OUR PLANET EARTH

SOCIAL STUDIES PROJECT

EARTH

Earth sometimes referred to as the "Blue

Marble", Terra or "Gaia", is the third-

closest planet to the Sun, the densest planet in

the Solar System, the largest of the Solar

System's four terrestrial planets and the

only celestial body known to accommodate life.

It is home to millions of species, including

a global population of humans, that are supported

and nourished by its biosphere and minerals. The

human population is grouped into around two-

hundred independent sovereign states that

interact, among other means, through diplomacy,

conflict, travel, trade and media.

REALMS OF THE EARTH

The Earth’s Surface Consists Of Both land and

water. A blanket of air surrounds the earth. It is

inhabited by living organisms, plants and

animals. All these elements- land, air, water and

living organisms, make up the Constituents or

Realms of the Earth.

There are four realms of the Earth:

-Lithosphere

-Hydrosphere

-Atmosphere

-Biosphere

LITHOSPHERE

The lithosphere is the rigid outermost shell of a

rocky planet defined on the basis of the

mechanical properties. On Earth, it comprises

the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that

behaves elastically on time scales of thousands

of years or greater. The outermost shell of a

rocky planet defined on the basis of the

chemistry and mineralogy is a crust.

HYDROSPHERE

The hydrosphere in physical geography describes

the combined mass of water found on, under, and

over the surface of a planet. This includes water in

liquid and frozen forms in ground waters, glaciers,

oceans, lakes and streams. Salina water account for

97.5% of this amount. Fresh water accounts for only

2.5%. Of this fresh water 68.7% is in the "form of

ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic, the

Antarctic, and in the mountainous regions.

ATMOSPHERE

Atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity is high and the atmosphere's temperature is low.

Earth's atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen, also contains oxygen used by most organisms for respiration and carbon dioxide used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis, also protects living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation.

BIOSPHERE

The biosphere is the global sum of all

ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone

of life on Earth, a closed system, and largely

self-regulating. By the most, general bio

physiological definition, the biosphere is the

global ecological system integrating all living

beings and their relationships, including their

interaction with the elements of

the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

EARTH’S FORMATION

The Earth is made up of three layers:

-CRUST

-MANTLE

-OUTER CORE

-INNER CORE

CRUST

The crust is the outermost solid shell of a

rocky planet or natural satellite, which is

chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.

The crusts of Earth,

the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other

planetary bodies have been generated largely

by igneous processes, and these crusts are richer

inincompatible elements than their

respective mantles.

MANTLE

The mantle is a part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. The interior of Earth, similar to the other terrestrial planets, is chemically divided into layers. The mantle is a layer between the crust and the outer core. Earth's mantle is a silicate rocky shell about 2,900 kilometers (1,800 mi) thick that constitutes about 84% of Earth's volume. It is predominantly solid but in geological time it behaves like very viscous liquid. The mantle encloses the hot core rich in iron and nickel, which occupies about 15% of Earth's volume.

OUTER CORE

Earth's outer core is a liquid layer about

2,266 km (1,408 mi) thick composed

of iron and nickel that lies above Earth's

solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer

boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath

Earth's surface. The transition between the inner

core and outer core is located approximately

5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's surface.

INNER CORE

Earth's inner core is Earth's innermost part and

is a primarily solid ball with a radius of about

1,220 km (760 mi), according to seismological

studies. (This is about 70% of the Moon's

radius.) It is believed to consist primarily of

an iron–nickel alloy and to be approximately the

same temperature as the surface of theSun:

approximately 5700 K (5430 °C).

EARTH’S SURFACE

The Earth’s surface is divided into two parts:

-WATER

-LAND

WATER

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It is vital for all known

forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in

seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the

ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other

large water bodies, and 0.001% in

the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles

suspended in air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's

water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice

and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers,

lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the

Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies

and manufactured products.

LAND

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not

permanently covered by water. The vast majority of

human activity occurs in land areas that

support agriculture, habitat, and various natural

resources.

Some life forms including terrestrial

plants and terrestrial animals have developed from

predecessor species that lived in bodies of water to exist

on land.

DONE BY :

NABA NAUSHAD KHAN