overview - new mexico institute of mining and...

22
* 111 19 *

Upload: others

Post on 13-Mar-2021

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

������������� �������������� ���

�����! "����#$#�%�&('*),+�-'/.0&214365$78'9+;:=<>536?A@∗

B;),C;5?EDF5GIH,J8KMLON6NQP

R S�TVUWUWX�Y8Z

[]\_^Q`_aF\>b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkQmnbn^Ocpo4bcni,grq]st^Ocdurgji,mpbnm;\�ijvFuwf/oVe�cd^,vQurx�aOcyuji,bnk{z|f{}~cdurgrur}6b0zFujiQcdmj�rgr^6cncdurmne8^Q}_x_f{}_a|f/oVe�cd^,vQu�oVur}6bnm�fh}�s�^Ocyurgji,mnbnm�^lswfh}6bnur}_mnf{bdz�\�i(vQu2}_^Qbj�>��}_x_ujcdmnbi,}_x_f{}_a�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kMmpbn^Ocno�f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}�i,}_x=aQur}_urmnf{m�*� \_f{g\�f{m0�n`_mpb|i2e�iQcdb]^,s�bn\_u�f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}�e�cd^Q�_k{ujo~�]iQcdu��8^Qbn\�^,s�mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}Ob�mngrf{ur}Obnf���g�f{}6bnujcdurmnb|il}_x�^,saOcdujilb�e�cpi,grbnf{gji,k�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}_gru�bn^Vbn\_u�e�cd^Qbnurgrbpfh^F}�^,s�khf�stui,}_x�e�cy^Qe�ujcdbdz~f{}�gr^Oilmnb$i,k;cduraQf{^Q}_mj�

��urgrur}Ob�i,x_v�il}_grurm0f{}~bn\_ur^6cdurbnf{gji,kOi,}_xVoV^6x_urkhf{}_a � ^Ocnq�mn`_aQaFurmnbMbn\�i,b�bn\_u�bnf/oVu]fhmwcyfhe8u]bn^�o!^Q`_}Ob�i|o~i(�n^6c^Q�_mnujcyv�i,bnf{^Q}�ilkAu�;^Ocdb�bn^�`_}_x_ujcdmnb$i,}_x�bp\_u>aQur}_urmnf{m>i,}_x�f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}�^,swbcd^Qe_f{gji,kMmnbp^OcnoVmj���6`�cybn\_ujcnoV^OcyuQ�� u�}_^ � \�i(vQu]^Q�_mnujcyv�i,bnf{^Q}�ilk_bn^O^Fkhm � \_f{g$\ � f{k{kAi,k{k{^ � `_mwbn^Vo~iQq,u]mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}6b]e�cd^QaOcdurmpm0^Q}�bn\_urmnu�e�cd^Q�_k{ujoVmj�

[�cd^Qe_f{gji,k;mnbp^OcnoVm�^Ogrgr`�c]^,vQujc]i,k{k � iQcno � i,bnujc�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;^6gruji,}���i,mnf{}_mj�w��^ � urvQujcr�,bn\_u�uji,mpbnujcd}�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k��i,grf���g�ur�6e�ujcdf{ur}_grurm|oV^6cdu|bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�mpbn^OcnoVm�e�ujc�`_}_f{b|iQcduji2^,s�^Ogruji,}�bp\�i,} il}Oz~^Fbn\_ujcwcduraFfh^F}�f{}�bp\_u � ^Ocdk{xM�¡t}�e�iFcdbnf{gr`_k/iQcr�Qbp\_u�cduraFfh^F}|�n`_mpb�bp^>bn\_u�mn^Q`_bn\¢^,s¤£6^6gr^Ocncd^>¡¥mnk/i,}_x �

111◦ ¦ �

19◦ § ��mn`6�Aujcym�¨~©,ªn«�¬*­¯®l°�±j©,²Oª

¬t³*¨!«µ´>bn\_u2fh}_grf{x_ur}_gru�^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�mnbn^OcpoVm]bn\�i,}�bp\_uoV^Qmpb|i(�Aurgrbpurx�cyuraQf{^Q}�^,swbp\_u � urmnbnujcd}�¶�bnk/i,}Obpfhg2��i,mnf{}}_ujiQc2bn\_u�·�`_gji,b$i,}�e�ur}_f{}_mn`_k/i � �]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb�i,kt�/�w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q�r�=[]\_u�gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°�«´$³Á´~f{m~urvQur}oV^Ocyu|e�cd^F}_^Q`_}_grurxM��[]\_u�v�i,mpb|o~ij�p^Ocdf{bdz>^ls¤bn\_urmpu|mnbp^OcnoVm�st^OcnoÂil}_x�urvQ^Qk{vQu � f{bn\_f{}�uji,mnz�cduji,g\�^,s�o!^Ox_ujcd}i,f/cde8^Ocdb�sÃi,grf{k{f{bnf{urm�k{^6gji,bnurx4i,k{^Q}_a=bn\_u���i,grf���g�gr^Oi,mnb2^,s�ÄÅur�Of{gr^��"¡t}_x_ururxM��bn\_u�uji,mnb~��i,grf���g�f{m�i�}�i,bn`�cnilk\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u�k/i,��^6cni,bn^Ocyz�8urzQ^Q}_x�gr^Oo!e�iQcduQ�

[�\_u>k/i,mnb~ÆjÇ¢zQujiQcym�\�i(vQuVmnurur}=b � ^�o¢ij�p^Oc]i,}_x�i�}O`�o2��ujc�^,swm$o¢i,k{khujc�o!urbnur^Ocd^Qk{^QaFfhgjilk;��urk{xÈe�cy^QaOcniQo!m��i,mnurx�f{} ÄÅur�Of{gr^���[]\_u�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�ÊËe�cd^,�nurgrb � ¶�gji,e_`_k{gr^���Æ(ÌQÌ_Æj��i,}_x�Éw�w¡ÎÍ�¸Q¹Q¹�Æ � ��`�ilbn`_k{gr^��O¸Q¹F¹_Æj�Ïx_ujoV^Q}6�mnb$cpi,bnurx�bn\�i,b�k/iQcdaQu2��urk{x�^Qe8ujcni,bnf{^Q}_m�fh}�Ä�ur�6fhgr^=iQcduÐs�uji,mpfh�_k{uQ�VÄ�ur�6f{gr^�f{m�x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�i�gji,x�cdu2^,s�f{}6vQurmnbnf��aOi,bp^Ocdmwf{}6bnujcdurmnbpurx�fh}�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;mnbp^OcnoVmj�Fmn^~bn\_ujcyu>iQcdu�}_^ � cduji,k;^Qe_e�^6cdbn`_}_f{bnf{urm�st^Oc�gr^Qk{k/i,��^6cni,bnf{^Q}_m��8urb � urur}bn\_u>��£�i,}_x�Ä�ur�6f{gr^~f{}�bn\_f{m|iFcduji_�

¶�k{k�^,s;bn\_urmnu]sÃi,grbn^6cdm0mp`_aQaQurmnb�mnb$cd^F}_aQk{z>bn\�i,b�bp\_u�o!^Qmnb�e�cd^6x_`_grbnf{vQu|i,}_xVgr^Qmpbd�Ãu�Aurgrbnf{vQu�vQur}O`_u�s�^OcÏmnbn`_x_zF�f{}_a|bcd^Qe_f{gji,k,grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m¤i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}2f{m0bn\_u�ujilmnbnujcd}>��i,grf���gwÑ�gruji,}M��[�É�Ê�Ä�É�ÊI¡d¡;f{m�^Q`�cMcdurmpe�^Q}_mnubn^Vbn\_u�x_ujoV^F}_mnb$cni,bpurx~}_ururx�bn^V^Q�_bi,f{} iV�8urbnbnujc�`_}_x_ujcdmnbi,}_x_f{}_a~^,s0}�i,bp`�cduQÒÓm�oV^Qmnb]x_urmnbcd`_grbnf{vQu�mnbn^Ocno!mj�

Ô ÕÖX�×AØ�Ù�YAÚ�TÛVÜ

Ñ�vQujc]bp\_u>e�i,mnb�ÇQ¹(�ÃÝO¹2zQujiQcymj�Fs�^Ocyurgji,mnb]ujcncd^Ocym]s�^6cw\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u2b$cni,grqFm�\�i(vQu�x_urgjcyuji,mnurx��6z�i,��^Q`_b�ÞQ¹Qß��][]\_f{mf/oVe�cd^,vQujoVur}6b�f{m|i,bnbcdf{�_`_bnurx~k/iQcdaQurk{z�bn^ilx_v�i,}_grurm]f{}�^Q�_mnujcdv6f{}_aVgji,e�i,�_f{k{fhbpfhurm�i,}_x�}O`�o!ujcdf{gji,k � uji,bn\_ujc�e�cdu�x_f{grbnf{^Q}M�à��^ � urvQujc¾�]mn`_g$\Ëmn`_grgrurmpm�\�i,m�}_^Qb���urur}ácdujilkhf{ârurxËst^Oc�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz"st^Ocdurgji,mnbpmj� � f{bn\ËvOf/cdbp`�i,k{khzã}_^f/oVe�cd^,vQujoVur}6b�mnurur}�f{}�bn\_u>e�ilmnb�¸F¹~zQujiFcdm �tä ujÄ�iQcdf/i~i,}_x�å�i,e_k/i,}M��ÆjÌQÌQæF�r�|[]\_u2k/i,gµqÅ^,swf/oVe�cd^,vQujoVur}6b]f{}f{}Obpur}_mnf{bçzÅs�^6cdurgji,mnbnf{}_a�f{m>bn\_u�cyurmn`_k{b�^,s�x_u��grf{ur}_grf{urmVfh}�}6`�oVujcdf{gji,k�oV^Ox_urk{m � uQ�Va��/�Mcdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}=khf/oVf{b$ilbnf{^Q}_m

∗ è;énê,ë*ì�ëtí*ìÓê�î�énï�ð�ñÎòtòÃó=ô�õ]önêr÷,ñÎøù/ú>ûÁü0ýÎþwü;ì�õÿú�öpò�����é��Ëù��¤è;ô�� �������_ýÎþ��(òÃöpê���ú�öpò��jë�ù������¤ýÎþ��é��(êIú�épøÓìÓê�öpòtìù������� "!�ýÎþ�ú�ì#�$��öñÃøMú�épêjítî$éõ]ñÎòÃó~ù9è��%�¤ýÎþ&�;ì#�döpò�'jé(��òtì�ñçítéVù9ûÁú�ü�!�ýÎþ)�ÏòÃö �Îì�ñÃø�ö(�Ïö$îöVù�����!�ú>ýÎþ*��ö�+ì#',�Möpórõ�épê*'�ù���ú�ü.-���,önìÓòçýÎþ&�Ïé�/(�Méî$ñÎòÃë�ù�������ýÎþ0�Mì#�$�1� �,önó>ù����rú(!.�jý32

Æ

Page 2: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

i,}_xVe�iQcniFoVurbnujcdf{âji,bnf{^Q}�f{}�i,x_u�46`�i,grf{urm$�r�,x_u��grf{ur}_grf{urm]f{}^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_mj�,i,}_xVx_u��grfhur}_grf{urm]f{}~^Q`�cÏ��i,mnf{g]`_}_x_ujcÎ�mnb$il}_x_fh}_a¢^,s0f{}Obpur}_mnf{bçz�g\�i,}_aQuQ��[]\_urmnu�x_u��grf{ur}_grf{urm�\�i(vQu|mpfhaF}_f���gjil}Ob�gr^F}_mnu�4O`_ur}_grurm�s�^Oc]cdf{m$q�o~i,}�ilaQujoVur}6bf{}~bn\_u]¶�bnk/i,}6bnf{g�i,}_x,5�`_k�sEgr^6i,mnb$i,k6cduraQf{^Q}_m�^,s�bn\_u���}_f{bnurx�£6b$i,bpurm¤i,}_xVf{}~bn\_u65�`_k�sn�OÍ�iQcyfh�_�8uji,}M�Qi,}_x~��i,grf���ggr^Oi,mpbnm�^,s�ÄÅur�Of{gr^��V£6b$cd^Q}_a¢fh}6bnujcdurmpb|bn\_ujcyus�^Ocyu�ur�Of{mnbnm�f{}=f/oVe�cd^,v6fh}_a�bn\_u~i,grgr`�cnilgrz�^,swmp\_^Ocdbd�çcnil}_aQu � ¸,Ý,�ÃÝ87\��2grzOgrk{^Q}_u�f{}Obpur}_mnf{bçz�s�^Ocyurgji,mnbnm>i,}_x�f{}�ur�6bnur}_x_f{}_a=mn`_g\�st^Ocdurgji,mpbnm�bn^�k{^Q}_aFujc>e8ujcdf{^Ox_m(�wi,m>urv6f{x_ur}_grurx"�Ozbn\_u2sÃi,grb�bn\�i,b�bn\_u § i,bnf{^Q}�i,k���`�cncdf{gji,}_u~Í]ur}6bnujc��8uraOi,}=bn^�o~iFq,u2��vQu�Ãx�i(z�b$cni,grq�i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz�st^Ocdurgji,mnbpmf{}�¸Q¹Q¹QÇ_��[]\_u���vQu�Ãx�i(z¢s�^6cdurgji,mnb]e�cd^Q�_k{ujo�}_urgrurmnm$iQcyfhk{z�f{}6vQ^Qk{vQurm�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}�^,swbcd^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m|^,vQujc^6gruji,}_m�ilxj�$i,grur}6b�bn^¢e�^Qe_`_k/i,bnurx=iQcduji,m(��[]\O`_m(��f/oVe�cd^,vQujo!ur}Obnm]f{}=^Q`�c]`_}_x_ujcdmpb$i,}_x_f{}_a�^lswb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kMgrz6grk{^Q}_uf{}Obpur}_mnf{bçz¢g$\�i,}_aFu|i,}_x~b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m �*� \_f{g\�f{mM�n`_mpbwbn\_u��Acdmnb�mnbnure~^,s�fh}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bpfh^F}�� � ^Q`_k{x�\�i(vQumnf{aQ}_f���gji,}6b�e�cni,grbpfhgjilkA�8ur}_u��bnm�f{}�f/oVe�cy^�v6f{}_aVfh}6bnur}_mnf{bdz¢s�^Ocyurgji,mnbnmj�

¶:9(� � urujq���urkhxVe�cd^FaOcniQo � i,mMgr^Q}_x_`_grbpurx>f{}�ÆjÌFÌ_Æ�bn^�x_^6gr`�oVur}6b0i,mne8urgrbnmM^,s�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k,grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m�fh}2bn\_uuji,mnb���i,grf���gQ��[�\_fhm�e�cd^,�nurgrbj�6gji,k{k{urx�bn\_uV[0cy^Qe_f{gji,k0É��6e�ujcyf¿o!ur}Ob�f{}�ÄÅur�Of{gr^ � [�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê��r� � i,m�gjiQcpcdf{urx�^Q`_bf{}�¶�gjile_`_khgr^¢fh}<;Q`_k{zQ�ö�`_aQ`_mnbVÆjÌQÌ�ÆQ� ¦ \_f{k{uf/oVe8^Ocdb$il}Ob]f{}_mnf{aQ\6bnm � ujcdu�aQk{uji,}_urx�sÃcd^Oo bn\_u>[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê ��urk{xe�cd^Qa6cniQo��8bn\_ujcdu � ujcduVmnurvQujcnilk¤iQcyuji,m�^,s�x_u��grf{ur}_grz�bp\�i,b�gji,}��8u~f{x_ur}Obnf���urxM���6^OcÐur�¯iQo!e_khuQ�Ï^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_mmn`6�;ujcdurx"sÃcd^Oo i=k/i,grq�^,s�i,grgr`�cpi,bnu�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_urmj��\_f{aQ\6�çcdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}Öi,f/cd�8^Ocd}_u ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc~cpi,x�iQcdmVgji,e�i,�_k{u�^,sm$iQo!e_khf{}_a2gr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{vQu�Ãmngji,k{u]`_e�x�cni�s�bnmwil}_x~x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnmj�jiÐk/i,gµq2^,s;^Ogrujil}�oVuji,mn`�cyujoVur}Obpmj�ji,}_x~bp\_u�f{}�i,�_f{khf{bdzbn^2m$iQoVe_k{u�bn\_u�ur}6bnf/cdu|x_ure_bp\~^,sMbn\_u�b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcduQ��¡t}�i,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}M�6bn\_u�`_mnu�^,s0i�mnf{}_aQk{u>i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b�gr^6oVe�cd^OoVf{mnurx^Q`�c]i,�_f{k{f{bçz�bp^mpbn`_x_z�mpf¿o2`_k{b$i,}_ur^F`_mnk{z�m$o¢i,k{k��Ãmpgji,k{u>i,}_x�x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_gru�Ãmpgji,k{u�e_\_ur}_^OoVur}�i_�

¡¥}�mpe_fhbpu|^,s�bn\_u�mn\_^Ocybngr^OoVf{}_aQm�^,s�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê�Fbn\_u�e�cd^,�nurgrb � ilm�i,�_k{u�bn^>mnbp`_x_z~bn\_u�aQur}_urmpfhm]^,sÏs�^Q`�c�uji,mnb��i,grf���g>bcd^Qe_f{gji,kMgrz6grk{^Q}_urm|f{}�i¢e�ujcdf{^6xÈ^ls¤mnf{� � urujqFmj��[]\_f{m�f{m>i~o2`_g$\�\_fhaF\_ujc|cnilbnu�bn\�i,}�\�i,m���urur}�st^Q`_}_xbn^���u�e�^Qmnmpfh�_k{u�f{}�bn\_u�¶�bnk/i,}6bnf{g~��i,mpfh}M��[]\_u~\_f{aQ\"ijv,i,f{k/i,�_f{khf{bdz�^,s�b$iFcdaQurbnm�f{mVx_`_u~bn^�bn\_uVsÃi,grbnm>bp\�i,b � Æj�bn\_u�uji,mpb���ilgrf���g�\�i,m�bp\_u|\_f{aQ\_urmnb�cni,bnu�e�ujc]`_}_f{b|iFcduji�^,s�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�f{}�bn\_u � ^Ocdk{xM�_i,}_x � ¸Q��bn\_ugrz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m|cduraQf{^Q}�f{m�ujilmnf{khz�ilgrgrurmnmnf{�_k{u>�6z cdurmpujiQcdg\�i,f/cdgjcni(stb�s¥cy^Oo bn\_u�mn^Q`_bn\_ujcy}�gr^Oilmnbw^,swÄ�ur�6f{gr^��

¡¥}>bn\_u�Æ(¸]zQujiQcdmÏmnf{}_gru�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�ÊV� � u�\�ijvFu�x_urvQurk{^Qe�urxVi]}O`�o2�8ujc;^,s�}_u � ^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}�i,k,bn^O^FkhmÏe�ujcdbnf{}_ur}6bbn^~bp\_u>mnbn`_x_z�^ls¤b$cy^Qe_f{gji,kMmnbn^6cnoVmj��¶�oV^Q}_a¢bn\_urmnuiFcdu�\_f{aQ\=mne�i,bnf/i,k0cyurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q} ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc�cni,x�iQcdm � § Í]¶���ÒÓmÉ�= ä Ñ��]¶��¾��i,grgr`�cpi,bnu�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_urm¤il}_xur�6e�ur}_x�il�_khu�^Ogruji,}Ve�cd^F��urmj�05��w£V}�i(v6f{aOi,bnf{^Q}M�,i,}_xi � fhx_ujc�v,iQcdf{urbdzi,}_x�sÃcdu�46`_ur}_grz�^,s�gr^,vQujcni,aFu�^,s�m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnuoVujilmn`�cdujoVur}6bnmj��¡t}Èilx_x_fhbpfh^F}M�_}_u � bn\_ur^Ocyurbnf{gji,k;fh}_mpfhaF\Obnm�i � i,f{b]bn^��u2bnurmnbnurx�i,aOilfh}_mpb�^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_mj�

£6urvFujcni,k0oV^6x_ujcd}�i,f/cde8^Ocdbnm|ilkh^F}_a�bn\_u~Ä�ur�6fhgjil}Ègr^6i,mnb�e�cd^,vOf{x_u2s¥ilgrfhk{f{bnf{urm>`_mi,�_k{u~�Oz�cyurmnujiQcdg\Èi,f/cdgjcpi(s�b(�[]\_urmnu�s¥ilgrfhk{f{bnf{urmwi,k{k{^ � uji,mpz�i,f/cdgjcpi(s�bMi,grgrurmpm0bn^�vOf/cdbn`�ilkhk{z>i,k{k_��i,grf���gwb$cy^Qe_f{gji,k,mnbn^Ocno!mAujilmnbM^,sAi,�8^Q`_b

115◦ ¦ �

¡t}4ilx_x_fhbpfh^F}M�wbn\_ujcyu�f{m~aOcy^ � fh}_a�mngrf{ur}Obpf���g�ur�Oe8ujcdbnf{mnu�^Q}�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkwmnbn^6cnoVm>f{}ËÄ�ur�6fhgr^�i,}_xIil}"fh}_gjcyuji,mnf{}_ai � iQcdur}_urmnm�^,sMbn\_u�f/oVe8^Ocdb$i,}_gru�^,sMbn\_f{mw}�i,bn`�cpi,k_e_\_ur}_^OoVur}_^Q}¢bn^�bn\_u�urgr^Q}_^6o>zQ�Ff{}6s¥cnilmnb$cd`_grbn`�cyuQ��i,}_x¢e_`_�_khf{g� urk{k���urf{}_a"^,sbp\_fhm�gr^F`_}Ob$cyzQ� [�\O`_mj� � u�gji,}Ëgr^Q`_}6b�^F} o2`_bn`�ilkhk{zËi,x_v�i,}6b$i,aFur^Q`_m~gr^Qk{k/i,��^6cni,bnf{^Q}_m � f{bn\Ä�ur�6f{gji,}�f{}6vQurmnbnf{aOilbn^Ocdm�fh}�bp\_fhm�e�cd^,�nurgrbj�

¡¥}�£6ure_bnujo2��ujc]i,}_x�Ñ�grbn^F��ujc�^,s¤¸Q¹F¹_Æ�i>k/iQcyaQu���urk{x�e�cd^QaOcniFo�gji,k{k{urx�Éw��¡ÃÍ�¸Q¹F¹_Æ � É�i,mnb]��i,grf���g>¡t}6vQurmnbnf��aOi,bpfh^F}�^,s�Í]k{f¿o¢i,bnuj�]bn^6^Oq2e_k/i,gru � fhbp\�bn\_u|aF^Oi,k;^,s0�8urbnbnujc�`_}_x_ujcdmnb$il}_x_fh}_a¢bn\_u|gr^F`_e_khurx�^Ogrujil}6�çi,b$oV^Qmpe_\_ujcdumnz6mnbnujo�f{}Èbp\_ubcd^Qe_f{gji,k�uji,mnb���i,grf���g � ��i(z_oV^Q}_x�urb�i,kt�/�M¸F¹Q¹,ÝO�r��Ñ�}_uV^,s�bn\_u2��ur}_u��bnm�^ls�bn\_f{m�e�cd^,�nurgrb]st^Ocb$cd^Fe_fhgjilk0mnbp^OcnoÿcdurmnujiQcdg\ � i,m�bp\_ux_urvFurkh^Fe�oVur}Ob�^ls�mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}6bi,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}�ilk�fh}_mpfhaF\Ob�f{}6bn^�bn\_u~grk{f/o~i,bn^Fkh^FaQzi,}_x~v,iQcdf/i,�_f{k{f{bçz¢^,sMx_urure~gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}~f{}�bn\_u|cduraQf{^Q}M��[]\_f{m�qQ}_^ � k{urx_aQu � f{k{k;\_urkhe�f{}�e_k/i,}_}_f{}_aV^,s;st`_bn`�cdu���urk{xe�cd^Qa6cniQoVm�bn\_ujcduQ�

[�\_u�gr^Q}6vQujcdaQur}_gru�^lsE}_u � bn\_ur^6cdurbnf{gji,k_f{}_mnf{aQ\6bnm�i,}_x~f/oVe�cd^,vQurx~^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}�i,k_bn^6^Qk{mwf{}_x_f{gji,bnurm�bp\�i,b�bn\_ubnf/oVu�f{m�cdf{aQ\ObEs�^OcÏi�o~ij�p^Oc�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}�i,k,bn\�cd`_mpbA^F}>bn\_u�f{mnmn`_urm�^,s_b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k,grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�i,}_x�f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}M�[]\_u�aQur^QaOcnile_\Oz|il}_x>grk{f/o~i,bn^Qk{^QaFz|^,s_bn\_u�uji,mnbnujcd}>��ilgrf���g]cduraQf{^Q}>i,m � urk{k¯i,mÏbn\_uwf{}6sÃcni,mnb$cy`_grbn`�cdu�i,}_x>ur�6f{mnbnf{}_aqF}_^ � khurx_aFu|��i,mpu�i(v�ilfhk/i,�_k{u�bn\_ujcyu|mnbcd^Q}_aQk{z~mn`_aFaQurmnbwbp\�i,bwbn\_u�ujilmnb���i,grf���g�f{m�bn\_u�oV^Qmpb�i,e_e�cd^Fe�cdf/i,bnu�vQur}6`_ust^Oc�bn\_f{m�e�cd^��purgrbj�

¸

Page 3: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

> S�×�? @�ÛBA�?�C!×D?FEE�[email protected]

��i,k/oGHr}�i,}_x § u � bn^F} � ÆjÌI9QÌQ�]mn`�o¢o~iQcdf{ârurx=ujiQcdk{z � ^Ocpq�^Q}�bn\_uVgr^Q}_x_f{bnf{^Q}_m2}_ururx_urx�bn^�e�cd^6x_`_gruVb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kgrz6grkh^F}_urmj�w[]\_urmnu�f{}_grk{`_x_u � iQ��mn`8J�grfhur}6bnk{z � iFcno�mnuji2mn`�cçs¥i,gru�bnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cyurm �

26◦ − 27

◦Í]��K � ����mn`8J�grf{ur}6b

x_f{mnb$i,}_gruÐs¥cy^Oo bn\_u2u�4O`�i,bp^Oc �> 5

◦ − 8◦��KAil}_x � gj� � ujiQq~vFujcdbnf{gji,k � f{}_x=mn\_ujiQc�bn\�cd^Q`_aQ\�bp\_u>b$cd^Fe�^Qmne_\_ujcyuQ�

[Ï^bp\_urmnu�gr^Q}_x_f{bnf{^Q}_m|ÄÅg�L]cdf{x_u>i,}_xNMEur\�c � ÆjÌI7_Æj��i,x_x_urx�bn\_u�e�cdurmnur}_gru�^,s¤i2e�cdu�Ãur�6fhmpbnf{}_abcd^Qe_f{gji,k � uji,bp\_ujcmnz6mnbnujo��¾mn`_g$\>ilm0i,}�uji,mnbpujcdk{z � ijvFuQ�$f{}Vi,}�ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6b � f{bn\�mp`8J�grf{ur}Obnk{z�mnb$cd^F}_a�grz6grk{^Q}_f{g�cdurk/i,bpfhvFu�vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz}_ujiQc�bn\_u�mn`�cçs¥i,gru�i,}_x�mn`8J�grfhur}6bnk{z�mnb$cy^Q}_ai,}6bnf{grz6grkh^F}_fhg2vQ^Ocdbpfhgrf{bdzVf{}�bn\_u�`_e_e8ujc]b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcduQ�

Ä�i,}6z�bn\_ur^6cdf{urm|^,s�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkMgrzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m�s�^6gr`_m|^F}�bn\_uo~il}_}_ujc]f{} � \_fhg\=grzOgrk{^Q}_urm�gji,}�fh}6bnur}_mnf�stz � ^Oc}_^Qb�f{}6bnur}_mnf�s�z_��f{}�f{mn^Qk/i,bnf{^Q}VsÃcd^Oo�^Fbn\_ujc�x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_grurm�f{}�bn\_u�ur}6vOf/cd^F}�oVur}Ob � Ñ�^�z6iQo~i_�QÆ(Ì&9QÌ�KQ�]^Fbn`_}_}_^>i,}_xÉwo¢i,}O`_urkt�8ÆjÌ&7Qæ�K,Éwo¢i,}O`_urkt�8ÆjÌ&7QÌ_�_Æ(ÌQÌQÞ�K0M;ur\_}_x_ujcr�6¸Q¹Q¹_Æj�¾�M£6`_g$\�oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVmwiQcdu]bdz6e_fhgjilkhk{z�il�Of{mnz_o~oVurb$cyfhgf{}=urmnmnur}_gruQ�;i,}_x�^,stbnur}�x_ure�ur}_x=^Q}�bp\_u>f{}Obpujcni,grbnf{^Q}��8urb � urur}�bn\_u>bn\_ujcpoV^Ox_z6}�iQoVf{g�g\�iQcni,grbpujcdf{mnbnf{grm�^,s�bn\_ugr^Ocdu�ur}6vOf/cd^Q}�o!ur}Ob~i,}_x�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}M��[�\_fhmVf{m�i,}�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}Ob2fhx_ujilkhf{âji,bpfh^F} � \_f{g\4o~i(zÈ\_^Fkhx"bp\_u�q,urz�bn^grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�i,}_x�f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}"f{}"grujcdb$i,f{}�grf¿cygr`�oVmnb$i,}_grurm(�0�_`_b¢fhbVf{m�i,}�urvQur}6bn`�i,k{f{bdz � \_f{g$\"f{m�cpiQcdurk{zcduji,k{f{ârurxM��¶�v�iQcyfhurbdz�^,s0^Qbp\_ujc�sÃi,grbn^6cdmwgji,}�ur}6bnujc�bn^~bpfhe�bp\_u���i,k/i,}_gru�s�^6cw^6c�ilaOi,f{}_mnb]x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6bj�

¶�}�i,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}�ilkwmnurb�^,s�bn\_ur^6cdf{urm>gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bpurm|^Q}ºbn\_u�i,mnz_o~oVurbcdf{gmpb$cd`_grbn`�cduV^,s�x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kgrz6grkh^F}_urmi,}_x�e�cyu�ÃgrzOgrk{^Q}_u�x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_grurm(���6^OcÐfh}_mpb$i,}_gruQ��Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdz�i,}_x�å�ilkhk{ur}6��i,g\ � ÆjÌQÌFæQ�r�;Ä�^Q}6bd�aQ^Oo!ujcdzÈi,}_x"É�}�ilaQ^Q}_f{^ � Æ(ÌQÌ&7Q�r�Mil}_xIÉ�}�i,aQ^Q}_f{^Èil}_x�Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdz � ¸Q¹Q¹_Æj��st^6gr`_m>^Q}�bn\_u � i(z�fh} � \_fhg\i,mnz_o~oVurbcdf{g�vQ^Ocdbpfhgrf{bdzVx_f{mnb$cdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}_m � f{bn\�m$o~i,k{k��Ãmngji,k{u�mnbcd`_grbn`�cdu�urvF^Qk{vQu|f{}6bn^>bp\_u�oV^F}_^Qk{fhbp\_fhg�gr^6cdu|vF^Ocdbnur�^,s�i�o~i,bp`�cduVgrzOgrk{^Q}_uQ��[]\_urmnuVgji,k{gr`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m~iQcyue8ujcdbnf{}_ur}6b>bn^�bn\_u¢fh}6bnujcnilgrbnf{^Q}=��urb � urur}�bn\_uVgr^Ocdu~vF^Ocdbnur�^,swiVgrz6grkh^F}_u>i,}_x�vQ^6cdbnf{grf{bçz¢e�cd^Ox_`_grurx��6z�x_urure�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}�f{}Ècni,f{}6��i,}_x_m�^Oc�^Qbn\_ujc�x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_grurm�fh}�grk{^Qmnue�cd^,�6f¿o!fhbdz~bp^bp\_u�gr^OcduQ�

