ota000006 sdh networking and protection issue 1.20
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
SDH Networking and
Protection
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the common SDH network topology and features
Explain the protection mechanism
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Contents
1. SDH Network Topologies
2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms
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Contents
1. SDH Network Topologies
1.1 Optical networking introduction
1.2 Classification of topologies
1.3 Sub-networks
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Optical Networking Introduction
An SDH network consists of Network Elements (NE)
interconnected with optical fiber.
The geometrical layout of the NEs and optical transmission
lines is called the network topology.
The efficiency, reliability and the cost performance of a
network highly depend on its topology.
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Classification of Topologies
Chain
Star
Tree
Ring
Mesh
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Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Chain network is used when the networks nodes are arranged
in a long line.
e. g. along railway lines, highways, power supply lines, etc.
NE A NE B NE C NE D
Chain network (Point-to-point or point-to-multi-point network)
In a chain network, all nodes are connected one after another
on a line with both ends open.
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Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Star network is mainly used in access networks or rural
telephone networks in which nodes are scattered here and
there and the traffics are not important.
Star network
In a star network there is a central node to which the other
nodes are directly connected. There are no direct links
between other nodes.
NE A
NE B
NE C NE D
NE E
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Tree network is mostly used for broadcasted services like
CATV.
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Tree network
A tree network can be considered as a combination of the
chain and star topologies.
NE A
NE B
NE CNE D
NE E
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Ring network is widely used in SDH networking due to its high
survivability.
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Ring network
Ring network is such a structure in which all nodes are
connected one after another to form a circle.NE A
NE B
NE C NE D
NE E
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Mesh network is suitable for the regions with large amount of
traffic and for high hierarchy communication networks.
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
Mesh network
Mesh network is such a structure in which many nodes are
interconnected together via direct links.NE A
NE B
NE C NE D
NE E
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Other possible combination networks
Classification of Topologies (Cont.)
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A sub-network functions as a container. It can include NEs,
links and even lower level sub-networks.
Sub-network
Sub-network
In backbone networks or large region networks, there are a
large number of NEs and links. In order to simplify the network
management, a large network can be divided into several sub-
networks according to the administrative regions.
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Sub-network (Cont.)
Sub-network A
Sub-network B Sub-network C
Sub-network D
Subnet
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Contents
1. SDH Network Topologies
2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms
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Contents
2. Survivable networks and their protection mechanisms
2.1 Survivable networks introduction
2.2 Types of protection
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Survivable Networks Introduction
Causes of network failures
Accidents: Cable/fiber cuts
Human errors: Incorrect maintenance, installation,
Environmental hazards: Floods, fire,
Sabotages: Physical, electronic,
Operational disruptions: Schedule upgrade, maintenance,
power outage, Hardware/software failures: Line unit failure, faulty laser,
software crash
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Survivable Networks Introduction
(Cont.)
Survivable networks can restore traffic in the event of a failure
Requirements for survivability of network includes
Robust equipment (Strong cross-connect capability, intelligent nodes)
Security (Physical, electronic) Design networks with enough resource
Redundant routes as standby routes
Fast failure detection and fast traffic rerouting to redundant routes
No human intervention
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Types of Protection
Line
Ring
Node
1+1 linear MS
M:N linear MS
Path protectionPP2-fiber unidirectional Path Protection Ring
2-fiber bidirectional Path Protection Ring
4-fiber bidirectional MSP Ring (4f-MS SPRing)
Multiplex section protection (MSP)
2-fiber bidirectional MSP Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
2-fiber unidirectional MSP Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
Sub-network connection protection (SNCP)
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Line Protection
Working Channels
Protection Channels
NE A NE B NE C NE D
Use in point-to-point or chain networks
Switch is within two interconnected nodes
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Linear 1+1 MS
Traffic source node sends the traffic on both working and protection
channels (Concurrent sending).
Traffic sink node receives the traffic from working channel(Selective
receiving).
When the working channel fails, traffic sink node switches to receivethe traffic from protection channel
NE A NE B
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Linear 1+1 MS (Cont.)
Switching Modes
Single-ended (Unidirectional)
Dual-ended (Bidirectional)
Restoration Modes
Revertive (WTR Default: 600 sec)
Non-revertive
Automatic Protection Switch (APS) protocol is not required
when Single-ended and Non-revertive are selected.
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Linear M:N MS
Protection Channel
Working Channel 1
Working Channel 2
Working Channel N
NE A NE B
Extra trafficNormal traffic
SwitchingSwitching Switching Switching
M Protection channels N Working channels
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Linear M:N MS (Cont.)
