Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:

What, Why and How

Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:

What, Why and How

Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics

Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.

Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS):

Three Pillars

• Disciplinary Core Ideas

• Science and Engineering Practices

• Crosscutting Concepts

NanotechnologyThe biggest science initiative

since the Apollo program

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster, more effective and help sustainability. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more.)

• To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still

Hair

.

DNA

3 nanometers

6,000 nanometers

100,000 nanometers

10 nm objectsmade by guided

self-assembly

Red blood cells(~7-8 m)

Things NaturalThings Natural Things ManmadeThings Manmade

Fly ash~ 10-20m

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surfacepositioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 60-120m wide

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 m

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameterNanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

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The Challenge

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

Mic

row

orl

d

0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 m10 nm

0.1 m100 nm

1 micrometer (m)

0.01 mm10 m

0.1 mm100 m

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

Visi

ble

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ow

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1,000 nanometers = In

frar

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ltrav

iole

tM

icro

wav

eSo

ft x-

ray

1,000,000 nanometers =

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 05-26-06, pmd

The Scale of Things – Nanometers and MoreThe Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices10 -100 m wide

Red blood cellsPollen grain

Carbon buckyball

~1 nm diameter

Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm

Atoms of siliconspacing 0.078 nm

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made

"Nanostructures"

Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials

nanoscale outer dimensions

nanoscale internal structure

Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials

"nanoparticle""nanorod"

"nanofilm"

"nanotube"and more

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-

known materials

Carbon materials

2010 Nobel Prize!

A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation

Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber

vacuum~10-7 torr

sample

source

film

vacuumpump

QCM

vapor

heating source

Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!

Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others

There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques

Patterning: Photolithography

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

liftoff

etch

narrow line

narrow trench

Patterning: Imprint Lithography

Mold Template

Polymer or Prepolymer

Substrate

ImprintPressure

Heat or Cure

Release

• Thermal Imprint Lithography

– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating

• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography

– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Limits of Lithography

• Complex devices need to be patterned several times

Takes time and is expensive

• Limited by wavelength of light

Deep UV ~ 30nm features

• Can use electrons instead

1nm features possible

MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring

On a Computer Chip

Self Assembly

Immiscibility and phase separation:Driven by intermolecular interactions

Olive oil

Balsamicvinegar

Polymer mixture

Thermodynamically driven

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A ” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Scale set by molecular size

nanoporous template

Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask

1x1012 magnets/in2

Data Storage......and More

A Message for Students

- Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world.

- There are well-paying, interesting jobs – technician, engineer, scientist, manufacturing, sales, and others.