osnove racunarstva

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PREDGOVOR ( ) ( ( * (+ # , - . --/ (. )#(/ ( (# 0 - . (#1(/. *(((2 **+.(# ( ( ( ( (( ((- +- *# 0 ( ( - ((# ** ( - - + (- - #1 + * 2 ( - -* +/ 2 ) #, ( . - * # , * / - + - -#3 2 * - / ( # * - * ( / - # * ( (- ( *(-2#, (/ # 0 2 4 (5 ( * .*#, - ) /. * #, ( + ( / * -* * ) * *#

i i i

SADRŽAJ

PREDGOVOR II

SADRŽAJ III

1 UVOD 1

1.1 POVIJEST RAUNARSTVA 3 1.2 SUVREMENE INFORMACIJSKE TEHNOLOGIJE 12

2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RAUNALNE TEHNOLOGIJE 15

2.1 TURINGOV STROJ 17 2.2 BINARNI BROJEVNI SUSTAV 21 2.2.1 PRIKAZ NEGATIVNIH CJELOBROJNIH VRIJEDNOSTI 22 2.2.1.1 Ekscesivna notacija 22 2.2.1.2 Komplementarna notacija 23 2.2.2 PRIKAZ RACIONALNIH BROJEVA 23 2.3 PRIKAZ SIMBOLIKIH PODATAKA 26 2.4 ARITMETIKO/LOGIKE OPERACIJE 30 2.4.1 BINARNA ARITMETIKA 30 2.4.2 BINARNE LOGIKE OPERACIJE 32

3 GRAA RAUNALA 41

3.1 SABIRNICA 43 3.2 MEMORIJA 46 3.2.1 RADNA MEMORIJA 46 3.2.2 STALNA MEMORIJA 48 3.2.3 VANJSKA MEMORIJA 49 3.2.3.1 Memorijski diskovi 49 3.2.3.2 Traka 55 3.3 PROCESOR 57 3.3.1 SPREMNIK 58

3.3.2 SPREMNIK NAREDABA 59 3.3.3 ARITMETIKO/LOGIKA JEDINKA 59 3.3.4 UPRAVLJAKA JEDINKA 59 3.3.5 PROCESORSKE ARHITEKTURE 59 3.3.5.1 CISC i RISC arhitektura 63 3.3.6 KAKO RADI PROCESOR 65 3.3.6.1 Strojni jezik 65 3.3.6.2 Primjer 67 3.4 ULAZNO/IZLAZNI UREAJI 73 3.4.1 TIPKOVNICA 73 3.4.2 MIŠ 73 3.4.3 ZASLON 74 3.4.3.1 Katodna cijev 74 3.4.3.2 Tekui kristal 75 3.4.4 PISAI 75

4 OPERATIVNI SUSTAV 79

4.1 ŠTO JE OPERATIVNI SUSTAV 81 4.2 STRUKTURA I ZADAE OPERATIVNOG SUSTAVA 83 4.3 MS WINOWS OPERATIVNI SUSTAVI 87 4.3.1 KONCEPT I ORGANIZACIJA NT-A 88 4.3.1.1 FAT 88 4.3.1.2 NTFS 90 4.3.2 NT JEZGRA 92 4.3.3 HAL 92 4.3.4 IZVRŠNE KOMPONENTE 93 4.3.4.1 Upravljanje objektima 93 4.3.4.2 Nadziranje sigurnosnog pristupa 93 4.3.4.3 Upravljanje procesima 94 4.3.4.4 Upravljanje virtualnom memorijom 94 4.3.4.5 Lokalni proceduralni pozivi 94 4.3.4.6 Upravljanje ulazno/izlaznim procesima 94 4.3.5 PODSUSTAV OKRUŽENJA 95 4.3.6 POKRETANJE NT-A 96 4.3.7 RADNI STOL GRAFIKOG SUELJA 98 4.3.7.1 Ikone/simboli 98 4.3.7.2 Izbornik "Start" 103 4.3.7.3 Linija zadaa 105 4.3.8 RAD S IMENICIMA I ZAPISNICIMA 105

5 RAUNALNE MREŽE 113

5.1 OSI REFERENTNI MODEL 117 5.2 TOPOLOGIJA RAUNALNIH MREŽA 121 5.2.1 ETHERNET 124 5.2.1.1 Komunikacijski protokol 124 5.2.1.2 Fizike znaajke 125 5.2.2 TOKEN RING 128 5.3 TCP/IP PROTOKOL 131 5.3.1 DOD MREŽNI MODEL 131

i i i

5.3.2 TCP/IP FORMAT PODATAKA 132 5.3.3 PORODICA TCP/IP PROTOKOLA 133 5.3.4 INTERNET ADRESE 135 5.3.5 INFORMACIJSKE MREŽNE USLUGE 137 5.4 HTTP 144 5.5 NETBEUI/NETBIOS 148 5.6 IPX/SPX PROTOKOL 149 5.6.1 IPX 149 5.6.2 SPX 149 5.7 UNIX U MREŽI 151 5.7.1 IME RAUNALA 151 5.7.2 PROVJERA 152 5.7.3 PRIJAVA NA UDALJENO RAUNALO 153 5.7.4 PRIJENOS ZAPISNIKA 156 5.7.5 ELEKTRONIKA POŠTA 161 5.7.6 OSTALE MREŽNE USLUGE 167 5.7.7 MREŽNI ZAPISNIKI SUSTAV - NFS 169 5.8 WINDOWS NT U MREŽI 173 5.8.1 PRISTUP RAUNALIMA U MREŽI 173 5.8.2 "MAP NETWORK DRIVE" 176 5.8.3 PRISTUP MREŽNIM PISAIMA 178 5.8.4 PODJELA OBJEKATA 179

6 RAZVOJNE TEŽNJE 181

6.1 MIKROPROCESORI BUDUNOSTI 183 6.2 PARALELIZACIJA I SUPER-RAUNALA 185 6.3 SIMULACIJA I VIZUALNO RAUNARSTVO 187 6.4 RAUNALNE MREŽE 191 6.5 NORMIZACIJA 193 6.6 UMJETNA INTELIGENCIJA 196

7 PRIMJENA 199

7.1 MS WORD 200 7.1.1 PRIJE POETKA 200 7.1.1.1 Pokretanje MS Worda 201 7.1.1.2 Spremanje dokumenta prvi puta: 201 7.1.1.3 Spremanje dokumenta s drugim imenom: 202 7.1.1.4 Otvaranje postojeeg dokumenta 203 7.1.2 VRSTE POGLEDA I NAIN UPOTREBE 204 7.1.3 MIJENJANJE I PRILAGOAVANJE DOKUMENATA 205 7.1.4 OSNOVNO O PROMJENAMA TEKSTA 205 7.1.4.1 Korištenje kratica pri unosu teksta (AutoCorrect i Autotext naredbe) 207 7.1.4.2 Pronalaženje i zamjena odreene rijei u tekstu 208 7.1.4.3 Ispravljenje gramatikih pogrešaka 208 7.1.5 UREIVANJE IZGLEDA TEKSTA 209 7.1.6 UREIVANJE TEKSTA POMOU STILOVA 209 7.1.6.1 Pregledavanje i korištenje stilova 210 7.1.6.2 Primjena stila na odlomak teksta 210 7.1.6.3 Promjena postojeeg i kreiranje novog stila 211

7.1.6.4 Kreiranje naslova s više razina 212 7.1.7 KREIRANJE TABLICE SADRŽAJA 213 7.1.8 UNOŠENJE SLIKA 214 7.1.9 KREIRANJE ZAGLAVLJA I PODNOŽJA DOKUMENTA 214 7.1.9.1 Ureivanje razliitog zaglavlja prve stranice dokumenta 215 7.1.9.2 Kreiranje zaglavlja i podnožja za parne i neparne stranice dokumenta 216 7.1.10 KREIRANJE UNAKRSNIH SPONA MEU ELEMENTIMA DOKUMENTA 216 7.1.11 DEFINIRANJE PRIJELOMA STRANICA 217 7.1.12 FORMATIRANJE STRANICA ZA ISPIS DOKUMENTA 217

8 LITERATURA 219

1 U V O D

1

1 UVOD

(* / ((/( ( )

#

Raunarstvo se bavi gradnjom raunala, raunalnim programiranjem i obradom

informacija. Raunalo je u osnovi sekvencijalni (slijedni) ureaj koji je sposoban interpretirati

simboliki opisane algoritme u obliku programa i u skladu s njima obraivati informacije.