[�\_u�`_e_mngji,k{u�aOcd^ � bp\>e�cd^6grurmnm]x�cdf{vQur}��OzVbn\_u�vQ^Ocdbpfhgjilk_\_^Qb]bn^ � ujcym0f{m�f{k{k{`_mnb$cni,bpurx�grk{ujiQcdk{z~f{}�bn\_u�i,}_f/o~i(�bnf{^Q}�^ls�bn\_uVst^Ocno¢i,bnf{^Q}�^ls�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grkh^F}_u ä f/i,}�i_�Mmpf¿o2`_k/i,bnurx � f{bn\�bn\_u�Ä�Ä�Þ�oV^Ox_urk�`_mnf{}_a�\_^Ocyfhâr^F}Ob$ilkaOcdf{x�mne�ilgrfh}_a¢^,s

3q6o ^Q}�bn\_u���}_urmnb|o!urmn\M��[]\_u ä f/i,}�i~i,}_f/o~i,bpfh^F}�f{m�mn\_^ � } ilb

OQP&P0RTS3U&U8V8W&X)Y[Z&ZQV%\^]�YIP0_"`8Z.]ba)`[W)`8Z0PQYIP�V.]bV*c)deU8V0f�X8a*U8gihQ_IR�W*`IP�Z&U0j�`0fQPeXQa&XiPQkQlIc�X&Yi\"Y.]�O8P&_"W£_i,x_k{ujc � Æ(ÌQæ&9_�8ÆjÌQæ&7Q��}_^Qbnurx�bn\_u�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}_gru|^,s�bn\_u�e�cd^,�6f/oVf{bçz¢^,s�i!b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;`_e_e�ujc�b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdf{g�b$cd^Q`_aQ\� [���[�[���x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_gru�bn^~bp\_u|x_urvQurk{^Qe�o!ur}Ob�i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}�^,s � urmnb���ilgrf���g�bdz6e_\_^O^F}_mj� � \_f{k{u�¤s�u�;ujc� ÆjÌFÞ&9_�QÆjÌFÞ&7Q��i,}_x~Í]\�i,k{k/i�i,}_x~��stu�Aujc � ÆjÌI7Q¹Q�;}_^Qbpurxbp\_u�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}_gru�^ls�bn\_u�gr^Q}6vQujcdaQur}_gru�^,s�urx_x_z~i,}_aQ`_k/iQcoV^Oo!ur}Obn`�onm�`_�=bn^�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{mj��Ä�`_g\"i,bnbnur}6bnf{^Q}=\�i,m>mp`_�_mnu�4O`_ur}6bnk{z��8urur}�e�i,f{x�bn^�bp\_u�cd^Qk{u^,sw`_e_e8ujc�khurvFurk�e�^Qbnur}6bnf/i,kMvF^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz�i,}_^Oo~i,k{f{urm�fh}ºbn\_u�st^Ocno~ilbnf{^Q}�i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}=^,s]b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kÏmnbn^Ocno!m� uQ��a��/�_ÄÅ^Qk{fh}�iFcdf0i,}_xpo�^Qk{k/iQcd^8�AÆ(Ì&7QÌ�K6Ä�^Qk{f{}�iQcdf0il}_xqo�^Qk{k/iQcd^8�MÆjÌQÌQ¹eKQL�^Qm$iQcyb�i,}_xpL]iQcdbn^Qk{^��;ÆjÌFÌ_Æ&KQÄ�^Fkhf{}�iQcyf��£_qF`_�_fhm(��i,}_xpo�^Qk{k/iQcd^��;ÆjÌFÌQÞ�KQurbpgQ���r�

[�\_u�urmnmnur}6bnf/i,k�e_\6z6mnf{gji,k�e�cdf{}_grf{e_k{urm���ur\_f{}_x�`_e_e8ujc�b$cd^Fe�^Qmne_\_ujcyfhg�fh}8m�`_ur}_grurm�i,e_e�ujiQc�bn^���u�gji,e_bn`�cyurx~�Ozbn\_u~bp\_ur^Ocdurbnf{gji,k � ^OcnqÅ^,s|Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdzÈil}_x��_iQcncdurk{k � ÆjÌFÌQÇQ�r�~¡¥}�bn\_f{m~oV^6x_urkwbn\_ur4O`�i,mpf��Ã��ilk¿il}_grurx�k{f�s�bpfh}_ai,b~`_e_e8ujc~k{urvQurk{m�x_`_u�bn^ºbn\_uÈi,e_e�cy^Oi,g\�^,s>iºb$cd^Qe8^Qe�i,`_mnu�e�^Qbpur}Obnf/i,k]vQ^6cdbnf{grf{bçz"i,}_^Oo¢i,k{z�f{m�b$cni,}_m$o!fhbpbnurxbn^�bn\_uVk{^ � ujc�b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdu2f{}�cduraQf{^Q}_m � \_ujcyu>e�cdu�Ãur�6f{mnbnf{}_a�oV^Qf{mnb�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}�k{^ � ujcdm�bn\_uVu�AurgrbpfhvFu~mnb$i,bpfhgmnb$il�_fhk{f{bdz�^,swbn\_u2b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdu�bn^¢}_ujiQcÎ�Ãârujcd^���[�\_fhm�k{f�stbnf{}_a�gji,`_mnurm�k{^ � �Ãk{urvQurk�mne_f{}O`_eM�;urmne8urgrf/i,k{khz=f{}�cduraQf{^Q}_m� f{bn\�e�cdu�Ãur�6f{mnbnf{}_a~e8^Qmnf{bnf{vQu>cdurk/i,bnf{vQu�vF^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz�i,b]k{^ � khurvFurkhm(�

¶ cyu�4O`_f/cdujoVur}6b�fh}�oV^Qmnb�bn\_ur^Ocdf{urm�^,s>b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk|grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{mj��f{}_grk{`_x_fh}_aãbn\�i,b�^,sÄ�^F}ObnaF^OoVujcdz"i,}_x�_iQcncyurkhkt��f{m~bp\_u cdurx_`_grbpfh^F}�^,s�bn\_u�u�AurgrbpfhvFu�mnb$i,bnf{g~mpb$i,�_f{k{fhbdz�bp^Èk{^ � v,i,k{`_urm~f{}"bn\_u�gr^Ocdu~^,s�bn\_u~f{}_grf{e_fhur}6bgrz6grkh^F}_uQ�[]\_u~q,urz�urk{ujoVur}Ob�\_ujcyuf{m2bn\_uVmn`_e_e�cdurmnmnf{^Q}=^,swgr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFurkhz�e�cd^6x_`_grurxÈx_^ � }_x�cpi(s�bpm � Éwo¢i,}O`_urkt�ÆjÌQÌFÞ�Kw��i(z_oV^Q}_xM��=tsFe�urâQ�]i,}_xu=tsQe8urâQ�|ÆjÌFÌ&7Q�r��[]\_u�urk{f¿o!fh}�ilbnf{^Q}4^,s�e_k¿il}_urb$iQcdz��8^Q`_}_x�iQcdz�k/i(zQujc � ��L�=M�^Q`_bbm�^ � m�e�cd^6x_`_grurx~�6z>x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm0ilkhk{^ � m�bn\_u]fh}8m�^ � ^,sM`_e8x�cni(stb¤i,f/c � f{bn\V}_^Q}6�Ãârujcd^>i,�_mn^Fkh`_bpu�vF^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz>bn^mne_f{}�`_e�bp\_u�kh^ � �Ãk{urvQurk;grf/cdgr`_k/i,bnf{^Q}M��[]\_u�x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b]^,s¤bp\_fhm�grf¿cygr`_k¿ilbnf{^Q}�f{m|bnf{urx�bn^Vbn\_u�x_urvFurkh^Fe�oVur}Ob�^,sbn\_u � iQcno�gr^Ocdu�g\�iQcni,grbnujcyfhmpbnf{g�^ls0b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k_grz6grk{^Q}_urmj�_i,}_x�k{uji,x_m�bn^2bn\_u|e�cy^Ox_`_grbnf{^Q}¢^,s0bn\_u�f{}Obnur}_mpu|mn`�cçs¥i,gru\_uji,bvm�`_�6urm|}_ururx_urx�bn^Vx�cdf{vQu�bp\_u�grzOgrk{^Q}_u2\_uji,b]ur}_aQf{}_uQ�

Ç

Page 4: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

¡¥b]st^Qk{kh^ � m�bn\�i,b]bn\_^Qmnu�sÃi,grbn^Ocdm]gr^Q}6b$cd^Fkhk{f{}_a~bn\_u�ur�6f{mnbnur}_gruVi,}_x�f{}Obnur}_mpfhbdz�^,s�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm�iQcyu�gjcd`_grf/i,kMbn^grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�i,}_x¢grzOgrk{^Q}_u�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}M��[]\_f{m�fhm�urvOf{x_ur}6bwf{}�bn\_u�i,}�i,k{zOmpfhm�^,sAbp\�cduru]gji,mnurm�^,sMgrz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m^Q�_mnujcyvQurx�f{}I[�É�Ê�Ä�É�ÊV�M[]\_u~e�cyurgr`�cdmn^Oc�bn^�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u�É�}�cyfw46`_u�\�i,x�ur�6bnur}_mnf{vQu~x_^ � }_x�cni�s�bnm�x_`�cyfh}_a�bn\_ue�ujcyfh^6xËf{} � \_f{g\4f{b � i,m¢^Q�_mnujcdvQurxM�]i,}_xãfhbpm�mne_f{}6`_e � i,m~mpfhaF}_f���gjil}Obnk{z"x_urk/i(zQurxM�áÑ�}ãbn\_u�^Fbn\_ujcV\�i,}_xM�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm � ujcdu � ujiQq�f{}�bn\_u�e�cdurgr`�cdmp^Oc�bn^x5�`_f{k{k{ujcnoV^���i,}_x�f{bVfh}6bnur}_mnf���urx4cnile_fhx_k{zQ�=�6us¥i�mnbiQcdbnurx=^Q`_bcni,e_f{x_k{z�f{}Obpur}_mnf�s�z6f{}_a��;�_`_b|f{bnm�x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b � i,m�bpujoVe�^OcpiQcdf{k{z iQcpcdurmnbnurx � \_ur}�x�cyz�i,f/c�e8ur}_urb$cni,bnurx�bp^~bn\_ugr^Ocdu�^,s�bn\_u�mnz6mnbnujo��

¡¥}~uji,g\~^,sMbn\_u|il��^,vQu�gji,mpurmj�,f{}Obnur}_mpf���gjilbnf{^Q}�^F}_khzV^6grgr`�cncdurx � \_ur}�bn\_u�mn\_ujiQc�i(vQujcni,aFurx^,vQujc�bp\_u�mnbn^Ocpogr^Ocdu � i,m � ujiFq���[]\_u2ur�¯ilgrb|oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm��Oz � \_f{g$\=mn\_ujiFc]mn`_e_e�cdurmnmpurm|b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;mnbn^Ocno x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b|i,}_xf{}Obpur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}Ècyujo~i,f{}�`_}_grk{ujiQcr��[]\_ujcduViQcdu�b � ^�o~i,f{}�\6z6e�^Qbn\_urmpurmj��cdurmne8urgrbnf{vQurk{z�x_zO}�iFoVf{gi,}_x�bn\_ujcnoV^,�x_z6}�iQoVf{g�f{}�g$\�iFcni,grbnujcr��¡¥}�bn\_u¢st^OcnoVujc�gji,bpuraQ^OcdzQ�MiÅmn\_ujiQcdurx�ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6b�f{mVgji,e�i,�_k{u�^ls�o!urg$\�i,}_f{gji,k{k{zx_f{m$cd`_e_bnf{}_a=bn\_u�grzOgrk{^Q}_u�vQ^Ocybnur� � ;F^Q}_urmj�]ÆjÌQÌQÞ��M¸Q¹Q¹Q¹�K��]ujilmn^Oc>il}_x�Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdzQ�0¸F¹Q¹_Æj�r��¡¥}�bn\_u¢k¿ilbnbnujcr�mn\_ujiQc�f{m>bn\_^F`_aQ\Ob�bn^�mn`_e_e�cdurmnm�x_urvFurkh^Fe�oVur}Ob��6z�vQur}6bnf{k/i,bnf{}_a�bn\_uVgr^OcduV^,swbn\_uVmnz6mnbnujo � f{bn\�x�cyz�ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}6�oVur}6b$i,k_i,f/cr�,bn\_ujcdur�6z>mp`_e_e�cdurmnmnf{}_a>gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu�`_e8x�cni(stbnm�i,}_x~e�cd^Oo!^Qbnf{}_a|x_^ � }_x�cpi(s�bpm � £6f/oVe_mn^Q}~i,}_x��]f{ur\_k��ÆjÌQÞI7�K�5�cpijzQ��ÆjÌ&9I7�KA��ijz_oV^Q}_xM�t=tsQe8urâQ�0i,}_xy=tsQe8urâQ�wÆjÌQÌI7Q�r�|[�\_fhm>ile_e�ujiQcdm�bp^��8u � \�i,b|\�ile_e�ur}_urx�f{}=bn\_ugji,mnurm�^,s¤É�}�cyfw46`_u>i,}_x��6usÃiVx_f{mngr`_mnmnurx=i,��^,vQuQ�

¡¥}Èi,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}�bp^~bn\_urf/c�mpur}_mnf{bnf{vOf{bdz�bn^~iQo2�_f{ur}Ob�mpujiVmn`�cÎsÃi,gru�bnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cyurmj�Q\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm|iFcdu�}_^ � qQ}_^ � }bn^��8u�mnur}_mpfhbpfhvFu�bn^�bp\_u~\_uji,b>gr^F}Obnur}6b�^,s]bn\_u~^6gruji,}�oVf{�6urx�k/i(zQujcr��i,}_x�bn^�cdurmpe�^Q}_x�bp^�bn\_u~`_e_e8ujc�^6gruji,}gr^6^Qk{fh}_a=f{}_x_`_grurx"�6zÈvFujcdbnf{gji,kwoVf{�6fh}_a�i,}_xº`_eIi,}_xºx_^ � } � urk{k{fh}_a�e�cd^6grurmnmnurm � Í]\�i,}_a�i,}_x�¶|}6bn\_urmj��ÆjÌQæ&7eK£6\�i(z~urb|i,kt�/�;ÆjÌFÌQ¸�KO£6g\�i,x_u>i,}_x�Éwo¢i,}O`_urkt�;ÆjÌQÌFÌQ�r�0��^ � urvQujcr�,f{}�bn\_u�e�cyurmnur}_gru�^,s0mnbcd^Q}_a>^6gruji,}_f{g�gr`�cncdur}6bnmi,}_xVsÃcd^Q}6bnm � \_f{g\~gji,}~k{^6gji,k{k{z�f{}_gjcduji,mpu�bn\_u�\_uji,b�gr^Q}6bnur}Ob(�jbn\_f{m]`_e_e�ujc�^Ogrujil}~gr^O^Fkhf{}_a~o~i(z>�8u|mp`_e_e�cdurmnmnurxM�cdurmn`_k{bnf{}_a=f{}"ur�Oe_k{^QmpfhvFu�mnbp^Ocnoÿx_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6bj��i,m2fh}"bp\_u~gji,mnu�^,s|Ñ�e�i,kwf{}"bn\_up5�`_k�s�^ls�ÄÅur�Of{gr^ � £6\�i(z=urbi,kt�/�;¸Q¹Q¹Q¹F�r��i,}_x�oV^Ocyu>cdurgrur}Obpkhz�f{}È\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm�¡tmpfhx_^6cdu~i,}_xz=;f{khf � ¸Q¹Q¹Q¸Q�¾��[]\_uVf¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}_gru>^,sw^6gruji,}=\_uji,bgr^Q}6bnur}6bbp^Èmpbn^Ocno fh}6bnur}_mnf{bdz � ilmx_ujo!^Q}_mnb$cnilbnurx=st^OcVi=k/iQcdaQu�m$iQoVe_k{u�^,s�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmV�Oz"Ä�ilfh}_urk{k{f�urb~i,kt�� ¸Q¹F¹Q¸Q�r�

¶�mwmp\_^ � }~�Ozr;Oi,gr^Q��urb�i,kt� � ¸Q¹Q¹Q¹Q�¾�jbn\_u�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u�Ãf{}_x_`_grurx�gr^O^Fkhf{}_aV^,s0bp\_u�mnuji2mn`�cÎsÃi,gru|i,e_e8ujiQcdm�bn^V��ue�cd^6x_`_grurx��6z�bn\�cduru~oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVmi{ � iQ��f/o~oVurx_f/i,bnu~ur}6b$cnilfh}�o!ur}Ob�^,s�gr^6^Qk � i,bnujc���urk{^ � bp\_u^6gruji,}�o!fh�6urxk/i(zQujc]f{}_x_`_grurx�x_f/cdurgrbnk{z��6z�mpb$cd^Q}_a � f{}_x�mpb$cdurmnm�K � ���]`_e � urkhk{f{}_a�i,mnmn^6grf/i,bnurx � f{bn\�bn\_u�x_f{vQujcyaQur}_gru>^,s � f{}_x6�f{}_x_`_grurx�gr`�cncdur}6bnm�f{}�bp\_u|^6gruji,}�oVf{�6urx�k/i(zQujc�KQil}_x � gj��x_urk/ijzFurx�oVf{�Of{}_a~i,}_x~ur}6b$cnilfh}�o!ur}Obwi,mpmn^Ogrf/i,bpurx � f{bn\mn\_ujiQc�f{}_mnb$i,�_f{k{f{bçzQ� � \_ujcdu�bn\_u�mn\_ujiQc�f{m�e�cy^Ox_`_grurx��Oz¢bn\_u � f{}_x6�Ãf{}_x_`_grurx�gr`�cncyur}Obnm(�0É�v,i,e�^6cni,bnf{vQu]gr^6^Qk{fh}_a¢^,sbn\_uV^6gruji,}=mn`�cÎsÃi,grui,e_e8ujiQcdm�bn^�e_k/i(z�i¢k{urmnmnujc2cd^Qk{uVbn\�i,}�^6gruji,}�oVf{�6fh}_a=i,}_x=`_e � urk{k{f{}_a��~Ä�^6x_urk{m>mn`_g\�i,mbn\_^Qmpu�^lsE£6g\�i,x_u|i,}_x�É�o~i,}6`_urk � ÆjÌQÌQÌQ�Ïi,}_x�Éwo¢i,}O`_urk6urb�ilk�� � ¸F¹Q¹,ÝO�;^F}_khzVgr^Q}_mpfhx_ujc�oVurg\�i,}_f{m$o � iQ�r� � \_fhg\f{m�ur�6e�cdurmnmnf{�_k{u>f{}Èi!^Q}_u�Ãx_f/oVur}_mnf{^Q}�i,k;gr^Qk{`�oV}M�wÉ�o~i,}6`_urk;urb|i,kt� � ¸Q¹F¹,ÝO��}_^Qbnu�bp\�i,b]bn\_u�^Qbn\_ujc]oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm}_ururx�bn^���u�gr^Q}_mnf{x_ujcdurx¢s�^6c�mnk{^ � khz�oV^,vOf{}_a�mnbn^6cnoVmj�M[]\_f{m�i,x_x_m�gr^Q}_mnf{x_ujcni,�_k{u�gr^OoVe_k{ur�Of{bdzVbn^>bp\_u�e�cd^Q�_k{ujo��i,m�oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm � ����il}_x � gj�]iQcdu�f{}_\_ujcdur}6bnk{z�bn\�cyuru�Ãx_f¿o!ur}_mnf{^Q}�i,kt�

�6^6c�mnb$ilbnf{^Q}�iQcdz�^Oc�mpkh^ � �ço!^�v6f{}_a|mpbn^OcnoVm(�,`_e � urk{k{fh}_aVe�cd^6grurmnmnurmwilkh^F}_a>bn\_u]b$cnilgµq2iQcdu�i>cdurmp`_khb�^,sAbp\_u�}_urbÉwq6o~i,}�x_f{vQujcyaQur}_gruw^,s�bp\_uw^6gruji,}oVf{�6urxVk¿i(zQujcEgr`�cncdur}6bM��urk{xM��¶|m�bn\_u�bn\_ujcnoV^6grk{fh}_u]i,e_e�cd^Oilg$\_urmMbp\_uwmn`�cÎsÃi,gruQ�mnbnujilx_zQ�Ãmnbi,bnu>aFur^Qmnb$cd^Fe_\_fhgVoV^Qbnf{^Q}_m>iFcduVaQur}_ujcni,bnurxM�V�6^OcÐmnbn^Ocno!m�oV^,v6f{}_a�oV^OcduVcni,e_f{x_k{zQ�0bp\_ubcni,}_mnk/i,bnf{}_amn`�cÎsÃi,gru � f{}_x�mnb$cdurmpm�e�ilbnbnujcd}¢s�^6cdgrurm]^Ogruji,}_f{g>oVf{�6urx�k/ijzFujcwgr`�cpcdur}Obpm�bp^!cy^Qb$i,bnu�i,}Obpfhgrz6grk{^Q}_f{gji,k{k{z � f{bn\�bnf/oVu� f{bn\>i]e8ujcdf{^Ox2^,s_^Qmngrf{k{k¿ilbnf{^Q}>grk{^Qmnu�bp^�bn\_u�k{^OgjilkQf{}_ujcdbnf/i,kQe8ujcdf{^OxM��[]\_urmnu � f{}_x6�tst^OcdgrurxM�(}_ujiQcÎ�Ãf{}_ujcdbnf/i,k,gr`�cncdur}6bnmi,k{mn^=cd^Qb$i,bpu!il}Obnf{grz6grk{^Q}_f{gji,k{khz � f{bn\�x_ure_bn\M��gjcduji,bpfh}_a�mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}6b>gr`�cncdur}6b>mp\_ujiQc�i,gjcd^Qmpm�bn\_u�^6gruji,}�o!fh�6urxk/i(zQujcM��ilmnu]bn\�i,b�gji,`_mnurm�vQujcdbnf{gji,k_oVf{�Of{}_a��6z>k{^ � ujcdf{}_a|bn\_u��]f{g\�iQcdx_mn^F}>}6`�o>�8ujcMbp^���urk{^ � gjcdf{bnf{gji,k{f{bdz � �wcdf{gruQ�ÆjÌ&7�Æ&KO£_i,}6st^Ocdx�urb|i,kt�/�;ÆjÌI7Qæ�KO£6\�i(z�urb�i,kt�/�MÆjÌQÌF¸�K&;Oilgr^Q� il}_x�£6\�ijzQ�8¸Q¹Q¹QÇQ�¾�

L�^Qbp\~f/o~oVurx_f/i,bnu|il}_x�x_urk/i(zQurx�gr^O^Qk{f{}_aVx_`_u|bp^oVf{�6fh}_aV^,s�x_urure � i,bnujc�bp\�cd^Q`_aQ\Vbn\_u���i,mnu�^ls0bn\_u�^6gruji,}oVf{�6urxÈk/i(zQujc�x_ure8ur}_x�^Q}=b � ^!s¥i,grbp^Ocdmj�8bn\_uVx_ure_bn\=^,s�bp\_u!o!fh�6urx=k/ijzFujc|i,}_xºbn\_u>mnbi,bnf{gVmnb$i,�_f{k{f{bçz�^,s � i,bpujc��urk{^ � bn\_u~oVf{�Ourx�k¿i(zQujc¾�Ai,m�g\�iQcni,grbnujcyfhârurx��6z�bn\_u2�_`_^�z6i,}_grz~sÃcdu�46`_ur}_grz

Nbn\_ujcduQ� ä urure�ujc�oVf{�Ourx=k/i(zQujcdm

cdurmn`_k{bMf{}Vk{urmnm�mnur}_mnf{bnf{vOf{bdz�bn^]`_e � urk{k{f{}_a>i,}_x�k{urmnm�bn`�cd�_`_k{ur}Ob�ur}_ujcdaQz�i,bMbp\_u���i,mnu�^,s_bn\_u�o!fh�6urx>k/i(zQujcr� � \_ujcduji,mk/iQcdaQujc��_`_^,zOi,}_grz�sÃcdu�46`_ur}_grz�cdu�46`_f/cdurmwk/iQcdaFujc�v�ilkh`_urm]^,sMmn\_ujiFc�st^Oc�bn\_u�e�cd^Ox_`_grbpfh^F}�^,sMmn\_ujiFc�f{}_mnb$i,�_f{k{f{bdz�i,}_x

Ý

Page 5: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

i,mnmp^Ogrf/i,bnurx�oVf{�6fh}_a8�¤��`�cncdf{gji,}_u�Ñ�e�i,k;mnb$cyur}_aQbn\_ur}_urx�mn`_x_x_ur}_k{z i,m]f{b]e�i,mnmnurx�^,vQujcwiG5�`_k�sw^,s¤ÄÅur�Of{gr^ � iQcpogr^Ocdu�cdf{}_a��0i,b2k{uji,mnb>e�iFcdbnk{zÈi,mVi�cdurmpe�^Q}_mnu¢bn^�cdurx_`_grurx�^Ogruji,}ºgr^O^Qk{f{}_a�cdurmn`_k{bnf{}_a�sÃcd^Ooÿbp\_u�o2`_g$\�x_urure8ujc^6gruji,}�oVf{�Ourx�k/i(zQujc�f{}�bn\_u>cyfh}_a � £6\�i(z~urb|i,kt�/�_¸Q¹Q¹F¹Q�r�

[�\_ugjilmnuV^,swuji,mnb>��i,grf���gV\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uG;Q`_k{f{urbnbnu � ¸F¹Q¹_Æj��o¢ijz�cyu m�urgrb�bn\_uVu�Aurgrbnm2^,s�v,iQcdf/i,�_f{k{fhbdz=f{}�bn\_ujcÎ�oV^6grk{fh}_u��_`_^,zOi,}_grzºs¥cdu�46`_ur}_grzQ�4[]\_f{m�gji,bnuraQ^6cdz=Ý�mnbn^Ocpo ilbV�AcdmnbVe�cd^6x_`_grurx4vQujcyz�k{fhbpbnk{uÈ^6gruji,}"gr^6^Qk{f{}_a����^ � urvQujc¾�0i,m2fhb~oV^,vQurxºbn^=bn\_u~}_^Ocdbp\ � urmnbj�Ïf{be�cy^Ox_`_grurx�x_urgjcduji,mnurm2f{}"mnuji�mn`�cÎsÃi,gru~bnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cyurm�^,s|`_ebn^

6◦Í�f{}�f{bnm � iQq,uQ�V[]\_f{mo~i(z���u¢x_`_u~bn^�i�x_urgjcyuji,mnuVf{}�bn\_u~bn\_ujcpoV^Ogrk{f{}_u~�_`_^,zOi,}_grz�sÃcdu�46`_ur}_grz�sÃcd^Oo

cd^Q`_aF\_khz20gre_\Vbn^>i,�8^Q`_b

8gre_\�ilkh^F}_a�bn\_u]b$cnij�purgrbn^Ocyz|^,s;bn\_u]mnbn^Ocpo � £6\�i(z>i,}_xr;Oi,gr^Q�M�Q¸Q¹F¹,ÝO�r�M[]\_u]^6gruji,}

cdurmne8^Q}_mnu�bn^G;Q`_k{f{urbnbnu2f{m�f{khk{`_mnbcni,bnurx�f{}�bp\_u>i,}_f/o~i,bnf{^Q}�aQf{vQur}�f{}

OQP&P0RTS3U&U8Z0PQ`&f)_T]�feZ�_[YeZ�]$_"X&Yi_�X�]�V�cId[Ue|&a&`&`0h�U0O&d�f&f�U&})d"WQXIV*P&PV�]3~�X0�

�.�3� �z�v���"�0�&�t�����&����q�3�����v�y�.�������3�"�����[]\_^Q`_aF\ � u���urk{f{urvQu � u�\�i(vQu�x_urvQurk{^Qe8urx�iVaQur}_ujcni,k;`_}_x_ujcdmpb$i,}_x_f{}_aV^,s¤bp\_u�s¥i,grbp^Ocdmwf/oVe8^Ocdb$il}Ob�bn^Vb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kgrz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�i,}_xVf{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}M� � u�\�ijvFuw}_^Qbwcdujilg$\_urx~bp\_u�mpb$i,aQu � \_ujcdu�bn\_f{mwqF}_^ � k{urx_aQu]gji,}~��u�`_mnus�`_k{k{zf{}_gr^Ocde8^Ocni,bnurx�f{}Obp^�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}4mpg$\_ujoVurm(�Ö£6^Oo!u�^,s|bn\_f{m�`_}_grujcdb$i,f{}6bçzºfhm�mn`�cdurk{z"x_`_u�bn^ºk¿ilgµqº^,s>cd^Q`_bnf{}_u^Qe8ujcni,bnf{^Q}�i,k�x�ilb$i�e8ujcdbnf{}_ur}Ob2bn^�bp\_u�e�cd^F�_khujoÅ����^ � urvQujcr�;mp`_g$\�x�i,b$i�iQcdu~ur�6e�ur}_mnf{vQu�bn^�^Q�_b$i,f{}M��i,}_x � u}_ururxVbn^�e_f{}_e�^Ffh}6b�bn\_u]qQf{}_xV^,s�f{}6s�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}�}_ururx_urxVbn^�ur}_\�i,}_gru]^Q`�c;e�cdurx_f{grbnf{vQu]m$qFf{khk{mj��¡¥}gr^F}j�n`_}_grbnf{^Q} � f{bn\bn\_f{mj� � u�}_ururxÈbp^~mn\�iQcde8ur}�^Q`�c���i,mnf{gV`_}_x_ujcdmnb$i,}_x_f{}_a~^lswbn\_u�grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m>i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}�e�cd^Q�_k{ujoVmj�¡t}�bp\_u�s�^Qk{k{^ � f{}_a�� � u�^Q`_bnk{f{}_u>bn\_u>iQcyuji,m]fh} � \_fhg\ � u���urk{f{urvQuV^Q`�c]qQ}_^ � k{urx_aQu�bn^~�8u�k/i,gµqFf{}_a��

�t���"��� �,�����.�0 �¡�¢"£¤¢�¥1��¢�¦,£.��§i¨8¥© �ª[]\_u~oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm��6z � \_f{g\�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu2x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm�iFcducdurx_`_grurxM�Ïbn\6`_m>i,k{kh^ � f{}_a�k{^ � �Ãk{urvQurk�mne_f{}6`_e�i,}_xgrz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m>bn^�^Ogrgr`�c¾�M}_ururx�bn^��8u�mp^Ocdbnurx=^Q`_bj����`�o!fhx_f���gji,bpfh^F}�^,s�bn\_u~oVf{x6�Ãb$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdu~i,}_xºvQujcdbnf{gji,k\_^OoV^FaQur}_f{âji,bnf{^Q}�^,s�bn\_u�oV^Qf{mnb>ur}6b$cd^FeOz=iQcdu~^Q�6v6fh^F`_m>gji,}_x_f{x�i,bnurmÐs�^6c�bn\_f{m � L�f{mnbnujc>il}_x�Éwo~il}O`_urkt�]ÆjÌQÌQæeK��i(z_oV^Q}_xM�"=tsFe�urâQ�Mi,}_xy=tsQe�urâQ��Æ(ÌQÌ&7Q�r�6�_`_b�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm�o~i(z�i,k{mn^���u>x_ure8ur}_x_ur}Ob�^F}�^Qbn\_ujc�sÃi,grbn^Ocdm]mn`_g\i,m�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�oV^6cde_\_^Qk{^QaQzQ�Â�6^6c�f{}_mnb$i,}_gruQ� � ujiQq�mn\_ujiFc�o~i(z4\_urk{e mn`_e_e�cdurmpm�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm~�6z4st^Ocdgrf{}_ae�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}ãbn^=sÃi,k{k|bp\�cd^Q`_aQ\�grk{^Q`_x_z"`_e�x�cni�s�bnm�cni,bn\_ujcVbp\�i,}"mn`�cncd^F`_}_x_fh}_aºgrkhujiFc�i,f/c�cduraQf{^Q}_mj�Ë�]urgrur}6b� ^Ocnq¢mn`_aQaQurmpbnm�bn\�i,b�gr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{vQu>grurk{k{m�f{}ÈvF^Ocdbnf{grf{bdzQ�çcdf{g\�grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�cduraQf{^Q}_m�o~i(z cd^Fb$i,bnuQ��cyurmn`_k{bnf{}_a�f{}�icdurx_`_grbnf{^Q}�^,s�ur}Ob$cpi,f{}�oVur}Ob�vOf/i¢fh}_ujcybnf/i,kMmnb$il�_fhk{f{bdz � Ä�^F}ObnaF^OoVujcdzQ� § fhg\_^Qk{k{mj�;Í�cniQo��_i,}_x=£_i,`_}_x_ujcdmj�8¸Q¹Q¹,ÝO�¾�¡t}ºbn\_f{m>gji,mnu¢bn\_u~mn`_e_e�cdurmpmnf{^Q}=^,s�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm|o~i(z��8u~k{^Ogjilkwbn^�i�e�iQcybnf{gr`_k¿iFc�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQuVmnz6mnbnujo�� � \_fhg\bn\_ur}�aQ^6urm]^Q}�bn^~x_^6oVf{}�i,bnu�bn\_u�grzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m�e�cd^6grurmnmj��Í]k{^Q`_x�e_\6zOmnf{gji,kÏfhmpmn`_urm|o~i(z~urvQur}�ur}6bnujcr�6v6f/iVbn\_urf/cu�Aurgrbpm>^Q}�bp\_u!cpi,bnf{^�^,s�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQuVbn^�mnb$cpi,bnf�s�^6cno e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}M��¡t}_x_ururxM��e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}ºg$\�iQcpi,grbnujcdf{mnbnf{grmv�iFcdf{urx�aOcyuji,bnk{z>f{}~bn\_u�uji,mnbw��ilgrf���g�x_`�cdf{}_aÉw��¡ÃÍ�¸F¹Q¹_ÆQ�(x_ure�ur}_x_f{}_a~^Q} � \_urbn\_ujc�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q} � i,m�^6grgr`�cncdf{}_af{}�e8^Qk{kh`_bpurx�^Oc�grk{uji,}Èilf¿c �tä iFcncdurk�L]i,`�o!aOiQcdx_}_ujcr�Fe�ujcdmp^Q}�i,k�gr^6o~o2`_}_fhgjilbnf{^Q}M�_¸Q¹Q¹QÇQ�¾�

�t���"��« ¬­§i®"¨�£�¡�¯&¨� �¡�¢"£D¢�¥±°.¢ ��Q£� �¡�¨�²�³"¢§� �¡��0¡�  ´�]urgrur}6b � ^Ocnq]mp`_aQaQurmnbnm8bn\�i,b;b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�mpbn^OcnoVm8x_^Q}MÒÓbMmpe_fh}�`_e2f{}i�gr^Q}6bnf{}O`_^Q`_m(�rm$oV^6^Qbn\�o~i,}_}_ujcr�¾�_`_bMx_urvQurk{^Qef{}�o2`_k{bnf{e_khu�mnbnure_m�i,m�mnbcd^Q}_a�gr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{vQuV�_`�cdmnbnm�gr^Q}6vQujcdaQuVi,f/c�i,}_x�gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bpu�vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz � ÄÅ^Q}6bnaQ^OoVujcyzi,}_x�É�}�i,aQ^Q}_f{^���Æ(ÌQÌ&7�KMÉ�}�i,aQ^Q}_f{^�i,}_x�Ä�^F}ObnaF^OoVujcdzQ�;¸Q¹Q¹_ÆIK ä ijv6f{m>i,}_xµL�^Qm$iFcdbj�;¸Q¹Q¹_ÆQ�;¸Q¹Q¹F¸�K0��ur}_x�cdf{gµqFmj�Ä�^F}ObnaF^OoVujcdzQ�jil}_x ä i(vOf{mj�,¸Q¹Q¹,Ý6�r� § `�o!ujcdf{gji,kOmpf¿o2`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m�mp`_aQaQurmnb�bn\�i,b�bn\_urmnu]gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu]�_`�cdmnbpm0e�cd^6x_`_grugrk{^Q`_x6�Ãmngji,k{u�^6c�oVurmp^Qmngji,k{u=vQ^Ocdbpfhgrurm(� � \_f{g\Öbp\_ur} o!ujcdaQu�i,}_xËmnz_o~oVurb$cdf{âru�bn^�st^Ocno bn\_u=grz6grkh^F}_u�gr^OcduQ���^ � urvQujc¾�w^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m�^,sVbn\_f{m�e�cd^6grurmnm iFcdu�k{f/oVf{bnurx�i,}_x"sÃcni,aOo!ur}Ob$iFcdzQ��il}_xÖf{b�f{m�}_^Qb�grk{ujiQc�bn\�i,b�i,k{kb$cd^Fe_fhgjilkAmpbn^OcnoVm�s�^6cno fh}�bp\_fhm�sÃi,mn\_f{^Q}M�

Ñ�}_gru�i2b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8grzOgrk{^Q}_u�f{m�st^OcnoVurxM�F^Q}_u�o2`_mnb]gr^Q}_mpfhx_ujc�bn\_u�f{}Obpujcni,grbnf{^Q}~�8urb � urur}�bn\_u�grur}Obcni,k�vF^Ocdbnur�i,}_x�bn\_u�e�^Qbpur}Obnf/i,kÏvQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz�e�cy^Ox_`_grurx��Oz�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}�f{}=bn\_ucnilfh}6��i,}_x_mj�][]\_u2vQujcdbnf{gji,k;mnb$cy`_grbn`�cdu�^,s�bn\_u

Þ

Page 6: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

e�^Fbnur}Obpf¿ilk�vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdzÈi,}_^6o~i,k{f{urm>e�cd^6x_`_grurx�v,iQcdf{urm>�8urb � urur}ºgr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{vQu~i,}_x�mnb$cpi,bnf�s�^6cno�cyuraQf{^Q}_mj�0il}_x�bn\_uf{}Obpujcni,grbnf{^Q}_m2��urb � urur}�bn\_urmnu�il}_^Oo~i,k{f{urmi,}_x�bn\_u~mpbn^Ocnoÿgr^Ocyu�iQcdu�ilk¿o!^Qmnb>grujcyb$i,f{}_k{zÈbp^O^�gr^OoVe_k{ur��bn^���ucdure�cdurmpur}Obnurx��6z�mnf/oVe_k{u2��iQcd^Qb$cy^Qe_f{g|oV^6x_urkhm(�

�t���"��� ¶� �¢§�·¸ª ��°�°�§i�[ª�ª ¡�¢"£º¹�´:ª »��8¨�§¶�m�}_^Qbnurx�i,�8^,vQuQ�6mn`_e_e�cdurmnmnf{^Q}�^ls¤b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm�i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}��6z�mp\_ujiQc]gji,}�b$iFq,u|e_k/i,gru2�Ozi,b�khujilmnb]b � ^�x_f��Aujcyur}Ob|o!urg$\�i,}_f{m$o!mj�Qf{}_aQurmnbpfh^F}�^,sMx�cdz�i,f/c � bn\O`_m�e�cd^OoV^Fbnf{}_a�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm�f{}�bn\_u�gr^Ocduj��i,}_xx_z6}�iQoVf{g�x_f{m$cy`_e_bnf{^Q}�^ls|bn\_u~vQ^6cdbnur�;� § `�o!ujcdf{gji,kwgji,k{gr`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m¢\�ijvFu~\�i,x�mn^6oVu�mp`_grgrurmnmVfh}"cdure�cd^6x_`_grf{}_a^Q�_mnujcyvQurx~b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk_mnbn^Ocno�mpb$cd`_grbn`�cdu � uQ��a��Á�OÄ�iFcnqQm�urb�i,kt�/�;ÆjÌFÌQ¸�KQ�_cni,}�qFk{f{}�urb�i,kt�/�8ÆjÌQÌQÇQ��f{}�bn\_u�e�cdurmnur}_gru�^,smn\_ujiQc � L�ur}_x_ujcr��ÆjÌQÌQæeKA�_cnil}�q�i,}_x��]f{bng\_f{uQ��ÆjÌQÌQÌ_�;¸Q¹Q¹�Æj�r�|¡¥}=e�iQcdbnf{gr`_k/iQcr�8k{^ � k{urvQurk�gr^Q}6vQujcdaQur}_gru2f{m>oV^Qmnbf{}Obpur}_mnu�^Q}�bn\_u�x_^ � }_mn\_ujiQc�mnf{x_u�^,s�bn\_u�mnbn^Ocno i,}_x � ujiQq,urmnb�^Q}�bn\_u�`_e_mn\_ujiFcwmpfhx_uQ��Í]^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�grurkhk{m�bnur}_xbn^¢s�^6cnoà^F}Èbp\_u>x_^ � }_mn\_ujiQc�mnf{x_u�i,}_x � cni,e=iQcd^Q`_}_x=bn\_u2urzQu � i,k{k0^ls�bn\_uVmnbn^6cno���cdurk{uji,mpfh}_a�o!^Qmnb�^,swbn\_urf/ce�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}�^Q}�bp\_u~k{us�b2mnf{x_u�^,s�bn\_u�mnbn^6cno��8sÃi,grf{}_a�x_^ � }�mn\_ujiFcr��¡t}6bnujcdurmnbnf{}_aQk{zQ�Ïuji,mnb��ilgrf���g¢b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kmnbn^6cno �6us¥i � ÆjÌQÌ�Æj��ur�O\_f{�_f{bnurx=bn\_f{m|mpb$cd`_grbn`�cdu�f{}�i~mn\_ujiFcdurx�ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6b�x_`�cdf{}_a�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê � ��i(z¯oV^F}_xM�=tsQe8urâQ�_i,}_xN=¼sQe�urâQ�;ÆjÌQÌI7Q�r�M��}_x_ujcdmnb$i,}_x_f{}_a2bn\_u|oVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm�^Qe�ujcnilbnf{vQu�f{}�mn\_ujiQc�mn`_e_e�cdurmnmnf{^Q}¢^,sMb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kmnbn^6cnoVmwf{m�gjcd`_grf/i,k;bn^~�8urbnbnujc�aQur}_urmnf{m|i,}_x�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz�e�cyurx_fhgrbpfh^F}_mj�

�t���"�¾½ ¿À���i»�¨�£�¡Áª ·:ªÂ¢�¥±��°�°.�Q§Ã²��8³"�8².¥b¢"§0�0¡�£�®[]\_u]o~i,f{}Ve�cd^Q�_k{ujo \_ujcyuwf{m�bn\�i,b � u�k¿ilgµqÐ`_e_e�ujcÏb$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdf{gwx�ilb$i � f{bn\Vmn`8J�grf{ur}6bnk{z���}_u]mne�i,gru�cyurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}i,}_x�ur}_^Q`_aQ\�gr^,vQujcni,aFu|f{}=bnf/oVu>bp^~bnurmnb�ur�6f{mnbnf{}_a�bn\_ur^Ocdf{urmj� ¦ u>}_ururx=bn^¢mnuru>\_^ � bn\_u2grzOgrk{^Q}_u2vQ^Ocdbpur��i,}_xbn\_u�ilmnmn^6grf¿ilbnurx=gr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{^Q}�cdurmne�^F}_x_m>f{}�e�iFcdbnf{gr`_k/iQc�bn^�bp\_u~e�cd^,�Of/oVf{bdz�^ls�i,}�`_e_e8ujc�k{urvQurk�b$cd^Q`_aQ\M��[]\_f{me�cdurmn`�o¢i,�_k{z�gr^Oo2�_fh}_urm�bn\_u�mnbpf¿o2`_k/i,bnf{vQu2u�Aurgrbnm�^,s�46`�i,mnf{aQur^Qmpb$cd^Qe_\_f{g�k{f�s�bnf{}_a � f{bn\�bn\_u>x_urk{urbnujcyfh^F`_m|u�;urgrbnm^,s]mn\_ujiQcr� ¦ \_f{g\�u�;urgrb�x_^OoVf{}�i,bnurm�`_}_x_ujc�v,iQcdf{^Q`_m�grf/cdgr`�oVmnbi,}_grurm�}_ururx_m>bn^��8uVx_urbnujcnoVf{}_urxM�V¶�m>}_^Qbnurxi,�8^�vFuQ�;bn\_ujcdu~o~i(z��8u~k{fhbpbnk{u�g\�i,}_gru~bn^�f{}6vQurmnbnf{aOilbnu>bn\_f{m2e�^Qbnur}6bnf/i,k�f{}8m�`_ur}_gru�^Q}=b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�mnbp^OcnoVm�f{}�bn\_uuji,mnb���i,grf���gQ�_�_`_b�bn\_f{m�}_ururx_m�bn^V��u2vQujcdf���urxM�

�t���"��Ä ¬Å�0�8¨�£u·Æ¡�Ç�¡�£�®µ¨�£.�:��°�¦G�Q²�²�¡�£�®y¨�£È�¤ �»��Q¡�§,�IÉ��[�0 �ªÅ¢"£Êª  �¢§�·:ª[]\_u�e_\Oz6mnf{grm]^,s0^6gruji,}�oVf{�Of{}_a~i,}_x�`_e � urk{k{f{}_a~x_`_u�bn^>mnbcd^Q}_a � fh}_x_m]f{m|cdujilmn^Q}�i,�_k{z � urkhk;`_}_x_ujcdmpbn^O^6xVsÃcd^Ooi=bn\_ur^6cdurbnf{gji,kwe8ujcdmne8urgrbnf{vQu�i,bVbn\_f{m~e�^Ffh}6bj�"[]\_u�o~ilfh}"e�cy^Q�_k{ujo f{m~f{}4^Q�_b$ilfh}_f{}_a=mn`8J�grf{ur}6b~f{}6s�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}i,�8^Q`_b]bn\_u|mpb$i,bnu�^,s0bn\_u�^6gruji,}�^,vQujc � \_f{g\�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;mnbp^OcnoVm]iQcdu�khf/q,urk{z�bn^2e�i,mnmj��£6ujiVmp`�cÎs¥ilgru|bnujo!e�ujcni,bp`�cduf{m|f{}_mn`8J�grfhur}6b�fh}=bn\_f{m|cyuraOiQcdxM�_i,m�f{b�x_^Ourm�}_^Qb|cyurvQuji,k;bn\_u>x_ure_bp\�^,s�bn\_u>oVf{�6urx�k/i(zQujcr�][�Ñ��wÉ�Ê1ËQ��^Fmnurf{x_^Q}m$i,bpurkhk{f{bnu�i,k{bnf/oVurb$cdzVx�i,bi�gji,}�\_urk{e�\_ujcduQ�_i,m�i,}�`_e � iFcdxV�_`_khaFu�fh}�bn\_u�^Ogrujil}�mn`�cçs¥i,gru�fhm�i,grgr^6oVe�i,}_f{urx��6z~ix_^ � } � iFcdx>�_`_k{aQu�i,bwbp\_u�bn\_ujcnoV^6grk{f{}_uQ�¯il}_x~\_ur}_gru�iÐbn\_f{gµqlur}_fh}_aV^,sMbn\_u�oVf{�Ourx�k/ijzFujcr�0��^ � urvFujcr�,mn`_g\~x�i,b$ix_^~}_^Qb]aQf{vQu�`_m�iVx_f/cdurgrb|oVuji,mp`�cdujoVur}6bw^,s0bp\_u��_`_^�z6i,}_grzVsÃcdu�4O`_ur}_grz�f{}�bn\_u�bn\_ujcno!^Ogrk{f{}_uQ�

[�\_u�stururx_��i,grq~^,s�bn\_u>oV^6x_f���urx�mnuji2mn`�cÎsÃi,gru�bnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cyu�x_f{mnb$cdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}�^Q}�bp\_u�mnbn^Ocno e�cd^6x_`_grfh}_a¢fhb�f{mmn^Oo!u � \�i,b�o!^Ocdu�`_}_grujcdbi,f{}M�¤¡�sy�8i,m�Éwo~i,}6`_urk � ¸Q¹Q¹,ÝO��mp`_aQaQurmnbnm(�Q^Q}_k{z~bn\_u�e�cd^Oo!e_b�o!fh�6f{}_a~f{m]f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob�f{}bn\_f{m|cdura6iQcdxM�Qbp\_ur}�bn\_u|e�cy^Q�_k{ujo f{m�b$cni,grbi,�_k{uQ�0Ñ�}�bp\_u|^Qbp\_ujcw\�il}_xM�Of�swbn\_u�x_urk/i(zQurx�cdurmne8^Q}_mnu�^,s¤bp\_u|^6gruji,}mn`�cÎsÃi,gru�x_`_u2bn^Vfh}_x_`_grurx=gr`�cncyur}Obnm]f{m�f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob(�Obp\_ur}�bn\_u>e�cd^F�_khujo fhm�k{f/q,urk{z�bn^V��uVo2`_g$\�oV^6cdu�x_fÌJ�gr`_k{bj�x_`_u�bn^~bp\_u|gr^Oo!e_khf{gji,bpurx�x_z6}�iQoVf{grm]^,s¤bp\_urmnu�gr`�cncdur}6bnmj�

�.�$Í ÎB�.���t�vÏF���8�&���I�����D�&Ð��Æ�"�t�i�xÑÂ�����$ÒT�£6urvQujcnilk_sÃi,grbn^Ocdm�e�urgr`_k{f/iQc�bn^Vbn\_u|ujilmnb���i,grf���g>o>`_mpbw��u�gr^F}_mnf{x_ujcdurx � \_ur}�e_k/i,}_}_f{}_a�i,}�ur�6e�ujcdf/oVur}6b]bn\_ujcduQ�

ÆF��É�mnb$il�_khf{mn\_urx � f{mnx_^6oà\_^Qk{x_m2bn\�i,b�bn\�i,b�oV^Qmnb�uji,mnb���i,grf���gV\O`�cncyfhgjil}_urm�iQcyfhmpu>sÃcd^Oo�¶�s¥cdf{gji,}=uji,mpbnujcdk{z� i(vQurm2f/oVe_f{}_aQf{}_a�^Q}"bn\_u�cduraQf{^Q} � uQ��a��/��¶�vOf{k/i=urb�i,kt�/��¸Q¹Q¹QÇQ�¾�ÈÑ�`�cVur�6e�ujcyfhur}_gru�f{}4Éw�w¡ÎÍ�¸Q¹Q¹�Æ~f{m

9

Page 7: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

bn\�i,b�bn\_f{m�gr^Q}_}_urgrbnf{^Q}�sÃcdu�4O`_ur}6bnk{z�gji,}=��u>urmpb$i,�_k{f{mn\_urx=^Q}_k{z�f{}�cdurb$cd^Qmpe�urgrb|i,}_x�bn\�i,b�e8ujcd\�i,e_m�oV^Ocdui,bnbnur}6bnf{^Q}�mn\_^F`_khx"�8u�e�i,f{x"bn^=bn\_u�cd^Qk{u�^,s�i,k{bnujcy}�i,bnu~bdz6e�urm~^,s�e�cdu�Ãur�Of{mnbpfh}_a=x_f{mnbn`�cy��i,}_grurm~f{}"uji,mnb��i,grf���g�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�grzOgrk{^Q}_u�st^Ocno~ilbnf{^Q}M�Ö�6^6c~f{}_mnb$il}_gruQ��uji,mnb���i,grf���g�mnbn^6cnoÓ=;^Ocyur}�i � ¸Q¹Q¹�Æj�Vi,k/oV^Qmnbgrujcdb$i,f{}_k{z�st^OcnoVurxV^Q`_b�^lsAbn\_u]f{}Obpur}_mnu�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}~i,mnmp^Ogrf/i,bnurx � f{bn\~i�[Ïur\O`�il}Obnure8urg0�purb�f¿o!e_fh}_aFfh}_a2^Q}bn\_u � iQcno � i,bnujcdm�^,sMbn\_u|��i,grf���gQ��[]\_f{mA�purb�cyurmn`_k{bnurxVsÃcd^Oo�bn\_u]f{}Obpujcni,grbnf{^Q}~^lsEiÔ5�`_k�s0^lsÏÄÅur�Of{gr^Vgr^Qk{xs¥cd^F}Ob � f{bn\�bn\_u2bn^Qe8^QaOcni,e_\6zVmn`�cncd^F`_}_x_fh}_a¢bn\_u¡¥mnbn\�o2`_m�^,sw[Mur\6`�i,}6bnure�urg � M;ur\_}_x_ujc�i,}_x=��i(z¯oV^F}_xM�¸Q¹Q¹Q¸Q�¾�

¸���É�vQur}�f{}"bn\_u�o~i(�n^Ocyfhbdz�^,s|gji,mnurm2f{} � \_f{g$\"i,}�uji,mnbnujcdk{z � i(vQuVf{m~bn\_u�e�cd^,�Of/o~ilbnuVgji,`_mnu�^,s�i,}�uji,mnb��i,grf���gÈbcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^Q}_uQ��fh}6bnujcnilgrbnf{^Q}4^,s>bp\_u � i(vQu � f{bn\4bn\_u=bnujcpcni,f{}4^,sVmn^Q`_bn\_ujcy}ÖÄ�ur�6f{gr^4i,}_xÍ]ur}Obcni,k;¶�o!ujcdf{gji�e_k¿i(z6m�i¢mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}6b>cd^Qk{uVf{}Ègrz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�f{}�bn\_uVcduraQf{^Q} � M;ur\_}_x_ujc¾�0ÆjÌFÌ_Æ&K�ÄÅ^Qârujci,}_x�M;ur\_}_x_ujcr�;ÆjÌQÌI9�KQM;ur\_}_x_ujc¾�¯��^ � urk{kt�¯il}_x��]^Qe_eM�MÆjÌFÌQÌQ�r�

Ç���[]\_u�e_\�i,mnu�^,sMbn\_u�Ä�i,x_x_ur}6��;F`_khf/i,}�^Qmngrf{k{k/i,bnf{^Q} � Äp;OÑ���f{}�bn\_u�ujilmnb���i,grf���g�\�i,m]��urur}�mn\_^ � }~bn^2e_k/ijzi,}�f/oVe�^6cdb$i,}6boV^6x_`_k/i,bnf{}_aÈcy^Qk{u�f{}"b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhmVf{}"bn\_f{m~cduraQf{^Q} � Ä�^Fkhf{}�iQcyf�i,}_xÆo�^Qk{k/iQcd^��¸Q¹Q¹Q¹�K]Ä�ilkh^F}_urz4i,}_x4�|iFcdb$o~i,}_}M��¸Q¹Q¹Q¹Q�¾�I[�\_uÈoVurg\�i,}_f{m$oVm~i,grbnf{vQu�f{}4bn\_f{m�oV^Ox_`_k/i,bpfh^F}4iQcdu�}_^Qbgr^OoVe_k{urbnurk{z"grk{ujiQcr�]�_`_b�o~i(z"��u�v6f/i�bn\_u�x_f/cdurgrb�u�Aurgrb�^,s>bn\_u=Äp;OÑ ^Q}ãuji,mnb���i,grf���g�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}� ��i(z¯o!^Q}_x�urb>i,kt�/�M¸Q¹Q¹FÇQ�r�_^Oc�v6f¿i�il}�f{}_x_f/cdurgrb>u�;urgrb�^Q}=bn\_uVx_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b|^Oc�mnb$cy`_grbn`�cdu>^lswm$o~i,k{k{ujcmngji,k{u�e�cdu�Ãur�6fhmpbnf{}_a�x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_grurm¢mn`_g$\4ilm~uji,mnbnujcykhz � i(vQurm � ÄÅ^Qk{f{}�iQcdf�urb�ilk��Á�|ÆjÌFÌQæ�K]Ä�i,k{^Q}_urz"i,}_x�|iQcyb$o~i,}_}M�Q¸Q¹F¹_Æji_�Ó���¾�

Ý8��[0cd^Fe_fhgjilkMgrzOgrk{^QaFur}_urmnf{m|f{}=bn\_u>ujilmnb���ilgrf���g2b$iQq,urm�e_k¿ilgru!ilb�k{^ � k/i,bnf{bn`_x_urmj��[]\_ucy^Qk{u>^,sw`_e_e8ujcÎ�Ãk{urvQurkoVf{x6�Ãk¿ilbnf{bn`_x_uVb$cd^Q`_aQ\_m�f{m�bn\_ujcdust^Ocdu2e�cd^Q��i,�_k{z�k{urmnm�bp\�i,}=fh}º^Qbn\_ujc�cduraQf{^Q}_mj�>£6f/oVf{k/iQcdk{zQ�Ïbn\_uVb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kuji,mnb|��i,grf���g�f{m�sÃiQc�sÃcd^Oo bn\_u>`_mp`�i,kMk{^Ogjilbnf{^Q}�^,s�bn\_u2b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;`_e_e�ujc�bcd^Qe�^Fmne_\_ujcdf{g�b$cd^Q`_aF\ � [��|[�[��� \_f{g$\~i,e_e8ujiQcdmMbn^���u]f/oVe8^Ocdb$i,}6bMbn^�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkOgrz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�f{}Vbn\_u � urmnb���i,grf���g � £_i,x_k{ujcr�6ÆjÌQæ&9_�FÆjÌQæ&7Q�¾���^ � urvQujcr� � u�x_^2}_^Qbwcduji,k{k{z~\�i(vQu]bn\_u�^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_m�bn^>cd`_k{u�^Q`_b�bn\_u�ur�6f{mnbnur}_gru�^,s0i,k{k�s�^OcpoVm0^lsE`_e_e8ujckhurvFurkMf{}8m�`_ur}_gru>^Q}�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�fh}�bn\_u�cduraQf{^Q}M�

Þ���[]\_u=uji,mnb���i,grf���g � iQcpo e�^6^Qk�ur�6bnur}_x_m�cd^Q`_aQ\_k{z s¥cd^6o6◦ § }_^6cdbn\ � iFcdx"bn^�bn\_u�Ä�ur�6fhgjil} gr^Oi,mnb(�

§ ^Ocybn\�^,s�u�4O`�i,bp^Ocdf/i,kM`_e � urkhk{f{}_a�i,}_x�bn\_u>gr^Qk{x�bn^Q}_aQ`_uQ�;i,}_x � urk{k0cdujo!^�vFurx�s¥cd^6o gr^Oi,mnbi,k;`_e � urk{k{fh}_ai,}_x~x_^ � } � urk{k{f{}_a��6bn\_u�^Ogruji,}_f{g � iQcno�e�^6^Qk;f{m�oV^Qmnb�khf/q,urk{z�bn\_u�cdurmn`_k{bw^,s�kh^6gji,k8bn\_ujcnoV^6x_zO}�iFoVf{g|i,}_xoVf{�Of{}_a�e�cd^6grurmnmnurm�i,m � urk{k|i,m � f{}_xãmnb$cdurmnmVgr`�cdkt� ¦ \_f{k{u=bn\_uÈoVujil} � f{}_x_m�bnur}_x"bn^��8u�aQur}_ujcpi,k{khz� ujiFq��Fmnb$cd^Q}_a � f{}_x��_`�cymnbnm�iQcdu�f{}_x_`_grurx��Oz�f{}Obnur}_mpf�stz6fh}_a¢uji,mnbnujcdk{z � i(vQurm�i,}_x�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�x_ure�cyurmnmnf{^Q}_mj�[]\_u�`_e_e8ujc�^Ogruji,}ãf{m�s¥i,f/cdk{zãgr^OoVe_k{ur�"f{}Öbp\_fhm�cyuraQf/oVuÈi,m�bn\_u�bn\_ujcnoV^6grk{fh}_u=mn\_^6i,k{m~sÃcd^Oo � urmnb�bn^uji,mnbj� � \_fhg\=gji,`_mnurm�bn\_uV^Ogrujil}ÈoVf{�6urxÈk/i(zQujc�bn^~�8u!cyurk¿ilbnf{vQurk{z�bn\_f{}M�;�_`_b � f{bn\=vQujcdz�mnb$cd^Q}_a¢vQujcdbnf{gji,kaOcni,x_f{ur}6bnm]fh}�bp\_u�x_ur}_mnf{bçz�mnb$cy`_grbn`�cdu � ��i(z¯o!^Q}_x~urb|i,kt�/�_¸Q¹F¹,ÝO�r��[M`�cd�_`_k{ur}6b�\_uji,b�m�`_��i,b]bn\_u���i,mpu�^,sbn\_uV^Ogruji,}�oVf{�Ourx=k/i(zQujc�f{mi,}�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}Ob�gr^OoVe8^Q}_ur}Ob�bp^�bn\_u¢\_uji,b���i,k/i,}_gru~x_`_u~f{}�e�iFcdb�bn^�oVuji,}gr`�cncdur}6b�mp\_ujiQcr� ¦ f{bn\_f{}=bn\_u�gr^Q}6bnur�Ob]^,swmp\_ujiQcÎ�Ãf{}_mnb$i,�_f{k{f{bdz � ft�]uQ��k{^ � ujcdf{}_a~bp\_u>�]f{g$\�iQcyx_mn^Q}�}6`�o2��ujcbn^���urk{^ � gjcdf{bnf{gji,k{fhbdz_�r��bn\_u�mn\�i,k{k{^ � bn\_ujcnoV^F\�i,k{fh}_u¢mnb$cd`_grbn`�cyu � fhk{k]f{}_\_f{�_fhb¢ur�Obnur}_mpfhvFu�x_urure8ur}_fh}_aº^,sbn\_u|k/i(zQujc�x_`�cdf{}_a � ujiQq2bn^VoV^6x_ujcni,bnu|ilb$oV^Qmne_\_ujcyfhg�gr^Q}_x_f{bnf{^Q}_mj��¶ mpurgr^Q}_x~f/oVe�^6cdb$i,}6b�i,mpe�urgrb]^,sMbn\_uoVurmn^Qmngjilkhu�\_uji,b���i,k/i,}_gru]fh}Vbn\_u]^6gruji,}o!fh�6urxVk/ijzFujcMf{m�\_^Ocdf{âr^Q}6b$i,k6i,x_vQurgrbnf{^Q}2�Oz�bn\_u]gr`�cncyur}Obnm(��5�fhvFur}bn\_u~}_^Ocdbp\Èu�46`�i,bn^6cdf/i,k0gr`�cpcdur}ObVi,}_x�}_^Ocybn\=u�4O`�i,bp^Ocdf/i,k�gr^Q`_}Obpujc�gr`�cncdur}6bj�Mbn\_u�i,x_vQurgrbnf{vQu~bpf¿o!u~mngji,k{ufh}=bn\_f{mVcduraQf/oVuQ�8x_u��}_urx��Oz�bn\_u~cni,bnf{^�^,swbn\_uVmngji,k{uV^,s]bn\_uVgr`�cncdur}6b|mnz6mnbnujoÿi,}_x=f{bnm>cdure�cdurmpur}Ob$ilbnf{vQuvQurk{^Ogrf{bdzQ��fhm¢bçz6e_f{gji,k{k{z

