Outbursts and

State Transitions in

Black Hole Candidates observed by MAXI

Hitoshi Negoro (Nihon U.)& MAXI Team

Outline

• Black Hole Transients/Transient Events observed with MAXI

• Discovery of a new black-hole candidate MAXI J1659-152

• Comparison with..– XTE J1752-223– Soft state transitions in Cyg X-1 and GX 339-4

• Some comments on other BHCs• What triggers the state transition ?• Summary

Black Hole Candidates

XTE J1752-223 (#2259, 2378*, 2396)

GX 339-4 (#2380)

H1743-322 (#2364, 2378, 2774)

4U 1630-47 (#2363)Cyg X-1 (#2711)

GRS 1915+105

Swift J1753.5-0127(#2341)

LMC X-1, X-3

ATel # in Red : Possible State Transition

MAXI J1659-152 (#2873)

Swift/BAT triggered(Mangano+ GCN 11296)as GRB 20100928A

Discovery of MAXI J1659-152

MAXI/GSC triggered(Negoro+ ATel 2783)

Nova AlertSystem: Ozawa+ Suwa+

(MAX

I 2 -

20 k

eV)

2 - 20 keV

State Transitions in MAXI J1659-152

see RXTE results by Yamaoka+

Color-Intensity Diagram MAXI J1659-152

SoftState Hard

State

“Stable” Intermediate (very high?) State

2-20

keV

Flu

x

Color-Intensity DiagramComparison with XTE J1752-223

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“stable” 2nd hardstate ?

Nakahira+ 2010, also see Poster

SoftState

Cyg X-1 and GX 339-4 both in the soft state ?

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Cyg X-1

GX 339-4

Soft State Transition in GX 339-4Yamaoka+ ATel 2380 see Shidatsu+

Color-Intensity Diagram GX 339-4

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Finder+ 04

Soft? State Transition in Cygnus X-1Negoro+ ATel 2711

Color-Intensity Diagram Cygnus X-1

Color-Intensity Diagram GX 339-4 (color) and Cyg X-1 (blac

k)

Also see Tomida+ SSC result

Short-term VariabilityCyg X-1 GX 339-4

Outbursts in H 1743-322Yamaoka+ ATel 2364, 2378 Nakahira+

ATel 2774

Outburst in 4U 1630-472Tomida+ ATel 2363 no BG subtraction

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SSC 1 yr Image (Kimura+)

Negoro+ ATel 2341

Nature of the Soft Excess Component

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Miller+ 2006

Hiemstra+ 2008 Durant+ 2008

Short-term ?

~ days ?

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XTE J1752-223 MAXI J1659-152

GX 339-4 Cyg X-1

Dark and Fast Transition

Soft-State Source or Intermediate-State Source ?cf. Gierlinski & Newton 2006

Bright and Slow Transition

What makes a big wall of the ratio 0.5 (jet line) ?

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Discussion

Yu+ 2007

Yu et al. found a positive correlation between the peak luminosities of the hard state and those of the soft state.

Discussion

Color

Inte

nsit

yThe soft state transition The soft state transition is not directly associated is not directly associated with an absolute m-dot with an absolute m-dot value (?). This suggests value (?). This suggests

magnetic force plays magnetic force plays some important role.some important role.

The disk is still supportedThe disk is still supported magnetically ?magnetically ?

Oda+ (2009) explained two types of soft-state transitionsby a magnetically supported disk model.

Summary• MAXI observed X-ray outbursts from H1743-322, 4U 16

30-472, GX 339-4, XTE J1752-223, and MAXI J1659-152.

• MAXI also observed many state transitions including transitions in Swift J1753.5-0127 and Cyg X-1.

• Color-Intensity diagrams of these sources show two types of transitions to the soft (and intermediate) state.– Cyg X-1 and MAXI J1659-152 are stable in the intermediate (ve

ry high) state. – GX 339-4 and XTE J1752-223 are stable in the soft state.

• The magnetically supported disk model is favorable to the observed features of the intermediate state.

• The following futures are, however, still open questions.– luminosity dependence– Regularity– Environment(?) dependence (difference in initial magnetic force)

End

MAXI J1659-223

• Stable “Intermediate” State

• Short-term “Soft” State

Neutron Star Studies

NGC 6440 (#2360)

ATel # in Red : Possible State Transition

A0535+26 (#2277)

4U 1608-52 (#2462)

Cir X-1 (#2608, 2674)4U 2206+54 (#2271)

4U 1711 (#2425)

V 0332+53(#2369, 2427)

LMC X-4

GX 304-1 (#2297)

4U 1323+619(#2399)

Cyg X-3 (#2404, 2635)

LS V +44 17(#2527)

4U 1954+319(#2702)

XTE J1709-267 (#2425)

ATel # in Yellow : Burst or Flare

Black Hole Studies

XTE J1752-223 (#2259, 2378*, 2396)

GX 339-4 (#2380)

H1743-322 (#2364, 2378)

4U 1630-47 (#2363)Cyg X-1 (#2711)

GRS 1915+105

Swift J1753.5-0127(#2341)

LMC X-1, X-3

ATel # in Red : Possible State Transition

PCA ATCA

PCA MAXI

Swift+MAXI PCA MAXI

Discovery of MAXI J1659-152

triggered 08:05

triggered 10:08