outcome:model the structure and function of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Outcome:. Model the structure and function of the molecules of life. Drill/Warm-up:
1. Differentiate covalent and hydrogen bonds.
2. A scientist estimates that dental plaque contains up to 1 x 10 11 bacteria per gram. What number is equal to 1 x 10 11?
![Page 2: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THINK ABOUT IT
– In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things.
– We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around.
– Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds.
![Page 3: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are organic molecules?
Molecules of Life
What are biological molecules?
Compounds that contain carbon
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
![Page 4: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organic Molecules
What is a cell made up of mostly?
Mostly water, but what else?
Carbon based molecules
Why is carbon so significant for these molecules?
![Page 5: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Recall that an atom’s bonding ability
• Is related to the number of electrons it must share to complete its outer shell
Atomic number?
![Page 6: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean?
Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’
With 4 different branch points
Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules
Vary in length
![Page 7: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Chemistry of Carbon
– What elements does carbon bond with to
make up life’s molecules?
![Page 8: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Chemistry of Carbon
– What elements does carbon bond with to make
up life’s molecules?
– Carbon can bond with many elements,
including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur,
and nitrogen to form the molecules of life.
![Page 9: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_essentials_3/0,11844,3107816-,00.html
Unbranched or branched Rings
Different location of double bonds
![Page 10: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Chemistry of Carbon
– Carbon atoms can also bond to each other,
which gives carbon the ability to form millions of
different large and complex structures.
– Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or
triple covalent bonds.
– Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on
themselves to form rings.
![Page 11: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Methane Is a hydrocarbon
What is a hydrocarbon?
……….. Carbon
& Hydrogen
Methane is the simplest
![Page 12: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples of larger hydrocarbons??
Octane (in gasoline)
Fatty foods
![Page 13: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
“MACRO”-molecules
Molecules that make up living organisms are very LARGE. The root word “MACRO” means “giant.”
Source Citation: "Computer image of a protein molecule." Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 31 March 2007 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2210040779>
Protein molecule
![Page 14: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Biological Molecules
‘Carbs’
Oils
Food
DNA RNA
Sugar Glucose Glycogen Cellulose
Fatty acids (sat & unsat) Butter
Structural
Storage Enzymes Antibodies
![Page 15: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Macromolecules
There are four main classes of organic molecules:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
“Organic” refers to the carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds found in these molecules.
![Page 16: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How to Build a Macromolecule
Made from combining smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS
Lots of monomers added together make a POLYMER
POLYMER = MACROMOLECULE
![Page 17: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Structure of Macromolecules
• Macromolecules are also called POLYMERS (“poly” means “many”).
• Polymers are made by joining a group of MONOMERS together (“mono” means “one”).
monomer monomer monomer monomer monomer
polymer
Vocab builder: In the game “Monopoly,” one person tries to take control of many properties.
![Page 18: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Making Macromolecules To join two monomers together, a molecule of
water is removed. This process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.
H HO
H2O Vocab builder: You become “dehydrated” when your body lacks water.
![Page 19: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Its Like A Puzzle!!!!
• Monomers = individual
puzzle pieces
you can put the pieces together or brake them down
Polymer = the finished
puzzle
![Page 20: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Breaking Up To break two monomers apart, water needs to be
added back in. This process is called HYDROLYSIS (“lysis” means “break” or “destroy”).
H
H2O
HO
Vocab builder: “Hydro” is the root for water, as seen in “fire hydrant.”
![Page 21: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Small (simple) sugar molecules
What type of sugar is found in the following?
Long starch molecules in pasta, potatoes
These are our primary sources of dietary energy
In plants, carbs used as building material
Examples?
Examples?
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose Fructose
Starch Cellulose
Disaccharides Lactose Sucrose
![Page 22: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Monosaccharides
What type of sugar is
found a sports drink?
Glucose
What type of sugar is
found in fruit?
Fructose
![Page 23: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
What about honey?
Its really sweet? Why?
It contains both glucose and fructose
![Page 24: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Glucose and Fructose
Have the same formula… C6H12O6
Why are they ‘different’?
They are isomers
L-Dopa
![Page 25: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Form rings in aqueous solutions
Which sugar is this?
Why are the carbons numbered?
Glucose
![Page 26: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Making Models of Macromolecules
• How do monomers join together to form polymers?
• Materials
– Molecular model kits
![Page 27: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Molecular Model Kits
Carbon
Hydrogen oxygen
nitrogen
![Page 28: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Prepare the following
• 6 – Carbon
• 12- Hydrogen
• 6 – oxygen
• Sticks
![Page 29: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Make a glucose model
![Page 30: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Disaccharides
Are ‘double sugars’
What are they constructed from?
2 monosaccharides
![Page 31: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Disaccharides
Sucrose:
Maltose: glucose and
galactose and Lactose:
glucose and
glucose
glucose
fructose
![Page 32: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lactose, another disaccharide
• Its a condition called lactose intolerance
• Some people have trouble digesting lactose
• Missing gene for lactase enzyme
![Page 33: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sucrose The most common disaccharide is sucrose, what do you know it as?
Common table sugar
Sugar cane
What plants do we use to extract table sugar?
Roots of sugar beets
![Page 34: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Polysaccharides Are long chains of sugar units
(polymers) (monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides
What are some polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
![Page 35: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
Liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy
Structural component, dietary fiber
Describe some characteristics of the following:
![Page 36: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Carbohydrates Biological Macromolecule:
Function: • Dietary energy Monomer:
Examples:
• Disaccharides
• Storage • Plant structure
• Monosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
(simple sugars)
(double sugars)
(long polymers)
(glucose, fructose)
(maltose, lactose, sucrose)
(starch, glycogen, cellulose)
![Page 37: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• quick and short-term energy source
• “hydrates” of carbon
– (CH2O)n
• Monosaccharides
• Greek monos – single, sacchar – sugar – pentose – C5H10O5
– hexose – C6H12O6
![Page 38: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Carbohydrates
• 3 types of carbohydrates
– monosaccharides
– glucose, fructose
– disaccharides
– sucrose, lactose, maltose
– polysaccharides
– starch, glycogen, cellulose
![Page 39: Outcome:Model the structure and function of carbohydrates.srhssystemsscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Carbohy… · · 2013-12-18Why is carbon so significant for these ... •“hydrates”](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081904/5abc55427f8b9a567c8dabc0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CARB STRUCTURE
WHAT DO THESE DIFFERENT CARB
STRUCTURES HAVE IN COMMON?