Oxidation-Reduction (aka Redox)

Reactions

These are electron- transfer reactions!

http://www.calgaryacademy.com/ICT/rr/redox1.html

Oxidation Numbers

= ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

For example:

Zn0 + Cu+2 Zn+2 + Cu0

These are the oxidation numbers of each atom. They keep track of where electrons are.

Oxidation= the _____ of electrons

Mg0(s) Mg+2 + 2e-

Magnesium’s oxidation # is 0

when it is a solid.

After oxidation, magnesium’s oxidation

# increases …

because _______

_____________Notice:Notice:

In an oxidation reaction, the element’s oxidation number will

__________________..

Reduction= the ________ of electrons

Fe+3 + 3e- Fe0(s)

An iron ion has an oxidation # of

+3

After reduction, iron has an

oxidation # of 0…

because _______

_____________Notice:Notice:

In a reduction reaction, the element’s oxidation number will

______________.

Hint for remembering:

Another hint for remembering:

LEO

the lion

says

GER

LEOLoss of electrons

is oxidation

GERGain of electrons

is reduction

Oxidation or Reduction???

1.) Br20 + 2e- 2Br-1

___________

2.) Li0 Li+1 + e-

___________

Redox Reactions:Oxidation & reduction reactions can’t happen alone!

Oxidation: Mg0(s) Mg+2 + 2e-

Reduction: Fe+3 + 3e- Fe0(s)

Redox Reaction:

3 Mg0(s) + 2 Fe+3 2Fe0

(s) + 3 Mg+2

The oxidation # increased. Mg(s) was oxidized. Mg

lost electrons.

The oxidation # decreased. Fe3+ was reduced.

Fe3+ gained those electrons.

Mg0 is the ________ agent

Fe3+ is the ________ agent http://

www.calgaryacademy.com/ICT/rr/redox4.html

How can we identify a redox reaction?

Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the reaction.

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

1.) Any atom that is uncombined and has a neutral charge has an oxidation number of 0.

Ex: 2Na + Cl2 NaCl

2.) Ions have an oxidation number equal to their ionic charge.

Ex: Chlorine ion: Cl-

3.) Group I elements always have an oxidation number of +1 in compounds, while the Group II elements always have an oxidation number of +2 in compounds.

Ex: K2SO4 Each K will have an oxidation # of ____

Ex: BaCl2 Ba will have an oxidation # of ____

4.) Fluorine is always -1 in compounds. The other halogens are also -1 when they are the most electronegative element in a compound.

5.) Hydrogen is +1 in compounds…EXCEPT if it is combined with a metal.

Ex: HCl hydrogen will be ___ LiH hydrogen will be ___

6.) Oxygen is usually -2 in compounds…EXCEPT when it is combined with fluorine, it becomes +2….and

EXCEPT when it is in the peroxide ion (O22-), it

becomes -1.

7.) The sum of the oxidation numbers in all compounds must be 0.

Ex: HNO3

1H ____

1N ____

3O ____

Rule:+1

Rule 6:-2

8.) The sum of oxidation numbers in polyatomic ions must be equal to the charge on the ion.

Ex: Cr2O72-

2Cr ____

7O ________

Rule 6:-2

How can we identify a redox reaction?

Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers to each atom. (Use rules!)

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

How can we identify a redox reaction?

Step 2: Identify whether there are any changes in oxidation number

for a particular atom between the reactant and product sides.**If there is a change in oxidation number for particular type of atom,

the reaction is redox.***

MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

+4 -2 +1 -1 +2 -1 0 +1 -2

Another Example

PbO2 + 4HI I2 + PbI2 + 2H2O

Half-Reactions= show either oxidation or reduction portion of the

redox reaction

PbO2 + 4HI I2 + PbI2 + 2H2O

Oxidation:

Reduction:

-2+4 +1 -1 +2 -1 +1 -20

***There must be the same number of atoms on each side of the reaction, and the net charge must be the same on both sides.***

Oxidation: I1- I20

Reduction: Pb4+ Pb2+

Another Example:

Cu + AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + Ag

Oxidation:

Reduction:

Electrochemical Cells

= _______________________________________

- 2 types:(1) Voltaic cell = _________________________________________________

(2) Electrolytic cell = ______________________________________________

______________________________________________

- Electrode = ____________________________________________

____________________________________________

anode = where _____________ occurs

cathode = where _____________ occurs

AN OX:

Anode is the site of oxidation

RED CAT:

Reduction occurs at the cathode

Voltaic Cells (aka galvanic cells)**_______________________________________________________.**

(1) Electrons are produced at the zinc rod according to the oxidation half- reaction:

B/c zinc is oxidized at the zinc rod, the zinc rod is the anode. The anode (in a voltaic cell) is a negative electrode.

(3) Electrons enter the copper rod and interact with copper ions (Cu+2) in solution. There, a reduction half-reaction occurs:

B/c the copper ions are reduced at the zinc rod, the zinc rod is the cathode. The cathode (in a voltaic cell) is a positive electrode.

(2) The electrons leave the zinc anode and pass through the external circuit to the copper rod.

(4) To complete the circuit, both positive and negative ions move through the aqueous

solutions via the salt bridge.

Animation of Voltaic Cell:http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/galvan5.swf

Virtual Lab:http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/flashfiles/electroChem/voltaicCellEMF.html

Electrolytic Cells**________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________.**

Example: Electroplating(1) Silver (Ag) is oxidized to produce silver ions (Ag+1) in the following oxidation half-reaction:

Since the silver rod is the site of oxidation, it is the anode. However, in electrolytic cells, the anode is the positive electrode.

(2a)The electrons produced by the reduction of Ag are moved through the external wire by a

power source.

(2b) Positive silver ions migrate away from anode, towards the cathode, which, in electrolytic cells is the negative electrode.

(3) Electrons flowing through the spoon cause the reduction of silver ions in the following reduction half-reaction:

Since reduction is occurring at the spoon, the spoon is the cathode. When silver ions become reduced, they plate (cover) the spoon.

SimilaritiesVoltaic Cells Electrolytic Cells

**To determine which substance is the anode/cathode

(1) Check Table J: Activity Series

(2) The metal that is higher on the chart will be oxidized and thus is the anode.

(3) The metal that is lower on the chart will be reduced and this is the cathode.

**In a voltaic cell:

Anode = negative electrode Cathode = positive electrode

FAT CAT

Electrons flow

From Anode To CATthode.

Salt bridge:

- connects the 2 containers & provides a path for a flow of ions between the two beakers.

-As electrons leave one half of a galvanic cell and flow to the other, a difference in charge is established. If no salt bridge were used, this charge difference would prevent further flow of electrons. A salt bridge allows the flow of ions to maintain a balance in charge between the oxidation and reduction vessels while keeping the contents of each separate. With the charge difference balanced, electrons can flow once again, and the reduction and oxidation reactions can proceed.