overview on water resources development and management (by, imran aziz tunio (gis engineer)

8/8/2019 Overview on water resources development and management (By, IMRAN AZIZ TUNIO (GIS Engineer)

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Overview on water resources developmentand management

Irrigation canal

Tail area-barren land

Economic disaster

Engineer Imran A. Tunio,

[email protected]


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My presentation covers:My presentation covers:y Background informationy Infrastructure developmenty Water resources in Pakistan

Surface water Groundwater Rainfall

y Physical problems with system Specific problems Common problems

y What to do?


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Gl oba l picture of fresh andGl oba l picture of fresh andsa l ine watersa l ine water

L ocation Water Volume(mKm 3)

Water Volume(MAF)

Water Volume(BCM)

% of totalwater

Fresh water

G laciers and ice caps 29.176 23.634*10 6 29.155*10 6 2.15

G roundwater 4.168 33.761*10 5 41.648*10 5 0.31

Vadose water 0.667 54.027*10 4 66.648*10 4 0.005

Atmosphere water 0.013 10.530*10 3 12.99*10 3 0.001

Fresh water lakes 0.125 10.125*10 4 12.49*10 4 0.009

Stream channels (average) 0.0012 97.20*10 2 11.991*10 3 0.0001

Total 34.1522 27.67187*10 6 34.136*10 6 2.4751

S aline water

T otal saline water (Oceans+ G roundwater+Lakes)

1,325.614 107.374*10 7 132.457*10 7 97.5249

G rand Total 1359.766 110.131*10 7 135.858*10 7 100


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W ater resources deve l opment inW ater resources deve l opment inPakistan.Pakistan.

y F ederating units: Sindh, Punjab,Balochistan and NW F P

y Controlled year round irrigationbegan in 1859

y Until that time-irrigation wasundertaken thru inundationcanals

y Last inundation canals wereconnected to weir controlledsupplies in 1962 with GudduBarrage on Indus River

y Due to non proportional supplyin rivers, the triple canal projectapproach was initiated in 1907-1915-that linked Jhelum, Chanaband Ravi Rivers (IIWRM)


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C ont.C ont.

Indus Water T reaty between I ndia and

Pakistan was made in 1960. Under thisT reaty: Three western rivers: I ndus, Jehlum and

Chanab were given to Pakistan T

hree eastern rivers: Ravi, Sutlaj andBeas were given to I ndia Irrigation system is supply-based

Water charges are based on crop

cultivation


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A ppreciation of the Indus BasinA ppreciation of the Indus Basin

Irrigation System (IBIS)Irrigation System (IBIS)y 3 -Major Reservoirs (storagecapacity 15.7 MA F )

y 16-Barrages, 2-head works, 2-Siphons across major rivers

y 12- Inter River Link Canalsy

44-Canal systems (23

in Punjab,14 in Sindh, 5 in NW F P and 2 inBalochistan)

y > 4000-Distributaryy > 120,000- Watercourse

(Lined/unlined)y Aggregate length of canals is

about 56,07 3 Kmy Watercourse, farm channels are

about 1.6 million Kmy 3 5 M acre command area

Indus Basin Irrigation System


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Barrages and Dams in PakistanBarrages and Dams in Pakistan


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W ater resources avai l abi l ityW ater resources avai l abi l ityy Surface water inflows in western rivers:

186.8 MA F (1959-60)-maximum

97.7 MA F (1999-2000)- minimum1 3 8.7 MA F (1960-2000)- mean104 MA F (1990-2000) canal supply

67 MA F in summer (Kharif) season

3 7 MA F in winter (Rabi) season


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y Total population of T W is about629,602 (IWMI 200 3 )

y Last 10 years density (#T Ws/1000 ha) doubled

y Installation shallow (20-65 ft-diesel operated) and deep (above65 ft electric operated) -depending on aquifer

y Total estimated potential 50 MA Fy Total exploitation 41.6 MA F

(Punjab 3 4 MA F, Sindh 5 MA F,Balochistan 0.5 MA F and NW F P2.1 MA F )

y

Water quality in Punjab 0. 3 -4.6dS/m; Sindh 0.5-7.1 dS/m andNWF P 0.1-2.5 dS/m


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R ainfa ll over irrigated areaR ainfa ll over irrigated areay About 70% rainfalls in

June to Septembery It has broad variation:

like 125 mm inBalochistan (SouthEast) to 750 mm inNorth West

y Southern Punjab andNorthern Sindh get

less than 152 mmwhile central andnorthern area getmore than 6 3 5 mmannually.