, . * ++ (* #1) (/ - 6- *#1 . * ( / ( 7 (8( )(#1 ( . * (* + ( (.* (() )+* ( +( ( / ( ) +)# 2 (/ ) / ( ) # ) 2 / ( ( ) +--(/()- - . ** (-( ( . # ( )/ * - (2 * / ) * ( - * / /( - +# * ( +# * * + * + #( ( ( / - (# ( --.( */ (/ #

1 U V O D

2

1 U V O D

3

0*(+ #

U potrazi za korijenima stvaranja informatikog društva valja poi od glavnih znaajki

raunala. One se mogu sažeti na sposobnosti pohrane podataka, izvoenja algoritamskih

zadaa (raunanja) i komunikacije.

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Sl. 1-1 Abacus

02+/ 2 :=#/ - 74 1-*(; ; :> ? $ 0* ;0*; * :> ?6:>> 1 ( & :>>> <.( 4 - @ ;1 ; :>9>6:=:>8# -.* -- (# * () ((*- ---#, :A# /B-$ 7& :=A 6:C=:1# :6 8 (%-%*D( 7* :C!: 1# :6?8 * ( / * +- * 7%*D(8#$* ( ( * ((- +- * 7;3.* ;8# ( ( ( ( ( +(- ( !#/#

1 U V O D

4

, *- / - )# :C99#((1 ( 136 . 2 +-)* #

Sl. 1-2 Prototip diferencijalnog stroja Charlesa Babbagea

Sl. 1-3 Jacquardov tkalaki stroj

1 U V O D

5

<( :C"9# < $ ( ( ; . -@5 . --; / /( ( -#E E- :CCA#( 7;&**1F ;8#<(:A!9#%-# ( ((*(*-2( *#, :A!C# ( B 15 ( /(*(/(:A =#(#, ( :A?># ( ( * - - * 7;B F;8#<( :A?=# ( ; B ; /* (( (-#(( (2 ( (# ,(/-((:A9"#2((( G *%-H*..:A?A#I;:;; ; ;?; - ( :A?C6:A9:#I;B; * F 5 #E## 5 & :A9?#I ;-E5(;E5(:A99#

Sl. 1-4 ENIAC

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1 U V O D

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1 U V O D

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1 U V O D

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Sl. 1-5 Na poetku razvoja raunalne tehnologije elektronske vakuumske cijevi bile su osnova implementacije prekidake logike (prvu elektronsku vakuumsku cijev patentirao je John A. Fleming 1904. godine).

Sl. 1-6 Memorija nainjena od željeznih jezgri, 1951.

1 U V O D

9

Sl. 1-7 Prvi robot upravljan raunalom patentirao je George C. Devol 1961.

Sl. 1-8 Prvi miš, Doug Engelbart, 1964.

Sl. 1-9 Intel 4004, prvi mikroprocesor, 1971.

1 U V O D

1 0

Sl. 1-10 Apple I, 1976.

Sl. 1-11 CRAY X-MP, poetak superraunalnog doba, 1982. godina

1 U V O D

1 1

1 U V O D

1 2

Suvremenu informacijsku tehnologiju karakterizira mikroprocesorska tehnologija visokog

stupnja integracije, raunalne mreže te globalizacija i konvergencija informacijskih

tehnologija.

( /- * ((# 0* + ( 2 + * ( 71# :6: 8# ( * ( 2 )- - (/ ( ( (-(- . *( --)- *71#:6:?8#

Sl. 1-12 Power Mac G4 procesor i superskalarni mikroprocesor MIPS R10000, 17x18 mm, 6.8 miliona tranzistora, 800 MIPS-a

Sl. 1-13 Osobna raunala na pragu 21. stoljea

1 U V O D

1 3

071#:6:98 / - # 0( **(+( 71#:6:"8#

Sl. 1-14 Prijenosno raunalo

Sl. 1-15 Džepna raunala s pristupom na Internet i mobilne komunikacijske usluge

P ( - * 7<1 13 8 ( ( 7H . (8 (( ( ) ((- -# . * (() ) ( #)*

1 U V O D

1 4

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2 O S N O V N I P R I N C I P I R A U N A L N E T E H N O L O G I J E

1 5

2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RAUNALNE TEHNOLOGIJE

-() (

-+)-(/22( ( )#(+* + (/#0* ( ( #((2( (/6 #,*+ . # + ( ( - / ( ( 6 : 6 !# 1 7# 6 ((8 ( (*#,/ *-6( #


1 6


1 7

1 * +:A?=#(# )/ -#;;( ( -+ /*#

Turingov stroj se sastoji od upravljake jedinke koja može itati i pisati simbolike podatke

na vrpcu (Sl. 2-1). Vrpca beskonane dužine podijeljena je na spremnike (stanice, eng.

cells). Svaki spremnik može sadržavati bilo koji konaan skup simbola. Takav se skup

naziva "alfabet".

Sl. 2-1 Turingov stroj

((((# ( ( () # 0 ( ;1; ( ;10; 7# ;E@;8# , ( () / / ( /#0* ) #0 ( (/ ) *-((((#, (/-(/ * +*+*1# 6 #

Q ! C = > Q

Sl. 2-2 Primjer pohrane broja u Turingovu memoriju

(.-( 2 * () ;Q;#0 (*(;1;(( ;Q;#, ))

Upravljaka

jedinka Spremnici

Vrpca


1 8

/(;@%&H;#1((/ *( /;,0P;#,- / ( ( ;0&&1; (;1H;#1( ! / ( # * ;0&&1; - ( A ( : / ( /# ;1H;7((/-8#- A / : ( :! + ( ! ;0&&1;#0 * ( - ;Q;# ( ;10; ( )(/78# ))# 6:#

8

Q ! C = > Q

8 Q ! C = > Q

*8 Q ! C = ! Q

(8 Q ! C C ! Q

8 Q ! C C ! Q

.8

Q ! C C ! Q

8

Q ! C C ! Q

Sl. 2-3 Postupak zaokruživanja Turingovim strojem

,+

0

1

1

1


1 9

Tab. 2-1 Stanja i operacije algoritma zaokruživanja

/ 1()

,

1 Q Q @%&H ,0P

,0P >" ! @%&H 0&&1

,0P ≤" ! @%&H 1H

0&&1 ∈R!CS N: @%&H 1H

0&&1 TA ! @%&H 0&&1

1H ∈R!AS @%&H 1H

1H Q Q 1 10

10 Q Q 1 1

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2 0


2 1

$ * ( / ( 78!:#

Binarni broj je jedinina elementarna informacija nazvana "bit".

$ () (/;); ) *#)/(( 7(* :!8(T!: ###6: *# ) ) (/ ( * (- ) ( (/ (* (# * :!:!:::: ( (* :="#1# 69(+.#

: ! : ! : : : :

:Q =T: C !Q >T! :Q "T? !Q 9T! :Q ?TC :Q T9 :Q :T :Q !T:

T:="

Sl. 2-4 Pretvorba binarnog broja u dekadski

(* ( ( /* ( ( (* # 0 (!##(* ""1# 6"# 1 1 0 1 1 1 binarni broj

32 16 8 4 2 1 težine

55 -32 23 -16 7 -4 3 -2 1 -1 0

Sl. 2-5 Pretvorba dekadskog broja u binarni


2 2

3 ( ( (((( #(((/ #""(/G"" G T = N : = G T :? N ::? G T > N :> G T ? N !? G T : N :: G T ! N :

2 . 2 . 1 . 1 E k s c e s i vn a n o t a c i ja

3( (-*-(#%( ( - - *- ( ;**; 7# J* 8# ( * * ) (.()# *+(( .* ) *#0)(I:!(# (+( *!!!###!(:::###: ( (/ ) ) ( () (/ 7 6 C8(( 67:!!! 6 8 #,# 6 **#

Tab. 2-2 Ekscesivna notacija

$ * (/(* (

:::::::!::!:::!!:!:::!:!:!!::!!!!:::!::!!:!:!:!!!!::!!:!!!!:!!!!

