 1 has very high phosphate levels.

The Environmental Solutions Martha Brae data as well as the Webber, Edwards

and Hibbert report showed similar results. Phosphate is clearly the limiting

nutrient in this ecosystem. The introduction of phosphate rich effluent from the

proposed sewage treatment plant could impact the delicate balance that now

exists in Oyster Bay.

◊ Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll is the pigment that allows plants (including algae) to convert sunlight

into organic compounds (photosynthesis). Clorophyll a is the predominant type in

algae and its concentration in the water column is used as a substitute for the

actual measurement of algal biomass [USEPA 2004]. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) is

thus used as an indicator of the primary productivity of an area. High Chl a levels

indicate the presence of blooms. The use of target Chl a levels as indicators of

eutrophication is region and area specific. The USEPA based on the findings of

the Chesapeake Bay study use Chl a levels up to 15 µg/l to indicate good quality

waters, while Dr. Brian Lapointe indicates that Chl a levels of 0.7µg/l exceeds the

critical threshold for eutrophication of coral reefs [Lapointe cited in Smith-Shirley

2004].

Oyster Bay EIA


Chlorophyll a measurements were done for Stations 7 and 8, with the higher

concentration of 4.25µg/l measured at Station 8. This station clearly has a higher

level of productivity and it would be interesting to determine the reason for its

productivity in comparison to Station 7. The extent of productivity at the different

salinity zones within the bay should be investigated to assess the optimal salinity

regime.

Summary The water quality data obtained from the present investigation confirms data

obtained during the 1998 Webber, Edwards and Hibbert study and the Martha

Brae data [Environmental Solutions, 2003] and validates the concerns regarding

the delicate ecological balance in Oyster Bay.

High suspended solids loading, resulting in a shallow harbour, appreciable nitrate

enrichment and low phosphate levels within a complex salinity regime contributes

to the health of the dinoflagellates in Oyster Bay. Any disturbance of this fragile

ecosystem may cause irreparable damage to the Pyrodinium population. The

phytoplankton assessment conducted during this current study indicates that

there is an increase in the Pyrodinium population (when compared with the

Webber, Edwards and Hibbert Study). This should be encouraged.

The Martha Brae River empties into the Falmouth Harbour and discharges

significant amounts of total suspended solids and nutrients. The combination of

river discharge, other surface drainage and surface/groundwater discharges from

the proposed development, if not properly managed, has the potential to

significantly impact the water quality of the bay and coastal waters.

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4.8 NATURAL HAZARD VULNERABILITY The proposed resort site is located along the north coast of Jamaica and is

exposed to the coastal hazards of storm surge associated with hurricanes as well

as tsunami. The site is also susceptible to high velocity winds produced by

hurricanes and earthquakes.

4.8.1 Hurricane storm surge, high velocity wind and tsunami Jamaica lies in the path of tropical weather systems that form in the Atlantic and

Caribbean basin from June to November each year. These systems range in

intensity from tropical waves to full blown hurricanes of varying strength. These

tropical weather systems move westwardly through the Caribbean region. Figure

4.8.1 illustrates the historic tracks taken by hurricanes over the 1962 to the

present.

These weather systems generate intense sustained rainfall and elevated wind

speeds that are most intense when they develop into hurricanes.

The low atmospheric pressures and high winds associated with hurricanes

generate elevated sea levels and high energy waves referred to as storm surge.

Hurricanes passing over or close to the coastline will generate storm surge

waves causing accelerated erosion and inundation of low lying areas along the

coastline. Storm surge analysis was conducted as part of a coastal dynamics

study Appendix I, for this location. The results indicate that storm surge wave

heights of 5.7 to 6.6 meters can be generated offshore from 50 and 100 year

hurricane events. The effect of the offshore bathymetry especially the presence

of fringing reefs was shown to reduce the potential maximum storm surge wave

height at the shoreline to 3.7 meters for a 50 year event and 2.3 meters for a 20

return period.

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4.8.1 – Historic Hurricane Tracks Across Jamaica – 1880-1988

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The site is susceptible to high velocity winds generated by hurricanes which can

be in excess of 150 miles per hour. The site is at sea level and is flat and

therefore will not experience accelerated wind speeds due to topography.

However the absence of wind barriers will result in full exposure to high velocity

winds in the event of a hurricane passing over or close to the north coast of

Jamaica.

The north coast of Jamaica is susceptible to deep oceanic waves called tsunami

that are generated by submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides.

While the exact nature of the potential sources and possible magnitude of

tsunami that could affect the north coast is not known, the project site is exposed

to this threat. The occurrence of a tsunami would result is extreme shoreline

erosion and inundation of the entire project site. The effect of long term sea level

rise will exacerbate the potential for coastal flooding and tsunami. The estimated

rise of mean sea level over time has been estimated to be in the order of 0.25

meters.

4.8.2 Seismicity Jamaica lies in a seismically active area close to the northern boundary of the

Caribbean tectonic plate and is therefore susceptible to earthquakes. The island

has experienced destructive earthquakes generated offshore and on land

associated with active geological features. Probabalistic analysis of historic

seismic activity in Jamaica has been carried out by Periera et al (1986). The

seismic hazard map of Jamaica shown as Figure 4.8.2 indicates the number of

earthquakes magnitude 6 or greater that have occurred throughout the island

since 1962. The project site lies in an area of relatively low activity but is still

susceptible to damaging ground shaking from earthquakes with historical

magnitudes 3.

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Figure 4.8.2: Seismic H

azard Map of Jam

aica

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4.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

4.9.1 The Tourism Context of The Project

Based on figures supplied by The Jamaica Tourist Board, there are currently only

3 large hotel properties in Trelawny. Two are neighbouring properties to the

Project and are located in close proximity to Oyster Bay. As reflected in Table

4.9.1 the Project, upon completion, will more than double the rooms currently

available from these properties and will account for 63% of the total hotel rooms

available, prior to the advent of Harmony Cove.

Table 4.9.1: Large Hotels In Trelawny

Property No. Of Rooms 2003

Guest Nights 2003

% Of Total Rooms

% Of Total Guest Nights

Grand Lido Braco

186 95,234 7 30

Star Fish Resorts

350 196,221 12 61.

FDR Pebbles 526 28,595 18 9Oyster Bay on completion

1,800 - 63 -

Totals 2,862 320,050

100 100

Trelawny, St. James & part of Hanover

5,877 2,14 7,471

100 100

Trelawny

49 Oyster Bay

included

11Oyster Bay

excluded Montego Bay, accounts for 31% of visitor arrivals to Jamaica. The four main hotel

properties in Montego Bay lying closest to the Project, and about 15 minutes

away by the new Highway, account for just under 40% of all visitors to Montego

Bay. The Project, must therefore be seen as significantly contributing to the

eastward expansion of tourism along this expanding corridor. With the

completion of the Harmony Cove complex at Braco, which will comprise 3 hotels

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and villas, Trelawny will be importantly repositioned in terms of its contribution to

the industry.

4.10 THE COMMUNITIES AROUND THE PROJECT

The communities comprise a mix of both villages and rural towns, and include

the important commercial and government agencies that operate in or close to

them. These communities are:

• Coopers Pen

• Rock

• Hague

• Martha Brea

• Falmouth

Other than contextual comments, only community features and information

considered relevant to the Project are addressed for each community. These are

grouped under the headings: Demographics, Land Use & Livelihoods,

Developments Underway and Heritage. Where necessary, a comment is

included. Issues pertinent to the Project, but shared in common with this part of

Trelawny are dealt with separately under the headings Public Health & Safety,

Water Consumption and Flooding. A Conclusion discusses the main negative

impacts associated with the Project, such as housing needs and training, and

recommendations for addressing these are offered.

The Project itself, is being developed on a Greenfield site with only one or two

small squatter structures in evidence. The Project should have no difficulty in

negotiating their relocation from the site in a mutually acceptable manner. No

resettlement planning is required.

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4.10.1 COOPERS PEN

Coopers Pen is a seaside village located less than 2 miles east of the Project

site. More recently the impetus to its growth has come from the presence of the

350 room Starfish Trelawny hotel, originally Trelawny Beach Hotel.

Demographics From observation and information offered by residents, the population is about

400 with about 65% under the age of 40. The average size household is

estimated at 6 persons and females are estimated to head 65% of households.

The dependency ratio is likely to reflect that 6-7 persons out of every 10 are

economically dependent on the rest. This would still be lower than the parish

actual of 75%.

The profile therefore, of Coopers Pen is of a relatively poor, lower income coastal

community, with a high proportion of youth and female headed households. This

demographic profile, is generally representative of the coastal communities found

in the Parish. Its implication in relation to Project impacts, is dealt with in the

Conclusion.

Land Use and Livelihoods

The main land use is residential. Land use density within the community is

dominated by Starfish Resort, with both community residences and the much

smaller fishing beach accounting for the remainder. Agricultural production is of

minimal importance, though no clear sense of illicit drug cultivation emerged. A

striking contrast is the co-existence of the hotel property and the surrounding sub

standard residential housing. Coopers Pen itself comprises an older, sea-fronting

section which includes a fishing beach and a newer unplanned community on

land, edging the new north coast highway. Livelihoods inside the community

come mainly from a mix of poorly constructed corner shops, entertainment

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venues and eateries. Unemployment and underemployment are reported as

being very high. One resident and shop keeper of many years, estimates

permanent employment at 20%, with half of the jobs being in the hotel and the

remainder within the community or outside of it. The remaining 80% it was felt,

were hustling in craft, fishing and other construction type occupations. Some coal

burning is also undertaken.

The presence of the hotel was seen as an important source of income for the

community, as tourism spending filtered down through curio & food vending,

transportation, and such few labouring or domestic occupations as found

employment in the hotel.

