outdoor air pollution and human health · pollution have lower attendance rates.1 • air pollution...

Outdoor Air Pollution and

Human Health

Dr. Laura ShermanJune 6, 2017

www.5lakesenergy.com

Why should you care?

Most people spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors.

Why should you care?

Most people spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors.

BUT indoor air pollution comes

from both indoor and outdoor

sources!

Outline

■ Sources of outdoor air pollution■ Pollutants■ Health impacts■ Source locations■ What can we do?

Sources

■ Point sources:– Coal-fired power plants– Incinerators– Refineries– Manufacturing

■ Non-point or mobile sources:– Cars and trucks– Natural sources (e.g., pollen)

Sources

■ Point sources:– Coal-fired power plants– Incinerators– Refineries– Steel manufacturing

■ Non-point or mobile sources:– Cars and trucks– Natural sources (e.g., pollen)

Pollutants

– Particulate matter (PM2.5)– Sulfur dioxide (SO2)– Nitrogen oxides (NOx)– Ozone– Carbon monoxide (CO)– Lead– Mercury

Pollutants: Particulate Matter

Coarse particles: PM10

Fine particles: PM2.5

Ultrafine particles

https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics

Pollutants: Sulfur dioxide

Pollutants: Ground-level ozone (smog)

Pollutants: Ground-level ozone (smog)

Stratospheric ozone

Protects from UV radiation

Ground-level ozone or smog

Causes negative health effects

Versus

Pollutants: Mercury

Pollutants: Mercury

www.michigan.gov/eatsafefish

At t

he g

roce

ry st

ore:

From Michigan rivers and lakes:

Pollutants: Lead

Power plants, steel manufacturing

Leaded gasoline

• More than 225,000 children in Michigan have asthma.1

• PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, and ozone exacerbate asthma.2-8



Ultrafine particles

Health Impacts: Asthma

• More than 225,000 children in Michigan have asthma.1

• PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, ozone exacerbates asthma.2-8

• Increased asthma attacks and respiratory distress.

• Long-lasting health impacts: lower general health status, obesity, missed school and work days.9, 10



Ultrafine particles


• More than 15 percent of Detroit’s adults have asthma.

• Particulate matter emitted by vehicles causes 4,000 days of respiratory symptoms for children with asthma.12

• Pediatric asthma claims among Medicaid patients increase with proximity to highways.11

Li et al., Environmental Health, 2011

Detroit:


• Schools in areas of high air pollution have lower attendance rates.1

• Air pollution decreases student performance.10, 13-16

• In Detroit, 82% of black students and 44% of white students attend schools in the most polluted parts of the city.10

Mohai et al., Health Affairs, 2011


There is a clear, causal relationship between exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.17-19

Health Impacts: Cardiovascular Disease

■ Oxidative lung damage■ Endothelial dysfunction■ Vascular inflammation■ Atherosclerosis

Inhalation of particulates causes:


Which leads to:

■ Heart attack■ Stroke■ Arrhythmia■ Heart failure■ Mortality

■ Oxidative lung damage■ Endothelial dysfunction■ Vascular inflammation■ Atherosclerosis

Inhalation of particulates causes:


■ According to the WHO, 3 million people die each year due to outdoor PM exposure.20

10% increase in mortality for 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.517

■ One in five deaths due to CVD in the U.S. is associated with PM2.5 exposure.21


■ Five times higher risk for mortality by CVD due to particles released by coal combustion.22

Natural particles do not cause CVD mortality.

■ Increased risk of emergency department visits for CVD due to ozone exposure23-28 and ozone increases the risk of premature death.29-33






PM2.5 and ozone cause 275 people to die and 640 to experience serious illness in

Michigan every year.34





Michigan has a cumulative total of 565,000 “impacted days” every year.34

Health Impacts: Neonates■ Growing evidence that air pollution is associated with

premature births and low-birth weight infants.35-46

■ Study of 165,000 births in Detroit found association between low birth weight and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter.47

■ Studies pre- and post- power plant closures.48, 49

Health Impacts: Neurological DamageMercury

■ Brain damage

■ Decreased motor and language skills

■ Birth defects

■ Convulsions, paralysis, death

■ Developmental delays

■ Nervous system damage

■ Reduced IQ

■ Behavioral challenges

Lead

Sources of Air Pollution

Sherman et al., Science of the Total Environment, 2015

van Donkelaar and Martin, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2010

Average 2001-2006

https://mitracking.state.mi.us

Sources in Wayne County

Detroit Free Press, June 2010

= sources= schools

Newsweek, March 2016

Electricity Generation in Michigan

PollutantEmissions

in 2015 (tons)

Contribution to Total

Emissions (%)

PM2.5 1,341 28.2

Sulfur dioxide 131,957 85.8

Nitrogen oxides 45,638 43.1

Carbon monoxide 8,405 11.4www.maers.state.mi

Coal-fired power plant emissions:

What can we do?

What can we do?

Install indoor air filters in homes and schools

What can we do? Use less electricity and

shift to renewable energy and electric cars

Lazard 2016Michigan Public Service Commission, 2016

Decreasing costs of wind farms

What can we do?

Harbor Beach coal-fired power plant:• 1,430 tons sulfur dioxide• 633 tons nitrogen oxides• 3 tons of PM2.5• 12 pounds of mercury

Use less electricity and shift to renewable energy and electric cars

What can we do?

Every Megawatt hour of wind energy:

Avoids using 8,420 gallons of water for cooling Avoids 270 gallons of water lost

National Renewable Energy LaboratoryLawrence Berkley National Laboratory


What can we do?

Every Megawatt hour of wind energy:

Avoids using 8,420 gallons of water for cooling Avoids 270 gallons of water lost

National Renewable Energy LaboratoryLawrence Berkley National Laboratory


In Michigan, wind energy saved 886 million gallons of water in 2015 – that’s 6.7 billion water bottles!

What can we do?

• Fewer CVD admissions with lower daily PM2.517

• Decreased air pollution in Sweden due to traffic tax:50

• 5-10 percent reduction in air pollution• 50 percent reduction in pediatric asthma attacks

Health outcomes improve with decreased pollution!

Questions?

www.5lakesenergy.com

Dr. Laura [email protected]

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