=>"9? :!6:6 6?696"6>6=6C

:::!::


2 3

2 . 2 . 1 . 2 K o m p l e m en t a r n a n o t a c i j a

,(+/# *#0 2 ( ( ) * ( ( ( :#!:/(*7# 6?8#

Tab. 2-3 Komplementarna notacija

$ * (/(* (

!:::!::!!:!:!:!!!!::!!:!!!!:!!!!:::::::!::!:::!!:!:::!:!:!!::!!!

=>"9? :!6:6 6?696"6>6=6C

* / # * #1- *1#>#

! : ! : :! ! :

( (

Sl. 2-6 Prikaz racionalnih brojeva


2 4

0( (/(. #%((*#((( ( 7 8# C6 *:::!!::: G

!:::1(/ ::! * * + ( 7: 8 7:Q :N!Q !8# 1 ( (G

!:::$ * ( (. * : 7!Q :N:Q !8 ( (* 6G

43

41

21

2*11

2*11

21 =+=+

3(* * *:::!!::::43#


2 5


2 6

!

* (. ((#<.(( +- ()(2 # ( .- / (/ # 3 ( ( * #+ -(7. --8)((#

S obzirom da raunalo može interpretirati jedino binarne kombinacije, potrebno je

simbolikim podacima pridružiti odgovarajue binarne kodove.

3 / -/ 1B 7# ; * 1(( B( . . *-;8( #=6 ( - - - --#0+1B C6-/ ">- #,# 69( 1B#

Tab. 2-4 ASCII tablica

Char Dec Hex Oct Bin Char Dec Hex Oct Bin

^@ = 0 - 0x00 - 00 - %00000000 M-^@ = 128 - 0x80 - 0200 - %10000000 Â = 1 - 0x01 - 01 - %00000001 M-Â = 129 - 0x81 - 0201 - %10000001 ^B = 2 - 0x02 - 02 - %00000010 M-^B = 130 - 0x82 - 0202 - %10000010 ^C = 3 - 0x03 - 03 - %00000011 M-^C = 131 - 0x83 - 0203 - %10000011 ^D = 4 - 0x04 - 04 - %00000100 M-^D = 132 - 0x84 - 0204 - %10000100 Ê = 5 - 0x05 - 05 - %00000101 M-Ê = 133 - 0x85 - 0205 - %10000101 ^F = 6 - 0x06 - 06 - %00000110 M-^F = 134 - 0x86 - 0206 - %10000110 ^G = 7 - 0x07 - 07 - %00000111 M-^G = 135 - 0x87 - 0207 - %10000111 ^H = 8 - 0x08 - 010 - %00001000 M-^H = 136 - 0x88 - 0210 - %10001000 Î = 9 - 0x09 - 011 - %00001001 M-Î = 137 - 0x89 - 0211 - %10001001 ^J = 10 - 0x0A - 012 - %00001010 M-^J = 138 - 0x8A - 0212 - %10001010 ^K = 11 - 0x0B - 013 - %00001011 M-^K = 139 - 0x8B - 0213 - %10001011 ^L = 12 - 0x0C - 014 - %00001100 M-^L = 140 - 0x8C - 0214 - %10001100 ^M = 13 - 0x0D - 015 - %00001101 M-^M = 141 - 0x8D - 0215 - %10001101 ^N = 14 - 0x0E - 016 - %00001110 M-^N = 142 - 0x8E - 0216 - %10001110 Ô = 15 - 0x0F - 017 - %00001111 M-Ô = 143 - 0x8F - 0217 - %10001111 ^P = 16 - 0x10 - 020 - %00010000 M-^P = 144 - 0x90 - 0220 - %10010000 ^Q = 17 - 0x11 - 021 - %00010001 M-^Q = 145 - 0x91 - 0221 - %10010001 ^R = 18 - 0x12 - 022 - %00010010 M-^R = 146 - 0x92 - 0222 - %10010010 ^S = 19 - 0x13 - 023 - %00010011 M-^S = 147 - 0x93 - 0223 - %10010011 ^T = 20 - 0x14 - 024 - %00010100 M-^T = 148 - 0x94 - 0224 - %10010100 Û = 21 - 0x15 - 025 - %00010101 M-Û = 149 - 0x95 - 0225 - %10010101 ^V = 22 - 0x16 - 026 - %00010110 M-^V = 150 - 0x96 - 0226 - %10010110 ^W = 23 - 0x17 - 027 - %00010111 M-^W = 151 - 0x97 - 0227 - %10010111 ^X = 24 - 0x18 - 030 - %00011000 M-^X = 152 - 0x98 - 0230 - %10011000 ^Y = 25 - 0x19 - 031 - %00011001 M-^Y = 153 - 0x99 - 0231 - %10011001 ^Z = 26 - 0x1A - 032 - %00011010 M-^Z = 154 - 0x9A - 0232 - %10011010 ^[ = 27 - 0x1B - 033 - %00011011 M-^[ = 155 - 0x9B - 0233 - %10011011 ^\ = 28 - 0x1C - 034 - %00011100 M-^\ = 156 - 0x9C - 0234 - %10011100 ^] = 29 - 0x1D - 035 - %00011101 M-^] = 157 - 0x9D - 0235 - %10011101 ^^ = 30 - 0x1E - 036 - %00011110 M-^^ = 158 - 0x9E - 0236 - %10011110 ^_ = 31 - 0x1F - 037 - %00011111 M-^_ = 159 - 0x9F - 0237 - %10011111 = 32 - 0x20 - 040 - %00100000 = 160 - 0xA0 - 0240 - %10100000 ! = 33 - 0x21 - 041 - %00100001 ¡ = 161 - 0xA1 - 0241 - %10100001 " = 34 - 0x22 - 042 - %00100010 ¢ = 162 - 0xA2 - 0242 - %10100010 # = 35 - 0x23 - 043 - %00100011 £ = 163 - 0xA3 - 0243 - %10100011 $ = 36 - 0x24 - 044 - %00100100 ¤ = 164 - 0xA4 - 0244 - %10100100