The fishing beach berths approximately 30 boats, of which about 15 were in

evidence on visiting. It is a NEPA licensed beach and supports about 50

fishermen. In common with Rock fishing beach to the West, line, trap, net and

spear fishing are practiced. The fishermen spoken to were articulate in relation to

the Project. They drew on their own experiences with the construction of

Trelawny Beach to support their concerns for the Oyster Bay development.

These included warnings of the depletion of the mangroves which the built

environment brought with it. They cited their experience of serious reef damage

and fish depopulation arising from poorly treated sewage effluence and chemical

contamination by the original Trelawny Beach Hotel. In this respect, the

renamed, Starfish Resort is seen as an improvement.

They felt that Jet Skis within the Lagoon should be impermissible due to both oil

and noise pollution. Similarly, the creation and management of any artificial

beaches must ensure that sand is not simply removed from one location and

transferred to another, as also happened when groins were built by Trelawny

Beach.

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The fishermen made reference to a earlier planned protest against Starfish

Resorts, which was only aborted when management stopped relocating sand

from the fishing beach to the hotel beach under threat of being reported to

NEPA. The killing off of sea grass in order to create bathing spots, is another

danger they point to, based on their own experience. As at Rock, further East,

the fishing beach is said to be growing in size. Hurricane Ivan was not regarded

as having a serious negative impact on the beach. Most fishermen have their

homes within or nearby the community and not on the beach. However, no

sanitary conveniences or fresh water sources were observed on the beach. The

fishers are affiliated to the Falmouth Fishermen’s Co-operative.

Lying between the community and the Project area is FDR Pebbles, operated by

the FDR chain of hotels. This property comprising, 96 rooms, employs

approximately 250 staff, mainly drawn from outside of the community because of

the hospitality skills needed.

Developments Underway

The only pending development identified, is the Greenfield Cricket Stadium

project. This is to be located, within a few miles of the project and will impact

several communities in the area. The US$20M-US$35M development is to be on

approximately 40 acres. To the extent that Greenfield may also offer venue

facilities in other sports, the Project should benefit from its proximity.

Retreat Heights, a high income residential community, has developed a few

miles East of Coopers Pen, and comprises about 50 upscale houses on

individual lots, many with commanding ocean views. Construction is active and at

least another 50 units can be accommodated in the scheme. Its significance to

the Project, is that any major hotel development between Falmouth and Rio

Buena, is likely to find executive type accommodation in the development.

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Unfortunately this is not the same situation facing the housing needs of low

income workers of the Project, as is discussed below.

Heritage The community members spoken to were not able to point to any special

heritage features within the community. However there are in fact several

interesting heritage sites in close proximity, that, if enhanced, could be of benefit

to the Project.

- At Spring Gardens Estate, just beyond the entrance to Retreat Heights, are

preserved elements of an old sugar estate.

- A few miles beyond Spring Estate, are the remains of a once very imposing

fortified great house known as Stewart Castle built around 1750. It is under

the care of the National Heritage Trust.

- Further along, in the environs of Duncans, several points of historical interest

await the visitor.

Comments

The extent of the exchange of benefits between Coopers Pen and the Project, is

uncertain, more so if the property is managed as an all-inclusive one. It is likely

that the construction phase may contribute some work to the community. This

would be more certain, if training programs offered by HEART could somehow be

accessed by unemployed community members. The experience of the North

Coast Highway, which has not provided very much employment to the

community, points to the uncertainty of jobs necessarily materializing from major

projects. The relatively small numbers of persons from within the community

currently working at Starfish Resort, is a second indicator. The skills pool

required in hotel construction and operations is unlikely to exist outside of a

special training initiative targeted at the community.

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Tourism spending on craft, entertainment and food, will contribute some income.

However this may not lead to a corresponding increase in social development as

is discussed below. In addition, communities that are closer (for example Rock)

and certainly Falmouth, will likely enjoy a greater share of income flows that

leave the property.

4.10.2 ROCK

This unplanned community lies less than two miles to the West of the proposed

development. Formerly an important port, it now supports a number of small and

micro businesses, a fishing beach, but is essentially a residential dormitory of

Falmouth.

Demographics

From observation and information offered by residents, the population is about

500 persons, although the STATIN data puts the 2001 population of the 3

Electoral Divisions containing the entire strip as well as Hague and Martha Brea

at 1,600. The population profile is reported as being very similar to Coopers Pen,

being relatively young, with a high percentage of females, and with the majority

of households headed by females. It can be inferred that a similar dependency

ratio applies.

The assessment of land use, livelihoods, public health and safety, which follow,

suggest that because of proximity, some positive benefits may arise from the

Project as a result of both indirect income and direct employment generated. This

however, is unlikely to translate into really consequential and sustainable

development for this community unaided by very focused integrated planning

between the developers and government agencies as suggested below. An

indirect, but real threat that the Project poses for Rock, is the risk of outside

settlers further burdening the inadequate housing and other social infrastructure

in the community.

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As mentioned earlier and elaborated on below, large developments drive the

expansion of existing low income communities near the developments and in

some cases spawn new squatting communities. Because Rock is an established

lower income community, it will be the prime focus of new settlers. The majority

of these new settlers will probably not be hotel workers seeking accommodation,

but persons seeking income earning opportunities associated with major tourism

infrastructure.


The main land use is residential although there is a small fishing beach, which

also provides temporary berthing for pleasure boats. The community lies along

the original main road, with a ramp up onto the North Coast Highway. Like

Coopers Pen, the village comprises a mix of poorly presented shops,

entertainment venues and eateries, but also including auto repair shops,

barbering and hair dressing establishments. In all about 200 structures were

counted.

The fishing beach, which community memory puts at over 100 years of age,

comprises a small sandy beach. About 10 fishing boats are berthed, several

giving the appearance of being un-seaworthy. There are about 15 regular

fishers. The Lagoon is said to contain Mullet, Shad, Grouper, Snapper and

Jack. Fishing is regarded as an important part of the economy of the community.

Residents estimated that about 60% of the community relied on fishing for some

part of their income. Fishing, construction work and tourism were given as the

main sources of livelihoods but unemployment and underemployment were

reported as being very high.

With respect to tourism and the Project, the community is very aware of the

uniqueness and main attraction of the bay. One younger member of the group

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correctly attributed the name ‘dinoflagellate’ to the micro organism Pryodinium

bahamene to which the famous phosphorescence effect is attributable. The

older fishers, volunteered that the decline of the dinoflagellate population

coincided with the operations of a tie dye factory, which, over a period of several

years, emptied its waste chemicals into the bay. The technical section of this

report however does not fully support the perception. Hurricane Allen also did

extensive damage to the bay’s ecosystems.

An interesting consensus, was that the population of dinoflagelattes has fully

recovered, but the luminosity once observed easily, is now severely

compromised by the lights associated with the built environment. One community

member (perhaps repeating a guided tour presentation) referred to the John

Hopkin’s University study on the ecology of the bay, undertaken in the “early

60’s” Subsequent documentary research confirmed, that this study was

undertaken by a team led by Dr. William D. McElory a world authority at the time

on bio-flourescence. It was conducted over several years and involved the

setting up of a complete research laboratory.

The proposed project was rated as ‘badly needed’ by community members, and

seen as a potentially important contributor to the development of the community.

It was also felt that the community had the vision and capability of preparing itself

to offer various visitor attractions to the hotel. Entertainment, rafting tours and

restaurants were seen as the main vehicles for offering this.

The community members and fishermen, were not as vocal in their concern for

the protection of the Bay as were the fishers at Coopers Pen, perhaps because

of the absence of any recent major construction activity around the bay. They

regard silting of the bay as the major threat, they claim that the Martha Brae river

is increasingly loaded with sediments and support this observation by pointing to

how shallow the lagoon has become.

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Lying East of the community, are a number of hospitality properties, the best

known of these being Fisherman’s Inn and Glistening Waters. These properties

offer visitors a mixture of accommodation, boating and fishing, and dining.

The community was aware of the planned development, if not in any detail.

However they were unaware of any other pending projects, other than the

completion of the North Coast Highway and the sports facility.

Heritage

The beach contains traces of a little known historical landmark, the remnants of

an old sugar wharf discernable on the beach. This dates back to the days when

Rock was the port for the original parish capital of Trelawny, Martha Brae. Rock

was originally settled by an American John Mitchell, who gave the Project site its

name, ‘Florida’. Associated with this period, is also a prominent stretch of old

wall, which borders a guest house by the name of Taylor’s Bodmint. The property

also forms part of the land settled by Mitchell.

The beach was also the departure point for Jason Whyte, a teenaged community

member, who came to national prominence after drifting alone for days, after the

death of his father on a fishing trip. Eventually rescued by a passing ship, Jason

returned to a heroes welcome, and although no longer residing in Jamaica,

remains both the subject of a book, and a national icon of heroism.

It is not anticipated that heritage remnants within the community will be adversely

affected by the Project.

4.10.3 HAGUE

This residential community lies about 3 miles South West of the Project site, on

the road to Martha Brea. The community is centered on the Hague Housing

Scheme, which comprises about 200 lower middle income units. The community

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is a dormitory community of Falmouth on which it relies for nearly all social

services. It is best known for its annual Agricultural Show, which in recent years

has been trying to recover its former status as a showcase for agricultural

produce in the western parishes.

Demographics The population of this community is about 600. The average size household is

reported to be about 6 persons, and females are estimated to head 60% of

households. Demographically, the profile of Hague is one of a relatively under

serviced lower middle income community, with pockets of low income

settlements.


The main land use is residential. Land use density within the community is

dominated by the large housing scheme mentioned earlier. Agricultural

production appears to be of minimal importance to the community, though the

large agricultural show ground is maintained. There are two important

manufacturing entities located in the community. The largest is Windmill Garment

Manufacturers & King Pepper Products a food processing establishment.