Switching mode:
Bidirectional switching
Restoration mode:
Revertible mode
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Line Protection
Line protection types Linear 1+1 MS
Linear M:N (M=1)
Protection switch criteria:
Signal Fail (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC.
Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD.
Externally initiated protection switching command
Network Capacity:
1+1 linear MS: 1 x STM-N.
1:N linear MS without extra traffic: N x STM-N.
1:N linear MSP system with extra traffic: (1+N) x STM-N.
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Questions
Which linear protection type switches the fastest?
Which type can carry extra traffic?
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Ring Protection
Ring protection types:
Path protection (PP)
Multiplex section protection (MSP)
Traffic directions:
Unidirectional (PP Diversely routed, MSP Dedicated)
Bidirectional (PP Uniformly routed, MSP Shared)
Number of fiber:
2 fiber
4 fiber
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Two-fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection Ring (2f-MS SPRing)
Fiber connection and slots
requirements:
2 fibers
Line boards must be inserted
in dual slots
Left line boardW
Right line board E
A
C
B
OUT
IN
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S1S2
2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
NE B
NE C
NE D
NE A
2f-MSSPRing
STM-16
P1
Protection channel (P): VC4 #9 ~ VC4 #16
P2
Working channel (S): VC4 #1 ~ VC4 #8
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Exploded view of one fiber for STM-16 in 2f-MSSPRing
VC-4 #1VC-4 #2
VC-4 #3VC-4 #4VC-4 #5VC-4 #6VC-4 #7VC-4 #8VC-4 #9VC-4 #10
VC-4 #11VC-4 #12VC-4 #13VC-4 #14VC-4 #15VC-4 #16
Workingchannels (S)
Protection
channels (P)
Fiber
Section
overheads
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Normal traffic flow between NE A & NE C
NE B
NE C
NE D
NE A
2f-MS SPRing
STM-16
S1
S2
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Switched traffic flow between NE A & NE C
NE C
NE D
NE A
2f-MS SPRing
STM-16NE B
S1
P1
S2
P2
P2
Bridge &
Switch
Pass-through
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
When fiber is repaired, traffic switches back to working channels
after WTR time
NE B
NE C
NE D
NE A
2f-MS SPRing
STM-16
S1
S2
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Protection switching trigger conditions: APS
Signal Failure (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC (Default)
Signal Degrade (SD): B2_SD (Optional)
Externally initiated protection switching command
Forced switch
Manual switch
Exercise switch
Protection switching restoration:
APS
Clearing of SF: R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
Clearing of SD: B2_SD WTR (Wait to Restore): 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
External commands
Clearing of Forced switch
Clearing of Manual switch
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
APS controller:
Processes APS protocol, which is carried in the K1, K2 bytes.
Transition of APS controller status
P
WTR
WTR P
I
I
I I
P
S
S P
I = Idle
P = Pass-through
S = Switching
WTR = Wait to Restore
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2f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Features of 2f-MSSPRing: Advantages:
Time slots can be reused
High network capacity: x M x STM-N
M is the number of nodes on the ring, STM-N is the STM level
Disadvantages:
Mechanism is complicated
Maximum number of nodes on one ring is limited to 16
Application:
Mainly for STM-4 and STM-16 or above systems
Scattered traffic distribution
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Four-fiber Multiplex Section Shared
Protection Ring (4f-MS SPRing)
Structure:
4 fibers
Working channels (fibers) S1, S2, carry normal traffic
Protection channels (fibers) P1, P2, protect normal traffic
A
DC
EF
B
S1
S2
P1
P2
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Traffic flow when network is normal:
Working channels = S1, S2
Protection channels = P1, P2
A
DC
EF
B
A DD A
A DD A
S1
S2
P1
P2
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Traffic flow after only the working channel (s) is (are)
broken :
Span switching
A
DC
EF
B
S1
S2
P1
P2
A DD A
A DD A
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Traffic flow after the working and protection channels are
broken:
Ring switching
A
DC
EF
B
S1
S2
P1
P2
A DD A
A DD A
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Protection switching trigger conditions:
Automatic protection switching: Ring or Span
SF (Signal Failure): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
SD (Signal Degrade): B2_SD
External initiated protection switching: Ring or Span
Forced switch
Manual switch
Exercise switch
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Protection switching restoration: Automatic protection switching: Ring or Span
Clear of SF (Signal Failure): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC
Clear of SD (Signal Degrade): B2_SD
WTR (Wait to Restore): 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
External command: Ring or Span
Clear of Forced switch
Clear of Manual switch
APS controller status:
Idle
Switching
Pass-through
WTR
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4f-MS SPRing (Cont.)
