Aleppo

Damascus

Constantinople

Cairo

Khartoum

Teheran

Ankara

Smyrna

Gallipoli

Jiddah Mecca

Medina

ErzurumBaku

Tiflis

Astarabad

Basra

Isfahan

Aden

Baghdad

Kirkuk

Van Tabriz

Jerusalem

SuezAqaba

Alexandria

Varna

Tripoli

C A U C A S U S M T S

ZA

G

RO

S M

T SH

EJ

AZ

MT

S

AS

I R M

TS

TAURUS MTS

G R E A T A R A B I A N

D E S E R T

O T T O M A N E M P I R E

BULGARIA

EGYPT

P E R S I A

ABYSSINIA

R U S S I A N E M P I R E

TRUCIALSHEIKHDOMS

ADEN PROTECTORATE(to UK)

KUWAIT(to UK)

QATAR(to UK)

ERITREA(to Italy)

LIBYA(to Italy)

ANGLO-EGYPTIAN

SUDAN

(to UK)

SULTANATEof DARFUR

(to Ottoman Emp.)

CYPRUS(to UK)

DODECANESEISLANDS(to Italy)

CRETE

A R A B I A

S Y R I A

A N A T O L I A

M

ES

OP

OT

AM

I

A

PA

LE

ST

IN

E

H A D R A MA U T

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Re

d

Se

a

Pe r s i a n G u l f

G u l f o f A d e n

B l a c k S e a Ca

sp

ia

n

Se

a

Euphrates

Nile

Atbara

Tigris

Kura

0 500 1000 km