However, employment in these companies is mainly drawn from the parish and

not the community.

Unemployment is not considered high, since most housing scheme residents are

employed outside of the community. However there is a growing pool of

unemployed youth, centered mainly on Hague Settlement, a once Operation

Pride Project, which lies just Southwest of the housing scheme. This comprises a

population of about 250 low income residents in an upgraded squatter

community.

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The Project is viewed positively as a source of potential income by the

community. This would arise as tourism spending filters outwards through curio &

food vending, transportation, and project employment.

Community members were not clear on what Hague itself, could offer the Project

by way of tourist attractions, except the annual agricultural show. It was surmised

that the Project’s demand for agricultural produce, could give impetus to

agricultural production in the Parish, and thereby the annual show.


There is a current PRIDE project underway at Cave Island, above and to the

eastern side of the Hague housing scheme. When completed it will provide just

under 400 upgraded lots. To date it has handed over 286 titles. It represents one

initiative that will contribute to upgrading housing conditions in the wider Project

area. Heritage

The community members spoken to were unaware of any special heritage

features close by, that could enhance the marketing of the Project. However as

they lie on the shortest route to the starting point for rafting on the Martha Brea

there is some potential for developing community based eco tourism attractions

and vending opportunities to take advantage of their location.

Comments

Hague will share in the general economic benefits brought about by the Project,

but has no special claim to these benefits. Nevertheless, it is a community of

lower middle income occupational skills, which could confer an advantage as a

source of clerical, administrative and technical skills to the Project. The alignment

of the new highway, allows the community easy access to the Project area. One

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possible threat to the community, could be an influx of construction and post

construction workers seeking housing accommodation in the two PRIDE

schemes. Hague Settlement (the former PRIDE project, already shows the

potential for reverting to a predominately squatter community.

4.10.4 MARTHA BRAE Martha Brae is another dormitory residential community to Falmouth. It lies about

6 miles South West of the Project area. Once the north coast highway is

completed, the traveling time between the Project area and Martha Brae will be

under 5 minutes. The community is of historical importance, being the former

capital town of Trelawny, and considered the site of a Spanish settlement called

Melilla. It is one of the main gateways to southern Trelawny, an agriculturally

and heritage endowed part of the Parish. The community itself is surprisingly

compact and lacking in civil infrastructure, belying its well known name and

historical associations.

Demographics The population of this community is about 1,000. The average size household is

reported to be about 5 persons, and females are estimated to head 60% of

households. The population is reported by members, to comprise mainly the

middle aged and the very young. Young adults tending to leave the community

for more developed urban centers.


The main land use is residential. Members characterize the community as one in

which ‘outsider workers’ come to find accommodation. There are no important

manufacturing entities located in the community and only a few small, sole

proprietor service type businesses. Falmouth, Duncan's and Montego Bay are

cited as the locations in which community members seek work. However,

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unemployment is reported to be high among the labouring class, which

comprises mainly construction and domestic type skills and other hustling

occupations.

The Project was viewed positively, and as a source of potential income for the

community. Rafting, sightseeing, transportation, and direct project employment

were viewed as the most likely activities for achieving this. The center of rafting

activity lies just on the outskirts of the community. The main attraction is a 90

minute 3-mile raft ride on the Martha Brae, as it winds through the Martha Brae

river valley on its way to the lagoon (Oysters Bay). Rafters Village, which is the

starting point of the journey, is a well appointed and spacious parkland, offering a

variety of attractions to the visitor. According to management, it has resources to

accommodate up to 140 visitors on the river, at any one time. It is an important

source of employment in this part of Trelwany, providing income earning

opportunities to about 35 raft captains and about as many supporting personnel.

The William Knibb Memorial High School, is located just at the border of the

community. In recognition of the growth in the hospitality sector, they are

introducing in the 2004-2005 school year starting in Grade 10, a revamped Home

Economics program to include core hospitality courses. They anticipate

graduating about 20-30 students annually once the programme is underway. In

addition, for the same reason, Spanish is now taught throughout the school.


The community was not aware of any pending developments that would impact

the Project, other than completion of the Highway.

Heritage

Access from the Project to several well known heritage sites and points of

interest, will lie through Martha Brae. The community therefore has some

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potential for developing community based tourism attractions and vending

opportunities to take advantage of its location. These sites include:

- the old town bridge across the Martha Brae River and

- the old Falmouth Company’s disused Persian Wheel preserved beside it.

- Potosi with its crumbling sugar works and plantation relics.

- The ruins of the Retreat Great House and

- the sugar works of Hampstead Estate.

- The eighteenth century restored plantation house of Good Hope Property

and its many other well preserved estate buildings. Until recent times Good

Hope was operated as a hotel.

- The Windsor Cave, about 10 miles from Martha Brea, is one of Jamaica’s

longest explorable cave systems (about 1.5 miles in length) and a once

popular and much promoted visitor attraction.

Both the communities mentioned and the Project, will need to seriously assess

how these heritage assets can be exploited to best advantage.

Comments

Martha Brae should benefit from the Project, particularly as rafting should prove

an important attraction to the hotel’s customers. It is a community of lower

middle income occupational skills, so it could provide a source of clerical,

administrative and technical skills to the Project. However, as commented on

earlier, this is more likely to materialize if a purposeful and targeted training

opportunity is developed in association with training agencies such as HEART.

A threat to the Project could be the influx of construction and post construction

workers seeking housing accommodation in the squatter community of Zion. This

large and growing settlement lies just West of Martha Brae. The new Highway

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will give it easier access to the Project site, and if such an influx is not managed

properly could further exacerbate the already deteriorating social infrastructure.

4.10.5 FALMOUTH

Falmouth is the parish capital, and as its administrative and commercial center it

will probably be the community most positively involved with the Project.

Demographics The population of Falmouth was 8,188 at the time of the 2001 Census. Between

1991 and 2001 its population had grown by only 1.85 %. This compares with a

51 % change in the population of Ocho Rios over the same period and a 13%

change in the population of Montego Bay. Growth in population, even allowing

for the redefinition of some boundaries, must be viewed as relatively slow, when

compared with Jamaica’s overall rate of growth of 5%. It is likely that population

growth will increase more rapidly as tourism development in the parish takes

place, as has been the pattern elsewhere. Between 1991 and 2001 there has

been a net loss of about 7,100 persons from the parish mainly to KMA, St.

Catherine and St. James. This movement may also be slowed.

In two respects the demographic profile of Trelawny, underscores the uncertainty

of Project employment benefits to the communities. Fifty one percent (51%) of

the age 15 and over population is reported as having been exposed to some

secondary level of education, the second lowest percentage among all parishes.

Similarly for university level training Trelawny has the second lowest ratio at

1.22%.

Although overall demographic characteristics are unlikely to have a direct impact

on any individual project, they do reinforce the data collected in the communities,

that point to high unemployment among youth, low levels of economic activity

and low job skills. The demographic data underscores the challenging social

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environment in which the Project will operate.


Land use in Falmouth is shared between commercial and residential activity. It is

an important market center for produce distributed throughout the parish, and as

earlier mentioned is the administrative capital of the parish. Employment covers

the full spectrum of large town occupations. Tourism though present, is not the

main source of its revenues, since most tourist traffic transits the town on the way

to Ocho Rios or Montego Bay. With the completion of the Highway, which by-

passes the town, this trend is likely to be intensified. The project is likely to draw

on the pool of construction, domestic, administrative, technical and managerial

resources that are associated with any large town of this size, if not for its full

needs, certainly for some proportion of it.

If the Project promotes the unique heritage assets found in the town, particularly

its rich Georgian architecture, it would be supporting the comparative advantage

in heritage tourism that Falmouth shares with only Spanish Town, Kingston and

Port Royal.

Public Health & Safety

In this and subsequent sections, issues pertinent to the Project, but shared in

common with the communities are dealt with.

Garbage collection in all of the communities is undertaken regularly by Western

Parks & Markets. Hague Settlement reported that irregular scheduling led to

frequent burning by residents. Sanitary conveniences are mainly a combination

of pit latrines and flush toilets although none of the residents in the communities

felt that human waste was entering the lagoon or sea via gullies or waterways. In

Coopers Pen, for example, the juxtaposition of the squatter community which

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slopes towards the sea, and the degraded algae covered fringing reef as

reported by the fishermen, suggests the impacts of nutrient loading of that bay.

In Rock where 100% of toilet facilities run to pits, the degraded wetlands

bordering the area which might otherwise have offered some filtration, suggests

that this may be all source of nutrient loading into the lagoon. There is only one

sewage treatment plant in Falmouth, which was built to serve Falmouth Gardens

(a housing scheme of about 150 units) but to which the hospital and food market

have also been connected. The remainder of the town uses flush toilets. Again,

because Falmouth itself is at sea level (some anecdotal reports place it below

sea level), sewering the town is an urgent public health prioirty.

The nearest health facilities available to the communities are in Falmouth, where

a Type C Hospital is located. Falmouth also has a Type 4 Health Clinic, which is

considered adequate for serving the needs in this area. Falmouth has the only

fire station in the parish but this station has only one unit. Fire services must be

considered totally inadequate in the event of there being a significant occurrence,

not to mention a multiple event. Considering Falmouth’s heritage assets, this

situation is deplorable. However, because of pending tourism and sports

developments in the parish, plans are underway for a new station in Falmouth.

With respect to both police and postal services for the communities, these are

centered in Falmouth.

A potential health problem for the Project, or at least one that will pose a

nuisance, is the mosquito population in the wetlands. This has proved a

challenge to both Pebbles and Starfish. Yet another anecdotal story claims that

after Ivan, sevaral garbage bags of dead mosquitoes were removed from the

foyer of one of these properties. A month long ‘fogging’ program, at a cost of

J$50,000 commenced post Ivan, and covered the coastal strip between Silver

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Sands and Greenwood. A sustained mosquito eradication program is required if

this problem is to be contained.