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W ater Uti l ization in Next upW ater Uti l ization in Next up

to 2025 in Pakistan.to 2025 in Pakistan. Year Population

(Million)Water (BCM)

Water Use (BCM) Food requirement(Million Ton)

Irrigation Industry Home

1998 130.58 179.16 148.70 17.92 12.54 19.42

2005 155.12 179.16 143.85 20.42 14.89 23.00

2010 175.5 179.16 139.85 22.47 16.84 26.07

2015 198.56 179.16 135.39 24.71 19.06 29.51

2020 224.65 179.16 130.42 27.18 21.56 33.39

2025 254.17 179.16 124.86 29.90 24.4 37.77


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R eduction in capacities of storageR eduction in capacities of storagereservoirsreservoirs


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G roundwater overG roundwater over- -draft anddraft andwater l ogging situationwater l ogging situation

o Water table falling withvarious degree of depletion in 26 canalcommands

o water table rising in 17canal commands andmaking water logging

o Salt water intrusionfrom nearby areas

o Sea water intrusionalong the coastal zone

W t t l t i l


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W ater de l ivery systemW ater de l ivery system

y Water is divertedfrom Canal-Distributary-Watercourses andthen farm ditches

y Structures arebadly damaged

y No measurementmechanismavailable

y Desilting is basedon eye-ball concept

D istributary

Watercourse

N o measuring structure


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V ariabi l ity in water de l iveryV ariabi l ity in water de l iveryy T hree distributariesy Daily discharge data

(1 1/2 years)Variation with average:y Kahu: F rom +122 to -

160%y

Doso:F

rom +55 -2 3 0%y Sanro: F rom +80 -

550%

Var

ab

schar e

0 00

20 00

40 00

60 00

80 00

100 00

120 00

140 00160

00

2 3 - A u g - 9

6

1 - D e c - 9

6

1 1 - M a r -

9 7

1 9 - J u

n - 9

7

2 7 - S e p - 9

7

5 - J a

n - 9

8

1 5 - A p r -

9 8

2 4 - J u

l - 9 8

Time in days

D i s c

h a r g e

i n c u s e c s

Doso Disty Kahu Minor Sanro Disty


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V ariabi l ity in water distribution at:V ariabi l ity in water distribution at:HeadHead- - Midd l eMidd l e--Tai l section (PothoTai l section (Potho

Minor)Minor)y Most of time

channel getsabove designshare, but varyingdischarge

y Distributionamong sections isnot uniform

y F rom Jan to F ebno flow in thechannel

0

0 .

.

.

02

01-Sep-02

16-Sep-02

01-Oct-02 16-Oct-02 31-Oct-02 15-Nov-02

30-Nov-02

15-Dec-02

30-Dec-02

14-Jan-03 29-Jan-03 13-Feb-03 28-Feb-03 15-Mar-03 30-Mar-03 14- Apr-03

D P R O

- - -

I N O R

Head gaugeMidd le gaugeTa il gauge


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W ater app l ication at Farm l eve l W ater app l ication at Farm l eve l (Examp l e: Heran Distributary)(Examp l e: Heran Distributary)

y Every time supplyis varying

y Supply is almostdouble than croprequirement

y Excess amount of water createdwater loggingproblem


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More photos:specific issuesMore photos:specific issues

Ponding water No control structure

No crops at tail section- Socioeconomic disaster


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C ommon issues: W aterC ommon issues: W ater

regulationregu

lation

o Water allocation- cropping patternchanged

o Canal operation, and regulationo Water sharing among users, and between

human and ecological needso Soil water managemento Water demand and supply


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EnvironmentEnvironment

o Sea water intrusion-Coastal zoneo Land infertility by secondary salinization

o Salt water movement to fresh aquifer o Fresh water ecosystemo D isposal of drainage effluent

o Wetlands-Lakes


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For more information,[email protected]

overview on water resources development and management (by, imran aziz tunio (gis engineer)

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