1 − 2x��È[]\6`_mj��bn\_u�`_e_e�ujc2^6gruji,}�v,iQcdf/i,�_f{k{f{bçzº\�i,m~i�cdurk/i,bnf{vQurk{z�mp\_^Ocdbd�Ãbnf/oVu

mngji,k{u>f{}=bn\_f{m>cduraQf/oVuQ�;i,}_xÈile_e�ujiQcdm�bn^��8u~o~i,bng\_urx�bn^�b$cni,}_mnf{ur}6b|i,b$o!^Qmne_\_ujcdf{g�v�iFcdf/i,�_f{khf{bdz�mp`_g$\�i,mb$cd^Qe_f{gji,k]grz6grkh^F}_urm�i,}_x � i(vQurmj�"[]\_u�uji,mnb~��i,grf���g�gr^Q}Obi,f{}_m!o¢i,}Oz � urmpb � iQcyx6�çoV^,vOf{}_a � iQcno gr^Ocducdf{}_aQm>e�cd^6x_`_grurx��6z=ure_fhmp^Ox_f{g � f{}_x�mnb$cdurmnmpurm�fh}�bn\_uq5�`_k�s|^ls�[Ïur\6`�i,}Obpure�urg�i,}_xº�Oz=bn\_u~f{}_mnbi,�_f{khf{bdz^,s�å�urk{vOf{}=urx_aQu � ijvFurm�e�cy^Qe�i,aOi,bpfh}_a�i,k{^Q}_a�bp\_u>gr^Oi,mpbj� � \_f{g\Èx_urure8ur}=bn\_uV^Ogruji,}=oVf{�Ourx=k/i(zQujc]^,vQujccduraQf{^Q}_m�iÐstu � \O`_}_x�cdurx�qFfhk{^Oo!urbnujcdm]f{}�x_f¿iFoVurbnujc � MMiQo2`_x_f{^>urb�i,kt�/�_¸Q¹Q¹,Ý6�r�M[]\_urmnu�cdf{}_aQm�o~i(zV\�ijvFu|i

æ

Page 8: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

mnf{aQ}_f���gji,}Ob�u�Aurgrb�^Q}�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�mpbn^Ocno f{}Obpur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}M�9�� ä `_u|bn^2bn\_u�mnuji2mn`�cÎsÃi,gru�bnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cyu�x_f{mnb$cdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}�f{}�bn\_u>cduraQf{^Q}M�6o~i,}6zujilmnb���i,grf���g|mnbp^OcnoVmwoV^,vQu^�vFujc�gr^Qk{x � i,bnujc�mn\_^Ocybnk{z�i�s�bnujc�cyuji,g$\_f{}_a�\O`�cncyfhgjil}_u~f{}Obnur}_mpfhbdzQ�=[]\_f{m>e�cd^,v6f{x_urmi,}�^Fe_e�^Ocdbp`_}_fhbdz=bn^ur�¯iQo!fh}_u2bn\_u � ujiQq,ur}_f{}_a�i,}_x�x_f{mnmnf{e�i,bnf{^Q}=^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kÏmnbn^Ocno!m�ilm�bn\_urf/c�mp`_e_e_khz�^,s�ur}_ujcdaQz�sÃcd^Oo bn\_umnuji2mn`�cÎsÃi,gru|f{m�gr`_b�^,���

æ���Ñ�grgji,mnf{^Q}�i,k{k{z�ujilmnb���i,grf���g�mnbp^OcnoVm]o~iQq,u�k/i,}_x6sÃi,k{k;^Q}�bn\_u�gr^Oi,mnb�^,s¤ÄÅur�Of{gr^���¶�m�bn\_u���i,grf���g�gr^Oi,mnb]f{m4O`_f{bnu~oV^Q`_}6b$i,f{}_^Q`_m(�_bn\_f{m�e�cd^,vOf{x_urm�i,}=^Qe_e�^6cdbn`_}_f{bdz�bn^�mnbn`_x_z�bp\_uf{}6bnujcni,grbpfh^F}�^,sw\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm � f{bn\oV^Q`_}6b$i,f{}_^Q`_mwbpujcncni,f{}M�

�.��� Õ.�����"���&��Ò��xÖ.�v�"�i�&�����v�¡t}�k{f{aQ\6b|^ls0bn\_u>i,�8^�vFu|gr^Oo¢oVur}Obpmj� � u�e�cd^Qe8^Qmnu�bn\_u�st^Qk{kh^ � f{}_a~mpurb�^lsÈ46`_urmnbnf{^Q}_m�{

ÆF�p×�­¯®,¬�»©,°"Ø,³*¬t³t©,°6´�ÙAªn©,¨~©,¬Ã«2¬*­¯«Ð´$²%Ù&ÙAªn«´n´³�©,°�©Î±,ØQ©0Ú�°"Ø,ªn®Î±r¬*´�³9°�»r¼Q»¾½¿©l°�«vÙAªn«»r²6ªn´µ©lªn´&Û�Ñ��6v6fh^F`_m�gji,}6�x_fhx�ilbnurm>iQcduV\_f{aQ\�cdurk/i,bpfhvFu\6`�oVf{x_f{bdzÈf{}�bn\_uVgr^Ocdu~i,}_x � ujiQq�vFujcdbnf{gji,k�aOcni,x_f{ur}6bnm�^,s�o!^Qf{mnb�ur}Obcd^Qe6zQ�£6ur}_mnf{bnf{vOf{bdz"^,s>gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�mnz6mnbnujo!m~bn^�mn\_ujiFc�i,}_xãbn\_u�e8^Qmnmnf{�_k{u=mn`_e_e�cdurmnmpfh^F}4^,s>ur}6b$cni,f{}�oVur}6bV�Ozgr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{vQu>grurk{k�cy^Qb$i,bnf{^Q}�}_ururx�i,k{mn^�bp^���u~ur�6e_k{^OcdurxM�Mi,m�x_^�grk{^Q`_x=e_\6zOmnf{gji,k�f{mnmp`_urmj� ¦ u~urmpe�urgrf/i,k{k{z}_ururx~bn^>ur�6e_k{^Ocdu�bp\_u�e�^Qmpmnf{�_khf{bdz~bn\�ilb�x_^ � }_x�cni(stb0mn`_e_e�cyurmnmnf{^Q}~�8uraQf{}_m�k{^6gji,k{k{z�f{}�fhmp^Qk/i,bnurx~gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQumnzOmpbnujoVmj� � \_f{g$\�bn\_ur}�mpe_fh}�`_e�f{}Obn^¢bn\_u�}_u � grz6grkh^F}_u�gr^OcduQ�

¸��BÜЩ0Ú�®,ªn«�®(´$¼,¨V¨~«r¬tª³�»­Ù�©,¬Ã«¾°_¬t³�®l½�Ý�©lª$¬t³t»r³*¬t¼�Ø,³Á´$¬tª$³�Þr²6¬t³t©,°6´�´¼�¨V¨~«r¬tª³àßµ«FØ=®,°"غ³*°�»$©,ª$Ù�©lªy®l¬Ã«FØų9°_¬Ã©=¬*­_«»r¼Q»r½/©,°�«�»$©lªy«[Û [�\_fhmG46`_urmnbnf{^Q}�ile_e_khf{urm~bp^���^Fbn\�bn\_u�e�cdu�Ãgrz6grkh^F}_u i,}_x�o~i,bn`�cduVgrz6grk{^Q}_u�gji,mnurmj��¡t}bn\_u�s�^6cnoVujcr�6oVurmn^Qmngjilkhu�gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu|mnz6mnbnujo!m�f{}�bn\_u�e�cdu�Ãur�6fhmpbnf{}_a~x_f{mnbn`�cd��i,}_gru2e�cd^6x_`_gru>cni,bn\_ujc]cni,}6�x_^Oo e�i,bnbpujcd}_m]^,s¤e8^Qbnur}6bnf/i,kMvQ^6cdbnf{grf{bçzQ��¡t}Èo¢i,bn`�cdu�grz6grk{^Q}_urmj��cnilfh}6��i,}_x_m�e�cy^Ox_`_gru2khurmpm�cnil}_x_^Oo��6�_`_b}_urvQujcdbn\_urk{urmnm�i,mnz_o~oVurbcdf{g|e8^Qbnur}6bnf/i,k;vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdzVe�i,bnbnujcd}_m(�

Ç��BÜЩ0ÚáØF©j«´�´n­¯«®,ª�´$²%Ù&ÙAªn«µ´n´�¬tªn©�ÙA³t»$®,½�»¾¼l»¾½/©nÀO«¾°�«´$³Á´ ®,°"Ø�³*°_¬Ã«r°6´³ â�»®,¬t³t©,°�Û ä cdz6fh}_aº^Q`_b~^,s|bp\_u�gr^Ocdu�OzãvQur}Obpfhk/i,bpfh^F}Öf{m�^Q}_u=^Q�6v6fh^F`_m�gji,}_x_f{x�i,bnuQ� ä fhmcd`_e_bnf{^Q}Ë^,sbp\_uÈvF^Ocdbnur��f{mÈi,}_^Qbp\_ujcr�¡tb � fhk{k2��ux_f#J�gr`_khb�bn^>mpure�iQcni,bnu�bn\_urmnu�gjil`_mnurm�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}�i,k{k{zQ�Qx_`_u�bn^�bn\_u�e�^Qmnmpfh�_f{k{f{bdz~bn\�i,b�vQur}6bnf{k/i,bnf{^Q}~i,k � i(zOmi,grgr^OoVe�i,}_f{urm]mn\_ujiQc¾� § `�oVujcdf{gji,kMoV^6x_urk{f{}_a � f{k{kM�8u>e�iQcdbpfhgr`_k/iQcykhz¢f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob]\_ujcduQ�

Ý8�pã0°"ØQ«¾ªqÚ�­_®,¬»©,°"Ø,³*¬t³�©l°6´äØQ©�´$¬Ã©,ª¨2´�´²�Ù&Ù;ªy«µ´n´�¬*­¯«¾¨>´r«r½¾Ý�«µ´NØ,²_«�¬Ã©�´µ«¾½ ± åç³*°"Ø,²_»$« Ø�²�ÙtÚw«r½*½h³*°QÀ�©ç±È»$©,½�Ø©j»«$®,°ÂÚw®,¬Ã«rªIÛ�¶|}_m � ujcyfh}_a]bn\_f{m�4O`_urmpbnf{^Q}>cdu�46`_f¿cyurm;�AcdmnbM^ls�i,k{kQbp\�i,bM��^Fbn\�bn\_u�e�cd^Oo!e_bEil}_x>x_urk/i(zQurx�bn\_ug$\�i,}_aFurm�f{}�^Ogruji,}�mpb$cd`_grbn`�cdu�x_`_u>bp^bp\_u�e�i,mnm$i,aFu|^,swiVb$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^Q}_u��8u>x_^6gr`�oVur}ObpurxM�wÉ��6f{mnbnf{}_a� ^6cnq]mn`_aQaFurmnbnm;bn\�i,bMbp\_uwx_f/cdurgrb�u�Aurgrbnm�iQcduwoV^6cdu0f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}ObMbp^�bn\_u�grz6grkh^F}_u�f{}VoV^QmnbMgjilmnurmj�M��^ � urvQujc¾�mnk{^ � khz�oV^,v6f{}_a�mnbn^Ocno!m�o~i(z���u�oV^OcduVmnb$cy^Q}_aQk{zÈi(�;urgrbnurx��6z=bn\_u~x_urk/i(zQurx�cdurmne8^Q}_mnuV^,s�bn\_u~^6gruji,}M�[]\_u�x_f{mnb$cdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}�^,s�^Ogruji,}�x_f{mnbp`�cd��i,}_grurm�mn`_g\�i,m � iQcno gr^Ocdu�cdf{}_aQm�f{m�f/oVe8^Ocdb$il}Ob]\_ujcduQ�

Þ��p×�­¯®,¬]³/´V¬*­¯«¢ªy©l½¿«Næó ±�®,°_¼�ç�©Î±~²�Ù&Ù�«rª2½¿«%Ý�«¾½�Ø,³Á´$¬t²Oª�Þ®,°�»$«µ´³*°�«®(´$¬vè�®Q»¾³ â�»!¬tªy©FÙA³�»®,½�»r¼Q»r½/©pÀO«r°�«µ´$³Á´®,°"س9°_¬Ã«¾°6´$³ â�»®,¬t³t©,°�Û ¦ u2mn`_mne8urgrb|i~oVf{}_f/o~i,k0cy^Qk{u|f{}�bp\_fhm�cduraQf{^Q}M�_�_`_b � u�}_ururx�bn^Vurf{bn\_ujc�cy`_khu2^Q`_b]bn\_f{me�cd^Ogrurmpm�^6cwx_^6gr`�oVur}6b�f{bnm�u�;urgrbnmj�

é êÊëGE"@�Yì]X�A�?Ú�ÛVX6íVYt@.î�T­?Yt@�Uï@�ÛBA�E

[Ï^i,}_m � ujcÏbn\_u|i,�8^,vQu�4O`_urmnbpfh^F}_m � f{k{kMcdu�4O`_f/cdu�i�mnujcdf{urm]^,sA^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m�^,s0i�}O`�o2��ujc�^,sMb$cd^Qe_f{gji,k6mnbn^6cnoVmwi,mbn\_urzVurvQ^Qk{vQuQ��ÄÅuji,mn`�cdujoVur}6bnm�^�vFujc�bn\_u|ur}6bnf/cdu�mnbn^Ocpo�i,b�oVurmp^Qmngji,k{u|cdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}M�Q^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_mw^,sMbn\_u�mnbn^Ocpour}6vOf/cd^Q}�o!ur}Obj�6i,}_x�oV^Ocyu�x_urb$i,f{k{urx�^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_mw^,s0bp\_u�mnbn^Ocno gr^Ocdu�i,}_x�}_urfhaF\O�8^Ocdf{}_a�cni,f{}6��i,}_x_m�o2`_mnb]��uo~i,x_uQ���6`�cdbp\_ujcnoV^OcduQ�6oVuji,mn`�cyujoVur}Obpm�o2`_mnb]��uVo~i,x_u�bn\�cd^Q`_aQ\�bn\_u�st`_k{kMx_ure_bn\�^,s�bn\_u�b$cd^Fe�^Qmne_\_ujcyuQ�

7

Page 9: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

strong downdrafts

vertical mass flux

weak downdraftszz

L

L

�ÏfhaF`�cdu"Æ&{�£_q,urbng\"^,s>bn\_u�bçz6e_f{gji,k�}_urb�vQujcybnf{gji,k|o~i,mpmGm�`_� � mn^Qk{f{xËk{fh}_urm�¢s�^Oc¢i�bdz6e_fhgjilk�`_e�x�cni�s�b�e�cd^,��k{u� x�i,mp\_urx���i,}_x�x_f��;ujcdur}Ob�x_^ � }_x�cni(stb]e�cd^,��k{urm � x�i,mn\6�Ãx_^Qbpbnurx��r�][]\_u>k/i(zQujc

L^,vQujc � \_f{g\=}_urb|f{}8m�^ � ^6grgr`�cdm

f{m�bdzOe_f{gji,k{k{z�k{urmnm � \_ur}�x_^ � }_x�cpi(s�bpm�iQcdu � ujiQqlujcr�

ð.�3� ñò��t�*�v�&�"óD�"���N�i�&�&��&�����3�"�

§ ^Qb�i,k{k8^,s0bn\_urmnuô4O`_urmnbpfh^F}_m�}_ururx�i,k{k�e8^Qmnmnf{�_k{u>oVuji,mp`�cdujoVur}6bnm�bn^>�8u�il}_m � ujcdurxM� ¦ \�i,b�s�^Qk{k{^ � mwf{m�i�x_f{mngr`_my�mnf{^Q}�^,s�bn\_u>oVujilmn`�cdujoVur}6bwmnbcni,bnuraQf{urm�s�^Oc�uji,g\p46`_urmnbnf{^Q}M�

½����"��� õâ�¦,£È��§�¨8¥b ­��´t£�¨�·Æ¡Á�Iª��i(z_oV^Q}_xM��=tsQe8urâQ��i,}_xµ=tsQe8urâ � ÆjÌQÌ&7Q��urmnb$i,�_k{f{mn\_urx"i,}�f{}_x_f/cdurgrb~oVurbn\_^6xÈ^ls�urv,i,k{`�i,bnf{}_a�bp\_u~mnb$cdur}_aFbn\=^,sx_^ � }_x�cni(stbnmj��ÄÅurmn^Qmngjilkhu�x_f{vQujcyaQur}_gru�f{m�x_urbnujcpoVf{}_urx"`_mnf{}_a�mnb$i,}_x�iFcdx ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc~cnilx�iQc�bnurg\_}_f¾4O`_urm(��sÃcd^Oo� \_f{g\4bn\_u�}_urb�vQujcybnf{gji,k�o~i,mnmGm�`_�"f{m�x_urbnujcpoVf{}_urxM�˶|m~f{k{k{`_mnb$cnilbnurxËfh} ��aQ`�cdu�ÆQ�w`_e8x�cni(stbnm~^,stbnur}"x�cni �sÃcd^Oo cd^F`_aQ\_k{z"bn\_u=kh^ � urmnb

3qOo � å�f{}_aQm$oVf{k{k>i,}_xË��^Q`_âruQ�2ÆjÌQÌQÌeK|Ä�urg\_ujo�����^Q`_âruQ��il}_x Í�\_ur}M��¸Q¹Q¹Q¸Q�¾�

¡*s�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnmViQcdu � ujiQq8��bn\_ur}"bn\_u�`_e8x�cni(stb~f{}8m�^ � gr^Q}Obcd^Qk{mVbn\_u�}_urb~f{}8m�^ � �4Ñ�}"bn\_u�^Qbp\_ujcV\�i,}_xM��f�sx_^ � }_x�cni(stbnmwiQcyu�mnb$cd^F}_a��,bn\_u�}_urb]f{}8m�^ � stururx_m]��^Qbp\~bn\_u�`_e�x�cni(stb�il}_x�bn\_u�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbj�,bn\_u�k¿ilbnbnujc�^,s � \_fhg\x�cni � m�sÃcd^OoÂi¢o>`_g\�x_urure�ujc�k¿i(zQujc�ö�bp\_ujcdu�o¢ijz¢}_^Qb�urvQur}��8u�}_urb�f{}8m�^ � i,b]bn\_u�mn`�cÎsÃi,gruQ�

[�\_u�mne_f{}O`_e�^,s;bn\_u�f{}8m�^ � k/i(zQujc�f{m�o!^Qmnbnk{z~i���i,k/i,}_gru���urb � urur}~vQ^Ocdbpur��mnb$cdurbng\_f{}_ai,mpmn^Ogrf/i,bpurx � fhbp\~bn\_ugr^Q}6vQujcdaQur}_gruQ�6i,}_x�sÃcdf{grbnf{^Q}�i,k;mne_f{}_x_^ � }M�w[]\_u�bn\_f{}_}_ujc]f{}8m�^ � k/i(zQujc]cdurmn`_k{bnm�f{}=oV^Ocdu�f{}Obnur}_mpu�mne_f{}O`_e�st^Oc]iaQf{vQur}�`_e8x�cni(stb�o¢i,mnmvm�`_�A��[]\O`_m(� � ujiQqlujc�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnm�e�cd^OoV^Qbpu�bn\_u�k{^ � �Ãk{urvQurkMmne_f{}6`_e�^,s¤i!grzOgrk{^Q}_uQ�

ä ^Fe_e_khujc�cni,x�iFc]\�i,m�bn\_u2x_fhmi,x_v�i,}6b$i,aFu>f{}�bn\_f{m�gr^Q}6bnur�6b�^,s�oVf{mnmnf{}_a�gr^Q}OvFujcdaQur}_gru�f{}�cduraQf{^Q}_m�}_^Qb�gr^Q}6�b$i,f{}_f{}_a~cni,f{}M��¶�k{mn^��6mnuji�grk{`_bnbpujcwgr^F}Ob$iFoVf{}�i,bnurm�o!uji,mn`�cdujoVur}6bnmwi,b]bn\_u�vQujcdzVk{^ � urmnbwk{urvQurk{mj� ¦ u�e�cd^Fe�^Qmnu�bn^^,vQujcdgr^Oo!uwbn\_urmnu�e�cd^Q�_k{ujoVmw�6zVx_ure_k{^�z6f{}_aiÐmn`8J�grf{ur}Obpkhz¢x_ur}_mnu|iQcncpijz�^lsEx�cy^Qe_mn^Q}_x_urm�^,vQujc�bn\_u�cduraQf{^Q}~^,s;f{}6�bnujcdurmpbj��L�urb � urur} ä ^Qe_e_k{ujcwcnilx�iQcwoVujilmn`�cdujoVur}6bnmwi,}_x~x�cy^Qe_mn^Q}_x_urmj�6i,grgr`�cni,bpu|oVuji,mn`�cyujoVur}Obpm0^,s�oVurmn^Qmngjilkhu}_urb�vQujcybnf{gji,kMo~i,mnmvm�`_��e�cd^,��k{urm�mn\_^Q`_k{x��8u>^Q�_b$ilfh}�il�_khuQ�

�Ïf{}_u�Ãmngji,k{u~^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m�^,s�gr^F}OvQurgrbpfh^F}Èi,}_x�bn\_u~cdurk/i,bnurxÈqFf{}_ujo~i,bnf{g2��urk{x_miQcyu>}_ururx_urx=bn^�x_urbnujcnoVf{}_uf{}_x_f{vOf{x_`�i,k8`_e�x�cni(stb�i,}_x>x_^ � }_x�cni�s�bMmpb$cd`_grbn`�cduQ�M[�\_urmnu�oVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}ObnmMcdu�46`_f/cdu]bn\_u]\_f{aQ\Vmne�i,bnf/i,kOcyurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}^,s § Í]¶���ÒÓm�É�= ä Ñ��]¶ cpi,x�iQcr��£6`_g$\�oVujilmn`�cdujoVur}6bnm�iFcdu�f/oVe�^Ocyb$i,}6bwbn^Vx_urbnujcno!fh}_u�bp\_u>cd^Qk{u|^ls¤f{}_x_f{vOf{x_`�i,kgr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�mnz6mnbnujoVm]f{}�bn\_u�aQur}_urmnf{m�^ls¤grz6grk{^Q}_urmj��¡t}�^Ocdx_ujc�bn^Vmnbn`_x_z~bp\_u�urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�^,s0bp\_urmnu�mnz6mnbnujoVmj�Fbn\_uoVuji,mp`�cdujoVur}6bnmw}_ururx�bn^¢��u>cdure8uji,bnurx�^Q}�i2mn`_�6�Ã\_^Q`�cykhz���i,mnf{m]st^Oc�mnurvQujcpi,k;\_^Q`�cdmj�

¡¥}ái,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}Ëbn^"mnf/oVe_k{z oVuji,mp`�cdf{}_a"bn\_u�o~i,mnmÃm�`_�Ëe�cd^,��k{urmj��f{b�f{m�f/oVe8^Ocdb$i,}6b�bn^"`_}_x_ujcdmnb$il}_xÖ\_^ �bn\_urmnu�e�cd^,��k{urm~iQcdu¢e�cd^Ox_`_grurxM� ä cy^Qe_mn^Q}_x_urm2x_ure_kh^,zQurx�^Q}"i�aOcdf{x � fhbp\

0.5◦ − 2◦mne�ilgrfh}_a=^,vQujcÐbn\_u~st`_k{k

x_f{mnbn`�cd��il}_gru � f{k{k|i,k{k{^ � `_mVbn^�x_urbnujcpoVf{}_u~bn\_u�oV^Qf{mnbn`�cdu2��urk{xM�wi,}_x�bn\6`_mi,mpmnurmnm>bp\_u~f/oVe�^Ocyb$i,}_gru~^,s�x�cdzi,f/c�f{}=e�cd^Ox_`_grf{}_a�x_^ � }_x�cni(stbnmj� ä ^Fe_e_khujc�cni,x�iFc�^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m�i,}_x � f{}_x�e�cd^,��k{urm � f{k{kwi,k{k{^ � `_m�bn^ ilmnmnurmnmbn\_u�aOcd^QmpmwoV^Ocde_\_^Qk{^QaFz>^,s0gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu�mnz6mnbnujoVmj��[]\_ujcnoV^6x_z6}�iQoVf{g]^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_mw}_ururx�bn^V��u�o~i,x_u�bn^ � urk{ki,�8^�vFu~bn\_u�k{urvQurk]^,s�oVf{}_f/o2`�o u�4O`_f{v�ilkhur}6b~e8^Qbnur}6bnf/i,kwbnujo!e�ujcni,bp`�cduQ��f��ºuQ�/��`_e�bn^

400\���i�^Oc>il��^,vQuQ��f{}

Ì

Page 10: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

^Ocdx_ujc�bn^~aQurb|i!gr^OoVe_k{urbnu>e_f{grbn`�cyu>^,s�bn\_uo!^Qf{mnbn`�cdu���urk{xM� ¦ f{}_x���urk{x_m>i,��^,vQu�bp\_fhm�k{urvQurkMgji,}���u2^Q�_b$i,f{}_urx�6z ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc]cni,x�iFcwf�s�grk{^Q`_x_m|ur�6bnur}_x�bn^Vmn`8J�grfhur}6b�\_urf{aQ\6bj�

[�\_ujcdu�f{mÈi�gr^F}8m�fhgrb��8urb � urur}ã^Q�_b$i,f{}_f{}_a"mn`8J�grf{ur}6b�mne�i,bnf/i,k�cdurmn^Fkh`_bpfh^F} il}_xÖ��cy^Oi,x4ur}_^F`_aQ\Ëmne�i,bnf/i,kgr^,vQujcni,aFu�fh}=x_urmnf{aQ}_f{}_a�bn\_u>x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_u>a6cdf{xÈe�ilbnbnujcd}M���6^Oc�bn\_f{m>cduji,mn^F}�f{b � ^Q`_k{xÈ�8uVx_urmnf/cni,�_k{uVbn^�\�i(vQuVimnurgr^Q}_x�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_u~i,f/cdgjcni(stb � \_f{g$\�x_ure_k{^,zOmVmn^Q}_x_urm2^Q}"i�k/iQcdaQujcÐmngji,k{u~mn`�cpcd^Q`_}_x_f{}_a�bn\_u�x_f{mnbn`�cd��il}_gru~f{}^Ocdx_ujc�bp^�g\�iQcni,grbnujcyfhâruVf{bnm2ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6bj��¶ \_fhaF\6�çi,k{bnf{bn`_x_u��purb � ^Q`_k{x��8u�e�iFcdbnf{gr`_k/iQcdk{z=x_urmnf/cni,�_k{u�f{}�bn\_f{mgr^Q}6bnur�6bj��mn^�ilm~bn^�^Q�_bi,f{}"bn\_u�ur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6bVbn\�cd^Q`_aF\�}_ujiQcykhz"bp\_u�s�`_k{k�x_ure_bn\ã^,s�bn\_u�b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcduQ��¶�me�i,bnbpujcd}_m]urvQ^Qk{vQucpi,e_f{x_khz�f{}=b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkMmnbn^OcpoVmj�6gjiQcdu>o2`_mnb��8u>b$iFq,ur}�bn^~x_ure_k{^,z�x�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_urm�f{}�i � i(z~bn\�i,boVf{}_f/oVf{ârurm|bpujoVe�^Ocpi,kAi,k{f/i,mnf{}_a�f{}�gji,k{gr`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m�^ls0x_f{vQujcdaQur}_gruQ�

½����"��« ¶�´t·Æ·µ�8 �§�¡�¯&¨� �¡�¢"£u¢e¥±°.¢" ��8£� �¡�¨�²6³"¢§� �¡��0¡� F´�_cdu�46`_ur}Ob�o~i,e_mw^ls¤bn\_u�\_^Ocdf{âr^Q}6b$i,k8vQurk{^Ogrf{bdzV��urk{x�^ls0b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8mnbn^OcpoVm�i,}_x�bp\_urf¿c�e�cdurgr`�cymn^Ocdm]iQcdu�}_ururx_urxÈi,me�cd^Qe8^Qmnurx�f{}�mpurgrbnf{^Q}�Ý��/ÆQ�ÁÆ�f{}�^Ocyx_ujc]bn^Vgji,k{gr`_k/i,bnu>bp\_u�urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�^,s�bn\_u�vQ^Ocybnf{grfhbdz�x_f{mnb$cdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}�f{}�mpbn^OcnoVm(�[]f/oVurm�s�^OcÏmnz_o~oVurb$cyfhâjilbnf{^Q}>e�cdurmp`�o~i,�_k{zVmngji,k{u � f{bn\~bn\_u|cy^Qb$i,bnf{^Q}2bnf/oVu