Water Consumption

The communities are supplied water by NWC and in each community, the

service is regarded as adequate. Most dwellings are reported to be metered.

Trelawny is regarded as having more than adequate water resources. These

resources exist in the Martha Brae River Basin, from which the parish satisfies its

needs but also exports water. The following figures are based on the 1990

Master Plan of the Water Resources Authority of Jamaica.

Table 4.10.5: MCM/Year Martha Brea River Basin

Supply: Average Yield

Supply: Reliable or Safe Yield

Consumption:

Unused : Reliable or Safe Yield

Surface Water 279.4 19.7 1.4 18.3

Ground Water 202.1 150.6 22.6 128.0

Total 481.5 170.3 24.0 146.3

The NWC maintains two main treatment plants. Treatment Plant #1 (as it is

referred to) is located on the Martha Brea to Perth Town Road. It is responsible

for supplying treated water from Coopers Pen in the East to Wiltshire in the

West (near Greenwood in St. James). Any NWC water supplied the Project will

be from this plant.

In recognition of the tourism development that has taken place and is planned

for the planned for the Parish. Treatment Plant # 1 at Martha Brae is to be

refurbished to restore it to its designed capacity of 6M gallons per day. Up from

the roughly 4M gallons that it can treat currently. Upon completion, it is expected

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that the 3M gallons currently exported to St. James will continue, and the

remaining 3M gallons will serve increased demand eastwards to Braco.

Treatment Plant #2, is located just outside of Falmouth. Currently most of its

water is exported to St. James.

However, the larger hotel properties neighbouring the Project area, report

problems with inconsistent water pressure. Starfish had to resort to putting in a

tank to maintain a dependable supply. This is obviously a distribution problem,

which the refurbishing of the treatment plant and associated pumping works is

designed to alleviate.

Electricity supply is considered adequate and available, although current

proposals to have major new power consumers purchase their own transformers

is likely to meet considerable resistance.

Telephone services particularly to large users such as the existing hotels, is

considered very inadequate. Cable & Wireless appears unable or unwilling to

provide the level of service.

Flooding The communities reported that this stretch of coastline is not prone to flooding.

However, periodic flooding is a serious challenge in a community called

Mangrove, just south west of Falmouth. The community, in addition to being on a

very low water table is also apparently part of the natural drainage system. This

example is cited to underscore the hydrological challenges faced by high rise

major developments in this part of the parish. The Martha Brae Drag Line is the

main waterway that drains the wetland area to the south west of Falmouth into

the sea at Half Moon Bay.

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5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATIONS MEASURES

5.1 ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS Several impacts have been identified for this development , which includes both

negative and positive impacts. Consideration has been given to the scale of the

impacts (major or minor), the deviation of impacts (long term or short term) and

the permanency of the impacts (reversible or irreversible).

The environmental aspects likely to be impacted by this development, a

description of the main impacts and the proposed mitigation measure have been

described for the natural environment (Table 5.1) and the socio-economic

environment (Table 5.2).

Several key environmental issues have been identified for this site and for the

proposed development. Environmental Guidelines are presented in Appendix VI.

The main issues are outlined below and are relevant to the determination of

impacts and the proposed mitigation measures, as described in the following

sections.

Issue 1: Low-Lying Coastal Lands

The proposed resort site, comprising low-lying coastal lands known as Bush Cay

and Florida, and the more elevated interior land at Hope Gate, is located near

Falmouth on a peninsula situated closely behind the fringing coral reef from

which it is separated by a narrow back reef lagoon. The peninsula is exposed

and vulnerable to storm waves and storm surges as evidenced by the large

amount of coral rubble deposited on beach berm and elsewhere by erosion

scarps along sections of the beach face.

An early map shows that in the 1880’s Bush Cay was separate from the

mainland. More recent aerial photography shows that since then the peninsula

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has grown in a westerly direction, incorporating the original Bush Cay, by sand

accretion along the northern side and probably also by the deposition of soft

sediments from the Martha Brae river along the southern side.

In physical terms the site is dynamic and the sea grass bed at the tip is essential

for the binding of the sediments in this process of accretion, as well as the

mangroves growing incrementally along the southern side.

Issue 2: Coastal Protection and Setbacks

In addition to the more conventional type rooms on the land the development

proposes to provide rooms situated on piles over the water along the northern

shore of the peninsula. There are no specific international guidelines governing

the operation of such structures nor is there any particular negative

environmental issue associated with them. Placed on piles such structures do not

have any more effect on the ecology of inshore waters than do ordinary boating

piers and it should be noted that they are in common use throughout the world.

The rooms are raised above sea level and as long as they are not tightly

clustered, as would be the case for the proposed development, they do not

obscure the seascape in an unacceptable fashion. Land rooms and other

buildings will require some setback. Sewage from toilets in sea rooms is to be

taken in pipes secured below the pier to the mainland and then treated in the

onshore facilities.

Issue 3: Mangrove Swamps

The mangroves of Falmouth and Salt Marsh are listed among the major wetlands

of Jamaica in the NRCA’s Mangrove and Coastal Wetlands Protection Draft

Policy and Regulations, 1997. Specific reference is made to Bush Cay and

Florida swamps in that document, including the statement that “the

phosphorescence was lost subsequent to indiscriminate clearing of mangroves

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around the lagoon”. That allegation has never been proven. Other possible

factors include the following:

a. leaching of marl from newly constructed roads across the

mangroves

b. marsh drainage and reclamation activities that were then being

carried out in the Martha Brae estuary, and

c. discharges from the commercial tie-dying operation at Rock.

However, the most likely cause was channel dredging in the bay at that time in

order to accommodate a proposed marina. Dredging would have disturbed the

soft sediments in the bay, brought them into suspension, and adversely affected

the quality of the water such that the dinoflagellates could not survive.

In 1967, a resolution was passed by the Trelawny Parish Council to impose

theTree Preservation (Bush Cay, Trelawny) Order on that part of the peninsula

‘to promote rejuvenation of the mangroves on Bush Cay which had been

destroyed prior to that time’. Since then the TPC passed a resolution on 8th July

to have the Order revoked so as to allow for replacement of the willow trees with

native species. The application is now before the Minister prior to being gazetted.

The mangroves are clearly important to coastal stability and to ecological

functions of the Bay and their conservation is essential.

Issue 4: The Glistening Waters/Oyster Bay

The peninsula encloses Oyster Bay, an estuary into which debouches the Martha

Brae River. Oyster Bay is reknowned for its phosphorescence, which is due to

the presence of microscopic bioluminescent dinoflagellates in the water.

Vegetation on the western end of the peninsula is partly dominated by

mangroves. These border Oyster Bay and are an integral part of the coastal

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ecosystem, contributing to the biological productivity of the estuary. This

productivity supports the existence of the dinoflagellates as well as the marine

nursery function of the bay.

Oyster Bay and its waters are susceptible to pollutants and contamination arising

from inappropriate activities that may take place in the Martha Brae watershed

and along the coast. For this reason it would be prudent to put in place a

resource use and management plan for Oyster Bay.

No untreated sewage effluent or other untreated effluent is to be released into

the Bay.

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Table 6.1: Natural Environment – Potential Impacts, Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Environmental Aspect

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures

Drainage Impacts on drainage are both direct and indirect.

They relate to all phases of the development and to

high volume events (major drainage) as well as to

drainage requirements for run-off from more

frequent events (minor drainage).

Two-thirds of the land is wetland and typically

inundated. Rehabilitation of the wetland will retain

the wetland area.

1. The engineering design for each component of the

development should use the 100-yr. event as design criterion

for drainage structures, to accommodate flash floods and

catastrophic events.

2. Storm water runoff (more frequent events) will be handled by

curbs, channels, and retention ponds. These must be designed

to prevent ponding and flooding on the property.

3. Retention ponds should be created for the collection of storm

water from which over flow can lead to the mangroves.

Landscaping will necessitate gradation to facilitate this over flow

movement. This will prevent the collection of stagnant pools of

water, and will prevent the direct drainage of stormwater to the

coast.

4. All existing drainage lines must be kept open and no

obstructions must be built within these lines. Culverts and drains

should be designed to channel surface run-off into existing

drainage lines.

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5. Retention ponds can also be used for irrigation purposes.

These mitigation measures are the responsibility of the developer.

Operation Phase

During the operation phase the mitigation measures incorporated in

the engineering design should prevent:

1. Problems of ponding, 2. Facilitate surface run-off. Scheduled inspections and

maintenance of drainage channels is critical 3. Prevent direct channelling of stormwater to the coast 4. Reduce potential of the development of nuisance issues

through the elimination of stagnant ponds which encourage

mosquito breeding 5. The establishment of the retention ponds and overflow into

the mangroves will prevent direct inputs of freshwater into

Oyster Bay, that can affect the bioluminescence of the bay.

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Hazard Vulnerability

Impacts during site preparation or construction

relate to the effect of flood events and stormwater

run-off in the project area.

With respect to man-made/technological hazards,

accidents can occur as a result of construction

activities directly on-site and as a result of activities

off-site, such as transportation of equipment and

materials.

Health and safety aspects must be considered with

respect to workers existing residents on the site

and the motoring public during both the

Construction and the Operation Phases.

A major risk due to the proximity of the site to the

coast is storm surge.

Operation Phase

During the operation phase the mitigation measures

incorporated in the engineering design should

1. Site preparation and construction schedules should take

account of the traditional rainy season between May and

October, and of the hurricane season from June to November,

during which tropical systems sometimes cause flood rains.

Extraordinary tropical systems have also caused problems of

supersaturated soils, so that schedules should factor this

eventuality.

2. A safety management plan including traffic handling and

equipment management procedures should be developed as

part of the construction scheduling.