2 7

% = 37 - 0x25 - 045 - %00100101 ¥ = 165 - 0xA5 - 0245 - %10100101 & = 38 - 0x26 - 046 - %00100110 ¦ = 166 - 0xA6 - 0246 - %10100110 ' = 39 - 0x27 - 047 - %00100111 § = 167 - 0xA7 - 0247 - %10100111 ( = 40 - 0x28 - 050 - %00101000 ¨ = 168 - 0xA8 - 0250 - %10101000 ) = 41 - 0x29 - 051 - %00101001 (c) = 169 - 0xA9 - 0251 - %10101001 * = 42 - 0x2A - 052 - %00101010 ª = 170 - 0xAA - 0252 - %10101010 + = 43 - 0x2B - 053 - %00101011 « = 171 - 0xAB - 0253 - %10101011 , = 44 - 0x2C - 054 - %00101100 ¬ = 172 - 0xAC - 0254 - %10101100 - = 45 - 0x2D - 055 - %00101101 - = 173 - 0xAD - 0255 - %10101101 . = 46 - 0x2E - 056 - %00101110 (r) = 174 - 0xAE - 0256 - %10101110 / = 47 - 0x2F - 057 - %00101111 ¯ = 175 - 0xAF - 0257 - %10101111 0 = 48 - 0x30 - 060 - %00110000 ° = 176 - 0xB0 - 0260 - %10110000 1 = 49 - 0x31 - 061 - %00110001 ± = 177 - 0xB1 - 0261 - %10110001 2 = 50 - 0x32 - 062 - %00110010 ² = 178 - 0xB2 - 0262 - %10110010 3 = 51 - 0x33 - 063 - %00110011 ³ = 179 - 0xB3 - 0263 - %10110011 4 = 52 - 0x34 - 064 - %00110100 ´ = 180 - 0xB4 - 0264 - %10110100 5 = 53 - 0x35 - 065 - %00110101 µ = 181 - 0xB5 - 0265 - %10110101 6 = 54 - 0x36 - 066 - %00110110 ¶ = 182 - 0xB6 - 0266 - %10110110 7 = 55 - 0x37 - 067 - %00110111 · = 183 - 0xB7 - 0267 - %10110111 8 = 56 - 0x38 - 070 - %00111000 ¸ = 184 - 0xB8 - 0270 - %10111000 9 = 57 - 0x39 - 071 - %00111001 ¹ = 185 - 0xB9 - 0271 - %10111001 : = 58 - 0x3A - 072 - %00111010 º = 186 - 0xBA - 0272 - %10111010 ; = 59 - 0x3B - 073 - %00111011 » = 187 - 0xBB - 0273 - %10111011 < = 60 - 0x3C - 074 - %00111100 ¼ = 188 - 0xBC - 0274 - %10111100 = = 61 - 0x3D - 075 - %00111101 ½ = 189 - 0xBD - 0275 - %10111101 > = 62 - 0x3E - 076 - %00111110 ¾ = 190 - 0xBE - 0276 - %10111110 ? = 63 - 0x3F - 077 - %00111111 ¿ = 191 - 0xBF - 0277 - %10111111 @ = 64 - 0x40 - 0100 - %01000000 À = 192 - 0xC0 - 0300 - %11000000 A = 65 - 0x41 - 0101 - %01000001 Á = 193 - 0xC1 - 0301 - %11000001 B = 66 - 0x42 - 0102 - %01000010 Â = 194 - 0xC2 - 0302 - %11000010 C = 67 - 0x43 - 0103 - %01000011 Ã = 195 - 0xC3 - 0303 - %11000011 D = 68 - 0x44 - 0104 - %01000100 Ä = 196 - 0xC4 - 0304 - %11000100 E = 69 - 0x45 - 0105 - %01000101 Å = 197 - 0xC5 - 0305 - %11000101 F = 70 - 0x46 - 0106 - %01000110 Æ = 198 - 0xC6 - 0306 - %11000110 G = 71 - 0x47 - 0107 - %01000111 Ç = 199 - 0xC7 - 0307 - %11000111 H = 72 - 0x48 - 0110 - %01001000 È = 200 - 0xC8 - 0310 - %11001000 I = 73 - 0x49 - 0111 - %01001001 É = 201 - 0xC9 - 0311 - %11001001 J = 74 - 0x4A - 0112 - %01001010 Ê = 202 - 0xCA - 0312 - %11001010 K = 75 - 0x4B - 0113 - %01001011 Ë = 203 - 0xCB - 0313 - %11001011 L = 76 - 0x4C - 0114 - %01001100 Ì = 204 - 0xCC - 0314 - %11001100 M = 77 - 0x4D - 0115 - %01001101 Í = 205 - 0xCD - 0315 - %11001101 N = 78 - 0x4E - 0116 - %01001110 Î = 206 - 0xCE - 0316 - %11001110 O = 79 - 0x4F - 0117 - %01001111 Ï = 207 - 0xCF - 0317 - %11001111 P = 80 - 0x50 - 0120 - %01010000 Ð = 208 - 0xD0 - 0320 - %11010000 Q = 81 - 0x51 - 0121 - %01010001 Ñ = 209 - 0xD1 - 0321 - %11010001 R = 82 - 0x52 - 0122 - %01010010 Ò = 210 - 0xD2 - 0322 - %11010010 S = 83 - 0x53 - 0123 - %01010011 Ó = 211 - 0xD3 - 0323 - %11010011 T = 84 - 0x54 - 0124 - %01010100 Ô = 212 - 0xD4 - 0324 - %11010100 U = 85 - 0x55 - 0125 - %01010101 Õ = 213 - 0xD5 - 0325 - %11010101 V = 86 - 0x56 - 0126 - %01010110 Ö = 214 - 0xD6 - 0326 - %11010110 W = 87 - 0x57 - 0127 - %01010111 × = 215 - 0xD7 - 0327 - %11010111 X = 88 - 0x58 - 0130 - %01011000 Ø = 216 - 0xD8 - 0330 - %11011000 Y = 89 - 0x59 - 0131 - %01011001 Ù = 217 - 0xD9 - 0331 - %11011001 Z = 90 - 0x5A - 0132 - %01011010 Ú = 218 - 0xDA - 0332 - %11011010 [ = 91 - 0x5B - 0133 - %01011011 Û = 219 - 0xDB - 0333 - %11011011 \ = 92 - 0x5C - 0134 - %01011100 Ü = 220 - 0xDC - 0334 - %11011100 ] = 93 - 0x5D - 0135 - %01011101 Ý = 221 - 0xDD - 0335 - %11011101 ^ = 94 - 0x5E - 0136 - %01011110 Þ = 222 - 0xDE - 0336 - %11011110 _ = 95 - 0x5F - 0137 - %01011111 ß = 223 - 0xDF - 0337 - %11011111 ` = 96 - 0x60 - 0140 - %01100000 à = 224 - 0xE0 - 0340 - %11100000 a = 97 - 0x61 - 0141 - %01100001 á = 225 - 0xE1 - 0341 - %11100001 b = 98 - 0x62 - 0142 - %01100010 â = 226 - 0xE2 - 0342 - %11100010 c = 99 - 0x63 - 0143 - %01100011 ã = 227 - 0xE3 - 0343 - %11100011 d = 100 - 0x64 - 0144 - %01100100 ä = 228 - 0xE4 - 0344 - %11100100 e = 101 - 0x65 - 0145 - %01100101 å = 229 - 0xE5 - 0345 - %11100101 f = 102 - 0x66 - 0146 - %01100110 æ = 230 - 0xE6 - 0346 - %11100110 g = 103 - 0x67 - 0147 - %01100111 ç = 231 - 0xE7 - 0347 - %11100111 h = 104 - 0x68 - 0150 - %01101000 è = 232 - 0xE8 - 0350 - %11101000 i = 105 - 0x69 - 0151 - %01101001 é = 233 - 0xE9 - 0351 - %11101001 j = 106 - 0x6A - 0152 - %01101010 ê = 234 - 0xEA - 0352 - %11101010 k = 107 - 0x6B - 0153 - %01101011 ë = 235 - 0xEB - 0353 - %11101011 l = 108 - 0x6C - 0154 - %01101100 ì = 236 - 0xEC - 0354 - %11101100 m = 109 - 0x6D - 0155 - %01101101 í = 237 - 0xED - 0355 - %11101101


2 8

n = 110 - 0x6E - 0156 - %01101110 î = 238 - 0xEE - 0356 - %11101110 o = 111 - 0x6F - 0157 - %01101111 ï = 239 - 0xEF - 0357 - %11101111 p = 112 - 0x70 - 0160 - %01110000 ð = 240 - 0xF0 - 0360 - %11110000 q = 113 - 0x71 - 0161 - %01110001 ñ = 241 - 0xF1 - 0361 - %11110001 r = 114 - 0x72 - 0162 - %01110010 ò = 242 - 0xF2 - 0362 - %11110010 s = 115 - 0x73 - 0163 - %01110011 ó = 243 - 0xF3 - 0363 - %11110011 t = 116 - 0x74 - 0164 - %01110100 ô = 244 - 0xF4 - 0364 - %11110100 u = 117 - 0x75 - 0165 - %01110101 õ = 245 - 0xF5 - 0365 - %11110101 v = 118 - 0x76 - 0166 - %01110110 ö = 246 - 0xF6 - 0366 - %11110110

w = 119 - 0x77 - 0167 - %01110111 ÷ = 247 - 0xF7 - 0367 - %11110111 x = 120 - 0x78 - 0170 - %01111000 ø = 248 - 0xF8 - 0370 - %11111000 y = 121 - 0x79 - 0171 - %01111001 ù = 249 - 0xF9 - 0371 - %11111001 z = 122 - 0x7A - 0172 - %01111010 ú = 250 - 0xFA - 0372 - %11111010 = 123 - 0x7B - 0173 - %01111011 û = 251 - 0xFB - 0373 - %11111011 | = 124 - 0x7C - 0174 - %01111100 ü = 252 - 0xFC - 0374 - %11111100 = 125 - 0x7D - 0175 - %01111101 ý = 253 - 0xFD - 0375 - %11111101 ~ = 126 - 0x7E - 0176 - %01111110 þ = 254 - 0xFE - 0376 - %11111110 ^? = 127 - 0x7F - 0177 - %01111111 ÿ = 255 - 0xFF - 0377 - %11111111


2 9


3 0

" #$!

