overview of ap period 1
TRANSCRIPT
Pre-history
Paleolithic and Neolithic
Paleolithic Age2 million to 8,000 BCE
Human Life in the Era of Hunters
and Gatherers
Paleolithic
Nomads: Follow the Food
• Sole purpose was to
satisfy their basic needs:
food and shelter
• No advanced tools
• Followed food
• Found shelter
Paleolithic Era
• Homo-Sapiens (10,000 BCE)
– Bipedal
– Larger brains
– Stronger
– Tools and weapons
Human Society and Daily Life at the End of the
Paleolithic Age
– Variety
• Bands of hunter-gatherers
• Agricultural settlements
– Gender division of labor
• Men: hunting, fishing, defense
• Women: gathering, making medicine
Human Life in the Era of Hunters
and Gatherers
The Spread of Human Populations,
c. 10,000 B.C.E.
Focus Question
What causes people to migrate?
Bantu Migrations(1500 BCE-500 CE)
• Bantu people originated in
central Africa (Cameroon)
• Migration triggered by the
drying of the Sahara
– Reach South Africa by 300 CE
• Introduced agriculture, cattle
herding, and iron (?) to Sub-
Saharan Africa
• Become dominant ethnic and
language group of Sub-Saharan
Africa
African Language DistributionBantu words
borrowed by Western
culture
Banjo
Bongos
Gumbo
Jumbo
Safari
Conga
Rumba
Zombie
Kwanzaa
Polynesian Migrations(3000 BCE -500 CE)
Settling Down:The Neolithic Revolution
Neolithic Revolution• Around 10000 BCE, two discoveries revolutionized
human society
– Farming (1st crops were wheat & barley)
– Herding (1st domesticated animals were goats,
pigs, & cattle)
• Domesticated animals produced a new type of
society called Pastoralists
• Farming & herding allowed for urban development
– 1st cities emerged in Middle East (Turkey &
Jordan)
– Jericho and Catal Huyuk
Sedentary agriculture:
– Plants (Grains) and Animals domesticated
– Two types:
• Horticulture = only use hand tools to and science
of cultivation
• Agriculture = domestication of plants and animals
– Development of towns
– Causes?
• Climatic shifts
The Neolithic Revolution –
8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
Origins of Agriculture
The Domestication of Plants and Animals
– Plants
• Slow development
• Oats, wheat, barley = 9000 BCE
• Rice (South China) = 6000BCE
• Maize (Americas) = 4000 BCE
The Neolithic Revolution –
8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
The Domestication of Plants and Animals
– Animals from 12,000 B.C.E.:
• 1st = dogs
• Asia = sheep and goats
• Eurasia = pigs, horses, cows
• China = water buffalo and chickens
• Arabia and Central Asia = camels
• Andes = llama
• Mesopotamia = no good
conditions or animals suited
for domestication
The Neolithic Revolution –
8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
The Spread of Agriculture
Think about the Big Picture
• Nomadic versus Agricultural Societies
– When you are moving around a lot, the land
belongs to everyone but if you start to stay on land
for generations it becomes your home. If someone
else comes and drinks your water or your hill than
they are looked upon as intruders or invaders, not
neighbors. Once nomads started to interact with
sedimentary societies through trade and conflict,
things started to get complicated.
“CIVILIZATION”
1.) Surplus
2.) Specialized occupations
3.) Social classes
4.) Growth of cities
5.) Complex formal government
6.) Long-distance trade
7.) Writing systems
“Marker” Events of
Neolithic Time Period
1.) Settled Societies
– Population:
• Pre-neolithic: 5-8 million
• By 4000 B.C.E., 60 or 70 million
Çatal Hüyük
– c. 7000 B.C.E., southern Turkey
– Large complex
– Agriculture, commerce
– Shrines
Jericho~ built between 10,000- 9000 BCE on Jordan River
near Palestine
~ size of a few soccer fields
~ few thousand people
~ village surrounded by a wall
Olmecs 1600 BCE
• First civilization in Mexico
• Known for “colossal heads”
Chavin and Moche
• South America – Andes
mountains (modern day Peru)
• Chavin 900-200BCE
• Moche 100-700CE
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“Marker” Events of
Neolithic Time Period
2.) Division of Labor
– Specialization
3.) Social inequality
– Social classes based on division of labor
4.) Gender inequality
– Because of hunting and gathering
“Marker” Events of
Neolithic Time Period
5.) Surplus
– allows a society to become complex and create
institutions
6.) Religious Changes
– Development and practice
Technology Emerges:
• Granite = sharpened to form farming tools
• Pottery = was used for cooking
• Textiles = Weaving for clothing, baskets, and nets
• Wheels = carts and sails for boats
• Metallurgy = Tools and weapons made of bronze
(figured out how to combined copper with tin to
create harder metal) =
Location of Ancient Culture Hearths
What environmental conditions were
needed to develop the first civilizations?