3. Engineering design must take account of appropriate design

for wind, storm surge and seismic activity.

4. An Evacuation Protocol must be established to safeguard

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prevent problems associated with hazards.

public health and safety in the event of predictable events.

These would include the annual hurricane season from June to

November.


Air Quality

Site Preparation and Construction Phase

Movement of trucks and heavy-duty equipment

to and from the project area, as well as

construction work and stockpiling of earth

material, will contribute to dust emissions.

Construction activities will also result in the removal

of vegetation that will expose and loosen soil which

can become airborne with medium to strong winds.

This would add fugitive dust to the area, which is

already dust prone because of previous land

clearance. The transport of aggregate for road and

drainage culvert construction will also contribute to

the fugitive dust levels. Construction vehicles will

1. Watering of un-vegetated areas and stripped road surfaces

along which construction vehicles and trucks travel will

control dust emissions by up to 70%. A full-time watering

truck should be maintained on site for watering road

surfaces as needed to minimize fugitive dust emissions.

Over-saturated conditions, which would cause outgoing

trucks to track mud onto public streets, should be

avoided. Watering would not be necessary on days when

rainfall exceeds 2.5 mm (0.01 inch).

2. Stock piling of earth materials for construction should be

carried out within temporarily constructed enclosures to limit

fugitive dust. Vehicles transporting earth materials should be

covered en route. Mixing equipment should be sealed properly

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emit air contaminants such as nitrogen and sulphur

oxides as well as particulates.

Operation Phase

and vibrating equipment should be equipped with dust

removing devices. Stockpiles of fines should be covered on

windy days.

3. A monitoring program for dust is recommended to assess the

effectiveness of control measures in meeting ambient air

quality standards.

4. Provide dust masks to operators in order to protect them

from dust impacts.

5. Take account of prevailing wind direction and plant tall leafy

and dense vegetation between roads and human settlements

to filter pollutants.

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Operations Phase

Electricity will be produced on site by a Caterpillar

machine.

1. Emissions from the generator must take account of

ambient standards.

2. Vibrations should take account of existing international

standards in the absence of national standards.

Coastal Processes

Operations Phase

• Stability of the beach is affected by accretion

and erosion and the beach is dynamic.

Construction of solid structures can impact beach

processes.

• Establishment of structures on the beach.

• Elevation and set back of buildings can impact

coastal processes and put buildings at risk during

storm surge.

• Placement and density of sea rooms, piling

design and construction can increase drag and

prevent water movement, and lead to scour.

• Safety of the beach and swim area. A breach in

the reef has resulted in the creation of a rip

current which will make swimming hazardous at

1. Due to the dynamic nature of the beach it is

recommended that no hard structures (groynes) be

established until further detailed studies are done.

2. Setback and elevation must be such that the 50-year

situ period surge (3.7m) does not affect critical areas.

Design should include the use of tunnel form

construction. This will allow flow through of water and

reduce obstruction impacts.

3. The design of buildings on land should not interfere

with existing coastal processes.

4. Piling design should take account of scour protection.

5. Mangroves and seagrasses must be conserved to

maintain accretion of sediment on the western point.

6. The piling design and density must take into account the

coastal process and not reduce flow of water, create

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this point.

obstruction impacts and lead to scouring.

7. To eliminate the rip current it is recommended that the

breach in the reef be sealed. This would be by underwater

groyne with a vertical height that allows overflow to prevent the

creation of a closed area.

8. Piles cannot be placed directly on the reef structure.

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Noise

Site Preparation and Construction Phase The noise level is expected to increase during site

preparation and construction with the use of heavy

machinery and earth moving equipment, and during

piling.


1. Although not expected to create a significant negative

impact, noise impacting on the existing components of the

development from construction activities can be minimized by

limiting noisy construction activities to the hours between 7 am

and 6 pm, where construction is in close proximity to residential

areas. Construction machinery and vehicles should be

serviced at regular intervals in order to keep noise to a

minimum.

2. Workers must be equipped with ear muffs as appropriate.

3. Adhere to NEPA noise standards.

Operation Phase

Siting of the generators should be away from guest rooms, bird roosting sites in the mangroves and adjacent property owners.

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Marine Water Quality and Reefs

Construction Phase

• Erosion and terrestrial run-off during the

construction and operational phases of the

development will cause serious degradation of

the seagrass meadows and coral recruitment

areas. This is particularly true because of the

shallow nature of the back reef area. Storm water

run-off can also become deleterious by

introducing nutrients, sediments and toxic

substances (especially petroleum based) to the

marine environment. It must be noted that a

significant deposition of sand is occurring on the

western tip of the area extending around to the

fringe mangroves. Any increase in sediments

could have serious consequences for the

mangrove root community

• Physical damage to the reef structure during

construction of over-sea units.

• Suspended solid loading (sediments and

garbage) to the coastal waters (from earth

moving activities and terrestrial run-off)

Construction Phase

1. The creation of a drainage containment area further inland

where run-off could be channelled and held.

2. Establishing setback limits for Buildings situated close to

beach front.

3. Maintaining a vegetation barrier between the land and the

sea.

4. Creating footpaths throughout the development that will

minimise loss of vegetation and the compaction of soil caused

by pedestrian traffic.

5. Measures to control or limit sedimentation in drainage

channels during the construction phase will include storage of

earth materials within containment berms

6. The deployment of sediment traps during any approved filling

in the coastal environment.

7. The engineering design must incorporate measures for slope

stabilization and reinforcement to prevent slope failure on steep

slopes.

8. The proper removal and disposal of construction spoil, so as

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• Increased bacterial levels due to indiscriminate

disposal of human waste (particularly

construction camp activities).

• Oil and grease from heavy equipment and

trucks.

Operation Phase

The most important impacts relate to physical

not to block drains and gullies.

9. Take all necessary measures to prevent refuse (solid waste)

and wastewater produced in construction camps from entering

into drains and water bodies.

10. Provision of portable chemical toilets at work sites, with

appropriate sanitary arrangements for disposal of the contents.

11. Oil and grease which may be generated from construction

equipment should not be allowed to run into the sea and should

be properly stored and disposed of, off site, to prevent

washdown in terrestrial run-off during rainfall events.

The above mitigation measures are the ultimate responsibility of the developer, working with contractors and subcontractors.

12. Durng the operation phase proper receptacles for the

collection of solid waste must be installed and guests must be

sensitized to solid waste issues.

13. The services of a reliable, certified contractor must be

engaged for the timely and efficient removal of solid waste to

an approved site.

14. A proactive policy for waste management must be put in

place to prevent dumping in the coastal zone by guests and

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damage to the reef structure from visitor activity.

This could include improper waste disposal

practices from over-sea rooms.

The increase in number of snorkelers and

recreational SCUBA divers may lead to physical

damage of the reef due to trampling, breaking

corals or removal of organisms for souvenirs.

staff.

These mitigation measures are the responsibility of the management entity for each component of the development.

15. Monitoring of the coastal environment should be conducted

against baseline data and to assess cumulative impacts on

water qualtiy.

16. Establish regulations and promote environmental awareness

amongst visitors and residents e.g. using posters or signs, giving

talks in hotels/communities.

The requirements and implementation of coastal water quality

monitoring to determine the impacts of all coastal developments

is the responsibility of NEPA. Water quality monitoring may

be the responsibility of the developer if speciefied by NEPA

in any permit issued. Other mitigation measures are the

responsibility of the developer.

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Back Reef Environment

Construction of Cottages within the shallow back

reef environment as proposed by the developers

poses several problems. Firstly, during the

construction phase of the development, the shallow

and sensitive nature of this area predisposes it to

degradation. Seagrasses and coral recruits do not

do well in areas that have high sedimentation rates.

The use of heavy equipment could be problematic.

The use of pilings to support these structures would

mean the interruption of the current flows now

occurring. Changing flow characteristics could lead

to loss of beach sand due to erosion and absence

of natural replenishment. Scouring would also occur

around the foot of the pilings. The structures

themselves would also create an additional problem

of shading. Seagrasses and corals are

photosynthetic and do not occur where sunlight is

not optimal.

1. Construction methods used must ensure that intrusion into

the seagrass/coral pavement areas be limited and carefully

monitored.

2. During construction phases sediment screens should be

used to reduce the transportation of sediments to other

seagrass areas as well as to the fore reef system.

3. Minimise use of heavy equipment in environmentally

sensitive areas.

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Vegetation Site Preparation and Construction Phase

Site preparation and construction activities will

result in the removal of several acres of mangrove,

removing the airshed purification function and

habitat for birds.

The removal of mangroves can impact the

production of vitamin B12 by dinoflagellates who

obtain their food from decaying mangrove

vegetation.

Scrubland and casuarina will be removed.

The development also proposes the construction of

the entrance to the property on the Northwest

mangrove fringed shore. The construction would

also involve the erection of docking facilities to

accommodate vessels used to transport guests.

Potential impacts include the clearing of mangroves

and dredge and fill activities to consolidate the soil.

Dredging might also be necessary to give vessels

1. Mangrove and scrubland will have to be cleared to provide

land for the development works. Clearing of the vegetative

stands should be carried out on a phased basis to reduce the

amount of exposed top soil that can be washed down in rainfall

events.

2. Clearance of vegetation should be done in accordance with

the Terms and Conditions specified in any permit from NEPA

and in respect of pre-designated mangrove areas for retention.

3. Trees to be retained should be ‘red-flagged’ to alert

contractors.

4. Construction monitoring is recommended.

5. To continue to provide airshed functions of purification it is

recommended that verges be replanted with trees and shrubs

where appropriate.

6. Selection of plants for landscaping should consider the

following: habitat suitability, feeding trees, trees of national

interest, flowering trees and shrubs.