τi,b�bn\_u�cnilx_fh`_m

R^,s;bn\_u]vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz

i,}_^Oo¢i,k{zQ�τ = 2πR/V,

� \_ujcduVf{m�bn\_u>bi,}_aQur}6bnf/i,k � f{}_x�ilb|bn\�ilb|cni,x_f{`_mj��[]\_f{m>cni,}_aQurm]sÃcd^Oo�i~x�i(z�^Oc�o!^Ocdu�st^Oc|i¢��cd^OilxM� � ujiQq

b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkAx_ure�cyurmnmnf{^Q}M�6bn^~i,}�\_^Q`�c]^6cwmp^>st^Oc]iV\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uQ��[]\6`_mj�6^Q}_k{z�f{}�bn\_u � ujiQqVmnbn^6cno�e�cdurgr`�cymn^Oc�gji,mnurm� f{k{k�bn\_u(m�f{aQ\6bd�Ãbn^l��m�fhaF\Ob�bpf¿o!uf{}6bnujcdv,i,kM��uVm$o¢i,k{k0ur}_^Q`_aF\�bn^�cdurmn^Qk{vQu2bnujoVe8^Ocni,k{k{z�bn\_f{m|e�cy^Ogrurmnm(�|��^ � urvQujc¾�st^Oc�mpb$cd^Q}_a~mpbn^Ocno�gji,mnurmj�8bn\_uVbnf/oVuVv�iFcdf/i,bnf{^Q}�^6grgr`�cncdf{}_a � f{bn\_f{}�irm�f{aQ\6b�mn\_^Q`_k{x�i,k{kh^ � cdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�^,s]bn\_f{me�cd^6grurmnm�f�s�cyure�uji,bnurx�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_m�gjil}���uVo~i,x_uQ��£6f¿o2`_k{b$i,}_ur^F`_m ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc|o!uji,mn`�cdujoVur}6bnm�sÃcd^Ooào2`_k{bnf{e_k{ui,f/cdgjcni�s�b�fh}�x_f��Aujcdur}6b|e�iFcdbnmw^ls¤bn\_u�mpbn^Ocno o~i(z~��u�\_urk{e6st`_k0f{}�bp\_fhm�cduraOiQcdxM�

½����"��� ¶�»��Q¨�§Ãª ��°�°�§i�[ª�ª ¡�¢"£º¢e¥÷�0´��0²�¢"£���ª¶�m>}_^Qbnurx=e�cdurv6f{^Q`_mnk{zQ��bn\_u~b � ^�\Oz6e�^Fbn\_urmnurm�st^Oc�bn\_u � ujiQq,ur}_f{}_a�^Oc�mp`_e_e�cdurmnmnf{^Q}�^ls�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grzOgrk{^Q}_urmV^Ocbn\_urf/c�e�cdurgr`�cdmn^Ocym�iFcdu�f{}_aQurmnbnf{^Q}�^,s¤x�cyz�i,f/c|i,}_x�o!urg$\�i,}_f{gji,kÏx_fhmcd`_e_bnf{^Q}�^lswbn\_u�vQ^Ocdbpur�A�][]\_u�mnb$cpi,bnuraQzVst^Ocf{}OvFurmnbnf{aOi,bnf{}_a�bn\_uV�Acdmnb2\Oz6e�^Fbn\_urmnf{mVfhm~o2`_g\�bn\_u�m$iQoVu�ilm>bn\�i,b�x_urmpgjcdf{��urx"f{}�mpurgrbnf{^Q}�Ý8�/ÆQ�/ÆQ��[]\_f{mVe_k/i,}k/iQcdaQurk{z�mp`8J�grurm2s�^OcÐbn\_u�mnurgr^Q}_x�\Oz6e�^Qbp\_urmnf{m!ilm � urk{kt�wi,mVbn\_u�o~i,f{}"oVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}Ob�}_ururx_urx"f{mVbn\_u�bn\�cduru�x_f/oVur}_mnf{^Q}�i,k � f{}_x���urk{xM����^ � urvQujcr�Qf{b�f{m�e�iQcdbnf{gr`_k/iQcdk{z�f/oVe�^Ocyb$i,}6b�bp^~^Q�_b$i,f{}�bn\_u � fh}_x���urk{x=f{}�bn\_u�`_e_e8ujck{urvQurk{m�f{}Èbp\_fhm�gjilmnuQ�Ailm|mn^6oVu � ^Ocnq¢mn`_aQaQurmnbpm�bn\�i,b�bp\_ux_urmpb$cd`_grbnf{^Q}�^,s�i¢b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkMmnbn^Ocpo vQ^Ocdbpur���6z�mn\_ujiQce�cd^6grururx_m�sÃcd^Oo�bn\_u~bn^Fe�x_^ � } � �_cni,}�q�i,}_x��]f{bng\_f{uQ�¤¸F¹Q¹_Æj�r�~[�\O`_mj�;^F�_b$i,f{}_f{}_a�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_uVe�cd^,��k{urm�sÃcd^Oo}_ujiQc�bn\_u�b$cy^Qe�^Qe�il`_mnu|biQq,urm]^Q}�iV\_f{aQ\�e�cdf{^Ocdf{bdzQ�

¡¥}~^Ocdx_ujcÏbn^�x_urbnujcpoVf{}_u�bn\_u�u�;urgrbw^,s;mn\_ujiQc�^Q}~i�mpzOmnbpujo��j^F}_u|o2`_mnb0^F�_mnujcdvQu]f{bnmwurvF^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}M� ä ure8ur}_x_fh}_a^Q}�bn\_u>mnbcdur}_aQbn\�^,swbp\_u>mn\_ujiQc¾�Ai�o~i,bn`�cyu�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kMmpbn^Ocnoàcyurmne�^Q}_x_m�bn^~bp\_ump\_ujiQc]f{}

6 − 36\�i,grgr^Ocdx_f{}_a

bn^"�_cni,}�q"i,}_x �]f{bng\_f{u � ¸Q¹Q¹_Æ(�r�À5�f{vQur}Ëb � ^�cpi,x�iQc~i,}_xãx�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_u�Ãu�4O`_f{e_e�urx i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b(�]bn\_uÈoVf{}_f/o2`�omn`_mnbi,f{}�i,�_k{u|f{}6bnujcdv�ilkA�8urb � urur}¢^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}�i,k;oVf{mnmnf{^Q}_m]f{m

12− 14\M��[]\_f{m�^Q�_mnujcyv�i,bnf{^Q}�ilk_fh}6bnujcdv,i,k;mn\_^Q`_k{x

bn\_ujcdust^Ocdu���u�mp`8J�grf{ur}Ob�f{}=i,k{kM�_`_b]bn\_u�gji,mnurm � fhbp\�mnb$cd^Q}_aFurmnbwmn\_ujiFcr�

½����"�¾½ øB§�¢����.�0 �¡�¢"£º¨�£.�u�IÉ����0 �ªÂ¢�¥(¢¼�)�Q¨�£º�0¢t¢"²�¡�£�®[]\_u��Acdmnb]b$i,mq>f{m�bp^x_urbpujcnoVf{}_u|bp\_u|mnbi,bnu�^,s�bn\_u�^Ogrujil}�e�cdurv6f{^Q`_m]bn^Vbn\_u�e�i,mnm$i,aFu�^,s0uji,g\�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8mnbn^OcnoÅ�[]\_u�e�cdf/o~iFcdz�bp^O^Qk{m � fhk{k���u2m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnu>^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m�^,s�mnujiVmn`�cÎsÃi,gru�bnujo!e�ujcni,bp`�cdu�il}_x�mnuji~k{urvQurk�i,k{bnf/oVurb$cdzQ�¶Âbp\�cduru�Ãx_f/oVur}_mnf{^Q}�i,k�e�cdu�ÃurvQur}6b|mp`�cdvQurz � ^Q`_k{x=e�cd^,vOf{x_u>bp\_u}_urgrurmpm$iQcdz���i,grqFaOcd^Q`_}_x�bn^�o~i,e=bn\_u2f{}�mnf{bn`e�cd^,��k{ujc2x�i,b$i�bp^�m$i,bpurkhk{f{bnu�Ãx_ujcdf{vQurx���urk{x_m~^ls�£_£_[ i,}_xºmn`�cÎsÃi,gru~\_urf{aQ\6b!il}_^Oo~i,k{zQ��f{}�^Ocyx_ujc�bn^=i,mnmnurmnm2bn\_ux_ure_bn\=^,s]fhmp^Qbn\_ujcnoVm�i,}_x=bn\_uV^6gruji,}�\_uji,b�gr^Q}6bnur}Ob(�>��ujcdf{^Ox_f{g~mpe�^Qb�g\_urgµqFm�gr^Q`_k{x=bn\_ur}��8ue8ujcÎst^OcnoVurx�i,m}_ururx_urxM�

Æj¹

Page 11: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

80 90 100 110 120 130 140longitude (deg)

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

day

of y

ear

Tropical Depression Formation 1995-2003

1 Jun

1 Jul

1 Aug

1 Sep

1 Oct

1 Nov

�ÏfhaF`�cdu�¸�{ ä i(z�^,s�zQujiQcÏi,}_x>k{^Q}_aQf{bn`_x_u�^,s_st^Ocno~i,bpfh^F}|^,s_uji,mnb���i,grf���gwb$cd^Fe_fhgjilkQx_ure�cdurmnmnf{^Q}_m � \_f{g\>f{}Obpur}_mnf���urxf{}Obp^~}�iQoVurx�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;mnbp^OcnoVm�s�^Oc�bn\_u�e8ujcdf{^Ox�ÆjÌQÌQÞ��ç¸Q¹Q¹QÇ_�

[�\_u�mnb$i,bnu�^ls¤bn\_u2mnbn^OcpoÂgjil}���uVoVuji,mn`�cyurx�`_mnf{}_a�bn\_u2m$iQoVu�bpurg$\_}_f¾46`_urm|x_urmngjcyfh�8urx=fh}�mnurgrbnf{^Q}_m�Ý��/ÆQ�ÁÆ�Ý��/ÆF��Ç_�8¶�s¥i,grbp^Oc � ^6cdbn\�gr^Q}_mnf{x_ujcdf{}_a|f{m�bn\�ilbMur�Oe8ur}_x�i,�_k{uw^6gruji,}>e�cy^Q��urm�aQur}_ujcni,k{k{z�}_ururxbp^���u�x_ure_kh^,zQurx � f{bn\bn\_u~i,f/cdgjcni�s�b�`_}_e�cdurmnmn`�cyfhârurxM� � \_f{g$\ºf¿o!e�^QmnurmVi�o~i,�6f/o>`�oùm�f{aQ\6b>k{urvQurk�^,s�i,��^Q`_b

700\���iO�V¶àoVf{}_f/o2`�o

k{urvQurk;st^Oc�x_ure_k{^�z_oVur}6b]^,s�il��^Q`_b810

\���iVf{m|ilkhmp^�cdu�46`_f¿cyurx�s�^Oc�bn\_u�e�cy^Q��urm]bn^Vst`_}_grbnf{^Q}�e�cd^Fe�ujcdk{zQ�

½����"��Ä �,¢²��<¢�¥±��°�°.�8§,²��Q³�Q²6��¡Áª  ���§�¹�¨�£.�0�[ª¶�x_x�cdurmpmnf{}_abp\_u|u�;urgrb�^ls0`_e_e�ujcÎ�Ãk{urvQurk;x_f{mnbn`�cy��i,}_grurm]^Q}�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�mpbn^OcnoVm�^6c�bn\_urf/c�e�cdurgr`�cdmn^6cdmwf{m|iÐx_f#J�gr`_khbe�cd^Q�_k{ujoÿ�8urgji,`_mnuVbn\_u~k/iQcdaFu�Ãmngji,k{uVur}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6b�ilb|`_e_e8ujc�k{urvQurk{mo2`_mnb���u~g\�iQcnilgrbnujcdf{ârurxÈi,m � urk{k�i,m�bn\_umnbn^6cno f{bnmnurk�sn� ¦ u � fhk{k�\�i(vQu>bn^�x_ure�ur}_x=k/iQcdaFurkhz�^Q}�ur�6f{mnbnf{}_a�^Qe8ujcni,bnf{^Q}�i,kMi,}�ilkhz6mnf{m�mng\_ujoVurm�s¥cd^6o § Í�Éw�i,}_x=ÉwÍ�Ä ¦ �"bp^~e�cd^,vOf{x_u2bn\_u>�_f{a�e_fhgrbp`�cduQ�|Ñ�bn\_ujc�bn\�i,}�bp\�i,b�bn\_u2e_k¿il}_m|^Q`_bpkhf{}_urx=f{}�mnurgrbpfh^F}_m|Ý��ÁÆQ�/Æ�i,}_xÝ��/ÆF��Ç2mn\_^Q`_k{x=mn`8J�gruQ� � f{bn\�bn\_uVe�cd^,v6f{mn^~bn\�i,b�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_m�i,b|cdure8uji,bnurx�f{}6bnujcdv,i,k{m � uQ��a��Á�

12 − 14\���iQcdu

gjcd`_grf/i,kMbp^!cyuji,g$\_f{}_aVbn\_f{m�aQ^Oi,kt�

ð.�$Í úG�t�i��ÑÔ�t����Ò��µ�i�&���&ó ���3��óÀ��&�����¼��û[]\_u § i,bnf{^Q}�i,kM��`�cncdf{gji,}_u�Í]ur}6bnujc�b$cni,grqQm]x_f{mnbn`�cy��i,}_grurm�f{}�bn\_u�ujilmnb���i,grf���gQ�_grk/i,mnmnf�stzOf{}_a~bn\_ujo�i,m]b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kx_ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}_mj�_b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkMgrzOgrk{^Q}_urm(��i,}_x�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm�^,s¤v,iQcdf{^Q`_m�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bnf{urmj����f{mnbn^Ocdf{gji,k�cdurmn`_k{bnm|iQcyu>ijv,i,f{k/i,�_k{ui,b

OQP&P0RTS3U&U0ü8ü&üT]Á\&O�a�]�\[`8Y&Yv]�~�`0j[U*ReY8Z0PQYeW&W.]bZ�O8P&_"W8ý�PV�þ8P

¦ u�\�i(vQu�`_mnurx�bn\_urmnu�x�i,b$i�s�^Oc�bn\_u�e�ujcdf{^6x�ÆjÌQÌQÞ(�ç¸F¹Q¹QÇ]bn^Vk{ujiQcd}�mn^Oo!urbn\_f{}_ai,�8^Q`_bwbn\_u�grk{f/o~i,bn^Qk{^QaFz^ls0uji,mnb��i,grf���g~grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{mj���Mf{aQ`�cdu�¸�mn\_^ � m�iÅmngji,bnbpujc�e_k{^Qb�^,s�bn\_uVk{^Q}_aQf{bn`_x_u�i,}_x�x�i(z�^,s]bn\_uVzQujiQc�i,b � \_fhg\i,k{kMx_f{mnbn`�cy��i,}_grurm�cdurmn`_k{bnf{}_a~f{}�}�iQoVurx�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k�mnbp^OcnoVm��Acdmnb]��urgjiQo!u>cdurgr^QaQ}_f{ârurx�i,m]b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkAx_ure�cyurmnmnf{^Q}_mj�ä ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}_m�iQcdu�cdurgr^QaQ}_f{ârurx�bn^�st^Ocno � urmpbw^,s0i,�8^Q`_b

90◦ ¦ � � f{bn\�oV^6cdu]st^OcnoVf{}_a � urmnb�^,s

110◦ ¦ k/i,bpu�f{}

bn\_u�mnujilmn^Q}M�

ÆQÆ

Page 12: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330day of year

0

1

2

3

4

5

depr

essi

on fo

rmat

ion

rate

(num

ber/m

onth

)

total

east of 110 W

�ÏfhaF`�cdu�Ç�{��_cdu�46`_ur}_grz�^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k]x_ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}�st^Ocno~ilbnf{^Q}�f{}4bn\_u�uji,mnb~��i,grf���g�i,m~i�st`_}_grbnf{^Q}�^,s�x�ijzº^,sbn\_u�zQujiFcr�w[]\_u�mn^Fkhf{x=k{f{}_u>mn\_^ � m|ilkhkÏgji,mnurm � \_f{k{u>bp\_u>x�i,mn\_urx�k{f{}_uVmn\_^ � m�i,k{kMx_ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}_m�st^OcnoVf{}_aVuji,mnb�^,s110

◦ ¦ �

�Ïf{aQ`�cdu�Ç�mn\_^ � m�bn\�i,b�bn\_u=e8ujiQq�st^Ocno~ilbnf{^Q}4cni,bnu=^6grgr`�cdm�}_ujiQc¢x�i(zÖ¸QÞQ¹ � ft� uQ�/��bn\_u=��uraQf{}_}_f{}_aË^,s£6ure_bnujo2��ujcp�r�j�_`_b�bn\�i,bEs�^OcEx_fhmpbn`�cd��i,}_grurm�^Ocdf{aQf{}�i,bnf{}_a�uji,mnb�^,s

110◦ ¦ �,bn\_u�cnilbnu�f{mwi,e_e�cd^,�Of/o~ilbnurk{z|gr^Q}_mpb$i,}6b

i,b]b � ^e8ujc�oV^Q}6bn\¢s¥cy^Oo�bn\_u>o!fhx_x_k{u2^,sÈ;F`_}_u�bn\�cd^Q`_aQ\�bn\_u�ur}_x�^,sw£6ure_bnujo2��ujc¾��Ïf{aQ`�cdu~Ý�mn\_^ � m�bn\_u�cdurk/i,bnf{vQu!s¥cdu�46`_ur}_grz=^,s�f{}6bnujcdv,i,k{m>��urb � urur}�mn`_grgrurmpmnf{vQu~f{}_mnb$i,}_grurm2^,s�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�x_u�

e�cdurmnmpfh^F}�st^Ocno¢i,bnf{^Q}�f{}�bp\_uujilmnb>��i,grf���gQ�~¡*s�x_ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}�st^Ocno¢i,bnf{^Q} � ujcduVi�cnil}_x_^Ooàe�cy^Ogrurmnm(�;bn\_f{m>gr`�cdvQu� ^Q`_k{x"b$iQq,u�bn\_u�st^Ocno ^,s>i=x_urgji(zOf{}_a�ur�6e�^F}_ur}Obnf/i,kt�Ë[]\_u�mn\�i,e8u�^,s�bn\_f{m~gr`�cdvQu�mn\_^ � mVbn\�ilbx_ure�cyurmnmnf{^Q}st^Ocno~i,bpfh^F}~f{m]s¥iFc�sÃcd^Oo cnil}_x_^Oo�� � fhbp\�iVe�ujiQq¢f{}Obpujcdv�i,k;^,s�i,��^Q`_b

8x�il}_x�iVk{^Q}_aVb$i,f{kM^Q`_b]bn^V}_ujiQcdk{z

40xM�

ä ure�cdurmnmpfh^F}=s�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}=bn\6`_m>^6grgr`�cdmVf{}��_`�cymnbnm � fhbp\�v�iQcyf¿il�_khu�f{}6bnujcdv,i,k{m�8urb � urur}º�_`�cdmnbnm2^,s�`_e�bn^40xM�

[]\_f{m>f{m2gr^Q}_mnf{mnbnur}6b � f{bn\�bn\_u�i,}�i,k{zOmpfhm�^ls�Ä�i,k{^Q}_urz�i,}_x��|iFcdb$o~i,}_} � ¸Q¹Q¹F¹Q�r� � \_f{g$\�mp\_^ � m�bn\�i,b�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kgrz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�^6grgr`�cdm�e�cdustujcdur}6bnf/i,k{khz�x_`�cdf{}_a~bn\_u>ilgrbnf{vQu�e_\�i,mnu�^,s�bn\_u>Äp;OÑ f{}�bn\_u�uji,mnb���i,grf���gQ�

�Ïf{aQ`�cdu�ÝVe�^Fmnurm�i>e�cpi,grbnf{gji,k;e�cd^Q�_k{ujo s¥ilgrfh}_a~i,}6z~mnbp`_x_z�^,s�uji,mnb���ilgrf���g�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^Q}_urmj� ¦ \_ur}�bn\_uÄp;6Ñ f{m>f{}�f{bnm>ilgrbnf{vQuVe_\�i,mnuQ�Mbcd^Qe_f{gji,k�mnbn^Ocno!m�iQcyuaFur}_ujcni,bnurx=cduraQ`_k/iQcdk{z � fhbp\�i�oVuji,}=f{}Obpujcdv�i,k��8urb � urur}bn\_ujo ^,s|i,�8^Q`_b~i � urujq8�È��^ � urvQujcr�Mf{}"bn\_u�f{}�i,grbnf{vQu�e_\�i,mpuQ�0^F}_u�o~i(z � i,f{b2fh}"bp\_u�ur�6b$cdujoVu¢gji,mnu¢s�^Oc2ioV^Q}6bn\�^Oc�oV^Ocdu�st^Oc]i~grz6grk{^Q}_u>bp^~x_urvQurk{^QeM� ¦ f{bn\_^F`_b�i,bpbnujoVe_bnm]bn^~e�cyurx_fhgrb�bn\_u2^Q}_mnurb�^,swi,}=i,grbnf{vQu>Äp;6Ñe_\�i,mnuQ�6^Q}_u�f{m�bp\_ujcdus�^6cdu|ur�6e�^Fmnurx�bn^Vbn\_u>cduji,k;e8^Qmnmnf{�_f{k{fhbdz�bn\�ilb�ur�6e�ur}_mpfhvFu�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}�i,k�s¥i,grf{k{f{bnf{urm � f{k{kMmnf{bf{x_k{u�s�^Oc�ur�Obpur}_mnf{vQu|e8ujcdf{^Ox_m(�w[]\_f{m]fhm(�_^,sMgr^Q`�cdmnuQ�6iÐs¥i,grb�^,s0k{f�s�u�st^Oc�i,k{kAbcd^Qe_f{gji,k_grz6grkh^F}_u � ^6cnq��Qil}_x�f{b]f{m�k{urmnm^,swiVe�cd^Q�_k{ujo f{}�bn\_u>uji,mpb���ilgrf���g2bn\�i,}�f{b�f{m�fh}�bn\_u>¶�bnk/i,}Obpfhg���i,mnf{}M����^ � urvFujcr�Qbn\_u�gr^Fmnb�^,s�x_^ � }�bpf¿o!u>f{maOcdujilbnujcr�Oilm��2��£;�FsÃi,grf{khf{bnf{urm � ^Q`_k{x�}_urgrurmnm$iFcdf{khz���u�k{^6gji,bnurx�i � i(z>sÃcd^Oo bn\_urf/c]\_^6oVu���i,mnuQ�

[ � ^�i,e_e�cd^6i,g$\_urm�bn^�i,k{k{urvOf/i,bpubp\_fhm�e�cy^Q�_k{ujo�iQcyu � iQ��bn^�x_ure_k{^,z�sÃi,grf{khf{bnf{urm � ft�|uQ�Á�Ai,f/cdgjcpi(s�b�w^F}_khz � \_ur}grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{m�f{m�i,grbnf{vQu]f{}~bn\_u]uji,mpb¤��i,grf���gQ�Qi,}_x � ����bp^�q,urure2sÃi,grf{k{fhbpfhurm]f{}~e_k/i,gru�i,}_xV`_mnu]bn\_ujo st^Oc�i,k{bnujcd}�i,bnumngrf{ur}_gru]e�cd^��purgrbnm;x_`�cdf{}_a�fh}�ilgrbnf{vQuwe8ujcdf{^Ox_mj���6^OcÏf{}_mnb$i,}_gruQ�,i,f/cdgjcni�s�b0o!fhaF\ObM�8uwx_ure_k{^,zQurx>bp^|x�cd^Fe�ur�Oe8ur}_x�i,�_k{u^6gruji,}�e�cd^F��urm�bn^~^Q�_b$ilfh}=i~��ilgµqFaOcd^Q`_}_x�o~i,e�^,sw^6gruji,}�e�cd^Qe8ujcdbnf{urm|x_`�cyfh}_a�mn`_e_e�cdurmpmnurx�gr^Q}_x_f{bnf{^Q}_m(��^Oc�bn^f{}OvFurmnbnf{aOi,bnu�}_^Q}6�Ãx_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu�grk{`_mnbnujcymf{}ã^Ocdx_ujc�bp^Èx_urbpujcnoVf{}_u � \6z�bn\_urz�x_^Q}MÒ bx_urvFurkh^FeM��¶gr^Oo2�_f{}�i,bnf{^Q}�^,s�bn\_urmnu�b � ^i,e_e�cd^6i,g$\_urm�o~i(zV��uVi,e_e�cd^Qe�cyf¿ilbnu�st^Oc�x_f��Aujcdur}6b�e_k/i,bdst^Ocno!mj�

[�\_u��Acdmnb�^Qe_bpfh^F} � ^Q`_k{x��8uoV^Qmpb�u�;urgrbnf{vQuVf�s�i,}Èi,grbpfhvFu>Äp;OÑ e_\�i,mnu2gr^Q`_k{x��8u>e�cdurx_f{grbnurx=�6z48\�^Oc

oV^OcyuQ�Ää;OÑ e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}�f{m�f{}�fhbpm�fh}6sÃi,}_grz � ¦ i,k{fhmpujc�urb>i,kt�/��ÆjÌQÌQÌ�Kt=;^=i,}_x���ur}_x_^Q}M�M¸F¹Q¹Q¹�K ¦ \_ururkhujc2i,}_x¦ urf{gµq6o~i,}_}M��¸F¹Q¹_Æj�r��Ä�i,bpb ¦ \_ururk{ujc|o~ilfh}6b$i,f{}_m�i,}�^Q}6�Ãk{f{}_ucyuji,k;bnf/oVu�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}�e�ilaQu�st^Oc�bn\_u>Ää;OÑÂi,b

Æj¸

Page 13: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

0 8 16 24 32 40interval between depressions (day)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

rela

tive

frequ

ency

�ÏfhaF`�cdu�Ý"{��]urk/i,bnf{vQu�sÃcdu�46`_ur}_grz~^,s�fh}6bnujcdv,i,k{m]��urb � urur}�mn`_grgrurmpmnf{vQu�f{}_mnb$i,}_grurm�^ls0b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8x_ure�cdurmnmnf{^Q}�st^Ocno¢i(�bnf{^Q}�f{}�ujilmnb���i,grf���gQ�

OQP&P0RTS3U&U0ü8ü&üT]Áÿ[`0_�]�~Q`Ij�]bYid"UiÿQ_8f"a*Uea&W0�Q`IfQU�ai�"Z�P�Y0�8�QU)_[Y&PIü[Ui_"YiR�fQ`8`i_eU������8l0_[`Ic�V8Z*UeX�\[ceV*þ�]$OQPI_� \_f{g\�fhm���i,mnurx�^Q}�mpb$i,bnf{mnbnf{gji,k8bnurg\_}_fw46`_urm�`_mnf{}_a~e�ilmnb�i,}_x�e�cyurmnur}Ob�^Q`_bnaQ^Ffh}_aVk{^Q}_a � i(vQu�cni,x_f/i,bpfh^F} � Ñ(=Ï�����urk{x_mj�w[]\_u�bnurg\_}_f¾4O`_u�ur�O\_f{�_f{bnm�mqQf{k{k;^Q`_b]bn^iÐgr^Q`_e_k{u�^,s � urujqFmj�F�_`_b�^F`�cwur�6e�ujcyfhur}_gru�mn\_^ � m�bn\�i,bwf{b]f{m�}_^Qbi,m]`_mnust`_k;fh}�bp\_u|uji,mpb���ilgrf���g>ilm�f{b]f{m�f{}�bn\_u � urmnbj�Fx_`_u|bn^Vbn\_u�sÃi,grb]bn\�i,bwbp\_u>Äp;OÑ�bnur}_x_m]bn^Vx_f{m$i,e_e8ujiQc�f{}bn\_u|Ñ(=Ï�4f{}�bn\_u�uji,mnbw��i,grf���gQ���]uji,}�i,k{z6mnf{m

850\���i�âr^Q}�ilk � f{}_x_m�o¢ijz2��u�oV^Ocdu]`_mnust`_k�f{}�bn\_u�uji,mnbw��i,grf���g

st^Oc�mn\_^Ocdbd�Ãbpujcno�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}_m(�

ð.��� �q��ó������óÀ�����)�t�0ûº�±���0�&�¡t}Ëi,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}4bp^�f{}4mnf{bn`ã^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_mj��m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnu�x�ilb$i�i,}_x"}6`�oVujcdf{gji,k|o!^Ox_urk{f{}_aIiFcdu�f/oVe�^Ocyb$i,}6bbp^�bn\_umn`_grgrurmnm�^,s0bn\_f{m�e�cd^QaOcniFo��

½����t��� ¬­¹.ª �Q§i³Q¨� �¡�¢"£�¨�²L�^Qbn\�m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnu�^Q�_mnujcyv�i,bnf{^Q}_m�^,s0bn\_u�i,b$o!^Qmne_\_ujcdu|il}_x�bn\_u�^6gruji,} � fhk{kM�8u�`_mnust`_kAf{}�cdujilk�bnf/oVu�bn^2aQ`_f{x_u�bn\_ue�cd^,�nurgrb]i,}_x�f{}�k/i,bnujc�il}�i,k{zOmnf{mj��£6^Oo!u�^,s0bn\_u>oV^Fmnb]f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob�m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnu>e�cy^Ox_`_grbnm�iQcyu&{ÆF�65�ur^Qmnz6}_g$\�cd^F}_^Q`_m|v6f{mnf{�_k{u i,}_xºfh}6sÃcniQcyurxÈmi,bnurk{k{fhbpu~f/o~i,aQujcdz�\�ilm�\_fhaF\�bnf/oVu�cdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}M� � \_f{g$\º\_urkhe_mbn^2s�^Qk{k{^ � bn\_u�x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b�^,s0x_f{mnbp`�cd��i,}_grurm�^,s�fh}6bnujcdurmpbj�

¸�����`_f¿qFmngji,b�mn`�cÎsÃi,gru � fh}_x_m�iQcdu(46`_f{bnu�`_mnust`_k � \_ur}�bn\_urz�iQcdu>i(v,i,f{k¿il�_khuQ�]��}6s�^Ocybn`_}�i,bnurk{zQ�6^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_m^Ogrgr`�c�b � f{gru>iVx�i(z�i,b]��urmpbj�w[]\_urmnu�^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_m�i,k{mn^Vx_urbnujcdf{^Ocni,bpu|f{}�\_uji(v6z�cni,f{}M�

Ç�����i,mnmnf{vQu|o!fhgjcy^ � i(vQu�^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_m�ilbwv�iFcdf{^Q`_m�s¥cdu�46`_ur}_grf{urm�s¥cd^6o£_£_Ä�ËF¡wi,}_x�[���Ä�Äÿm$i,bnurk{k{f{bnurm�e�cd^,�vOf{x_uVurmnbnf/o~i,bpurm|^,s]gr^Qk{`�oV}6�Ãf{}ObpuraOcni,bnurx�v�i,e8^Ocr�;grk{^Q`_x � i,bnujcr�;i,}_x=e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}M�V[]\_urmnu~iQcyu>`_mnust`_koVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}Obnm�s�^6c;b$cni,grqFfh}_a�bn\_u�mnb$i,bpu�^,s¯bcd^Qe_f{gji,kQx_f{mnbn`�cy��i,}_grurmj�0[�\_ujcduwiQcdu�}_^ � mn`8J�grfhur}6b�m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnurmfh}�^6cd�_f{b�bn^Ve�cd^,vOf{x_u�mnurvFujcni,k�mp}�i,e_mn\_^Qbnm�iVx�i(z~f{}=o~i,}6z~gji,mnurmj�

Ý8��[�Ñ��wÉ�Ê1ËQ��^Fmnurf{x_^Q}>mnuji�mp`�cÎs¥ilgru�ilkhbpf¿o!urb$cdz � fhk{k8��u�ur�Ob$cyujoVurk{z>\_urk{e6s�`_k�s�^6c�kh^6gji,bnf{}_a � iFcno gr^6cdu�cdf{}_aQmfh}�bp\_u�^Ogruji,}M�

ÆjÇ

Page 14: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

Þ���[���Ä�Ä i,}_x�^Fbn\_ujc�m$i,bnurk{k{f{bnu�Ã��i,mnurx�oVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}Obnm�^,s]mnuji�mn`�cÎsÃi,gruVbnujoVe8ujcni,bn`�cdu � f{k{k��8u~urmnmnur}6bnf/i,kbn^Vbn\_u�e�cd^��purgrbj�

½����t��« Ô¢"·Æ°��� �¨� �¡�¢"£�¨�²L�^Qbn\�i,b$oV^Fmne_\_ujcdf{g�il}_x�^Ogruji,}_f{g2}O`�oVujcyfhgjilkAgr^6oVe_`_b$i,bnf{^Q}_m � f{k{k0e_k/i(z iVcd^Fkhu�f{}�bn\_u�e�cd^��purgrbj�ÆF����f{aQ\6�çcdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}"bn\�cduru�Ãx_f/oVur}_mnf{^Q}�ilk�gji,k{gr`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m�^,s�grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�i,}_x"f{}Obpur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}4gjilmnurm � f{k{ke_k¿i(z�i,}�f/oVe�^6cdb$i,}6b�cd^Fkhu��8urgji,`_mnu�f{}Èo¢ijz¢gji,mnurm�^Q}_k{z � f{bn\�bn\_f{m � f{khk � u��8u>i,�_k{u>bn^Vf{}6stujc�gji,`_mi,k{fhbdzQ��6^Oc�f{}_mnb$i,}_gruQ�Ïf�s�i�mnbn^Ocno�f{}Obpur}_mnf���urm>f{}Ii�e�iFcdbnf{gr`_k/iQc�gji,mpuQ�;fhm2f{b>x_`_u~bn^�iÅx_urgjcduji,mnuVf{}�bn\_uVmn\_ujiQcr�oV^Qbnf{^Q}�^�vFujc|i�x_urure8ujc�k¿i(zQujc�^ls � iQcnoVujc � ilbnujcr�_^Oc�sÃi(vQ^Ocnil�_khu�`_e_e8ujcÎ�Ãk{urvQurkwf{}8m�`_ur}_grurm�� § `�oVujcd^Q`_maOcd^Q`_e_m � ^Ocykhx � fhx_u~iQcyu � ^OcnqFf{}_a�^Q}�}O`�o!ujcdf{gji,k¤o!^Ox_urk{m�^,s]b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kMmpbn^OcnoVm(�_f{}_grkh`_x_f{}_a=bn\_u § Ñ�¶|¶aOcd^Q`_e=x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�bp\_u�� ¦ ����oV^Ox_urk�st^Oc�^Qe8ujcni,bnf{^Q}�ilk�`_mnuQ��[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê ¡d¡ � f{k{kwe�cd^,v6fhx_u¢x_urb$i,f{k{urxx�i,b$i�i,aOi,f{}_mnb � \_f{g$\�oV^Ox_urk{ujcdm�gjil}Èbpurmnb|bp\_urf¿c�gr^6oVe_`_b$i,bnf{^Q}_m(�>Ñ�}_gru~gr^Q}6��x_ur}_gru~f{m2urmnb$i,�_k{f{mn\_urx=f{}bn\_u���x_urk{f{bdz~^,s0bp\_u|}6`�oVujcdf{gji,k8gji,k{gr`_k¿ilbnf{^Q}_mj�6mnur}_mnf{bnf{v6fhbdz�bnurmnbnm�gji,}���u�`_mnurx�bn^>urv,i,k{`�i,bnu�bn\_u�cdurk/i,bnf{vQuf¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}_gruV^,s�v,iQcdf{^Q`_m�ur}6vOf/cd^Q}�o!ur}Ob$ilk0f{}8m�`_ur}_grurmj��[]\_f{mqF}_^ � k{urx_aQuVgji,}=bn\_ur}��8u~b$cni,}_mys�ujcncyurx�bn^^Qe�ujcnilbnf{^Q}�i,k�e�cyurx_fhgrbpfh^F}�oV^Ox_urk{mj�

¸����]urgrur}Ob�e�cd^QaOcyurmnm�\�i,mw�8urur} o¢i,x_u]fh}�bn\_u�x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b�^,sM^Ogrujil}�oV^6x_urkhm � \_f{g\~}_^ � e�cd^6x_`_gru�f{}6bnujcÎ�urmnbnf{}_a~e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}_m�^,s�^Ogruji,}�o!fh�6urx�k/i(zQujc�urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q} � MMiQo2`_x_f{^Vurb|i,kt�/��¸F¹Q¹,ÝO�r��[]f/oVu�mpgji,k{urm�st^Oc�bn\_u}_^Ocno~i,k�urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}º^,s�bn\_u�oVf{�Ourx�k/i(zQujc2iQcduVmn^OoVu � \�i,b|k{^Q}_aFujc�bn\�i,}=bn\_u

≤ 5x�bnf/oVu¢mngji,k{urm>�8urfh}_a

gr^Q}_mnf{x_ujcdurx�gr`�cncyur}Obnk{z�st^Oc�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u�e�cyurx_fhgrbpfh^F}M� § urvFujcdbn\_urk{urmnmj�Ïmn`_g$\�cdurmn`_k{bnm>gjil}�e�cd^,v6f{x_u~}_urgrurmd�m$iQcdzV��i,grqQa6cd^Q`_}_x¢s�^Oc�`_}_x_ujcdmpb$i,}_x_f{}_aVbn\_u>cd^Qk{u�^,s¤\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm]f{}�oV^6x_f�s�z6f{}_a~bn\_u�^6gruji,}�oVf{�Ourx�k/i(zQujcmnb$cd`_grbn`�cyuQ�

Ç���Í]^Q`_e_k{urx�^Ogrujil}6�çi,b$oV^Qmpe_\_ujcdu|oV^6x_urk{fh}_a¢fhm�mnbnf{k{kMf{}ÈiVcd`_x_f/oVur}6b$iQcdz~mpb$i,bnuQ����^ � urvQujcr�Fmnf/oVe_k{u�gr^Q`_e_k{urxoV^Ox_urk{m2mn`_g$\"i,m2bn\�i,b>^ls�£6g\�i,x_u�i,}_x�É�o~i,}6`_urk � ÆjÌQÌQÌF��i,}_x�Éwo¢i,}O`_urk�urbi,kt� � ¸Q¹Q¹lÝO��mp\_^ � mn^OoVum$qQf{k{k�f{}4e�cyurx_fhgrbpfh}_a�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�mpbn^Ocno urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}M�4£6`_g\ÖoV^6x_urk{m~}_ururx4bp^È�8u�st`�cdbn\_ujc2ur�6e_kh^6cdurx4i,}_xurk¿il��^Ocnilbnurx ilm�}_ururx_urxM�

� �����q@�Yt?Uï@�ÛBAIÜ[email protected]?$Ù�Û X�ÛVÜ��jX�×�? íF?�A�? @.E"ÛG@.@�ÜG@�Ü

ä urb$i,f{k{urx4ur�6e�ujcyf¿o!ur}Ob�x_urmnf{aQ} i,b~bn\_f{m�mnb$i,aFu�fhm�e�cyujo~i,bn`�cduQ�Ë��^ � urvQujc¾��mn^OoVu�x_f{mngr`_mpmnf{^Q}Ë^,s>f/oVe�^Ocyb$i,}6bsÃi,grbn^Ocdm¢fh}Ëbn\_u=x_urmnf{aQ}Ëf{m�i,e_e�cd^Fe�cdf/i,bnuQ�á�6^6c~bn\_u=^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}�i,k�aQ^Oilkhm�x_f{mngr`_mnmnurx i,�8^,vQuQ� � u�}_ururxËbn\_ust^Qk{kh^ � f{}_a�o!uji,mn`�cdujoVur}6bnm�{ÆF�]¶4aOcdf{x~^ls � f{}_x�i,}_x¢bn\_ujcnoV^6x_zO}�iFoVf{gwe�cd^,��k{urm�^�vFujcMbn\_u�x_fhmpbn`�cd��i,}_gru]mn`_g\�i,mwoVf{aQ\6b���u�^Q�_b$i,f{}_urx~i,}iQcncni(z>^ls0x�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_urmj�0[]\_u�mne�i,bpf¿ilkAcdurmn^Fkh`_bpfh^F}�gji,}�v,iQcdzQ� � f{bn\�k{^ � cdurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�i,}_x���cd^6i,x~ur�6bnur}Ob�f{}b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k_mnbp^Ocno e�cdurgr`�cdmn^Oc�x_f{mnbp`�cd��i,}_grurm�il}_x~\_f{aQ\_ujcwcdurmp^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}~f{}�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k_mnbn^6cnoVm�i,}_x~\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmj�[]\_u>x_ure_k{^,z¯o!ur}Ob�e�ilbnbnujcd}�mn\_^F`_khx=�8u>x_urmnf{aQ}_urx=bn^~e�cy^Ox_`_gruVi,m|k{f{bnbnk{uVbnf/oVuVi,k{f¿ilmnf{}_a�i,m|e8^Qmnmnf{�_k{uQ�;mn^bn\�i,b�o!uji,}�x_f{vQujcyaQur}_gru>i,}_x�vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz~i,mnmnurmnmoVur}Obpm�iQcdu�i,grgr`�cnilbnuQ�0¡¥}�i,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}M�6bn\_u|e�ilbnbnujcd}�mn\_^Q`_k{x��uVx_u��}_urx�cdurk/i,bnf{vQu2bn^�bn\_u~oV^,vOf{}_a�mnzOmpbnujo�� � \_f{g$\=aQur}_ujcnilkhk{z=oVuji,}_m�x�cdf�s�bnf{}_a�bn\_uVe�i,bpbnujcd}�bn^�bn\_u� urmpbw^Oc�}_^Ocdbp\ � urmnbj�MÄÅf{}_f¿o2`�o x�cy^Qe ilkhbpfhbp`_x_u|mn\_^F`_khx��8u

400\���i6� � f{bn\�i2x_urmnf/cni,�_k{u�x�cd^Qe�i,k{bnf{bn`_x_u

^,s200

\���i6�¢¶|}=ur�_iQoVe_k{u~^,s�i�e�^Qmnmpfh�_k{u�aOcdf{x�e�i,bpbnujcd}�f{m2mn\_^ � }=fh}���aQ`�cdu~Þ_�~[]\_f{m>e�cy^�v6f{x_urm0.5◦cdurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}"^,vQujc~i

3◦m�46`�iQcdu�il}_x4gji,}ã��u�ur�6urgr`_bnurxãfh} i,�8^Q`_b

5\M�]ur�6grk{`_x_f{}_a�s�ujcncyz�bnf/oVuQ��ilb�i

}_^OoVf{}�i,k�ilf¿cygjcni(stb>mne8ururx"^,s4◦\−1��[]\_f{m~e�i,bpbnujcd}�oVf{}_f/oVf{ârurm~bnf/oVu�ilkhf/i,mpfh}_a�st^Oc2x_f{vQujcdaQur}_gru�i,}_x

vQ^Ocdbnf{grf{bdz�oVuji,}_m¢grur}Obnujcyurx�^Q}ãbn\_u�mnbn^6cno��"[]\_u�e�i,bnbpujcd}�mp\_^Q`_k{x4��u�grur}Obpujcdurx"^Q}"bn\_u�mnz6mnbnujo ^,sfh}6bnujcdurmpbj�0i,}_xºbn\_u~f{}_f{bnf/i,k]e�iQcdb�^,s�bn\_u~e�ilbnbnujcd}=mnujcdvFurm�bn^�k{^6gji,bnu~bn\_u¢grur}Obnujc¾� [�\_fhm2grur}Obpujc � f{k{k]��u��urbnbnujc�x_u��}_urx=f{}�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�mnbn^6cnoVm�bn\�il}�f{}�bn\_u2e�cdurgr`�cdmn^Oc�x_f{mnbn`�cd��il}_grurmj�Ô5�f{vQur}=bn\_uVbdzOe_f{gji,k]Æj¹Qßs¥i,f{k{`�cdu>cnilbnu|^ls0x�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_urmj�6bn\_f{m�e�i,bnbnujcy} � ^Q`_k{x�cdu�46`_f/cdu>i,��^F`_b�Ý6¹>mp^Q}_x_urm�e�ujcTm�fhaF\Obj�

ÆrÝ

Page 15: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

0.5o

−− dropsonde location

system center

�Mf{aQ`�cyu>Þ�{w£6`_aQaQurmpbnurx�x�cy^Qe_mn^Q}_x_u�aOcdf{x�e�i,bnbpujcd}M�

¸�� ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc�cpi,x�iQc�^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_m�iQcyu|}_ururx_urx�bn^Vx_u��}_u�bn\_u�gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu|i,}_x�e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bnf{^Q}�mnb$cy`_grbn`�cdu�^,sbn\_u|mpzOmnbpujo���[]\_u��F¶�£_[Ëmngji,}_}_f{}_a�oV^6x_u>i,k{k{^ � m]x_`�i,k ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc]mnz6}Obn\_urmpfhm]^,s � f{}_x_m�f{}�b � ^>m � i,bn\_m(�^Q}_u~^Q}�ujilg$\�mpfhx_u�^,s]bn\_u�i,f/cdgjcni�s�bj�;^F`_b>bn^�i�o~i,�6f¿o2`�oWcnil}_aQu~^,s�i,��^Q`_b

75qOo � f{bn\�bn\_u § Ñ�¶|¶

���çÇ�cni,x�iFcdmj� ä ^Fe_e_khujc2cni,x�iQc�f{m~i,k{mn^�`_mnus�`_k�f{}�f{}6s�ujcncyfh}_a=bn\_u � f{}_x_m>f{}"grk{^Q`_x_z�cduraQf{^Q}_mil��^,vQuVbn\_um�fhaF\Ob�k{urvQurk8^,sAbn\_u�i,f/cdgjcni(stbj�M£6`�cdvQurf{k{k/i,}_gru�cni,x�iQc�^Q�_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_m0^Q`_b�bn^>i�stu � \6`_}_x�cdurx~qQf{k{^OoVurbnujcym�iQcduf¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob�s�^6cwx_urbpujcnoVf{}_f{}_a~bn\_u�mnb$cd`_grbn`�cyu|^,s�bn\_u�mnz6mnbnujo�^ls¤f{}6bnujcdurmnb]f{}�cduji,k;bnf/oVu>i,}_x�f{}�k{^6gji,bnf{}_ai>grur}6b$cnilkAmpb$iQcdbnf{}_a2e�^Qf{}6b�f{}�bn\_u�gji,mpu�^,s0bn\_u�e�i,bpbnujcd}�fhk{k{`_mnb$cpi,bnurx�f{}���aQ`�cyu�Þ_�

Ç���É��6e�ur}_x�i,�_k{u~^6gruji,}�e�cd^F��uVx_ure_k{^�z_oVur}6bnm>iQcduV}_ururx�f{}�bn\_u~mnbcd^Q}_aQujc]mpbn^Ocno�mnz6mnbnujoVmj�~[�\_urmnu~gr^Q`_k{x��uVx_ure_k{^�zFurxÈ^F}�i�a6cdf{xÈmpf¿o!fhk/iQcÐbn^�bn\�i,b�mn\_^ � }�f{}=��aQ`�cyu!Þ��>Ñ�gruji,}�e�cd^F��urm�aQur}_ujcni,k{k{z=}_ururxÈbp^���ux_ure_kh^,zQurxV�8urb � urur}

6000stbwi,}_x

10000stbr�,\_fhaF\~ur}_^Q`_aQ\2st^OcMbp\_u�e�cy^Q��u]bn^�^Qe�ujcpi,bnuwe�cy^Qe�ujcdk{zQ�,�_`_b�k{^ �

ur}_^Q`_aQ\�s�^6c�bn\_uVx_ure_kh^,z6f{}_a�ilf¿cygjcni(stb|bn^�^Fe�ujcni,bpu>`_}_e�cdurmnmp`�cdf{ârurxyö�i�cdu�46`_f/cdujoVur}6b�s�^6c�^Ogruji,}=e�cd^F��u`_mnuQ��Ñ�bn\_ujc�x_ure_k{^,z¯o!ur}Obnm � fhk{k]��u�}_ururx_urx�bn^�mn`�cdvQurz�^Ogrujil}�oVf{�Ourx�k/i(zQujc�gr^Q}_x_f{bnf{^Q}_mVe�cdurv6fh^F`_m>bn^b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8mnbn^Ocno e�i,mpm$i,aQuQ�

Ý8����f{aQ\=mne�i,gru�Ãbpf¿o!u!cyurmn^Qk{`_bnf{^Q} ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc�cni,x�iQc�^Q�_mnujcyv�i,bnf{^Q}_m � mn`_g$\�i,m�f{m>mn`_e_e_k{f{urx��Oz § Í]¶���ÒÓm>Év=8�ä Ñ��]¶ cpi,x�iQcn��iQcdu�}_ururx_urx�bn^~cdurmn^FkhvFu�x_urb$i,f{k{m�^,s�bn\_u|mpe�i,bnf/i,k;mnb$cd`_grbp`�cdu|^ls¤gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}M�FuQ��a��/�6bn^¢��ui,�_k{u�bn^�urv�ilkh`�ilbnu�mnure�iQcpi,bnurk{z>bn\_u�gr^Q}Obcdf{�_`_bnf{^Q}_m�^,sM`_e�x�cni�s�bnmwil}_xx_^ � }_x�cpi(s�bpm0bn^�bp\_u�}_urbwgr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQuo~i,mnmBm�`_�;��i,}_x�bn^�x_urbnujcnoVf{}_u � \_urbn\_ujc�bn\_u�gr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQuVmnz6mnbnujoWf{m~cd^Qbi,bnf{}_a��Mi,m2\Oz6e�^Qbp\_urmnf{ârurx��Ozmn^OoVu�f{}OvQurmpbnf{aOi,bn^Ocymj�

¡t}_urv6f{b$i,�_k{u�gr^Q}8m�f{grbnm]ur�Of{mnb���urb � urur}~bn\_u�e�cd^Ogrurx_`�cyurmw}_ururx_urx�bn^i,bpb$i,f{}Vv�iQcdf{^Q`_m]aQ^6i,k{mj�0[]\_ujcyu|iQcdu�b � ^�e�iQcÎ�bnf{gr`_k/iQcdk{z�f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob�ur�¯iFoVe_k{urmj��£6^OoVu�aQ^Oi,k{m]}_ururx�o2`_khbpf��çilf¿cygjcni(stb�o!fhmpmnf{^Q}_m]bn^V^Q�_b$i,f{}�}_ujiQcÎ�Ãmnf/o2`_k{b$i,}_ur^Q`_moVuji,mp`�cdujoVur}6bnm|f{}�x_f��;ujcdur}ObVcduraQf{^Q}_m�^,s�i�mnz6mnbnujo�� � \_f{k{u�^Qbp\_ujcdm|}_ururxºbn^�`_mnu�i(v�ilfhk/i,�_k{u�ilf¿cygjcni(stb|mnu�46`_ur}6�bnf/i,k{k{z�bp^^F�_b$i,f{}~bn\_u�\_f{aQ\_urmnb]e8^Qmnmnf{�_k{u�s¥cyu�4O`_ur}_grz~^ls0mnz6mnbnujo�mp}�i,e_mn\_^Qbnm(�0[]\_u�^Qbn\_ujc�f¿o!e�^Ocdbi,}Ob�gr^Q}8m�f{grb�f{mbn\_u�}_ururx�bn^Vx_ure_kh^,z�x�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_urm]s¥cy^Oo \_fhaF\�i,k{bnf{bn`_x_urm�vQujcdmp`_m�bn\_u�f{}�i,�_f{k{fhbdz�bn^¢x_ure_kh^,z�ur�Oe8ur}_x�i,�_k{u>^6gruji,}e�cd^Q�8urmMsÃcd^Oo�i,�8^�vFu

10000s�br��[]\_uwe�cy^Qe�^Qmpurx � ^Ocpq�f{m�}_urgrurmnm$iFcdf{khzVcdurmn^Q`�cygru�Ãfh}6bnur}_mnuQ�Qil}_x>gjiQcdust`_k6e_k¿il}_}_fh}_a

� f{k{kM��u2}_ururx_urx�bn^Vur�6b$cni,grb�bn\_u>oV^Qmpb�v,i,k{`_u�sÃcd^Oo bn\_u>cdurmn^Q`�cygrurm�i(v,i,f{k¿il�_khuQ�

ÆjÞ

Page 16: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

���3� ÑÂ�t�&�"���)�3�t����ûÀ�����t���3���v��� ÏF�����3���$�)�3�"�¶�f¿cygjcni(stbiQcdu¢bn\_u~^Q}_k{z�f{}"mnf{bn`�e_k/i,bdst^OcnoVm�gji,e�il�_khu�^,s�st^Qk{k{^ � f{}_aÈi�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�mpbn^Ocno i,m>f{bVx_urvQurk{^Qe_mj�=[]\_ust^Qk{kh^ � f{}_aVk{f{mnb�f{}_x_f{gji,bnurm|i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b � \_f{g$\ � f{}�bn\_u���urmnb]^,s�i,k{kAe8^Qmnmnf{�_k{u � ^Ocdk{x_m$��gr^Q`_k{x���u>o~i,x_u�i(v�i,f{k/i,�_k{u�bn^bn\_u�e�cd^,�nurgrbi{

ÆF��Ñ�}_uÈ^6c~b � ^ § Ñ�¶�¶ ���çÇ"i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b(�á[]\_urmnu=gr^Oo!u�u�46`_fhe_e8urx � f{bn\Ë��i,mnf{g=f{} mnf{bn`ËoVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}Obnm(�mn`�cdvQurf{k{k/i,}_gru�cni,x�iFcr�;mngji,}_}_f{}_a ä ^Fe_e_khujc2cni,x�iQc¾��x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_u�i,}_x=ur�6e�ur}_x�i,�_k{u�^Ogrujil}�e�cd^Q�8u~x_ure_k{^�zF�oVur}Ob]gji,e�il�_fhk{f{bdzQ�w[]\_u>o~il�Of/o2`�o ^Qe�ujcnilbnf{}_a!ilkhbpfhbp`_x_u�fhm�}_ujiQc

400\���i_�

¸�� § Ñ�¶|¶u5��ç¡$o��nurbj��[]\_f{m�\�i,m�bp\_u�e�cyf¿o¢iQcdz>cd^Qk{u]^,s;x_ure_kh^,z6f{}_a�x�cd^Qe_mn^Q}_x_urm(�0[]\_u�o~i,�6f/o2`�o ^Qe8ujcni,bnf{}_ai,k{bnf{bn`_x_u�f{m�}_ujiQc

200\���i6�

Ç�� § �6=ã���çÇ�i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b � f{bn\�Év= ä Ñ��]¶àcni,x�iFcr�[�\_fhm § £_�E�Ãmne8^Q}_mn^Ocdurx�i,f/cdgjcni(stb|gr^F`_khxº��u�u�4O`_f{e_e�urx�bn^x_ure_kh^,z�x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_urmj� ¦ \_urbp\_ujc�ur�Oe8ur}_x�i,�_k{u~^Ogrujil}�e�cd^Q�8urm�gr^Q`_k{x=��uVx_ure_k{^�zFurxÈf{m�`_}_grujcdbi,f{}M�>[]\_f{mi,f/cdgjcni(stb � ^F}MÒÓbM^Qe8ujcni,bnu�f{}>\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm � f{bn\_^Q`_bÏaQ`_f{x�i,}_gru�sÃcd^Oo i § Ñ�¶�¶4���çÇ�il}_x � f{k{k_}_^QbMe8ur}_urb$cni,bnuurzQu � i,k{khm(�¤Ä�i,�6f¿o2`�o ^Fe�ujcni,bpfh}_a~i,k{bnf{bn`_x_u�f{m�}_ujiQc

400\���i6�

Ý8� § ¶�£6¶ ä Í��©7�ilf¿cygjcni(stbj�A[�\_fhm�\�i,m;ur�6bnur}_mnf{vQu�cyujoV^QbnuMmpur}_mnf{}_a|u�46`_f{e�oVur}Ob�i,}_x�gji,}�x_ure_k{^,z|x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_urmj�[]\_u>o~i,�6f/o>`�o ^Qe�ujcpi,bnf{}_a�i,k{bnf{bn`_x_u�f{m�}_ujiQc

200\���i6�

Þ�� § ¶�£6¶ É����ç¸Vi,f/cdgjcni(stbj��[]\_f{m�gji,}�x_ure_k{^,z�mn^Oo!u|x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_urmj��[]\_u>o~il�Of/o2`�o ^Qe�ujcnilbnf{}_a!ilkhbpfhbp`_x_u>f{mfh}�ur�6grurmnm�^ls

100\���i6�

9���Í]\�iQcdbnujcyurxw�nurbwi,f/cdgjcpi(s�bEs�^OcÏx�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_uwx_ure_k{^,z¯o!ur}Ob�f�sE}_^�^Qbn\_ujcÏ\_f{aQ\�i,k{bnf{bn`_x_u�i,f/cdgjcpi(s�b�iQcdu�i(v�i,f{k/i,�_k{uQ�

§ ¶�£6¶ e_k/i,}_m�bn^>`_mnu�f{bnm�b � ^>i,f/cdgjcni(stbwf{}�Í]¶�Ä�É�Ê��çÞ��Oi2mnbn`_x_z~^lsEbcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m|o!^Qmnbwk{f/q,urk{z���i,mnurxf{}I£_il}z;Q^QmnuQ��Í]^Fmnb$i��]f{gji_�È[�\_urz � ^Q`_k{x��8u�gjile�i,�_k{u~^,s�^Qe�ujcpi,bnf{}_aÈi,mÐs¥iFc � urmpb>i,m

100◦ ¦ ��5�ur}_ujcni,k{k{z

mne8ujiQqQf{}_a��;bp\_urz�gji,}=bn\_ujcdust^Ocdu2mnbn`_x_z�grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm(�M�_`_b � ^Q`_k{x=}_^Qb|�8u�i,�_k{u~bn^�cduji,g\=bn\_u~cduraQf{^Q} � \_ujcdumnz6mnbnujoVm]bdz6e_fhgjilkhk{z�cduji,g\�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u|f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdzQ�

���$Í Ñ,�I���0�"�8���0���"�v�t�&�����[]\_u�oVf{}_f/o>`�o `_mnus�`_k;gr^Q}6bnf{}_aQur}6b]^,s¤i,f/cdgjcni�s�b � ^F`_khx���u>i2mnf{}_aQk{u § Ñ�¶|¶����çÇ2^Oc�bn\_u § �6=º���çÇÐs�^6cwgrz6grk{^,�aQur}_urmnf{m]mnbn`_x_f{urm|il}_x i § Ñ�¶|¶����çÇVi,}_x�i2\_f{aQ\6�çi,k{bnf{bn`_x_uw�purb�s�^Oc�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u|f{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}M��¡¥}�bn\_u�st^Ocno!ujcgji,mnu2bn\_u>���çÇ � ^Q`_k{x�x_ure_k{^�z�x�cy^Qe_mn^Q}_x_urm]sÃcd^Oo }_ujiQc

400\���i~i,}_xÈo¢iQq,u ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc�cnilx�iQc]oVuji,mn`�cdujo!ur}Obnm(�

Ñ�gruji,}"e�cd^F��urm~iQcdu�}_^QbV}_ururx_urxM�]i,mVmnz6mnbnujoVmV}_ujiQc2aQur}_urmnf{m�iFcdu�}_^Fb~ur�Oe8urgrbnurx"bn^=��u�mpb$cd^Q}_a�ur}_^Q`_aQ\"bn^gji,`_mnu¢mnf{aQ}6��gji,}6b`_e � urk{khf{}_a�i,}_x�mnurk�s9�Ãgr^6^Qk{f{}_a��=¡t}�bn\_u o¢i,bn`�cduV\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u~gji,mpu�bn\_u����çÇ � ^Q`_k{x m�z�}_ujiQc700

\���i6�6x_ure_k{^�z6f{}_a>ur�6e�ur}_x�i,�_k{u�^6gruji,}~e�cd^F��urmwi,}_x�e�^Qmpmnf{�_khzVmn^6oVu�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_urmj� � \_f{k{u|bp\_u0�nurb � ^Q`_k{x~k/ijzx_^ � }Èi�a6cdf{xÈ^ls�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_urm�sÃcd^Oo�}_ujiQc

200\���i6�V[]\_uVk/i,gµqÅ^,s�i�k{^Q}_al�çcni,}_aQu2mn`�cdvQurf{k{k/i,}_gru�cni,x�iFc]f{}�bn\_u

§ �6=��¤�çÇ � ^F`_khx�e_`_b�bn\_u��_`�cdx_ur}�^,s�}�i(vOf{aOi,bpfh}_aVbn\_u>ilf¿cygjcni(stb�cdurk/i,bnf{vQu�bp^~bn\_u�x_fhmpbn`�cd��i,}_gru�^,s�f{}Obpujcdurmnb]^Q}m$i,bpurkhk{f{bnu~^F�_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}_mj�~�6^Ocdbp`_}�i,bnurk{zQ�0i,m � uVst^Q`_}_x=f{}IÉ��w¡ÎÍ�¸Q¹Q¹_ÆF��bn\_u~cnil}_aQuV^,s|ijv,i,f{k/i,�_k{u~^Q�_mnujcdv,i,bnf{^Q}_m\�i,m�f{}_gjcdujilmnurx�aOcduji,bpkhz¢mnf{}_gru�bn\_u�x�i(zOm]^,sw[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê�

[�\_uÈoVf{}_f/o2`�o e�cd^��purgrb � ^Q`_k{x4e�cdurgrk{`_x_u�i,k{bnujcd}�ilbnf{}_aIi,f/cdgjcpi(s�b¢bn^�f/oVe�cy^�vFu�bnf/oVu=m$iQoVe_k{f{}_a���[]f/oVucdurmn^Fkh`_bpfh^F}�}_ujiQc