"

(. # 7# U- 8 #3. - *# #,# 6"(.*G( )(#

Tab. 2-5 Binarna aritmetika za zbrajanje, oduzimanje, množenje i dijeljenje

$

0* 0

!N!!N::N!:N:

TTTT

!::!

!!!:

$(

, 6

0(

!6!!6::6!:6:

TTTT

!::!

!:!!

$ )

)x )

, )

!x!!x::x!:x:

TTTT

!!!:


3 1

$(

3L(

!/!!/::/!:/:

TTTT

!!V:

0 (( (* #,( *#,( -* #$ (* + (/ :!/ 7:N:8#G

011000 101101 + 1100

:#79"8 #7: 8

111001 7"=8"#$%( ) ( ( (* - ( #

011110 ( 101001 - 11011

79:8 7 =8

01110 7:983 ( ( ( :# %( - # 3 ( ( (* #G

010 110 110 110 101 001 001 001 ( + 1 101 001 001 010 (

010 110 110 110 + 101 001 001 010 ( 1 000 000 000 000


3 2

( ( :#79:6 =8(/G

00001 101001 - 11011 00100 + 1 + 00101

79:8 7 =8( (

101110 7:98 ( ( ( = (* #&( )( ) ( (/ )#G

101101 x 101

:# )79"8 # )7"8

101101 000000 101101

11100001 )7 "8'0 ( ) )(((* -#G

1010 / 10

(7:!8(7 8

10/10=1 1/10=0 10/10=1

!:!

101 7"8

" !

H/ / *#3 / -* * # 2 - ( 7 (8 (# * $*#(<$:C"9#( $ #( / ) )- - * (- - # /( ) +( ( - # $ *-#


3 3

GNE7NOT8I7AND*,∧8ILI7OR+, ∨8Ex-ILI7EX-OR⊕ 8NI 7NAND8 NILI 7NOR8# @ +7#8# $-:!#, :(7#8 ! 7#.8# , - : ( 78!#

% & '% (

@NE78((*GNE A = B = A = 1, (;;( = 0 #1# 6= * () ( - # A B

1 0 0 1

Sl. 2-7 Tablica istine i simboli NE (NOT) operatora

) '# % * (

738 7:8 2 71# 6C8#

A * BA B C

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Sl. 2-8 Tablica istine i simboli I (AND) operatora

, *(*Gif (A and B) then C //ako su A i B istiniti tada je i C istinit )); ;-#G

!!!!::::738:!:!:!:!

!!!!:!:!0 !!!!:::: #0 (/ (

& A C

B

B 1

A A B

AC

B


3 4

# ( (* ()#

)+ ) ' , (

@( (((:#

A + BA B C

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

Sl. 2-9 Tablica istine i simboli ILI (OR) operatora

, (/Gif (A or B) then C //ako su A ili B istiniti tada je i C istinit 0 @( :G

::::!!!!@78:!:!:!:!

:::::!:!

% ) '% # % * (

( * 71# 6:!8# ) *&/ #

BA *

A B C

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Sl. 2-10 Tablica istine i simbol NI (NAND) operatora

1 A C

B

& A C

B

& A

B

1 C

AC

B

AC

B


3 5

Sl. 2-11 Operator NI kao kombinacija I i NE operatora

% )+ ) '% , (

@(*@71# 6: 8#

BA +

A B C

0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0

Sl. 2-12 Tablica istine i simbol NILI (NOR) operatora

& - . )+ ) '& - . , (

&J6@(@ ( ( ( ( ( (71# 6:?8#;;( ;6;7$8;; * 7 $8#+ 1# 6:9 ) * -@&#

BA ⊕

A B C

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Sl. 2-13 Tablica istine i simbol Ex-ILI (EX-OR) operatora

Sl. 2-14 Logika shema operatora Ex-ILI pomou elementarnih Booleovih operatora

1 A C

B

# A C

B

1

1

&

&

1

A

B

C

AC

B

AC

B


3 6

&J6@ - # (( ( (* &J6@ / #G

::::::::&J6@7&M68:!:!:!:!

!:!:!:!:

, )/ 0 & % # + 1 )2 3 )4 & , # 5 )0 #

, / * *-* #0 (-+((((-G

A 0 0 1 1 B +0 +1 +0 +1 C 0 1 1 (1)0

7:N:8 ) ( &J6@ # 3 (((G

A 0 0 1 1 B +0 +1 +0 +1 C 00 01 01 10

(/*# 6>#

Tab. 2-6 Tablica istine za zbrajanje binarnih brojeva dužine jednog bita s prijenosom

A + B A B C Q

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

# 6>( (C(Ex-ILI*P(I#0 * ( +- # ( ;(;# 3 * (# 6=#; ;#

Tab. 2-7 Tablica istine za zbrajanje s prijenosom i donosom.


3 7

A + BD A B C Q

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

+ * # 1# 6:" - ( * # * ( *(&J6@ $BL((*&J6@7*&J6@8#

A B D

C

Q

Sl. 2-15 Logika shema sumatora

1 (((--*(( 1# 6:># ( ) +--#,)C6 (C(- 71# 6:=8#

Full Adder

A B

Q D

C Sl. 2-16 Sumator


3 8

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

FullAdder

A B

C

Q D

Sl. 2-17 8-bitni sumator

0 ;6*F ((; 7# 6 ) 8# ( ( * + ( ( # 0( ( # (( ( #,(? >9 ):!!6 !!#(-+ (*# () #

67 + ) . 7 + 6 / & / , )0 #

*7#.(*8#0 ( * ( ( ( (-71# 6:C8#

Q

Sl. 2-18 Logiki sklop s povratnom vezom

A

B

C

C'

Sl. 2-19 Jednostavan memorijski sklop

%( 1# 6:A#1 ((# 1 ( ( # 0 / 2 # ( * 7# 6C8 ) ( B (($(BK((B#T$T:( () / ( ( / ( ( (≠$#

Tab. 2-8 Tablica istine za logiki sklop sa Sl.


3 9

A B C C' 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 pamti 0 0 nedefinirano

0 ( / ( ( $(!#(1# 6:A (:+((.#3 +1# 6 !#

C'

CB

A

Sl. 2-20 Flip-flop memorija

.6. # 0( ) -(($) #$(:B/()((#$(!B/ ((#3 * - - / ) 6*# 1 ( *G 6- -*(( (( /(-#


4 0

3 G R A A R A U N A L A

4 1

3 GRAA RAUNALA

- * - -( ( * - (+

*# 3 / .**#<2 () + ( 7-( #-(58# 0+ / ( - )- # * + ( L 2 / ( / ( -# 0 - - * ( ( ) # ( (- ( * 2 # 1* ( #1#?6:- 2 #

Sl. 3-1 Shema grae raunala

PROCESOR RADNA MEMORIJA (RAM)

SABIRNICA

VANJSKA MEMORIJA (disk, CD)

ULAZNO/IZLAZNO SUELJE

(zaslon, tipkovnica, miš, pisa, mreža)


4 2


4 3

, * 2 * -(- * 7#;$;8/ -.**#

Sabirnica je snop provodnika koji ostvaruju prijenos binarnih podataka. Svaki je provodnik

nosilac jednog bita. Sabirnica prenosi istovremeno cijeli slog (kombinaciju binarnih brojeva),

iji sadržaj može biti podatak o vrijednosti neke varijable, adresa, instrukcija i slino.