7. Replace Casuarina with native coastal species.

8. A nursery should be established to provide material to be

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enough draught.

used.

9. Resuscitation of dead mangroves is to be undertaken to

facilitate the creation of a Nature Park, to encourage habitat for

wildlife.

10. Though undesirable the removal of any mangroves must be

accompanied by an equal restoration effort at another section

of the property.

11. Dredging activities should be kept to a minimum; liberated

sediments can prove deleterious to marine flora and fauna.

12. During the operational phases, care should be taken in the

case of vessel maintenance and operation to avoid spills of oil,

gasoline and the containment of runoff from cleanup activities.

The requirement for construction monitoring and the establishment

of Permit Conditions are the responsibility of NEPA. Other

mitigation measures are ultimately the responsibility of the developer and any contractors or subcontractors.

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Birds Site Preparation and Construction

Vegetation clearance will result in loss of habitat for

both endemic and migratory bird species.

1. Design of golf courses should ensure that feeding trees

(particularly sweetwoods) are connected by vegetation

corridors.

2. Efforts should be made to retain forest strips along gully

slopes.

3. Landscaping and vegetation buffers, will result in the

replacement of some habitat for selected species.

4. Selective vegetation clearance should be exercised to ensure

that feeding, nesting and roosting sites are maintained in

suitable numbers.

5. It is not expected that poachers will be a threat, as the

development is secure and access is limited.

These mitigation measures are the responsibility of the developer and the design engineers.

Operation Phase The creation of a Nature Park will facilitate habitat creation for

several species of birds including migrating species.

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Nusiance Species

Operation Phase Casuarina is a alien invasive species which will be

removed.

Standing water in this environment can lead to the

breeding of mosquitos.

1. the removal of casuarinas will be a benefit as these are

introduced and invasive species. The pine needles coat the

soil and prevent natural ecological process.

2. Sloping and grading of the landscape to facilitate water flow

must be done to prevent ponding and build up of standing

water.

3. Contractor needs to develop a site management plan for

construction.

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Table 6.2: Social Environment – Potential Impacts, Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Environmental Aspect Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures

Traffic, Transportation and Access Roads

Site Preparation and Construction Phase Site preparation and construction activities will see

an increase in the movement of heavy vehicles and

construction equipment.

Operation Phase

Disruption to traffic is not anticipated during the

operation phase. Exit ramps from the main road to

access property on both the north and the south

side of the property should be considered.


1. Scheduling of construction work should seek to

minimise disruption to traffic flow along the main

north coast artery and allow for the movement of

material and heavy equipment.

2. Arrangements for parking and storage of material

should be made on-site as is feasible for efficient

operations.

3. Discussion should be had with the National Works

Agency regarding the provision of underpasses and

exit ramps.

4. Properly trained flag persons and road side signs

should be used where the movement of heavy

machinery and construction equipment may cross

the main road.

These mitigation measures are the responsibility of the

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developer and the contracters in consultation with the National Solid Waste Management Authority, as required.

Business Enterprises Construction Phase and Operation Phase

No business enterprises will be disrupted.

No mitigation measures are required.

Employment

Site Preparation and Construction Phase Employment opportunities will be created during

the site preparation and construction phases. This

will mostly be unskilled labour for the duration of

the construction activities. Additionally, economic

opportunities will involve the sourcing of

construction material and linkages created with

local and regional suppliers and industries.


1. Casual labour will find employment and this is

expected to be a positive impact for the surrounding

communities.

2. Workers should be briefed on traffic management,

solid and liquid waste disposal, dust management,

parking, idling of equipment and oil spill control.

3. The “politicization” of employment opportunities

often poses some challenge to contractors, and the

need for security and relevant dialogue have to be

factored into construction planning.

4. Training should be sought for unskilled labour

from local communities as required.

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Solid Waste Management


Solid waste generated from the site preparation

and construction activities will include construction

debris, vegetation, solid waste from beaches, and

solid waste generated from the construction camp.


1. Construction sites generate considerable waste

and provision must be made for suitable separation

and storage of waste in designated and labelled

areas throughout the site and at the site camp.

2. Collection of waste by certified contractors and

disposal at an approved site, as recommended and

approved by the National Solid Waste Management

Authority.

3. Any hazardous waste should be separated and

stored in areas clearly designated and labelled, for

future entombing and disposal as directed by the

National Solid Waste Management Authority.

4. Worker training should include instructions on

how to dispose of food and drink containers

emphasizing the need to protect the coastal

environment.

5. Construction camps and work areas along the

proposed alignment must be adequately equipped

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with portable chemical toilets.

6. Portable chemical toilets must be provided,

maintained and removed by a certified contractor.

7. Consideration should be given to the

establishment of an Integrated Solid Waste

Management Plan.


Proposed Developments

Major developments within the areas include the

Harmony Cove Developments at Harmony Hall,

Trelawny and the Green Field Site for World Cup

Cricket 2007.

1. It is uncertain as to the impact of these

developments on the proposed development in

relation to market share.

2. Cumulative impacts related to traffic management

may occur if construction schedules overlap. The

mitigation measures as described under traffic

management would need to be applied by other

developers.

3. Discussions should be held with the relevant

government agencies to determine the solution for

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the potential squatter settlements that have been

arising in close proximity to these major

developments.

Public Health and Safety


Site preparation and construction will involve,

transportation and storage of significant volumes of

construction material, and proper disposal of

construction spoil and any hazardous waste.

Increased levels of fugitive dust and construction

noise are also public health issues as the air

quality is already deteriorated in this region and

noise and activity levels are high.

Operation Phase Increased human activity in the areas could stress

the existing pressure on a diminished Fire Services

Department.

Mitigation Measures

1. To minimise risk to the public the construction

activities which will directly affect the movement of

traffic and pedestrians, should be properly

scheduled and standard construction techniques for

sign–posting and flagging should be adhered to.

2. Dust control by wetting is essential.

3. Unnecessary idling of construction related

vehicles should be discouraged.

4. Proper sign posting of speed limits and entrances

and exits.

5. Discussions should be held with the relevant

authorities regarding facilities for fire protection and

health and safety.


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Zoning Some types of recreational water sports are

incompatible, such as snorkeling and jet skiing.

Some areas of the reef are in shallow water, and

accidents could occur.

1. Zoning of areas for swimming/snorkeling and for

other sports such as jet skiing.

2. Placing markers to identify shallow parts of reef

which may be hazardous to jet skiers.

3. Hazardous swim areas should be clearly

demarcated and restricted in access.

These mitigation measures are the responsibility of

the developer.

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage


The general area is rich in heritage value and site

preparation and construction could result in the

unearthing and discovery of artefacts.

1. The JNHT should be informed of the construction

schedule and given an opportunity to conduct a

Watching Brief during the construction phase and to

perform Rescue Archaeology if any artifacts are

discovered.

2. These mitigation measures are the responsibility of the developer in association with the JNHT.

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Sewage Treatment Operation Phase The development proposes in excess of a

thousand rooms. Sewerage that is untreated or

poorly treated contains high levels of nutrients that

can cause the smothering of the reef systems and

seagrass areas. Potentially it would mean loss of

clean water surrounding the development.

Establishment of a package plant on the east side

of the site. Each hotel will be equipped with

retention facilities fed by each room. Treated

sewage will be fed into a retention pond.

Nutrients and bacteria can impact the coastal

waters resulting in entrophication of coastal waters.

Organic loading and phosphates can impact bay

waters altering the delicate balance that now exists

causing the reduction of bioluminescence in the

bay.

3. Raw sewage must not be pumped into the sea.

4. Treated sewage effluent from the package plant

must be fed to irrigation holding tanks. From the

holding tanks aerated effluent will be used for

irrigation and dissipated through the mangroves via

multiple outlets.

5. NEPA Sewage Irrigation Standards must be met

for sewage effluent and the Sewage Irrigation

Standard also if waters are to be used for irrigation.

Irrigation standards indicated in Section 3.2.12 must

be adhered to.

6. A permit and license for sewage treatment and

discharge must apply. Monitoring of effluent

discharge must be conducted during the operation

of the facility.

7. A sewage treatment plant must be constructed to

take and contain all sewerage, inclusive of the

structures that are proposed offshore.

8. The treated water from these activities can be

used to irrigate the lawns and

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gardens of the property.

Utilities Operation Phase

1. Increased demand on water supply

2. Generation of solid waste

3. Solid waste facilities are required in local

communities

Operation Phase

1. Confirm discussion with the National Water

Commission regarding the supply of potable water.

2. The developer should participate in the upgrade

of the Martha Brae Treatment Plant.

3. All solid waste must be taken to the Retirement

Site.

Lighting Increased lighting will decrease the visibility of the

luminescent bay and reduce its attractiveness.

No lighting should be directed toward the Oyster Bay.

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5.2 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Cumulative Impacts have been taken into consideration as the north coast

supports a thriving tourism industry and is projected to expand based on the

increase in tourism facilities. For the north coast in general, these include the

Royal Georgian Resort and Spa at Llandovery in St. Ann, the Bahia Hotel at Pear

Tree Bottom also in St. Ann, and the Harmony Cove Resort near Braco also in

St. Ann as well as the 2,000 room Spanish hotel and Cruise Ship Pier in Lucea,

Hanover.

Much closer to the proposed development site is the location of the Trelawny

Stadium which is to be constructed for hosting the World Cup Cricket in 2007.

The site is on 40 acres of land just off the main north coast road from Rock.

The main cumulative impact relates to the potential increase in opportunitic

persons hoping to capitalize on the benefits to be derived from increased visitor

arrivals to the areas. This could lead to squatting, illegal roadside vending,

informal and illegal residential communities, poor sanitation practices and

congestion on small roads and near to entrances.

The main mitigation measures to counteract this, are not the responsibility of the

developer, but the government regulatory and enforcement agencies.