The Big, Early Civilizations: The
Rivers Deliver
• Major early civilizations developed became dominate around 3000 to 2000 B.C.E.
– Mesopotamia
– Egypt
– India
– China
– Americas
Ancient Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia: Lots of Water
• Means: Land between Rivers”; Tigris and Euphrates
• Series of ancient Civilizations: Sumer, Babylon, and
Persia
• Flooding was unpredictable so they learned to build
canals and dikes
• By 3000 B.C.E. Ur, Erech, and Kish
were all major civilizations of Sumer
Sumer: First Major Mesopotamia
Civilization
Sumerian: Political and Social
Organization• City-States
- Establish boundaries
- State religion
- Courts
• Kings
- Defense, war
• Priests
- With kings, administer state
land and slaves
Sumer: First Major Mesopotamia
Civilization
Sumerian: Culture and
Religion
– Writing
• Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets
• Phonetic
• Scribes
• Gilgamesh
– Astronomy, numeric system
– Religion
• Patron gods
Government
• Initially, priest-kings rule city-
states
– Sumerians (c. 3500 BCE)
• City-states evolve into empires
– Akkadians (c. 2334-2218 BCE)
• Land owning aristocracy
dominated
• Develop a formal legal codes
– Hammurabi’s Code (c. 1800
BCE)
Religion
• Believed in 3,000 gods
• Goal: Appease gods to
control nature
• Art and literature focus on
gods and religion
– Epic of Gilgamesh
• Contains a story of an epic
flood
• Built ziggurats
Society
• Social stratification
• Slavery was common
– One could become a slave through war, crime, or debt
– Slaves were used in temples, public buildings, or private homes
• Patriarchal
– Women could hold most occupations
Nobles
Freemen
Slaves
Science & Technology
• Inventions: wheel,
sail, and plow
• Bronze metallurgy
• 1st system of writing
– Cuneiform
• 1st number system
– Based on units of
10, 60, & 360
• Astronomy
Economy
From Sumer to Akkad:
2300 BCE
• As Sumer declined, the city of Akkad rose to dominated the region
• Sargon = leader
From Akkad to Babylon:
1700 BCE
• By 1700 Akkad was overthrown by Babylon
• King Hammurabi expanded on the code that dealt with daily life
• Code of Hammurabi created a significant step towards are modern legal system
Babylon to Hittites:
1500 BCE
• Babylon quickly fell due to the invasions of the Kassities and then the Hittites
• Hittites dominated the region because of iron
• Establish the capital of Nineveh = library
• Built a highly disciplined but cruel empire in the Fertile Crescent
• Hated by those it conquered and sent many groups into exile….. a result was cultural diffusion
Hittites to the Assyrians:
900 BCE
Assyria to Neo-Babylon:
500 BCE• In a few hundred years the
Assyrians were defeated by the Medes and Chaldeans
• The Chaldean king, Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon
• Babylon was doomed to fall and a new civilization, the Persian Empire developed
Think about the Big Picture
Continuity and Change
• As civilizations were conquered, their cultural
heritage, religions, laws, and customs, and
technologies were rarely lost
• Commonly, conquering civilizations adopted and
adapted customs and technologies of those defeated
(Code of Hammurabi and iron)
Persian Immersion
• REALLY Big Empire
• To improve transportation
and communication across
the empire they built
series of long roads…
• The Great Royal Roads
(1,600 miles from Persian
Gulf to Aegean Sea)
Mesopotamia in Maps
Lydians, Phoenicians, and
Hebrews
Within the Persian Empire smaller societies
existed
– Lydians: coined money to conduct trade rather
than the barter system
• Allowed people to save money
– Phoenicians: established powerful naval city-
states along the Mediterranean and developed the
22 letter alphabet system
– Hebrews: Judaism (monotheistic)
Ancient Egypt
• Relatively isolated
• Nile flooded regularly,
predictably
– Provided rich soil, easy soil
to farm
– Civilization regulated
flooding, surveying
• Control the Nile; control
society
Society
• Social Stratification
– Limited opportunity for
social mobility
• Slavery common
• Women have more
rights
– Could own property,
propose marriage, and
demand a divorce
Egyptian Women, Hear Them
Roar• Queen Hatshepsut ruler for 22 years during the
New Kingdom
• Women were expected to be subservient to men
• Young girls were not educated as nearly as well as young boys
• Egyptian women had more rights than their counterparts in Mesopotamia :
– Buy and sell property
– Inherit property
– Choose to will their property as they pleased