1 ( (G ( ( ) ( ((/-71#?6 8#() 7#;F;8#3#1 / ()? >9: C+#

CPU

Ureaj1

Ureaj2

Ureaj3

PodaciAdreseUpravljaki signali

Sl. 3-2 Struktura sabirnice

1* ( ( (( * ( # * ( /.. (( #3* # . ( ( -( ( ) # )) #0 -22 7#1:!!0BH&18# - (#1*(2*( +7 )( 8.*((7 2((8#0* ( 2(+* (# ( 7# (8 - -- ( ((* #1- - ) + (( * * *#, ( + * .- ( -. *( (( 2(- 7(+


4 4

( ( ( : T : $L: (T:<$8#


4 5


4 6

/

( ) - (# , + - G ( #

,

< ( - - L( ( L 2 7 : * 6 (8#0 ( ((- * (+ *# 0- ( () 7CT: :F8# , - ( ( + ( C ++#3)-((* * #1 (*-=6 C6 71B8# (*+/+#? 7( 8+ /-*-(( 6 :9=9C?>9= ( N :9=9C?>9=7 ?: -(/ (8 *- ( ( 6?9Q:!?C ( N?#9Q:!?C 7 ( (> 9 8#, (-*(7#;360*;8(>9+ /-((6:!Q:!?!C(N:!Q:!?!C7A8# + * ( 7 8#1 ( (((!( + ( # 3-*(((+ +# 0(* ) ) * #

Vrijeme pristupa je vremenski interval koji protekne od trenutka izdavanja zahtjeva za

itanje do trenutka kada se traženi podatak pojavi na izlazu iz memorije.

Ciklus memoriranja je definiran najmanjim vremenskim intervalom izmeu itanja i

ponovnog upisa.

( 7 ( 8( (+(2(()((/(#1 ((* ) ((- )2 (( ( + ; ;7#;( ** F;8#

:1 (*%#0#&*(( #

:>T::;5(;


4 7

((--6*7#;*-;6( ( / # ) 8# 0( )()+ - #2((7*8 "! ( (!# ( + / - ;*-;# (( ( - * - *. 7ρT?Q:!"ΩL* ( =°B8 2*.7#ρT Q:!:?ΩL* 8(7#ρT:#=Q:!6>ΩL* 8#

Sl. 3-3 Postupak izradbe poluvodikih komponenata

0 ( 1# ?6?# ( .6 71# ?6?#8#0+( #, ( ( 71# ?6?#8# 0 / / (( 71# ?6?#8# 0 . ( * ( 71#?6?#*8# . * 7*8# 1* +/ ((* 71# ?6?#(8 / ( ( 7 * 8# 3 . + 71# ?6?#8 # ( *# -? ( 71#?6?#.8#

?,((* (-+)#


4 8

Sl. 3-4 Princip rada poluvodike komponente

(* 7*8/ 2((--*- # ( ( +/( (- # ( ( ( (- / (*71#?698#

1 7# ; 6 ( F F;8 ) )-(#,( / ( / - 2# 1) - *- ( - - #(*2 **( * #(* +(.* (* +#2( - G 78 708 7&08#1((6 ( #, ( (2 * (((-*##-*( (((:#& 7#;060 ;82;;--(#1 () 7(( (8 (2 ( - * # - (* + 06#


4 9

0 / + (# 1 + # ( ( #0 ((2 7C!H8 2 (:# *(/#

8

0(* - ( ) *(( (* -*# ( (* - # - ( * G ((B36 7# ;B *3;8 # / ( (- ( #

3 . 2 . 3 . 1 M e m o r i j s k i d i s k o v i

((((7#;-((;8(7#;.F(;8#(( -*(( (#

8 , * ) * ) 3

( ( 71# ?6"8 / # )- (# (* / 7 8 ( (* # / ( ?>!! ( = !! 9 ( :! 6 ?! # 0 ( ( " ( C!$L#

Sl. 3-5 Tvrdi disk

90(= !! ( ( )+( L-#


5 0

Sl. 3-6 Shema tvrdog diska

3(+((- 71#?6>8+/ "W; ?X;# 0 )( 7#(8# * / -/ ( ( - ( * ( ( ( +*# ( #< / ((/((((µ (+ ( ((/ # - ;/ ;# * 6 # 1 ( 7#*8#*78+/( (() ">": 7F 8# * ( ( ": :! 9#

Sl. 3-7 Format zapisa na disku

0 ( (/- ( - * * ( ( .

glava za itanje i pisanje

Pomini nosa glava

disk

Isjeak (sektor)

Staza


5 1

# ( ( / ) (* (.-(#-(-(2(* # * - ( +/ / +# , ( 2 ( (* #

* ) 3 & #

3 ( ( ( (2 (# (.) +/ +* 7"W;8 * 7?X;8# + ( 7# ;.F (;8# 1 - *(+ $ (?!! ( ?!! # ( ( ( ( (#0) (-(*(#

a) b)

Sl. 3-8 Diskete, (a) 3.5'', (b) 5.25''

5 * $* 8 *

, ( ( (( - . * #kompaktni disk ili CD 7#;B *3;1# ?6A8#B3- *#%( -((-(#3 2( : ! (:# #1 ( ./ +/ . 71#?6:!8#0(* -71#?6::8./- #

Sl. 3-9 Kompaktni disk - CD


5 2

Sl. 3-10 Presjek CD-a

( 7 + 8 !#A=µ (: " " . ( . # . ( # . : . !#1+ (+/ # (#1( ) (: * #1+!#"µ 2:#>µ >#B32/((( ("!!Y !! #$ *(((+7 ((8/((#((( (* #1(( ( 7:J8 B36 ( * ( :"!$L#

Sl. 3-11 Spiralni trag zapisa na CD-u

"./B36(+7#; ;8((((( ( *7#;;8#

>,()B36C #

Natpis Akril

Aluminij

1.2 mm

125 nm

Polikarbonat


5 3

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

=B367*(8YB3 ( 7#;*(;8(* /B36B3642#

CB3678478YB3 )+7#;5;8 /B36B3642#

A3H3. :AA"#(+2((+( -+-(1F0---(/*B3. #1F0-B3. 6(B *3:AA9#(--13F. :AA"#(#


5 4

Sl. 3-12 Isjeak DVD zapisa

-/ $6 ;+ ( -; 3H3 / ( ( ( + ( /# < ./ / ((((#3(+( .* . (// ( (#

Sl. 3-13 Princip jednostranog itanja višeslojnog DVD zapisa

snimljeni podaci – utori

podaci adresno zaglavlje

prethodno ''ugravirani'' podaci

Reflektirajui neprozirni sloj

Laserske zrake fokusirane za itanje na razliitim razinama

Poluprozirni reflektirajui sloj utora/izboina


5 5

3-( ((*3H36:=<$71#?6:98#

Sl. 3-14 Dvoslojni zapis omoguava pohranu do 17 GB podataka

,2 3H36 73H36 3H364 3H368 ( * B36#0 (C(:! 4 () >?" >"! # , * ( ( ::#!C L# 3H36 ( (2 :!!!!! #

3 . 2 . 3 . 2 T r a k a

+* ( --(#(* # 0(* / *# ( ) ( / ( ( * (- ( ( ) # 1 ( ( (# ( ( (*( +<$# 1) --( (+(-(-( ( (#0+-2(+/363*-((#

Jednostrani dvoslojni zapis, 8.5 GB Dvostrani dvoslojni zapis, 17 GB


5 6


5 7

Procesor (središnja jedinka, eng. "CPU - Central Processor Unit") je elektroniki sklop koji

ima sposobnost obrade podataka u skladu s programskim naredbama.

1 ( L * ( . * - (# 1 * ( ( +*#$** ) + (* (2.#.** (((+ -+ / ( !! ( :"!! - + /+ + ( ( ( 7# ;01 6 *01*(;8#1 - * *# * ( L .* ( ( ( *# 1 (* ( L 7(8 (# ( *#

Sl. 3-15 Struktura mikroprocesora

2 ( - *# 0 * () + - + ((* #H/(*7A![81#?6:> +-(#

Sabirnica

Upr

avljaka

je

dini

ca

Arit

met

i ko

/ lo

gika

jedi

nica

Spr

emni

k na

reda

ba

Programsko brojilo

Dekoder naredaba

RF

R0

R1

R2


5 8

Sl. 3-16 Mikroprocesor "mips R10000"

* (* - * ( / 7* ( (8(/2. *#

!