Features of 4f_MSSPRing: Advantages:
Time slots can be reused
High network capacity: M*STM-N
Disadvantages: Maximum number of nodes on one ring is limited to 16
Mechanism is complicated
Expensive
Application:
Mainly STM-16 or above system
Scattered traffic distribution
Backbone system
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Summary
MSP ring 2f_MSSPRing 4f_MSSPRing
Similarity
APS protocol necessary
Nodes number on MSP ring 16
SCC unit configures MSP protocol
Dual slots
Bidirectional and dispersed traffics
Difference
M*STM-N/2 capacity
(without extra traffic)
M*STM-N capacity
(without extra traffic)
Unique span switch
K1 & K2 bytes are in the protection fiber
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Traffic transmit and
receive conditions in
normal situation.A
B
C
D
in
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
PP Ring
2M
2M
Concurrent sending
Selective receiving
out
Two-fiber Unidirectional Path Protection
Ring (Diversely Routed PP Ring)
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Diversely routed pp ring
Traffic transmit and
receive conditions in
fiber failure situation.A
B
C
D
in
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
PP Ring
2M
2M
Concurrent sending
Selective receiving
Switching
out
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Diversely routed pp ring
Protection switching trigger conditions
TU_AIS, TU_LOP, BIP_EXC
Features:
Every path (2M) switches independently.
Restoration mode is revertive.
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Questions
Can the services
between stations
A and E be
protected?
A
B
C
D
in
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
PP
2M
2M
STM-N
Concurrent sending
Will the services be selectively
received here?
out
E
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Node protection
Node protection type: Subnetwork connection protection (SNCP)
Protection features:
Traffic transmit end sends concurrently, receive end receives selectively
2 fiber unidirectional traffic (Diversely routed)
1 + 1 single-ended protection
Protection switching criteria:
Signal fail (SF)
Signal degrade (SD)
Externally initiated command
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Subnetwork connection protection
(SNCP)
SNC
Starting
Node
SNC
Termination
Node
Protection
SNC
Working
SNC
Sub-Network 1
Sub-Network 2NE A NE E
Selector
Traffic out Traffic in Traffic out Traffic in
Normal condition Failure in working channel
Working channel
Protection channel
BridgeSwitch SwitchBridge
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SNCP (cont.)
Traffic transmit and
receive conditions in
normal situation.A
B
C
D
in
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
SNCP Ring
2M
2M
STM-N
Sub-Network 1Sub-Network 2
Concurrent sending
Selective receiving
out
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SNCP (cont.)
Traffic transmit and
receive conditions
in fiber failure
situation.
A
B
C
D
in
out
out
out
out
out
out
out
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
SNCP Ring
2M
2M
STM-N
Sub-Network 1
Concurrent sending
Selective receiving
Switching
out
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SNCP (cont.)
Protection switching trigger conditions :
Default
AU_AIS, AU_LOP, TU_AIS, TU_LOP, HP_LOM, HP_UNEQ
B3_EXC, Unplug the line card
Optional
HP_TIM, HP_SLM, B3_SD
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SNCP (cont.)
Protection Restoration:
Wait to restore time 10 minutes (5-12 minutes provisionable)
10 min utes later
A
B
C
D
switching
S1
P1
A
B
C
D
S1
P1
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Questions
What is the difference between unidirectional (diverse) andbidirectional (uniform) traffics?
What is the difference between SNCP and MSP protection
schemes? Which type of network protection can carry extra traffic?
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Summary
A survivable network is capable of restoring services withina very short time and without any human intervention in the
event of a failure.
Linear protection networks can be classified into 1+1 linearMS and 1:N linear MS.
Ring protection networks can be classified into Path
Protection (PP) ring, Multiplex Section Protection (MSP) ring.
Sub-Network Protection (SNCP) is used for node protection.
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Item 2f_MSSPRing SNCP
APS protocol Necessary Unnecessary
Typical services Bidirectional and distributedUnidirectional and
centralized
Switch level (objective) MS SNC services
Suitable networking Only ring Any topology
Switching implementing boards LU, XC LU, XC
Switch time 50ms 50ms
Network Capacity (without extra
service)K*STM-N/2 STM-N
Extra traffic Supported Not supported
Summary (cont.)
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Summary (cont.)
EquipmentLinear
MS
2f-MS
SPRing
4f-MS
SPRingPP SNCP
Metro 100 Support No No No Support
Metro 200/500 Support No No Support Support
Metro 1000V2 Support Support No Support Support
Metro 1000V3/1050 Support Support No No Support
Metro 2050/3000 Support Support Support Support Support
Metro 5000, OSN
1500/2500/3500/7500/9500Support Support Support No Support
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