Egyptian Ideas and Art
– Hieroglyphic alphabet
• Pictograms, phonetic
• Papyrus
• Monopolized by priesthood
– Medicine
– Religion
• Isis, Osiris, Horus
• Cycle of life, annual rise
and fall of Nile
Book of the Dead
• Polytheistic
• Focus on life after death- the afterlife
• Take earthly belonging with you to the afterlife
• Needed your body-invention of mummification
Book of
the
Dead
Pre-Dynastic Period
3200-2600 BC
• Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt separate kingdoms united
• Dynastic System develops
• Ruler (Pharoah) considered divine
• Irrigation projects lead to an abundance of food and population explosion
Old Kingdom Egypt: The Pyramid Age
2600 BC – 2150 BC
• King Menes unites – capital at Memphis
• Era of Relative Peace and Stability
• Major construction projects
• Economy strong
• 2600 BC– 1st Pyramid Building
– Tombs of Pharaohs
• 2500 BC– Great Pyramids & Sphinx constructed at Giza
– Hieroglyphics standardized
– Evidence of graffiti at tombs
• 2100 BC – Regional nobles competed for control
– Dynasty loses control
King Menes Memphis
Middle Kingdom Egypt: Trade and Instability
2100 BC – 1700 BC
• 2000 BC – Strong Pharaohs from Thebes gain control
of the kingdom– Mentuhotep II regains control over all of
Egypt– Egypt becomes an international power by
reconquering Nubia and expanding trade routes
– Foreigners called Hyksos from eastern Mediterranean settle in Egypt during good times
• 1500 BC– Hyksos eventually gain control of Lower
Egypt– Native Egyptians still control Upper Egypt
from Thebes
Akhenaten
New Kingdom Egypt: The Age of Empire
1550 BCE – 700 BCE
• 1550 BC
– Rulers from Thebes reassert control and drive out Hyksos
– Expand borders of Egypt in military campaign designed to strengthen the empire
– Take control of Nubia and the Levant
– Force tribute from Babylon, Assyria and other neighbors top the East
• 1400 BC
– Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) attempts to impose monotheism
• 1320 Ramses II
– Strong, warrior Pharaoh
– Signed treaty w/ Hittites
Ancient Egypt
• Three Kingdoms
Old Middle New
Nubia/Kush and Aksum
• Nubia
– Nile River Civilization
– Between Egypt and Aksum
– Farming
• Aksum
– Ethiopian Highlands
– Traders
– Never Conquered
– Independent existence by 1000 B.C.E.
– Conquered Egypt by 730 B.C.E.
– After Assyrian conquest of Egypt
• Kush moves south
• Meroë, 6th century
– Height from 250 B.C.E. to 50 C.E.
• center of iron working
– Defeated by Axum, c. 300 C.E.
Kush
Ancient Egypt in Decline
• By 1100 B.C.E. Egypt
fell into decline
– Both the Assyrian
Empire and Persian
Empire conquered
parts of the empire
– Later the Greeks, then
Romans completely
absorbed Egypt into
their Empire
Think about the Big Picture
Compare and Contrast
Mesopotamia and Egypt
Homework:
~ use organizer and rubric to help you write your
essay
~ Typed
ANCIENT
CIVILIZATIONS:
INDIA AND CHINA
Ancient India & China
Indus River Valley
Cities emerge around
2500 BCE
Culturally unified city-
states
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Mysterious ending
Environmental degradation
vs. Aryan invasion
Indus River Valley
Polytheistic religion
Influenced Hinduism
Planned cities with
large temples
Undecipherable writing
system
Advanced technology
Plumbing systems
The Great Epics
Aryans
Indo-European pastoralists
Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E.
Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age
Rig-Veda
1028 hymns
Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E.
The Upanishads
The Framework for Indian History: Epics
The Great Epics
Aryans
Indo-European pastoralists
Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s B.C.E.
Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age
Rig-Veda
1028 hymns
Epic Age, 1000-600 B.C.E.
The Upanishads
The Framework for Indian History: Epics
ANCIENT CHINA
ANCIENT CHINA
Ancient China
Developed in isolation
along the Huang He
(Yellow) River
Shang dynasty
emerged c. 1500 BCE
Warlike kings & landed
aristocracy dominate
Cities surrounded by
massive earthen walls
Ancient China
Chinese Society
Family at center of society
Extended-family structure
Women were subordinate
Chinese Culture
Believed spirits of family
ancestors could bring good
fortune or disaster
Oracle bones (right)
Bronze & silk
Dynastic Cycle
Mandate of Heaven—Rulers are chose to rule by heaven and will continue to rule as long as heaven is pleased; if heaven is not
pleased, heaven will pass the mandate to another family