1 ) - ( L ( (# (* -(#3( -(*(/*((* -(*( (#*+ -( ((**( ( # - ( L((#0 ( 2 ( - 7(2 * 8 * (#( * ( 7# ;B*- F;8 - / ( 7? 6 "> $8/ (* * #( - (+ ( .- -( 7. ( ( 8 ( 6 #1 (2 (7JF((8#-(*>9!J9C! (.?!= !! * : C!J:! 9 :?:!= ! # ( *.- * * ( + ( (# 1 ;B*-; (( ;B*-; ": $6 $ . ( * // ( ( +.- (#H 2* ((- (*# (-)*(* *#


5 9

!

, ( - ( )* + (* # ( - ( #3(((2(/* +#0 ( G ( L* #

# $

L ( + *7 / - ( ( ) .*8 * @ 7#;3;;;8#*( (( (- - *(7(1E&8#

" 9!

,((( *#+(( 2 #, ( ( ( ( + @3 1&#0)(( * (-( ( #,( ( * # 0( L-(#1 - ( 2 # / -( + # ( ( + %,0 $BE#0 (( )(2( (-7#/(!(#"( 28#

:

(:A":#((,* *2 ( --*)( #0 /:A"A#(*-( J ( ( # -* ( @ 7# ;6 @*; 66 8 2 @ 7#;6@*;66 8 ( @1 7# ;( 61*;8 ( *@1 7#;@61* ;8 * H@1 7# ;HF@61*;8*#2 - 1 7# 6JF( 1 *(*; 6 6((80170 817 8( B17(/8-#( :A>: ( ( :A=:# ( ;*-; ( ( (# :A=:# ( ( * *


6 0

9!!9 ?!! 9"(/(C6C!!C( !#"E()??!!#

, 8 # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

0 * * ( * (# ( ((((#((+(* (/((((((+ 71#?6:=8#

U – uitavanje naredbe, D – dekodiranje, I – izvoenje

Sl. 3-17 Princip izvoenja naredbi prve generacije procesora

* , 9 1 # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

1 :>6- ? 6- * ( (- (-( *(-*- (/2 7#;0;8#1 ( ( / ( 2* ( 7: T :\:!6A 8 (/- ( (( 2 ( - #%(((* * ( 2 ( * # 3 / * 7;;8# 0 * ( ( (2 ( (* 2((71#?6:C8#((;;+*(*(7*8 ( *( ( * 7 (( 28.(# ( * * B>C!!!# >C!!! ? 6 - CE 016 7# ; * 0 1*(; 6 * (8#* / 2((((78#, (** - (-*-7#;0B60B ;8#

U D I U D U DI I

Vrijemenaredba 1 naredba 2 naredba 3


6 1

U – uitavanje naredbe, D – dekodiranje, I – izvoenje

Sl. 3-18 Princip rada druge generacije procesora

, & ; # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

/**( 7#;B*- F;8 # 0 ( * /- / (- (# + -(**6( ( ( + ( ( ( *# 0 + ( *78* (+((71# ?6:A8# , / * * ( # >C! ! 7 "! !!!81B*7#;(*(*1B ;8( -+ (-*#

U – uitavanje naredbe, D – dekodiranje, I – izvoenje A – adresiranje, O – uitavanje operanda, P – pohrana

Sl. 3-19 Trea generacija procesora

U D I

U D

I

I

I

U D

U D

U D

U D

I

I

Vrijeme

naredba 1

naredba 2

naredba 3

naredba 4

naredba 5

naredba 6

A O

DU A O I P

DU I

DU

P

A O I

DU

P

A O

DU

I P

A O I

DU

P

A O I P

Vrijeme


6 2

2 & 8 , # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

3 * 1B - * 7+( 8 / 2+( (( * 7 -8# + ( ( ( ( ) 2 ( -- ( 71#?6 !8#


Sl. 3-20 etvrta generacija

& # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

3+ *(*( - 71# ?6 :8# 0( / - L- ( ( ;**-; ( *#(.*(+(+/E#, +((((#, )(/(* 7 8* 2 2 / ( ((#

I P

A O

DU A O

DU

I P

A O

DU I

DU

P

A O I P

U D A

O I

O I

O

U

I P

D A

U

P

D A

U

P

D A O I

U

P

D A O

U

I P

D A O

U

I P

D A O I

U

P

D A O I PVrijeme


6 3


Sl. 3-21 Peta generacija

3 . 3 . 5 . 1 C I S C i R I S C a rh i t e k t u r a

* *-.*(( 2*-*- (#H/ */ ( 2 - *# + ( ( * / .* ( *# * B1B 6 # ;B J* 1 B ; + ( ?!! (# 1) .* / ( ( ( ) + + - (/# * () + # ) B1B * (/ ( (+- *- *# 0 ( ) ) / ( (2 * ( ( ** 71# ?6 8# 0/ ) () /+(* #

D A

U D A

U

U D

U D

DU

U

U

A O

D A

U

DU A O

DU

I

I

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I I

I

I I

I

I

P

A O

U

DU

P

P

I I I I I

I I I I

I I I I

I I I

I I I

I

I

I I I I I

I I I

III

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

P

PVrijeme


6 4

Sl. 3-22 Teoretski odnos uinkovitosti i cijene procesora u odnosu na njegovu složenosti

)-.*+(-( + (- * ()/ (# 1 ( ) ( ( +/ (# ((*1B6#;(*(*1B ; ( * (# ) (+:A="#($6 1B*(3## 0 3# # 3 :AC!# (# * + (- ( ( ( ( 7* 8#$(/ ( ( 1B * ( () ()- (-.*# + ( (1B- ( ( . ( + / (-* 1B*71#?6 ?8#

Sl. 3-23 Znaajke CISC i RISC procesora

Uinkovitost

Cijena

Složenost procesora

Frekvencija radne periode (MHz)

Broj radnih perioda po naredbi

5 1000 10 500 200 100 50 20 0

0,1

10,0

0,5

1,0

0,2

20,0

2,0

5,0

Superskalarni RISC

Skalarni CISC

Skalarni RISC

Superskalarni CISC


6 5

< 3!

( ((2#0 (( 78/ #(*(( #0 /( * ( ( ( ( 7# (( %,08# ( (# , ((()((/(2#0* *( #)*+, "-" $+."# , + / ( ( - ( ( ( ( ( (# ((*()( + ( ( (/ (# 1 ( * 2 7((8 / ( (# (( ( * 2 (/ (/ ( (2 (/7((8#2* ( (/ ( (# 3 ( (-- - * * + ( +(#0+(*) ( ( ((#

3 . 3 . 6 . 1 S t r o j n i j e z i k

0* + ( -- 2-- *# 1( - * #(( (#0()(( ( (# ( ( ) * -(* # E(* ( :> (!(7#?6:8#

Tab. 3-1 Heksadecimalni sustav s dekadskom i binarnom interpretacijom

3( $ E(* ! !!!! !: !!!: : !!:! ? !!:: ?9 !:!! 9" !:!: "> !::! >= !::: =C :!!! CA :!!: A:! :!:! :: :!:: $: ::!! B:? ::!: 3:9 :::! &:" ::::


6 6

( # 3( :>6 ((7+:>(8(-( (.(((((# * ) -(* + * () # 1 - *; F;(;;:!#,#?6 - ( (/ -(* * ( #

Tab. 3-2 Osnovni skup asemblerskih naredbi

( E(*# ( $

, 78(M]

: M] !!!:

! ,M]

M] !!:!

0- (M]

? M] !!::

/ 0 1

9 !1 !:!!

*- * 1-

" 1 !:!:

( *- * 17168-

> 1 !::!

0 ) *- * 1-

= 1 !:::

/ 0( *- * 1-

C 1 :!!!

,( *- * 1-

A 1 :!!:

0 1 (M] *B

M] :!:!

:!&# F * *( /*-(#


6 7

1(

$ (M]

$ !M] :!::

1! 0(2 B !!! ::!!