• Accommodation must be provided to facilitate the influx of persons seeking

job opportunities (at different levels) anticipated from the hotels and sport

facility

• Enforcement against squatting, vending and other unapproved activities must

be immediate at the first sign.

These impacts are not specific to this project and evidence of the lack of

provision of accommodation and the lack of enforcement in other resort area is

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obvious. It would be beneficial for the government agencies to cooperate with

developers within the project area.

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6.0 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES

Alternative Site An alternative site was not selected as this site is owned by the developer, and

chosen specifically for its environmental attributes.

Alternative Design Alternative designs to building were considered but the concept of a Bora Bora

style units is the concept that the developer desires for this development.

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7. OUTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING PLAN

7.1 MONITORING PROGRAMME If a permit is granted for the proposed project, and before site preparation and

construction activities begin, the developer should submit a Monitoring

Programme to NEPA for approval, if required to do so. The aim of the Monitoring

Programme is to ensure compliance with relevant legislation, implementation of

the mitigation measures and long-term minimization of negative environmental

impacts. The Monitoring Programme should include a Construction Plan and

Schedule with a description of any proposed phasing of activities, recommended

Mitigation Measures and proposed methods of compliance. The Monitoring

Programme should also include an Inspection Protocol; planned Supervision of

Site Preparation and Construction Activities and implementation of Post

Construction Monitoring. During construction reports should be submitted to

NEPA as well as a final summary report of the effectiveness of the mitigation

measures. Parameters to be included in the Monitoring Programme should

include, but not be limited to, Air Quality, Coastal Water Quality, Noise, Coral

Reef Structure, Solid Waste Management, Mangrove Rehabilitation and

Vegetation Conservation.

The monitoring of the reef systems is also important, the Reef Check

methodology instituted by Reef Check International and used world wide is a

quick and relatively easy method used to monitor the health of the reef systems.

The use of this method also gains points towards the Blue Flag accreditation

sought after by hotels and marinas around the world.

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REFERENCES

Adams, C.D., 1972. Flowering Plants of Jamaica. University of the West Indies. Ahmad. R. 2003. Natural Hazard Maps in Jamaica: Foundations for Sustainable Developement. First National Scientific Conference on the Environment. April 9-10, 2003, Kingston, Jamaica. Bond, J. 1985. Birds of the West Indies. Collins. Bull, J. and J. Farrand Jr. 1977. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Downer A. and R. Sutton. 1990. Birds of Jamaica – A Photographic Field Guide. Cambridge University Press. Eaton, A.D., L.S. Clesceri and A.E. Greenberg, 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation. Environmental Solutions Ltd. 1992. Environmental Evaluation of the New Falmouth Resort Development Site, Florida/Bush Cay, Trelawny. Grossman, D.H., S. Iremonger and D.M. Muchoney. 1991. Jamaica: A Rapid Ecological Assessment Phase 1. The Nature Conservancy. Humann,P.,N. Delaoch. 2002 Reef creature identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publication, Inc Jacksonville, Fl, USA. pp248. Humann,P.,N. Delaoch. 2002 Reef coral identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publication, Inc Jacksonville, Fl, USA. pp272. Humann,P.,N. Delaoch. 2002 Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publication, Inc Jacksonville, Fl, USA. pp512. Scullion Littler, D., M. Littler, K Bucher, J.N.Norris 1989. Marine plants of the Caribbean: A field guide form Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington Dc, USA. Pp 263. Seliger H.H, J.H. Carpenter, M. Loftus and W.D. McElroy: Mechanisms for the accumulation of High Concentrations of Dinoflagellates in a bioluminescent Bay: Limnology and Oceanography, 1970. Vol 15 No.2. pp 234-245. Seliger H.H and W.D. McElroy, Studies at Oyster Bay in Jamaica, West Indies. I. Intensity Patterns of Bioluminescence in a Natural Environment: Journal of Marine Research Vol 26. No.3. pp 245-255.

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Schwartz A. and R. W Henderson. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies – Descriptions, Distributions and natural History. University of Florida Press. 1991. Steindinger, K.A. 1979. Collection ,enumeration and identification of free living dinoflaggellates. Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. Taylor/Selinger(EDS).Elsevier North Holland Inc., pp. 435-442. Tomblin and Robson. 1971. Catalogue of Felt Jamaican Earthquakes. Vollenweider, R.A. 1969. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. IBP Handbook 12, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. pp. 213. Webber, D.F, P.E. Edwards, M.H.Hibbert, Report on The Environmental Assessment and Management of the Martha Brae River Estuary, Falmouth Trelwany, Jamaica. 1998.

Eaton et al 1995. Eaton A.D., Clesceri L., Greenberg A.E. and Franson M.A.H. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 1995. 14th Edition, American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington D.C.USA.

Environmental Solutions Limited. 2003. North Coast Highway Construction Monitoring Report prepared for Stanley Consultants Limited.

Lapointe, B., 1992, Eutrophication thresholds for macro algal overgrowth of coral reefs, pg. 105-112 in K. Thacker (ed.), Protecting Jamaica's coral reefs: water quality issues, Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society, Negril, Jamaica.

Smith-Shirley, Sharonmae. 2004. The Chemistry of the South Negril River: A Pollution Assessment Study, Master's Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona.

Bioluminescent Bay. URL: Http://www. stjohnbeachguide.com/Vieques_HTML/Bioluminescent_Bay.html

Verde 1993. Wildlife Conservation, Wild Places by Tom Verde. URL: Http://www.biobay.com Webber, Edwards, Hibbert. 1998. Ecological Assessment and Baseline Data for the Martha Brae River Estuary/Wetland Management Project. Report to Trelawny Environmental Protection Agency by Dale Webber, Peter Edwards and Marlon Hibbert.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX I: SMITH WARNER INTERNATIONAL LTD. REPORT

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APPENDIX II: ESL MARTHA BRAE DATA (ESL 2003)

PARAMETERS Martha Brae

River at Bridge

January 03

Martha Brae River at Bridge February

03

Martha Brae

River at Bridge

March 03

Martha Brae

River at Bridge April 03

Martha Brae River

at Bridge May 03

Martha Brae River at

(Rafters Rest)

May 03

Martha Brae River

at Bridge June 03

Martha Brae River

at Bridge July 03

Martha Brae River

Upstream of Bridge August

03

Martha Brae River

at Bridge August

03

NEPA

Standards

TSS (mg/L ) 101.0 4.3 6.3 7.8 8.6 19.3 19.0 4.3 5.3 11.7 30*

Nitrate(as Nitrogen) (mg/L ) 9.7 11.0 12.3 11.9 11.0 7.9 3.5 3.52 1.7 1.6 0.1 - 7.5

Phosphate (mg/L ) 0.09 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.01 - 0.8

Total Coliform (MPN/100ml )

∃2,400 1100 1100 210 460 460 ∃2400 240 460 93 <1,000*

Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml )

1,100 1100 1100 210 460 460 ∃2400 43 460 11 90% of sample

<10 Oil & Grease (mg/L ) 7.0 5.9 1.60 1.6 2.9 1.2 1.8 4.50 12.25 2.60 10*

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APPENDIX III: HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY DATA (WEBBER ET AL 1995)

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APPENDIX IV: BIOLOGICAL DATA

Scientific Names Common Name DAFOR

Invertebrates

Echinodermata 15 species

Diadema antillarium Long Spined Urchin D

Echinometra lucunter Rock- Boring Urchin R

Lytechinus variegatus Variegated Urchin F

Tripneustes ventricosus Sea Egg F

Eucidaris tribuloides Pencil Urchin O

Echinometra viridis Reef Urchin A

Lytechinus williamsi Jewel Urchin R

Linckia guilingii Common Comet Star R

Meoma ventricosa Red Heart Urchin R

Holothuria mexicana sea cucumber O

Davidaster rubiginosa Golden Crinoid O

Ophiocoma paucigranulata Spiny Brittle Star A

Ophiocoma echinata Blunt Spined Brittle Star F

Ophioderma rubicundum Ruby Brittle Star O

Ophioderma appressu Banded Arm Brittle Star O

Porifera 8 species

Plakortis angulospiculatus Viscous Sponge D

Aplysina cauliformis Row Pore Rope Sponge A

Xestospongia muta Giant Barrel Sponge F

Diplastrella megastellata Red Orange Encrusting Sponge F

Agelas conifera Brown Tube Sponge F

Aplysina fistularis Yellow Tube Sponge F

Tedania ignis Fire Sponge O

Calyx podatypa Dark Volcano Sponge O

Cnidarians 9 species

Sertularella speciosa Branching Hydroid O

Actinoporus elegans Elegant Anemone F

Bartholomea annulata Corkscrew Anemone F

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Epicystis crucifer Beaded Anemone O

Lebrunia globulifera Branching Anemone F

Condylactis gigantea Giant Anemone F

Palythoa caribaeorum White Encrusting zooanthid O

Zoanthus pulchellus Mat Zooanthid F

Ricordea florida Florida Corallimorph O

Ctenophora 1 species

Mnemiopsis Mccradyi Sea Walnut O

Annelida 6 species

Hermondice carunculata Bearded Fire Worm O

Arenicola cristata Southern Lug Worm R

Notaulax occidentalis Yellow Fan Worm F

Spirobranchus giganteus Christmas Tree Worm F

Bispira variegata Feather Duster F

Eupolymnia crassicornis Spaghetti worm O

Anthropoda 8 species

Paguristes erythrops Red Banded Hermit O

Paguristes punticeps Whit Speckled Hermit Crab O

Stenorhynchus seticornis Arrow Crab O

Gonodactylus oerstedii Mantis Shrimp R

Anilocra laticaudata Soldierfish Isopod O

Calinectes sp. Blue Crab R

Lepas anatifera Goose-neck barnacle F-O

Panulirus argus Carribean Spiny Lobster (juvenille) R

Ectoprocta - Bryophytes 1species

Canda simplex Brown Fan Bryozoan O-R

Mollusca 8 species

Lithopoma tectum Stocky Cerith

Cyphoma gibbosum Flaming Tongue O-R

Tridachnia crispata Lettuce Sea Slug R

Tellina radiata Sunrise Tellin R

Pinna carnea Amber Penshell O

Octopus briareus Caribean Reef Octopus O-R

Strombus gigas Roostertail Conch R

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purple snails ??

