overview - linguistic society
TRANSCRIPT
CourseCourse
LexicographyLexicography
Linguistic Institute 2017
Dr Helene Schmolz
University of Passau, Germany
Information Information TypesTypes
OverviewOverview
1. Information Types
1.1 Meaning
1.1.1 Division into senses
1.1.2 Meaning description
1.1.3 Equivalents
1.2 Pronunciation1.2 Pronunciation
1.3 Spelling
1.4 Etymology
1.5 Grammatical information
1.6 Usage
1.7 Information on relation with other lexemes
1.8 Examples & citations
Sources
1. 1. TypesTypes ofof informationinformation
From OALD 2010
� Meaning
� Pronunciation
� Spelling
� Etymology
� Grammatical information
1. Information 1. Information TypesTypes
� Grammatical information
� Usage
� Information on relation with other lexemes
� Examples & citations
� Sense division
� Meaning description
� Equivalents
1.1 1.1 MeaningMeaning
Source: http://clipart-library.com/clipart/188664.htm
� Lumpers vs. splitters
� Criteria of subdivision (Svensén):
◦ Morphological
◦ Syntagmatic
◦ Semantic
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
◦ Paradigmatic
◦ Pragmatic
◦ Real-world knowledge
� Relationships between senses
� Ordering of senses
� Criteria of subdivision:
◦ Morphological: form of the word,
e.g. singular/plural, inflection
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
finance: sing. “management of money”
pl. “money resources”
◦ Syntagmatic: combinations with other words,
e.g. collocation, transitivity/intransitivity for verbs
hold: ~ an office (“have”, “control”)
~ an opinion (“have”, “express”)
~ a course (“maintain”)
� Criteria of subdivision...
◦ semantic: identifying the semantic components of a word
→ componential analysis
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
cup
teacup: small container like a bowl,
◦ paradigmatic: replacing words by other words,
e.g. synonyms, antonymscaution: synonym “carefulness”
synonym “warning”
teacup: small container like a bowl,
usually with a handle and a
saucer, used for drinking tea
paper cup: a cup made of paper,
without a handle
� Criteria of subdivision...
◦ Pragmatic: use of word in a particular field/discourse or
situation/style level
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
base: Geometry: line or surface on which a figure stands
Biology: end of organ attached to trunk
Chemistry: substance forming salt with acid
◦ Real-world knowledge
page: sheet of paper
servant
Chemistry: substance forming salt with acid
� Which type of meaning division is used?
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
centre: middle
town/city
building
express: [countable] a fast train
[uncountable] a service for sending things quickly
seller: person who sells sth
a product that has been sold
[uncountable] a service for sending things quickly
weave: ~ sth into sth
~ something together
morphology: (biology)
(linguistics)
ship
lightship: a small ship that stays at a particular place at sea and
that has a powerful light on it to warn and guide other ships
airship: aircraft without wings, filled with a gas that is lighter than air
� Relationships between senses:
◦ Linear order of senses
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
◦ Hierarchical order of senses
� Ordering of senses
◦ Historical development
◦ Semantic proximity
◦ Frequency of occurrence
1.1.1 Division 1.1.1 Division intointo sensessenses
Source: http://clipart-library.com/clipart/95214.htm
� How can you describe or explain what a lemma
means?
� Types of meaning description in monolingual
dictionaries:
◦ Synonym definition
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
◦ Lexicographic definition
◦ COBUILD definition
◦ Examples only
◦ Usage of words
� Synonym definition
◦ Levels of synonyms:
• Denotative meaning
• Connotative meaning
• Pragmatic characteristics
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
complete synonymy
vs. near synonymy
◦ Format:
• Two or more synonyms to avoid ambiguity
• Synonyms are chosen that are known to the user
hue: colour, tint
� Lexicographic definition
◦ intension: content of the concept, distinctive features
◦ extension: range of the concept, all members
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
motor vehicle: road vehicle driven by an engine
motor vehicle: car, motorcycle, moped, van, etc.