12\=cni,bn\_ujc�bn\�il}

24\�gr^Q`_k{x��8uV^Q�_b$i,f{}_urx � f{bn\�b � ^ § Ñ�¶�¶ �¤�çÇ~i,f/cdgjcni�s�bj�6^Oc � f{bn\�^Q}_u

§ Ñ�¶�¶ �¤�çÇVi,}_x�bn\_u § �6=����çÇ!fh}�bp\_u�gji,mnu�^,s0grz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{mj�¡¥}�bp\_u�k{f/q,urk{z�gjilmnu�f{} � \_f{g$\ � u~\�ilx�^Q}_k{z�^F}_u��purb�st^Oc�k/i,`_}_g\_f{}_a�x�cd^Qe_mp^Q}_x_urmj�M`_e_e8ujcVk{urvQurkwmp^Q}_x_urm

e�cd^Q��il�_khz�gr^Q`_k{x"��u�x_ure_k{^�zFurx"^Q}_k{z"urvQujcdz24\��4[]\_f{m~gji,`_mnurm¢x_f#J�gr`_khbdz � f{bn\4i,}6zIilbnbnujoVe_b2bn^=^Q�_b$i,f{}

mn}�i,e_mp\_^Qbnmw^ls�i2mnbn^6cno�urvQujcyz12\M�w£6^6oVu|gr^6oVe�cd^OoVf{mnurm�iQcyu|e8^Qmnmnf{�_k{u>\_ujcdu�f�sw^Ogrujil}�e�cd^F��urm|iQcyu|x_ure_k{^,zQurx

^Q}_k{z � \_ur}Èbp\_u��purb�fhm>i(v,i,f{k¿il�_khu!s�^Oc�\_f{aQ\�i,k{bnf{bn`_x_uVx�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_u>x_`_bdzQ� ¦ \_ur}ºfhb�f{m�}_^Qb(�;bn\_u�¤�çÇ�gr^Q`_k{x�m�z\_f{aQ\�bn^~^F�_b$i,f{}�aF^O^6x�x�cd^Qe_mn^F}_x_u|gr^,vQujcnilaQuQ�

�9

Page 17: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

[�\_uwi,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}V^,s § ¶�£6¶"\_fhaF\i,k{bnf{bn`_x_u�i,f/cdgjcni�s�b;x_`�cdf{}_a�bn\_uwgrz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{m�e_\�i,mnu � ^Q`_k{x2\�ijvFu�bn\_u�i,x_v,i,}6�b$i,aFubp\�i,b>`_e_e8ujc�b$cd^Fe�^Qmne_\_ujcyfhgÅm�^ � m>i,}_x�bp\_ujcnoV^6x_zO}�iQo!fhgrm�gr^F`_khx���u�x_^6gr`�oVur}Obpurx�`_mnf{}_a�x�cd^Fe_mn^Q}_x_urmj�bn\6`_mV^Q�Ov6f/i,bnf{}_a=bn\_u�}_ururx�st^Oc>i,}_^Fbn\_ujc]�nurb � \_ur}"bn\_f{m~^6grgr`�cncdurxM����^ � urvQujcr�¼m�f{aQ\Ob¢bnf/oVurm~i,}_x"e�i,bnbnujcy}_mgr^Q}_mnf{mnbpur}Ob � f{bn\�bn\_u�aF^Oi,k{m]^,s�Í�¶�Ä�É�Ê��çÞ � ^Q`_k{x�\�i(vQu�bn^V��u � ^6cnq,urx~^Q`_b�gjiQcdust`_khk{z � f{bn\ § ¶�£6¶V�

[�\_u�i(v�i,f{k/i,�_f{k{fhbdz�^ls�b � ^�^Oc�bn\�cyuru����çÇ,m � ^Q`_k{x�ilkhk{^ � b � ^ ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc>cpi,x�iQc�u�4O`_f{e_e�urx4ilf¿cygjcni(stb�bn^�^Qe6�ujcni,bpu>mnf/o2`_k{b$i,}_ur^Q`_mnk{z�`_}_x_ujc�grujcdbi,f{}Ègr^F}_x_fhbpfh^F}_mj� � ¶�m|}_^Fbnurx�i,��^,vQuQ�8bn\_u § �6=ã���çÇ � f{khk�}_^Fb�^Qe�ujcnilbnu�f{}\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urm � f{bn\_^Q`_b�aF`_fhx�il}_gru�s¥cd^6o i § Ñ�¶�¶����çÇ_���

����� � �6��&��)�3�.�u�3�.���"�&�3���[]\_ujcdu]iQcdu]i�}6`�o2��ujcÏ^,sAÄ�ur�6f{gji,}Vgr^Oi,mnb$ilkOi,f/cde�^6cdbnm;sÃcd^Oo � \_fhg\~cdurmnujiQcyg$\>i,f/cdgjcpi(s�bÏgji,}>^Qe8ujcni,bnuQ��[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê^Qe8ujcni,bnurx�^Q`_b�^,s�¶�gji,e_`_k{gr^ � \_f{k{uÉ��w¡ÃÍ�¸Q¹Q¹_Æ�`_mnurxÈ��`�i,bn`_k{gr^���¶�b�v,iQcdf{^Q`_m]bnf/oVurm § Ñ�¶|¶(ËQ��� ä \�ilm�`_mnurxi,f/cde8^Ocdbnm�st`�cdbn\_ujc � urmnbj�

�Ïf{aQ`�cdu�¸�mn\_^ � m>bn\�ilbbp\_u�\_f{aQ\_urmnbVx_ur}_mnf{bdz�^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�x_ure�cdurmnmnf{^Q}ºs�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}º^Ogrgr`�cdmVf{}"bn\_u�cni,}_aQu100

◦ − 110◦ ¦ �6�_`_b�bn\�ilb�x_ure�cyurmnmnf{^Q}_m�s�^6cno i,m]sÃiQc�uji,mnb�i,m

90◦ ¦ �¤¡¥b�f{m|x_urmpf¿cpi,�_k{u � i,}_x�e�^Fmnmnf{�_k{uQ�_aQf{vQur}

^Q`�c�ur�Oe8ujcdf{ur}_gru|f{}�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê���bn^�f{x_ur}Obnf�stz~e�^Fbnur}Obpf¿ilk_grzOgrk{^Q}_u�e�cdurgr`�cdmn^6cdm���ust^Ocdu�bp\_u § ilbnf{^Q}�i,k���`�cncdf{gji,}_uÍ]ur}6bnujc�gji,k{k{m|bn\_ujo b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;x_ure�cdurmnmnf{^Q}_mj�

¶�gji,e_`_k{gr^ �99

◦ ¦ �17

◦ § ��f{m�k{^6gji,bnurx�fhx_ujilkhk{z�bn^Vmnbp`_x_z~bn\_u�grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm�e�cd^Ogrurmpmj�Oi,m]f{b�f{m�e8^Qmnf{bnf{^Q}_urx�p`_mnb�bn^�bn\_u�uji,mnb�^,s�bn\_uo¢i,�Of/o2`�o f{}=x_ure�cdurmnmnf{^Q}�aFur}_urmnf{mj�|��`�i,bn`_k{gr^ �

96◦ ¦ �

16◦ § ��o~i(z���ui¢�_f{b�sÃiQc

uji,mnb(�_�_`_b�bn\_f{m�kh^6gji,bnf{^Q} � ^Q`_k{xÈi,k{k{^ � mn^OoVu � \�i,b�oV^Ocdu�^,vQujcdk/i,e���urb � urur}�^F`�c]^Qe�ujcpi,bnf{^Q}�i,kMiQcduji¢i,}_x�bn\�i,b^,s¤Í�¶�Ä�É�Ê��çÞ_����^ � urvQujcr�,f{b�o2`_mnb]��u�q,ure_b]fh}�o!fh}_x�bp\�i,b���`�i,bp`_khgr^Vf{m]}_^Qb]}_^Ocno~ilkhk{z�i

24\ i,f/cde8^Ocdbj�6i,}_x

bn\_f{m � ^Q`_k{x�e_`_b�k{f/oVf{b$i,bnf{^Q}_m�^Q}�}_f{aQ\Ob�^Qe�ujcnilbnf{^Q}_mj��6^6cwf{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}�mpbn`_x_f{urmj�_i>mpfhbpu�st`�cdbn\_ujc � urmnbwmp`_g$\�i,m�Ä�i,}_âjil}_fhk{k{^ �

106◦ ¦ �

19◦ § ��^Oc]Í�i,��^V£_i,}

=;`_gji,m �110

◦ ¦ �23

◦ § ��oVf{aQ\6b0�8u|oV^Ocdu�x_urmpf¿cpi,�_k{uQ��L]i,mnurxilb0bn\_u]k/i,bnbpujcMk{^6gji,bnf{^Q}M�,mnbn`_x_f{urm�gr^Q`_k{x�8u|o~i,x_u^,s0x_urf{}6bnur}_mnf���gji,bnf{^Q}�x_`_u�bn^�oV^,vQujo!ur}Ob�^,s0mnbn^6cnoVmw^,vQujc�gr^Qk{x � i,bnujc¾�

! ""YAÚ$#"@�×�AÖUWX�ÛVX�Ùô@�Uï@�ÛBA

[]\_u2e�cd^��purgrb � f{k{k���u~o~i,}�ilaQurx��Oz�f{bnm|mpgrfhur}6bnf���g � ^OcnqFf{}_a~aOcd^F`_eM�_bn\_u~oVujo2��ujcdmp\_fhe�^,s � \_f{g\Èf{m�k{f{mnbnurx�i,bbn\_u��8uraQf{}_}_fh}_a�^,s0bp\_fhm�x_^6gr`�oVur}Ob(�

Í�^O^Qe8ujcni,bnf{^Q} � f{bn\�i�}O`�o2�8ujc�^,s�x_f��Aujcyur}Ob2ur}Obnf{bnf{urm � f{k{kw�8u~}_ururx_urx�bn^�o¢iQq,u>bp\_u~e�cd^��purgrb|iÅmn`_grgrurmnmj�[]\_urmnu�ur}6bnf{bnf{urm�f{}_grk{`_x_u&{ÆF� § Í]¶��6Ë,¶w[ äÂ� f�s � u�^Q�_bi,f{}�bn\_u § �6=����çÇQ�¾�¸�� § Ñ�¶|¶(ËQ��� ä i,}_x=bn\_u § Ñ�¶�¶Âi(vOf/i,bnf{^Q}Ås¥ilgrfhk{f{bdzQ�[ � ^ § Ñ�¶�¶1ËF�|� ä f{}OvQurmpbnf{aOi,bn^Ocym|iQcduVoVujo2��ujcdm^,s0bn\_u>£6grf{ur}6bnf���g ¦ ^OcnqFf{}_aq5�cd^Q`_eM�

Ç�� § ¶�£6¶ Í]¶�Ä�É�Ê��çÞ�e�cy^��purgrbj�[�\_ue8^Qbnur}6bnf/i,k�\_ujcdu2st^Oc � ^OcnqFfh}_a�bn^QaFurbn\_ujc�^F}Èbcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{mmnbn`_x_f{urm~f{m�\_f{aQ\M��il}_x4bn\_f{m~gr^Q}_}_urgrbpfh^F}4}_ururx_m�bn^���u�gr`_k{bnf{v�i,bnurxM�˶�bk{uji,mpb�b � ^�oVujo2��ujcdmV^,s�bn\_u£6grfhur}6bnf���g ¦ ^OcpqQf{}_aq5�cd^F`_e�iQcdu�i,k{mn^~k{f/q,urk{z�e�iQcdbnf{grf{e�i,}6bnm]fh}=Í]¶�Ä�É�Ê��çÞ_�

Ý8��[]\_u § £_�;�Ãmne8^Q}_mn^Ocyurx~\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u�cpi,f{}O��i,}_x¢e�cd^��purgrb�^,s0£6\O`_z6fAÍ�\_ur}�i,}_x��]^Q��ujcyb���^Q`_âru � �]¶�¡ § É�Ê��r�Þ���[]\_u�Ä�ur�6f{gji,}Ê5�^,vQujcd}�o!ur}Obj����}_x_ujcyb$iQqFfh}_a=mngrf{ur}6bnf���g � ^Ocnq�fh}ËÄ�ur�6f{gr^�f{m�aOcyuji,bnk{z=sÃi,grf{khf{b$ilbnurx"�Ozi,grbnf{vQu�gr^Qk{k¿il��^Ocnilbnf{^Q}_m � f{bn\ ÄÅur�Of{gji,}�¡¥}OvFurmnbnf{aOi,bn^6cdmj�0[ � ^ÄÅur�Of{gji,}�mngrf{ur}6bnf{mnbnm|iFcdu�o!ujo>�8ujcdmw^ls0bn\_u£6grfhur}6bnf���g ¦ ^6cnqQf{}_aG5�cd^Q`_eM�,^Q}_u]sÃcd^Oo�Í�ur}Ob$cy^|x_u|Í�fhur}_grf/i,m]x_u�k/iж�b$oGsQmys�ujcni � Í�Í]¶���^,sE� § ¶�Äÿi,}_x^Q}_uVsÃcd^Ooÿ¡t}_mnbnf{bn`_bp^ÈÄ�ur�6f{gji,}_^�x_u�[Ïurgr}_^Qk{^Qa&%/i�x_urk�¶|aQ`�i � ¡ÃÄ�[϶��r�M¡t}"i,x_x_f{bnf{^Q}M��bn\_u~g\�i,f/c�^,s]bn\_u£6grfhur}6bnf���g ¦ ^6cnqQf{}_aG5�cd^Q`_e~mne8ur}Ob]i�m$il�_��i,bnf{gji,k_zQujiQc�ilb�Í�Í]¶(ËQ� § ¶�Ä f{}�¸Q¹Q¹_Æ�ç¸F¹Q¹Q¸ � \_f{k{u � ^6cnqQf{}_a^Q} É��w¡ÎÍ�¸Q¹Q¹_ÆF�

Æjæ

Page 18: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

' ( X�AAXÿUWX�ÛVX�Ù6@�Uï@�ÛBA

��k/i,}_m2st^Oc�x�ilb$i�o~il}�i,aQujoVur}6b>iQcdu�}_^Qb>zFurb>f{}"e_k/i,gruQ�w�_`_b � u � f{k{k�x_urvQurk{^Qe"i�mng\_ujoVuVst^OcVo~iQqFfh}_a�x�i,b$ii(v�i,f{k/i,�_k{u>^F}�bn\_u � ur�M�

) "�X�YA�?×�?*�VX�ÛôA�E

¶�b~bp\_u�oV^OoVur}6bVbn\_f{m~k{fhmpb�f{}_grk{`_x_urm�^Q}_k{z4oVujo2��ujcdmV^,s�bn\_u�£6grf{ur}6bnf���g ¦ ^OcpqQf{}_aµ5�cd^F`_eM�Ö[]\_u�k{f{mnb�o~i(zur�6e�i,}_x�f{}�bn\_u�st`_bn`�cduQ�

•å�ujcncdz�É�o~i,}6`_urk��_Ä�i,mnm$i,g\6`_mnurbnbnm]¡t}_mnbnf{bn`_bpu�^,s�[Ïurg\_}_^Qk{^QaQz

•[]f/oàÄ�iQcyg$\_^Oq8� § Ñ�¶|¶(Ë § Í�Éw��� § Ñ�¶|¶(Ë&5�� ä =

•�_cni,}�q�Ä�iQcnqFmj� § Ñ�¶|¶(ËQ��� ä

•;Q^Q\_}�Ä�^Fkhf{}�iQcyf��8£_� § ·á¶�k{��i,}6z

•Ä�f{g$\�ilurk0Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdzQ�OÍ�^Qk{^Ocni,x_^V£6b$i,bnu���}_f{vQujcymnf{bçz

•�]f{gjiQcdx_^~�wcdf{urbn^8�¯¡¥}_mnbnf{bn`_bn^�Ä�ur�6fhgjil}_^~x_u>[Murgr}_^Fkh^Fa&%/iVx_urkM¶�aQ`�i

•5�cni,grf{urk/i~��i,aOi��¯��}_f{vQujcdmnf{x�i,x § i,grf{^Q}�i,k;¶�`_b�sQ}_^Oo¢i�x_uÄäHr�Of{gr^QËFÍ�Í]¶

•ä ijv6f{x ��ijz_oV^Q}_xM� § u � Ä�ur�6fhgr^�[Ïurg$\

•�]^Q���]^QaFujcdmj� § Ñ�¶|¶(ËQ��� ä

• § f{grq�£6\�i(zQ�_��}_f{vQujcymnf{bçz�^,s¤ÄÅf/iQoVf�ËQ��£_ÄŶ�£

+ ,�@-��@�Yt@�ÛV×�@.E

. ³t¡�²�¨0/ =��;¶V�/�M���t;��;��i,mng\M�";8��=���L�urvQur}M�t;���=��M�_cnil}�qQk{f{}M�0ĺ��L|��=Ïi � cdur}_gruQ�A£;�M�Ð�M£6bnu � iQcdbj��il}_xx;8� �©5V�;Qf{fh}_a8��¸Q¹Q¹QÇe{0Éwilmnbnujcd}�}_^Ocdbn\���i,grf���g�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u�mnuji,mp^Q}�^ls¤¸Q¹Q¹_ÆF�21È©,°�3ä×!«®&3$4�«�Ý(�/� �[�t� �_¸,ÝOÌ(�ç¸&9F¸_�

5 �Q£.���Q§�/ ĺ�M¶V�/�]ÆjÌQÌQæe{[]\_u¢u�Aurgrb~^,s|cdurk/i,bpfhvFuGm�^ � ^Q}�bn\_u�i,mpz¯o~o!urb$cdf{g~mnb$cy`_grbn`�cduVf{}"bn\_u~f{}Obpujcdf{^Oc2^,s\O`�cncyfhgjil}_urmj��6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>= Ä�½?/ æQ¹QÇ(�çæF¸,Ý��

5 ¡Áª  ��8§&/ Ä��/��i,}_x"åV��¶��Éwo~i,}6`_urkt�]ÆjÌQÌQæ�{2[]\_u�aFur}_urmnf{m^ls�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uÃ5�`_fhk{k{ujcnoV^{�[�É�Ê�Ä�É�Ê�i,}�ilkhz6mnurmi,}_x�iVoV^Ox_urk{f{}_a�mnbn`_x_zQ�$1È©,°�3p×~«®&3$4�«�Ý@3>= ��«"Ä0/ ¸&9&9F¸(�ç¸&9&7Q¸��

5 ¢�ª ¨�§i �/ =��;�w�/�8i,}_x�;��L�iFcdbn^Qk{^��;ÆjÌQÌ�Æ&{�[0cd^Fe_fhgjilkMmnbn^Ocpo�st^Ocno¢i,bnf{^Q}�fh}=iV��iQcd^6grk{f{}_fhgVur}6vOf/cd^F}�oVur}Ob(�A1È©,°�3×!«®&3$4�«�Ý�3B= ��DCE/ ÆjÌFæQÌ(�ç¸Q¹_Æ(Ç_�

Ô»�¨�²�²�¨0/ ĺ�/��il}_x>����=��j�¤s�u�;ujcr�QÆjÌI7Q¹�{;É��AurgrbpmM^,s_urx_x_z6m�`_�6urmM^,s�i,}_aQ`_k/iQc;oV^Oo!ur}Obn`�oã^Q}>o!^Ox_urk,\6`�cncdf{gji,}_ux_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6bj��6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>= �0F8/ Æ�9Q¹QÇ��$Æ�9_Æ�76�

Ô»�¨�£�®?/ £;� ¦ �/�_i,}_x����6¶V�_¶|}6bn\_urmj�8ÆjÌQæ&7e{ § `�oVujcdf{gji,k;mnf/o2`_k¿ilbnf{^Q}_m]^,s¤bp\_u|^6gruji,}MÒÓm]}_^Q}_k{f{}_ujiQc]��iQcy^Ogrk{f{}_f{gcdurmne�^F}_mnu|bp^bcni,}_mnk/i,bnf{}_aV\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmj��6�3�èw­O¼(´93HG|»$«®,°�©pÀQªI3B=�J / Ý89&7(�ÃÝQ7Q¹��

õè8³�¡�ªK/ Í��,¶V�/�Qi,}_xÃ=��QL�^Qm$iFcdbj�,¸Q¹Q¹_Æ&{ § `�oVujcdf{gji,k_mpf¿o2`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m�^lsAbn\_u�aFur}_urmnf{mw^,s;\O`�cncyfhgjil}_u ä f/i,}�i � ÆjÌ&7lÝO�r���iQcdb�¡�{�Í]^Q}6b$cd^Fk_mnf/o>`_k/i,bpfh^F}M�A1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®�3A4�«�Ý@3>= ��«�C0/ Æ�7QÞFÌ(�$Æ�7&7_ÆF�

�7

Page 19: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

õè8³�¡�ªK/ Í��,¶V�/�Qi,}_xÃ=��QL�^Qm$iFcdbj�,¸Q¹Q¹Q¸�{ § `�oVujcdf{gji,k_mpf¿o2`_k/i,bnf{^Q}_m�^lsAbn\_u�aFur}_urmnf{mw^,s;\O`�cncyfhgjil}_u ä f/i,}�i � ÆjÌ&7lÝO�r���iQcdb�¡d¡�{�£6ur}_mnf{bnf{vOf{bdz�^,s0bcni,grq~i,}_x�f{}Obpur}_mnf{bçz�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}M�A1È©l°�3Ã×!«®&3L4�«%Ý@3>= �[�8M0/ ÆQÆj¹Q¹(�$ÆFÆj¸,Ý��

õÃ�8·µ¨�§i¡�¨0/ Ä��Á�0i,}_xy;��Må�i,e_k/i,}M��ÆjÌQÌQæe{�¶�}È^Fe�ujcni,bpfh^F}�i,k0urv,i,k{`�i,bnf{^Q}�^ls�i�mnb$i,bnf{mnbpfhgjilk0\6`�cncdf{gji,}=f{}Obpur}_mnf{bçze�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}�mng\_ujoVu � £_�|¡Î�w£_�r�8�wcdure�cdf{}6bnm�^,s�¸F¸,}_xÈÍ]^F}6s�ujcdur}_gru�^F}È��`�cncdf{gji,}_urm�i,}_xÈ[�cd^Qe_f{gji,k0ÄÅurbnu�^Ocd^Qk{^QaQzQ�F¶�Ä�£;�"L�^Qmnbn^F}M�

N ·µ¨�£����8²O/ åV��¶V�/��ÆjÌ&7QÌ�{][]\_uÐ��}_fhbpu�çiQoVe_k{f{bn`_x_uV}�i,bn`�cdu2^,s¤bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm(�P6�307�¬t¨~©(´93Q:A»r³R3B= ½�S0/Ç,ÝOÇ_Æ�çÇlÝOÞ&96�

N ·µ¨�£����8²O/ åV�Q¶V�/��ÆjÌFÌQÞ�{M[]\_u��8ur\�i(vOf{^Oc�^,sEiÐmnf/oVe_k{u|\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u|o!^Ox_urk8`_mnf{}_ai�gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFu�mpg$\_ujoVu���i,mnurx^Q}�mp`_��grk{^Q`_x6�Ãk/i(zQujc]ur}6b$cd^Qe6z~u�46`_fhk{f{��cdf{`�o��T6�307Ьt¨!©�´93A:A»¾³<3>= Ä"«0/ ÇQÌ&9F¹(�çÇQÌ&9&7��

N ·µ¨�£����8²O/ åV�/�AÍÐ� ä urmn¶�`_bnurk{mj�;Í�����^Qk{k{^ � i(zQ�;i,}_xÈ���;å�^OcdbdzQ��¸Q¹Q¹lÝ"{�É�}Ov6f/cd^Q}�oVur}6b$i,k;gr^Q}6b$cd^FkA^lswb$cd^Qe_f{gji,kgrzOgrk{^Q}_u�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdzQ�U6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>=�f{}�e�cyurmnmj�

N £�¨�®¢"£�¡�¢?/ ;8�/�Ail}_xÈÄ��;[���ÄÅ^Q}6bnaQ^OoVujcyzQ�¯¸F¹Q¹_Æ&{w[�cd^Qe_f{gji,kÏgrzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm�v6f/i~gr^F}OvQurgrbpfhvFurkhz¢st^Ocdgrurx�vF^Ocdbnur��]^Qmnmn�6z � i(vQurmwf{}=iVmn\�i,k{k{^ �Ö� i,bpujcwe�cyf¿o!fhbpfhvFu�u�4O`�i,bpfh^F}�oV^Ox_urkt�U6�387�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= Ä J / 9&7QÞ(�çæQ¹FÞ_�

V §�¨�£-WX/ ¦ �MÄ��/��i,}_x�É��8¶�M�]f{bng\_f{uQ�wÆjÌFÌQÌ�{�[]\_uVu�Aurgrbpm�^,s�ur}6vOf/cd^F}�oVur}Obi,ktm�^ � `_e8^Q}�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k0grz6grk{^Q}_umnb$cd`_grbn`�cyuQ�21È©,°�3Ã×~«®&3A4�«�Ý�3B= ��«0F8/ ¸Q¹lÝQÝ,�ç¸Q¹&9�ÆQ�

V §�¨�£-WX/ ¦ �QÄ��/�Qi,}_xVÉ��(¶�,�]f{bng\_f{uQ�O¸Q¹Q¹�Æ&{Aɤ�Aurgrbnm�^,s�vQujcybnf{gji,k � f{}_xVmn\_ujiQcÏ^Q}>bp\_u�f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz>i,}_x>mpb$cd`_grbn`�cdu^,s0}6`�oVujcdf{gji,k{k{z�mnf/o>`_k/i,bpurx�\O`�cncyfhgjil}_urmj�$1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®&3L4�«%Ý@3>= �[«8C0/ ¸Q¸,ÝOÌ��ç¸Q¸&9QÌ_�

V §�¨�£-W�²�¡�£Y/ ;8��=��/��£;�t;���=E^OcdxM�M£;�0É��M�6ur`_ujcr��i,}_x��w� ä �MÄ�iQcpqQm(;Oc¾�/�wÆjÌFÌQÇ�{�[]\_u~qQf{}_ujo~ilbnf{g~mnb$cd`_grbp`�cduV^,s\O`�cncyfhgjil}_u^5�k{^Ocyf¿i � Æ(Ì&7QÞQ�Ïx_urbnujcnoVf{}_urxVsÃcd^Oo }_urmnbnurx�i,}�i,k{zOmpurmw^,sMx�cd^Qe � f{}_x_mn^Q}_x_u�i,}_x ä ^Qe_e_k{ujc � f{}_xx�i,b$i_�Z1È©,°�3p×~«®&3$4�«%Ý@3>= �[«¼��/ ¸,ÝOÇQÇ��ç¸,ÝOÞ_ÆQ�

[ §i¨Q´\/ ¦ ��Ä��/�]ÆjÌ&9I7�{Ô5�k{^Q��i,k�vOf{u � ^,s�bn\_u~^OcyfhaFfh}�^,s�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilk�x_fhmpbn`�cd��i,}_grurmVi,}_x�mpbn^OcnoVm(�]1È©,°�3 ×~«®&34�«�Ý�3B= C8S0/ 9&9QÌ��çæQ¹Q¹_�

^ �8£.��§i¡Á�KW�ªK/ É��6¶�Á�OÄ��_[��6Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdzQ�Qi,}_x�Í��Q¶V� ä i(v6f{mj�O¸Q¹F¹,Ý"{0Ñ�}�bn\_u�cd^Qk{u�^,s0_dvQ^Ocdbnf{gji,ka`�\_^Qb�bn^ � ujcymfh}�f{}�bn\_u�s�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}¢^,s¤bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^Q}_u ä f/i,}�i��L6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»r³R3Á�Of{}�e�cdurmnmj�

b ¨"�0¢"¹$/ £;� ä �/��=��¤åV��£6\�ijzQ��¶V��;8�wÄ�iQcyf¿il}_^��wi,}_x4����5V��L�k/i,grq���¸Q¹Q¹Q¹�{�[]\_u�Ç ä ^Ogrujil}_fhg=oVf{�Ourx"k/i(zQujccdurmne�^F}_mnu|bp^\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uÔ5�f{k{��ujcybj�c6�3�èw­6¼j´I3TG|»«$®l°�©nÀQªI3Á� ��M �MÆrÝO¹Fæ(�$ÆrÝO¸QÌ6�

b ¨"�0¢"¹$/ £;� ä �/�Qil}_xq=��OåV�6£6\�i(zQ�O¸Q¹Q¹FÇ�{M[]\_u�cd^Qk{u�^,s;^Ogruji,}_f{g�oVurmn^Qmpgji,k{u]s�ujilbn`�cdurm�^Q}~bp\_u�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k_grz6grk{^Q}_u�fh}_x_`_grurx�^Ogrujil}�oVf{�Ourx�k/i(zQujc]cdurmne8^Q}_mnuQ��6�3�è�­O¼(´93dG|»«$®,°�©pÀQªI3B= ��0/ 9,ÝOÌ(�©9QæI9_�

b ¢"£��[ªK/ £;�wÍÐ�/�|Æ(ÌQÌQÞ�{�[�\_u�urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}4^ls�vQ^6cdbnf{grurmVfh}ËvQujcybnf{gji,k]mn\_ujiQc�{�¡�{�¡¥}_f{bnf/i,k{khzã��iQcd^Qbcd^Qe_f{g�vQ^Ocdbpfhgrurm(�e ²¯®,ª¬O3f6�3?4�©,¼&3A1È«¾¬Ã«$©,ªI3L:A©j»g3>= �[«t�8/ 7F¸_Æ�©7QÞ_ÆF�

b ¢"£��[ªK/ £;�;Í��/��¸F¹Q¹Q¹�{�[]\_u2urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�^ls¤vQ^6cdbnf{grurm�f{}=vQujcdbnf{gji,kMmp\_ujiQc�{w¡d¡d¡�{�L]iQcd^6grk{f{}_fhgVvQ^6cdbnf{grurmj� e ²_®,ª$¬O3d6�34�©,¼&3L1È«r¬Ã«©,ª93L:A©j»K3B=MÇ_Æ�9�Æ�çÇ_Æ�7QÞ6�

h ¡�£�®�ª ·Æ¡�²�²O/ ä �AÉ��/�Ail}_x��Ð�;¶�;��^F`_âru­;6cr�/��ÆjÌQÌQÌ�{�[�\_ujcnoV^6x_zO}�iQo!fhg2g$\�iFcni,grbnujcdf{mnbpfhgrm�^,s�i,f/côm�^ � f{}_a�f{}6bn^i,}_x�^F`_b�^,s0e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bpfh}_a¢gr^Q}OvFurgrbnf{^Q}�^,vQujc�bn\_u � urmnb���i,grf���g � iQcno e�^6^Qkt� e ²_®,ª$¬O3T6�3E4�©,¼&3;1È«r¬Ã«©,ªI3:A©j»g3>= ��«"Ä0/ Æ(¸Q¹QÌ(�$Æj¸F¸QÌ6�

i ¢?/ �w�/�8i,}_x �2���2�_��ur}_x_^Q}M�_¸Q¹F¹Q¹�{0É�oVe_f/cdf{gji,k;ur�Obpur}_x_urx6�çcni,}_aQu�e�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}�^,s0bp\_u>Ä�i,x_x_ur}6��;Q`_k{f/i,}�^Qmngrf{k��k¿ilbnf{^Q}M�$1È©,°�3p×~«®&3$4�«%Ý@3>= �[« J / ¸QÞF¸&7(�ç¸QÞ,Ý6ÇO�

ÆjÌ

Page 20: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

¿D¨�¡�£��Q²�²�¡O/ Ä��/��ĺ� ä ujÄ�iQcdf/i_��i,}_xµ=���åV�0£6\�i(zQ��¸Q¹Q¹F¸�{>¡Ão!e�i,grb>^,s�^6gruji,}_f{g�\_ujilb>gr^Q}6bnur}6b�^Q}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_ufh}6bnur}_mnf{bdz�st^Ocdurgji,mnbpm�`_mnf{}_a�£_�|¡Î�w£=oV^6x_urkt�>¸QÞ,bn\=Í]^Q}6stujcdur}_gru>^F}È��`�cncdf{gji,}_urm>i,}_x=[0cd^Fe_fhgjilk¤ÄÅurbnur^,�cd^Qk{^QaQzQ�F¶�Ä�£;��£_i,} ä f{uraQ^��

¿D¨�²�¢£��8´/ É�� ä �/�0i,}_x ä ��=��0��iQcdb$o¢i,}_}M�M¸Q¹Q¹Q¹e{>Ä�^6x_`_k/i,bnf{^Q}�^,s�uji,mpbnujcd}=}_^Ocdbn\���i,grf���g�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_urm��Ozbn\_u�Ä�i,x_x_ur}6��;Q`_k{f/i,}=^Qmngrf{k{k/i,bnf{^Q}M�U6�3$j�½h³*¨~®,¬Ã«*= �[�0/ ƾÝOÞ_Æ�$ÆrÝ89Q¹_�

¿D¨�²�¢£��8´/ É�� ä �/�,i,}_x ä ��=�����iQcdb$o¢i,}_}M�j¸Q¹Q¹�Æji�{;[]\_u�Ä�i,x_x_ur}6��;Q`_k{f/i,}~^Qmngrf{k{k/i,bnf{^Q}M�,��iQcy^Qb$cd^Qe_f{g�x_z6}�iQoVf{grmj�i,}_x�}_^6cdbn\���i,grf���g�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;grz6grk{^Q}_u�st^Ocno¢i,bnf{^Q}M�0��iFcdbw¡�{�Ñ��_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_mj�k6�3�7Ьt¨!©�´93;:A»r³R3B= Ä J / ¸QÞ,Ý6Þ(�¸QÞQÞ&7_�

¿D¨�²�¢£��8´/ É�� ä �/�ji,}_x ä ��=��,�|iFcdb$o~i,}_}M�(¸Q¹Q¹_Ær��{;[]\_u]Ä�i,x_x_ur}6��;Q`_k{f/i,}V^Qmngrf{k{k/i,bnf{^Q}M�,��iQcy^Qb$cd^Qe_f{g�x_z6}�iQoVf{grmj�i,}_x"}_^Ocdbn\4��ilgrf���g�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k]grzOgrk{^Q}_uÅs�^6cno~i,bnf{^Q}M�"��iQcyb!¡d¡�{�£6bn^6g\�i,mnbnf{g���iQcd^Fb$cd^Qe_f{g�oV^Ox_urk{f{}_a��l6�37�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= Ä J / ¸QÞFÞQÌ(�ç¸QÞQæF¹_�

¿D¨�§gW�ªK/ ��� ä �/�";6cr�/�;����¶V�;��^Q`_âruQ�t;6cr�/��i,}_xy;��;����5�iQo~i,g\_uQ�0Æ(ÌQÌQ¸�{ ä `�i,k��çi,f/cdgjcni(stb�f{}6vQurmnbnf{aOi,bpfh^F}�^,swbn\_ufh}_}_ujc�gr^Ocdu�^,s0\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u § ^Ocd�8ujcdbj����iQcdb�¡�{�å�f{}_ujo~i,bnf{g2mnb$cd`_grbn`�cyuQ�k6�307�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= ½�CE/ Ì_Æ(Ì(�çÌ,ÝO¸_�

¿ �0¹�§i¡Á���8/ ;��"=��Á��i,}_x����"MEur\�cr�MÆjÌ&7�Æ&{�Ñ��_mnujcdv�ilbnf{^Q}�i,kMi,}�i,k{z6mnf{m�^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;grz6grkh^F}_u�st^Ocno~i,bpfh^F}M�¤��iFcdb�¡ç¡�{Í]^OoVe�iQcyfhmp^Q}~^,s0}_^F}_x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�vQujcymn`_m]x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a~mnz6mnbnujoVmj��6�3�7Ьt¨!©�´93;:A»r³R3B= � J / ÆFÆjÇQ¸(�$ÆQÆ(Þ_ÆQ�

¿D�[�i»��Q·m/ ä �&L��/�6���6¶�6��^Q`_âruô;Ocr�/�6i,}_x�£;�O£;�_Í]\_ur}M�6¸Q¹Q¹Q¸e{�=Mi(zQujc�f{}8m�^ � f{}6bn^>e�cdurgrf{e_f{b$i,bpfh}_aVgr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{^Q}^�vFujc�bn\_u � urmnbnujcy}�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,kM��i,grf���gQ� e ²_®,ª¬O3T6�3E4�©l¼n3L1È«r¬Ã«©,ªI3;:A©j»K3B= ��« J / ÆjÌQÌQæ(�ç¸F¹QÇQ¹6�

¿D¢"²�¡�£�¨�§�¡o/ ;8�/� ä �(å�}_fhaF\Obj�,Ä�� ä f{gµqFf{}_mn^Q}M� ä ��o�^Qk{k/iQcd^��,i,}_xV£;�j£_qQ`_�_f{mj�_Æ(ÌQÌQæ�{;��^Qbnur}6bnf/i,k,vQ^Ocdbpfhgrf{bdzQ�ruji,mpbnujcdk{z� i(vQurm(�Oi,}_x�uji,mnbnujcy} ��i,grf���g�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm(�A1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®�3A4�«�Ý@3>= ��«"Ä0/ ¸&9QÌFÌ(�ç¸QæQ¹&7��

¿D¢"²�¡�£�¨�§�¡o/ ;8�/�O£;�6£_qQ`_�_f{mj�_i,}_x ä �Io�^Qk{k/iQcd^��8ÆjÌQÌQÞ�{MÉ��Obpujcd}�i,k_f{}8m�`_ur}_grurm]^Q}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u�fh}6bnur}_mnf{bdzt{0��iQcdbw¡d¡d¡n���^Qbnur}6bnf/i,k�vQ^6cdbnf{grf{bçzVmnbcd`_grbn`�cduQ��6�3�7�¬t¨~©(´I3;:A»r³R3B= Ä«0/ ÇQÞFÌQÇ(�çÇ&9Q¹I9_�

¿D¢"²�¡�£�¨�§�¡o/ ;8�/��i,}_x ä ��o�^Qk{k/iQcd^��]ÆjÌ&7FÌ�{>É��6bnujcd}�ilk�fh}8m�`_ur}_grurm¢^Q}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_u¢fh}6bnur}_mnf{bdzt{~��iQcdb>¡n��Ñ�`_bbm�^ �k¿i(zQujc�urx_x_z�i,}_aQ`_k/iQc]oV^Oo!ur}Obn`�o m�`_�6urmj��6�307Ьt¨!©�´93A:A»¾³<3>= ½�S0/ Æj¹QÌFÇ(�$ÆQÆj¹QÞ��

¿D¢"²�¡�£�¨�§�¡o/ ;8�/�0i,}_x ä �to�^Qk{k¿iFcd^���ÆjÌQÌF¹�{�É��6bnujcd}�i,k�f{}8m�`_ur}_grurm^F}�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_uVfh}6bnur}_mnf{bdzt{>��iQcdb�¡d¡n��o�ujcdbnf{gji,kmnb$cd`_grbn`�cyu|i,}_x�cdurmne8^Q}_mnu�^,s�bn\_u�\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_u�vQ^Ocdbpur�A�A6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>= ½pF8/ ÆjÌQ¹Q¸��$ÆjÌ_Æ�76�

¿D¢"²�¡�£�¨�§�¡o/ ;8�/�wi,}_x ä ��o�^Qk{k/iQcd^��]¸Q¹Q¹F¹�{~��k/i,}_urb$iFcdzQ�>i,}_x"mnz6}_^Qe_bnf{g�Ãmngjilkhu�f{}8m�`_ur}_grurm�^Q}�uji,mnbnujcd}"��i,grf���gb$cd^Qe_f{gji,k8grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm(�A1È©,°�3p×~«®&3$4�«�Ý@3>= ��« J / ÇF¸QÌ&9(�çÇQÇF¹Qæ6�

¿D¢"£� �®¢"·Æ�Q§i´/ ĺ��[��/�_i,}_xÃ;���É�}�i,aQ^Q}_f{^��8ÆjÌQÌ&7�{�[0cy^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm�vOf/iVgr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQurk{z¢s�^6cdgrurx�vF^Ocdbnur��]^Qmnmn�6z � i(vQurmwf{}=iVbn\�cduru�Ãx_f/oVur}_mnf{^Q}�ilk�46`�i,mnf{aQur^Fmnb$cd^Qe_\_f{g�oV^6x_urk��f6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>= Ä"ÄE/ Ç_Æjæ&9��çÇQ¸Q¹Qæ6�

¿D¢"£� �®¢"·Æ�Q§i´/ ĺ�0[��/��i,}_xµL��0���0�_iFcncdurk{kt��Æ(ÌQÌQÇ�{�[�cd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grkh^F}_u~st^Ocno~ilbnf{^Q}M� 6�3-7�¬t¨~©(´I3q:A»r³R3B= Ä�M0/¸&7QÞ(�çÇ_Æ(¹_�

¿D¢"£� �®¢"·Æ�Q§i´/ ĺ��[��/��i,}_x ����;��]å�i,k{k{ur}O��ilg$\M�VÆjÌQÌFæ�{=¶Wbn\_ur^Ocdz�st^Oc¢vQ^Ocdbpur�I�]^Fmnmn�6zQ� � i(vQurm~i,}_xËf{bnmi,e_e_k{fhgjilbnf{^Q}�bp^>mne_f/cni,k8��i,}_x_m�il}_x~f{}Obnur}_mpfhbdz~g\�i,}_aQurm�f{}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmj� e ²_®,ª¬O3U6�384�©l¼n3L1È«r¬Ã«©,ªI3$:A©j»K3B=�[«"�E/ Ý6ÇQÞ(�ÃÝQ9QÞ��

¿D¢"£� �®¢"·Æ�Q§i´/ ĺ�¤[Ð�/��Ä��0É�� § f{g\_^Qk{khm(�w[��M¶V�0Í�cniQo���i,}_x�¶V��L���£_i,`_}_x_ujcdm(�0¸Q¹Q¹lÝ"{>¶r_dvQ^Ocdbnf{gji,ka`~\_^Qbbn^ � ujc�cd^Q`_bnu�bn^Vb$cd^Fe_fhgjilkAgrz6grk{^QaQur}_urmnf{mj�f6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3Á�6mn`_��oVf{bnbnurxM�

¿D¢"¯&�8§&/ ;��tL��/��i,}_xp;���¶�"MEur\_}_x_ujcr�MÆjÌQÌI9�{.=;uru>vQ^6cdbnf{grf{bçz¢e�cd^Ox_`_grbpfh^F}��Oz�k/iQcdaFu�Ãmngji,k{u�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,kMoV^F`_}Ob$ilfh}cni,}_aQurmj����iQcdb]¡�{�É�i,mnbnujcd}�}_^Ocdbp\ ��i,grf���g�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^QaQur}_urmpfhm(�U6�387�¬t¨~©(´93;:A»¾³<3>= Ä�0/ ÞQ¸_Ƶ�çÞQÇ&7_�

¸Q¹

Page 21: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

¬G¢�´"¨�·Æ¨0/ åV�/�;ÆjÌ&9FÌ�{ § `�o!ujcdf{gji,k�mnf/o2`_k/i,bnf{^Q}~^lsEbp\_u|k{f�s�u�grz6grk{u|^lsEbcd^Qe_f{gji,k_grz6grkh^F}_urmj�U6�37�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= «�S0/Ç(�ÃÝO¹_�

øô¨�²�·tsQ£$/ É��/��i,}_x"Í�� ¦ � § u � bn^F}M�wÆjÌ&9FÌ�{�7�¬t¨~©(´�Ù8­¯«rª³�»�»¾³9ªn»¾²O½/®,¬t³t©,°º´$¼(´$¬Ã«r¨2´$��¶�gji,x_ujoVf{g��wcdurmpmj� § u �·�^Ocnq8�Q9Q¹QÇ2e_eM�

øô¥©�IÉ��8§&/ ���=��/��ÆjÌQÞ&9�{�¶�x_fhmpgr`_mnmnf{^Q}=^,s�bn\_u>��i,k/i,}_gru2^,swi,}_aQ`_k/iQc�oV^OoVur}6bn`�o f{}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmj�fu�²6½9½v3f7�¨w31È«r¬Ã«©,ª93L:A©j»K3B= �0F�/ ¸FÇ,Ý��

øô¥©�IÉ��8§&/ ����=��Á�MÆjÌQÞ&7e{0Í]^Q}_grujcy}_fh}_aVbn\_u>o!urg$\�i,}_f{grm�^ls¤\6`�cncdf{gji,}_urmj��6�301È«¾¬Ã«$©lª93>= ��Ä0/ ÆQÆjÇ(�$Æ(¸Q¹_�øB§�¡��0�8/ ;������/�MÆ(Ì&7_Æ&{���e_e8ujc]^Ogrujil}�cdurmne�^F}_mnu|bp^!i!\O`�cncyfhgjil}_uQ�L6�3�èw­6¼j´I3TG|»«$®l°�©nÀQªI3>= �"�8/ ÆjÞFÇ(�$ÆjæQÞ_��r¨Q´t·Æ¢"£.�2/ ä �Q;8�/��Í���=tsQe8urâ�çÍ�iQcncyfhk{k{^���il}_x�=��"=tsQe8urâÍ�i(v,i,âr^Qmj�8ÆjÌQÌ&7�{�Í�i,mnu�Ãmpbn`_x_f{urm�^,s0x_urvQurk{^Qe_f{}_a�uji,mnb

��i,grf���g�uji,mnbnujcdk{z � i(vQurmj� e ²¯®lª$¬O3f6�3?4�©,¼&3A1È«¾¬Ã«$©lª93L:A©j»K3B= �[«e½p/ ¸Q¹Q¹QÞ(�ç¸F¹QÇ,Ý���r¨Q´t·Æ¢"£.�2/ ä ��;��/�v5V�ÈL�����i,a6i_��Í���£;�ÈL]cdurbp\_ujcdbn^Q}M��;���Ä�^Qk{f{}�iQcdft�]Í��.=tsQe�urâ�çÍ�iQcdf{k{kh^8�Yx����6`_g$\_m(�w¸Q¹Q¹QÇe{

Í]^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�st^Ocdgrf{}_a�f{}Èbp\_uf{}6bnujcdb$cy^Qe_f{gji,kMgr^Q}6vQujcdaQur}_gru2âr^Q}_uV^,swbn\_uVuji,mnb���i,grf���gQ�y6�3p7�¬t¨~©(´I3z:A»r³R3/�S�M �_¸Q¹I9,Ý,�ç¸Q¹&7F¸_�

�r¨Q´t·Æ¢"£.�2/ ä �t;��/��£;�0åV��É�mn�8ur}_mnur}M��Í��M��i,`_k{mn^Q}M��Ä���5�cyuraQa��0ÍÐ�0£;��L]cdurbp\_ujcdbn^Q}M� ¦ �M¶V�0��urbnujcdmpur}M�M���Í]f�s�urk{k{ft��=��MåV�0£6\�i(zQ��Í��MÑ�\_k/o~i,}_}M�0il}_x�����M;`_f{x_ujo~i_�0¸F¹Q¹,Ý"{�Éw��¡ÃÍ�¸F¹Q¹_Æ>i,}_xºbn\_u~gr^Q`_e_k{urx�^6gruji,}6�i,b$oV^Qmpe_\_ujcdu�mnz6mnbnujo ^,s0bp\_u�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;uji,mnb���i,grf���gQ�Au�²6½9½v3$7�¨w3$1È«r¬Ã«©,ªI3;:A©j»K3/�6f{}�e�cdurmpmj�

�r�Q¨"ª ¢§&/ ��� ä �/�ji,}_x~Ä��,[��,Ä�^Q}6bnaQ^6oVujcdzQ�r¸Q¹Q¹_ÆI{A[]\�cyuru�Ãx_f¿o!ur}_mnf{^Q}�i,k_i,k{fhaF}�oVur}Ob�i,}_x2gr^Ocd^Qb$ilbnf{^Q}�^,s � ujiQq8�[�Í��Ãk{f/q,u�vQ^Ocdbpfhgrurm]v6f/iVk{fh}_ujiFc�vQ^6cdbnur�~�]^Qmnmp�Oz � i(vQurmj�{6�37Ьt¨!©�´93A:A»¾³<3>= Ä J / ¸QÇQ¹I9(�ç¸QÇQÇQ¹��

�r¢�ª �8£�®¨��Ȫ ÄÅ^Qmn\_f{}_m$qFzQ��Ä��Á��Ä���;Ff¿oÅHr}_urâÉ�mpe_fh}_^Fâji_��i,}_x�ĺ��[��8oc|lâ�4O`_urâ>Í]^F}_x_uQ�¯¸F¹Q¹Q¸�{27�¬t½/®(´�j�½{³*¨!®*å¬Ã©,½v}nÀQ³t»©­ØF«wj�³t»r½/©,°�«µ´P~8ªn©�ÙA³t»$®,½/«µ´�«r°�1��*��³t»©,��Í�É § ¶�����É ä �6Ä�ur�6f{gr^ Í]f{bdzQ�;Æj¹&92e_eM�

�r¢" ���£�£�¢p/ ���/�_i,}_x�åV��¶��É�o~i,}6`_urkt�AÆ(Ì&7Qæ�{�¶�}�i,f/cÎ�ÃmnujiVf{}6bnujcni,grbnf{^Q}�bn\_ur^OcyzVs�^6cwbcd^Qe_f{gji,k;grzOgrk{^Q}_urm(����iQcyb¡ç¡�{OÉ�vQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}�iQcdz�mpbn`_x_z�`_mnf{}_ai�}_^Q}_\6z6x�cd^Qmnb$ilbnf{g�i,�6f{mnz¯o¢oVurb$cdf{gw}6`�oVujcdf{gji,k�o!^Ox_urkt��6�3�7�¬t¨~©(´I3$:A»r³R3B=½"½p/ Þ,ÝO¸��çÞ&9_ÆQ�

¶t¨"��²��Q§�/ ;��wÍÐ�/�|Æ(ÌQæ&9�{�¶ cy^Qk{u�^,s�bn\_u�bcd^Qe_f{gji,k]`_e_e�ujc¢b$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdf{g�b$cy^Q`_aQ\"f{}4ujiQcykhz"mpuji,mn^Q}"bdz6e_\_^O^Q}x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6bj�$1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®&3L4�«%Ý@3>= �DM�½?/ Æj¸&9&9��$Æj¸Qæ&7_�

¶t¨"��²��Q§�/ ;��,Í��/�6ÆjÌQæ&7e{MÄ�f{x6�Ãmnuji,mn^F}bdz6e_\_^O^F}>x_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b�i,}_x>f{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz>g\�i,}_aQurm�i,}_xVbn\_uwb$cy^Qe_f{gji,kO`_e_e8ujcb$cd^Qe8^Qmne_\_ujcdf{g�b$cd^Q`_aQ\M�Z1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®�3A4�«�Ý@3>= �M�S0/ ÆQÆjÇFæ(�$ÆQÆjÞQ¸��

¶t¨�£�¥b¢"§*�Z/ [���L��/������5V��L�k/i,grq���;����|il`_mnbnurf{}M��;�� ¦ ���6urur}_urzQ��5V��M��0�6^Ocpcdf{mnb$i,k{kt��i,}_xz;����w���wcdf{gruQ�]ÆjÌ&7Qæe{Ñ�gruji,}�cdurmne8^Q}_mnu�bn^�i2\O`�cpcdf{gji,}_uQ����iQcdb�¡�{�Ñ��_mpujcdv�i,bpfh^F}_mj��6�3¼èw­O¼(´93dG|»«®,°�©nÀFª93>= ��F�/ ¸Q¹&9FÞ(�ç¸Q¹&7QÇ��

¶���»�¨"����/ =��/�0il}_x�åV��Éwo~il}O`_urkt��ÆjÌQÌFÌ�{|[]\_u¢^Ogruji,}MÒ m�u�Aurgrb>^F}Èf{}6bnur}_mnf{bdz�^,s]b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grk{^Q}_urm�{>��urmn`_k{bnms¥cd^6oÂiVmnf/oVe_k{u2gr^Q`_e_k{urxÈi,b$o!^Qmne_\_ujcdu�Ã^6gruji,}�oV^6x_urkt�U6�3�7�¬t¨~©(´I3;:A»r³R3B= Ä8S0/ 9,Ý6¸(�©9QÞ_ÆQ�

¶t»�¨8´/ =��MåV�/�M���t5V��L�k/i,gµq8�;¶V�";��MÄ�iQcdf/i,}_^��t;8�MåV�M�|i � qFf{}_mj�Mi,}_x�����=��MÉ�khmp��ujcncdzQ��Æ(ÌQÌQ¸�{���e_e�ujc�^6gruji,}cdurmne�^F}_mnu|bp^\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uÔ5�f{k{��ujcybj�c6�3$�|«©�Ù�­O¼(´93L4�«µ´93B= C0F�/ ¸F¹Q¸Q¸Qæ(�ç¸F¹Q¸,Ý&7_�

¶t»�¨8´/ =��MåV�/�;¶V�t;��MÄ�iFcdf/i,}_^��M£;� ä �t;Oi,gr^F�M�Mi,}_x�É��M�2�M�]zOi,}M��ÆjÌFÌ&7�{�Ä�ujil}�i,}_x=}_ujiQcÎ�Ãf{}_ujcdbnf/i,k�^6gruji,}_f{ggr`�cncdur}6b�cyurmne�^Q}_mpu|bn^V\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uÔ5�f{k{��ujcdb(�c6�3�èw­O¼(´93HG|»«$®,°�©pÀQªI3/� « JÏ�[7FÞ&7(�©7&7QÌ��

¶t»�¨8´/ =��MåV�/��5V��;���5�^Q}_ft�¤il}_x�����5V��L�k/i,gµq8�0¸F¹Q¹Q¹�{�É��;urgrbnm>^ls�i � iQcpoà^6gruji,}_f{gVstuji,bn`�cduV^Q}=\6`�cncdf{gji,}_uÑ�e�i,kt�A1È©,°�3Ã×~«$®�3A4�«�Ý@3>= ��«�½p/ ÆjÇ&9I9(�$ÆjÇ&7QÇ��

¸_Æ

Page 22: overview - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technologykestrel.nmt.edu/~raymond/tm2/tm2_overview.pdf · 2004. 2. 14. · ]^Qmpur}_aOi,`_m>urb i,kt / w¸Q¹Q¹F¸Q r =[]\_u gr^Q}_grur}6b$cni,bnf{^Q}º^,s!»r¼Q»¾½¿©pÀO«¾°

¶t»�¨8´/ =��_åV�/�Oil}_x�£;� ä �8;Oi,gr^Q�M�6¸Q¹Q¹,Ý{0�]urk/i,bnf{^Q}_mp\_fhe��8urb � urur}�^6gruji,}_f{g�ur}_ujcdaQzÂm�`_�Ourm�i,}_x�mn`�cÎsÃi,gru � f{}_x_mx_`�cdf{}_a�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k�grz6grkh^F}_uÈe�ilmnm$i,aQuQ���n°�7Ьt¨!©�´�Ù�­¯«¾ªy« å]G|»$«®,°t�n°_¬Ã«rªn®,¬t³t©,°6´ ���n�]¶�x_v,i,}_grurm�f{} �Ïkh`_f{xä zO}�iQo!fhgrm(�OÉ�xM� ¦ ����urujcdf{uQ� ¦ ¡Ã[ ��cdurmnmj�_£6^Q`_bp\_\�iQoVe_bn^Q}M�6�|åV�_ÇQ¸!e_eM� � mn`_��oVf{bnbnurx��

¶t¡�·Æ°Èª ¢£Y/ �����2�/�0il}_xI�2�0�]f{ur\_kt��ÆjÌQÞ&7�{VÄ�f{x6�Ãb$cy^Qe�^Qmpe_\_ujcdf{g�vQur}6bnf{k/i,bnf{^Q}"i,mi�gr^Q}_mpb$cni,f{}6b�^Q}�\6`�cncdf{gji,}_ux_urvQurk{^Qe�oVur}6b�il}_x�o~i,f{}Obpur}�i,}_gruQ��[Murg\_}_f{gji,k0Í]^Q}6sn��^Q}���`�cncyfhgjil}_urmj�6¶�Ä�£;�"L�^Qmnbn^Q}M�

� ¨�²�¡Áª �8§&/ ä ��É��/��ÍÐ��;F^Q}_urmj�v;�� �çåV�wÉ��w£6g$\_ujo¢o��wi,}_x § �wÉ��v5�cni,\�iQo���ÆjÌQÌQÌ�{¢¶�mpb$i,bnf{mnbnf{gji,k]ur�6bnur}_x_urx6�cni,}_aQu2b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k�st^Ocdurgji,mpb�oV^6x_urk���i,mnurxº^Q}=bn\_u~mnk{^ � urvQ^Qk{`_bnf{^Q}=^,s�bn\_u~Ä�ilx_x_ur}6��;Q`_k{f¿il}"^Qmngrf{k{k¿ilbnf{^Q}M�6�3Zj�½h³*¨~®,¬Ã«*= �[«0/ Æ(Ì_Æ�7(�$ÆjÌFÇQÌ_�

� »��8�Q²��8§&/ Ä��/�]i,}_xËåV�wÄ�� ¦ urfhgrq6o~i,}_}M��¸Q¹Q¹�Æ&{��]uji,k��Ãbnf/oVu=oV^Q}_f{bn^Ocyfh}_a�i,}_xãe�cdurx_f{grbnf{^Q}4^lsÐoV^6x_urm�^,sgr^Q\_ujcdur}6b�mpzO}_^Qe_bpfhg�bn^~f{}6b$cni,mpuji,mn^Q}�i,k_bcd^Qe_f{gji,k;v�iQcyf¿il�_fhk{f{bdzQ�A1È©,°�3ä×!«®&3L4�«%Ý@3>= ��«�CE/ ¸&9QæQæ(�ç¸I9QÌ,Ý��

� ¨�·z�.��¡�¢p/ =��/�O�2�QÉ��6��`�cykh�_`�cybj�QÉ��I;��OÄÅurbnâraQujcr�Q£;�8=��OÄÅ^OcdurzQ�&;8�&;��QÑVÒ#L]cdf{ur}M�_Í��Q[]f{k{�_`�cda��6i,}_x,;��8MMi(v�i,k/i(���f{x�i,k{aQ^���6�3$�|«$©FÙ�­O¼(´93L4�«´I3/�6mn`_��oVf{bnbpurxM�

� �Q»�£.���8§&/ ;��6¶�/�;ÆjÌFÌ_Æ&{0[�\_u|f{}6bnujcni,grbnf{^Q}�^,s0e_k/i,}_urbiQcdzF�Ãmngji,k{u|bcd^Qe_f{gji,k�ujilmnbnujcdk{z � i(vQurm � f{bn\�bn^Fe�^QaOcpi,e_\Ozt{¶ oVurg\�i,}_f{m$o st^Oc�bn\_u�f{}_fhbpf¿ilbnf{^Q}�^,s�b$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;grz6grkh^F}_urmj�U6�307�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= ½ J / Æj¸�Æjæ(�$Æj¸QÇF¹_�

� �Q»�£.���8§&/ ;��Q¶V�/�O¸F¹Q¹_Æ&{϶Ögr^6oVe�iQcdf{mn^Q}V^,sMgr^Q}6vQujcdaFur}_gru�Ïil}_x�mn`�cçs¥i,gru��m�`_�F�Ã��i,mnurxVgr^Q}6vQurgrbnf{vQu�e�iQcniQoVurbpujcÎ�fhâjilbnf{^Q}_m � f{bn\�i,e_e_k{f{gji,bnf{^Q}_m�bn^Vb$cd^Qe_f{gji,k;grz6grkh^FaQur}_urmnf{mj�U6�307�¬t¨~©(´93L:A»r³R3B= Ä J / ¸I7QÇ(�çÇQ¹_ÆF�

� �Q»�£.���8§&/ ;��,¶�Á� ä �,Ä��O��^ � urk{kt�Qi,}_x ä �&=��Q�]^Qe_eM�8ÆjÌQÌQÌ�{;[]\_u�f{}6bnujcni,grbpfh^F}>^,s;uji,mnbnujcdk{z � i(vQurm(�j^Ocy^QaOcni,e_\6zQ�i,}_xVbn\_u]fh}6bnujcdbcd^Qe_f{gji,k6gr^Q}OvFujcdaQur}_gruwâr^F}_u�f{}~bp\_u�aQur}_urmnf{m�^,s;uji,mnbnujcd}2e�i,grf���g�b$cd^Fe_fhgjilkOgrz6grk{^Q}_urmj�$1È©,°�3×!«®&3$4�«�Ý�3B= ��«0F8/ ÆjÞI9&9(�$ÆjÞ&7FÞ_�

� �Q»�£.���8§&/ ;��Q¶V�/�Oil}_x ä �0;��O��ijz_oV^Q}_xM�Q¸F¹Q¹Q¸�{�[]\_u�aQur}_urmnf{m�^,sMuji,mnbw��i,grf���g�b$cy^Qe_f{gji,k_mnbn^Ocpo =;^Ocdur}�i_��¸QÞ,bn\Í]^Q}6stujcdur}_gru|^F}���`�cncyfhgjil}_urm�il}_x�[0cd^Fe_fhgjilkEÄÅurbnur^Ocd^Fkh^FaQzQ�6¶�Ä�£;��£_i,} ä fhuraF^��_Ä�i(z ¸F¹Q¹Q¸_�

¸Q¸