Corals

Cnidarian

Hydrocorals 2 species

Millepora alcicornis Branching Fire Coral A

Millepora complanata Blade Fire Coral A

Octocorals 9 species

Erythropodium caribaeorum Encrusting Gorgonia A

Plexaura homomalla Black Sea Rod F

Plexaura flexuosa Bent Sea Rod F

Pseudoplexaura sp. Porous Sea Rod F

Plexaurella nutans Split Pore Sea rod O

Muricea pinnata Long Spine Sea Fan O

Pseudopterogorgia sp. Sea Plumes F

Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata Bipinnate Sea Plume F

Gorgonia vetalina Common Sea Fan A

Stony Corals 20Species

Acropora palmata Elkhorn Coral A

Porites branneri Blue Crust Coral A

Porites porites Finger Coral A

Dendrogyra cylindrus Pillar Coral O

Madracis mirabilis Yellow Pencil Coral O

Montastrea annularis Boulder Star Coral D

Montastrea cavernosa Great Star Coral F

Dichocoenia stokesii Elliptical Star Coral O

Porites asteroides Mustard Hill Coral A

Siderastrea radians Lesser Star Coral F

Diplora strigosa Brain Coral F-O

Diplora labyrinthiformis Grooved Brain Coral O

Meandrina meandrites Maze Coral F-O

Meandrina forma danae Butterprint Rose Coral R

Agaricia fragilis Fragile Saucer Coral F

Agaricia lamarcki Lamarck's sheet Coral F

Agaricia agaricites Lettuce Coral F

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Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Ridged Cactus Coral R

Scolymia cubensis Artihoke Coral R

Mussa angulosa Spiny Flower Coral R

Marine Plants


Sea Grass 3species

Thalassia testudinum Turtle Grass D

Siringodium filiforme Manatee Grass A

Halodule wrightii F-R

Algae


Phaeophyta 6 species

Dictyota sp. Y Branched Algae A

Padina jamaicensis White Scroll Algae O

Labophora variegata Encrusting Fan-Leaf Algae O

Sargassum natans Sargasso Weed D

Turbinaria tricostata Saucer Leaf F

Turbinaria turbinata Blistered Saucer Leaf O

Chlorophyta 18 species

Halimeda discoidea Large Leaf Watercress Alga O

Halimeda tuna Stalked Lettuce Alga F

Halimeda goreaui Small Leaf Hanging Vine O

Penicillus pyriformis Flat Top Bristle Brush O

Penicillus dumetosus Bristle Ball Brush F

Caulerpa racemosa Green Grape Alga R

Dasycladus vermicularis Fuzzy Finger Alga O-R

Codium isthmocladum Dead Man's Finger O

Venticaria ventricosa Sea Pearl O

Valonia macrophysa Elongated Sea Pearls O-R

Dictyospaeria cavernosa Green Bubble Weed R

Avrainvillea longicaulis Saucer Blade Alga O

Udotea sp. Mermaid's Fan O

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Rhipocephalus phoenix Pine Cone Alga R

Acetabularia crenulata White Mermaid's Wine Glass O

Acetabularia calyculus Green Mermaid's Wine Glass F-O

Ulva sp. Sea Lettuce R

Enteromorpha F-O

Algae

Rhodophyta 5 species

Galaxaura sp. Tubular Thicket Algae O

Amphiroa rigida Y Twig Alga O

musa

Liagora sp O

Liagora sp F-O

Fish

48 species

Stegastes leucostictus Beaugregory Damselfish A

Stegastes diencaeus Longfin Damselfish F

Abudefduf saxatilis Sargeant Major A

Stegastes fuscus Dusky Damsel D

Microspathodon Yellowtail Damselfish A

Thalassoma bifasciatum Bluehead A

Halichoeres pictus Rainbow Wrasse F

Holocentrus adscensionis Squirrel Fish F

Myripristis jacobus Soldier Fish F

Ocyurus chrysurus Yellow Tail Snapper F

Aulostomos maculatus Trumpet Fish O

Gobionellus saepepallens Dash Goby F

Gobiosoma horsti Yellowline Goby R

Epinephelus guttatus Red Hind R

Bothus lunatus Peacock Flounder R

Scopaena plumieri Spotted Scorpion R

Dasyatis americana Southern Ray O-R

Lutjanus analis Mutton Snapper O

Pseudupeneus maculatus Spotted Goat Fish O

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Haemulon flavolineatum French Grunt A

Haemulon striatum Striped Grunt O

Haemulon carbonarium Ceasar Grunt F

Haemulon sciurus Bluestriped Grunt F

Haemulon chrysargyreum SmallmouthGrunt F

Canthigaster rostrata Sharpnose Puffer O

Sphoeroides testudineus Bandtail Puffer O

Diodon holocanthus Balloon Fish F-O

Myrichthys ocellatus Gold spotted Eel R

Chrmois multilineata Brown Chromis F

Chromis cyanea Blue Chromis A

Echineis neucratoides Remora R

Chaetodon capistratus Foureye Butterfly Fish O

Chaetodon aculeatus Longsnout Butterfly Fish O

Acanthurus bahianus Ocean Surgeon A

Acanthurus chirurgus DoctorFIsh F

Sphyrena barracuda Great Barracuda R

Caranx ruber Bar Jack O

Bodianus rufus Spanish Hogfish R

Myrichthyus ocellatus Goldspotted Eel R

Gymnothorax miliaris Goldentail Moray O

Archosargus rhomboidalis Sea Bream O

Lagodon rhomboides Pinfish F

Serranus tigrinus Harlequin Bass O

Serranus tabacarius Tobaccofish O

Scarus taeniopterus Princess Parrotfish F

Scarus croicensis Striped Parrotfish F

Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband parrotfish F

Ophioblennius atlanticus Redlip Blenny O

Synodus intermedius Sand Diver O

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APPENDIX V: PLATES

Plate 1: Transect tape and quadrat, note presence of Diadema and lack of algae Plate 2: Clean Reef with Milleopora, note absence of algae and presence of

Diadema

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Plate 3: Reef buttress showing dominance of plate and boulder type corals Plate 4: Reef flat, note increased algal cover, lack of Diadema and healthy coral

mounds

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Plate 5 : Reef canyon looking from reef crest into reef flat Plate 6: Reef buttresses separated by sand channels (Spur and groove)

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Plate 7: Seagrass bed in back reef, Thalassia sp and Syringodium sp. Plate 8: Coral pavement in the back reef. Note coral recruits in the fore ground

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Plate 9: Seagrass Halo providing nursery for juvenile fishes

Plate 10. Southern stingray Dasyatais americana buried under sand in back reef

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Plate 11: Coastal Vegetation

Plate 12: Overgrown scrubland

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Plate 13: Drill rig in operation. Beach sand is shown in the foreground and coastal vegetation in the background

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APPENDIX VI: ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND DESIGN GUIDELINES

Land/Marine Resources Use

Comply with NEPA’s physical planning and environmental

regulations.

Maintain/enhance shoreline stability.

Respect traditional water lanes and fishing areas.

Establish a public reservation for a nature park

Allocate sufficient land to ensure complete treatment of sewage

effluent.

Mangrove ecosystem

Plan development with reference to ‘Mangrove and Coastal

Wetlands Protection Draft Policy and Regulation’, NRCA, October

1997.

Functional mangroves should not be destroyed or damaged.

Minimise encroachment of development on mangrove areas.

Minimise road construction in mangroves.

Replant equivalent amount of any mangroves removed due to

development.

Rehabilitate mangroves at eastern end of Oyster Bay (southeast

corner of Florida lands), including removal of westernmost marl road

to restore tidal flushing.

Design and develop wetlands nature park as part of corporate

commitment to environmental protection and management.

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Beach and shoreline

Ensure buildings and structures do not impede long-shore sediment

transport or induce beach erosion.

Ensure physical and biological processes leading to accretion and

growth of Bush Cay are not constrained.

Ensure protection of sea grass meadows at western tip of Bush Cay.

Ensure protection of mangroves at southwestern tip of Bush Cay.

Phosphorescent coastal lagoon

Ensure resort development and construction activities do not

adversely affect or diminish phosphorescence in Oyster Bay or the

population of bioluminescent dinoflagellates.

Present water circulation pattern in the bay and adjacent tidal areas

should not be disturbed.

There should be no direct discharges of waste or fresh water to the

lagoon.

No bright lights or sources of noise should be placed near the shore

of the bay.

Promote and assist establishment of environmental management plan

for Oyster Bay.

Resource conservation

Seek to minimize use of potable water resources and fossil fuels:

o Maximise collection and storage of rainfall,

o Utilise treated STP effluent for irrigation of green areas,

o Install aerators on water taps,

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o Utilise solar heaters where practical,

o Employ available energy saving technology (e.g. passive cooling),

o Other appropriate technology.

Sewage treatment

Ensure effluents meet or exceed NEPA standards for effluent

quality.

Use treated effluents for grounds and landscape irrigation.

Locate STP downwind so as not to cause odour problems for hotel

or any residential area.

Only completely treated sewage effluents should be discharged to the

back end of the mangroves, if so required.

Worker housing

Seek provision of adequate housing by relevant authorities for hotel

workers to reduce incidence of squatting and unplanned development

associated with resort development in Jamaica.

******

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