� COBUILD definition
◦ full-sentence definition
house: A house is a building in which people live...
defeat: If you defeat someone, you win a victory over them...
contextualizing part explanatory part
motor vehicle: car, motorcycle, moped, van, etc.
� Examples only
� Usage of words
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
walk: The baby is just learning to walk.
The door opened and Jo walked in.
� Usage of words
e.g. for function words
and: used to connect words or parts of sentences
Which type of meaning description is used?
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
furniture: tables, chairs, beds, etc. that can be moved
fundraising: The hospice is planning a major fundraising
event for June.event for June.
nosy: If you are nosy, you are too interested in things
that do not concern you, especially other people’s affairs.
big: large
who: used in questions to ask for people
� Controlled defining vocabulary
◦ Limited number of different words
◦ Advantages:
� Meaning of these words known to user
� Many of them are the most frequent words in a
language
1.1.2 1.1.2 MeaningMeaning descriptiondescription
language
◦ Disadvantages:
� Inexact definitions
� The most frequent words are also the most
polysemous
� Definitions not shorter
� Bilingual dictionaries
� Source and target language
� Find counterparts (equivalents)
� What are problems in finding equivalents for two
languages?
1.1.3 1.1.3 EquivalentsEquivalents
languages?
◦ Language-specific differences
◦ Culture-specific differences
From Svensén
(2009: 255)
� Three main types of equivalence:
◦ Full equivalence
e.g. leap year – Schaltjahr
◦ Partial equivalence
boyhood
girlhood
1.1.2 1.1.2 EquivalentsEquivalents
Kindheitgirlhood
divergence
convergence
◦ Zero equivalence
Kindheit
� Three main types of equivalence...
◦ Zero equivalence
� Referential gaps
e.g. politics, historical events, holidays (e.g. Boxing
Day), geography, education (e.g. A levels), food (e.g.
Schnitzel, apple pie), flora and fauna
1.1.3 1.1.3 EquivalentsEquivalents
Schnitzel, apple pie), flora and fauna
� Lexical gaps
e.g. snow in Eskimo languages, camel in Arabic,
terminology of kinship
� Transcription systems
◦ International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
◦ ‘respelling’ system
1.2 1.2 PronunciationPronunciation
From: Jackson (2002: 103)
� Syllables
� Alternative spellings
e.g. judgement/judgment
� Differences between British/American English
e.g. theatre/theater
1.3 1.3 SpellingSpelling
� Alterations because of inflectional suffixes
e.g. cry/cried
From: http://ourcommunitymedia.com/theater-clipart/
� Information on the history of the word
→ example: OED
1.4 1.4 EtymologyEtymology
� Irregular inflection
e.g. foot – feet, bring – brought, bad – worse
� Word class
� Other grammatical information:
◦ Singular/plural noun
1.5 1.5 GrammaticalGrammatical informationinformation
◦ Countable/uncountable noun
◦ Transitive/intransitive verb
◦ ...
� Varieties
� Formal vs. informal use
� Effect (e.g. humorous, derogatory, poetic)
� History (e.g. obsolete, rare, archaic)
� Topic/field (e.g. medicine, music, astronomy)
1.6 1.6 UsageUsage
� User-based: frequent errors, frequency of
lemmas, collocations etc.
From: http://www.okclipart.com/Error-Clip-Art30jrknnajc/
� Synonymy
◦ Sameness of meaning, e.g. light = shallow
� Antonymy
◦ Oppositeness of meaning, e.g. buy ≠ sell
1.7 Information on 1.7 Information on relationrelation withwith
otherother lexemeslexemes
◦ Oppositeness of meaning, e.g. buy ≠ sell
� Hyponymy
◦ Hierarchical relationships, e.g. orange/banana – fruit
� Meronymy
◦ Part-whole relationships, e.g. wheel/engine -- car
� Advantages:
◦ Help to clarify meaning
◦ Serve as syntactic models
� Authentic (edited or not) vs. invented examples
1.8 1.8 ExamplesExamples & & citationscitations