2 1 (M] *B 1/(

3 M] ::!:

1 (M] *B 1 (

& M] :::!

0 1 (M] *B 1

M] ::::

, -(* ( :!>&# * (/G -(* : ( * !!!: # (@3 78I (/ (. ( ( 7!8 ( - - 7>&-(* !::!:::! 8# , ( "?" ( " ( (336*(::- * "- ?#

3 . 3 . 6 . 2 P r i m j e r

0 ( ) ( # () ( * ( - # (/ - ( ( ($ -(* ( 1#?6 9#

( ( 1()

:!? "9 ::" "B> " = !:C ? A B B!$ !!B

Sl. 3-24 Primjer programa u heksadecimalnom kodu

::0((7(">8*-((* -(#


6 8

1 ( ( :>6 (C6 ( ( - ( ( *# / * (( **///( #1#?6 "* 2 #2 (:!"7* ?8 (#3((/(/G :6@378 !6!7* !8 "6 ("7() "8$( ((/(798#1(( ::"B ((# ( ( + @378(* :()*"B#1(/ ( " !: ( > (. # 0 " ( 7338# 1(/ 7 8 (. ( * - #( ! : (. ( 7!:8 --(*#+-( #(? B ( C (. - 7? 6 1&8 ()* (B #((B!!!+ 7B6E@8# (+) #.("" T:Q Q?Q9Q"T: !#,B (Ga = 1; f = 1; while ( a <= 5 ) f = f * a; a = a + 1; f / () " # B # ( / (* ; ; 7# ;* ;8#


6 9

( ( 1()

:!? "9 ::" "B> " = !:C ? A B B!$ !!B ### B ### " "$ "B ?###

Sl. 3-25 Primjer izvoenja programa za zbrajanje dvaju brojeva

Spremnik naredaba

Broja naredaba

32C2 A8 R0 2

Dekoder naredba

R1 3 R2 5 R3

Aritmetiko/ logika jedinica

...

Spremnik naredaba

Broja naredaba

105A A2 R0 2

Dekoder naredba

R1 R2 R3


...

Spremnik naredaba

Broja naredaba

115C A4 R0 2

Dekoder naredba

R1 3 R2 R3


...

Spremnik naredaba

Broja naredaba

5201 A6 R0 2

Dekoder naredba

R1 3 R2 5 R3


...


7 0

, ( #?6 (/ ( (G((

( +

0 LOAD(CON) 0 1 // a = 1 1 STORE 0 80 // na RAM adresi heksad. 80 ili

dek. 128 2 LOAD(CON) 0 1 // f = 1 3 STORE 0 81 // na RAM adresi heksad. 81 ili

dek. 129 4 LOAD(CON) 0 5 // if a > 5 jump to end 5 LOAD 1 80 6 JG 1 10 7 LOAD 0 81 // f = f * a 8 LOAD 1 80 9 MUL 2 0 1 A STORE 2 81 B LOAD 0 80 // a = a + 1 C LOAD(CON) 1 1 D ADD 2 0 1 E STORE 2 80 F JUMP 0 4 // nazad na naredbu 4 10 STOP(HALT) 0 0

0

(-(* ( (/G(

E(#(

$( +

0 2 0 1 0010 0000 0000 0001

// a = 1

1 3 0 80 0011 0000 1000 0000

// na RAM adresi heksad. 80 ili dek. 128

2 2 0 1 0010 0000 0000 0001

// f = 1

3 3 0 81 0011 0000 1000 0001

// na RAM adresi heksad. 81 ili dek. 129

4 2 0 5 0010 0000 0000 0101

// if a > 5 jump to end

5 1 1 80 0001 0001 1000 0000

6 D 1 10 1101 0001 0001 0000

7 1 0 81 0001 0000 1000 0001

// f = f * a

8 1 1 80 0001 0001 1000 0000

9 7 2 0 1

0111 0010 0000 0001

A 3 2 81 0011 0010 1000 0001

B 1 0 80 0001 0000 1000 0000

// a = a + 1

C 2 1 1 0010 0001 0000


7 1

0001 D 5 2 0

1 0101 0010 0000 0001

E 3 2 80 0011 0010 1000 0000

F B 0 4 1011 0000 0000 0100

// nazad na naredbu 4

10 C 0 0 0

1100 0000 0000 0000

// stop


7 2


7 3

" 9$=

" !

* 2 . - # 0 * (( (*#1 =6 1B 7 8# 0 6 -(/#(1 _4&]: ((-+-()- 71#?6 >8#

&* : ? 9 "

` : ? 9 " > =

_ 4 & ] ,

B@* 1 3 < E %

Sl. 3-26 Dio QWERTY tipkovnice

P . ** + +# + * (( +( /*#

" />

+( *(() * . 71# ?6 =8# () + * * + / / #0 /2-* - ( () . 71# ?6:8# ( + (-.**) . (. #@ +-()-.*()# /-#

: (_4&]:C=C#(; ; #_4&]) 1 :AA:#(#


7 4

Sl. 3-27 Miš

Sl. 3-28 Unutrašnjost miša

" ?

2 ( - # 1 ( +- - .* ( ( 2 * ) *6#+-(*H * /#

3 . 4 . 3 . 1 K a t o d n a c i j e v

* - ( *# , (;; * 78#& ( + *#&(( 2 ( *#0 . / + / /# * .* .. # & () .. ( 2 ( (*# .**#

Kuglica

Aktivni valjii

Potporni valji

Senzori


7 5

Sl. 3-29 Katodna cijev

& / ( ( (#. (()( ((:!(=! 7 (8#H (.. ( 2( ( # 1 ( ( ( - ()- ( :L9! ) / ) ( (2 ( # ( * )/(:L"!(:LA!#( )7#;J;8 # 1 ( (/ JF( ( # (* - .7#; F;;. ..;8#1 . +/ / C6 96 . #(()(2-. *#,C6. /- ">( 96 :>= #

3 . 4 . 3 . 2 T e k u i k r i s t a l

/ /# +/ ( #0 /# (# / / ) .* (- . *#0* (- 78 /. /(((*#

""

02)L.().#0*---(7+/8( - (G

Vodoravni usmjerivai

Fosforni sloj

Vertikalni usmjerivai

Katoda

Fokusni element


7 6

* ;%; #

Linijski pisai - - #* # * * (2 #,(* * #( (.()#3# * ( matrini pisai# 0 () ( +-(( 9*#( ( * * 7 8 ( ) ( # 1 ( * ( .()# -#Termiki pisai( - * #* (* # -)* ( (#(- *(( (* #"Ink-jet" pisai/ #1 * # * *# * # *(+*#1 *() G ) *F *# * )#( ..#Laserski pisai( *#0*(2(.-#1(+( ( +/ # ( / * + / # (* *() +#--- # 1 ( ( # 0+ /((/*71#?6?!8#@* (() (/+ (#H// + *#, 7) *F*8#0 ( / )* 78# 1( (2 (*+ #1(


7 7

+( *#0 #

Sl. 3-30 Shema laserskog pisaa

, * 6 6 ( * #0-() #0 / 7-682(). (*( #3 () ( # 0 6 ; 0*; 7*8#. - ( - ( # # >!!J>!!*-*9. >!!J>!!JC#?J::#=T?9A"A>!!(9#:>="$ (# :> $ 6 # 0 /+ * ( . # ( ) - 2 / --(#

Ogledalo za usmjeravanje laserske zrake na bubanj

ista bubnja s elementom za izbijanje elektrikog naboja

Laser

Bubanj koji se elektriki polarizira pomou laserskog snopa

Spremnik tonera

Transportni valjci

Grijai koji lijepe tonirajui prah za papir


7 8

4 O P E R A T I V N I S U S T A V

7 9

4 OPERATIVNI SUSTAV

( ( (/ / + ((/(*

(#( + )(#3 )(2- ( *( ( ( * +( 7:6!68#3 + ( ( +- ( ( - # 7 + -8 ( - # 7(8 * 6 / ( + - * ( ( Y (#, ( -# * * ( + -+ (((2#1 / - ) ( *# 1 ,M --# ( ) (()/-/ / *( #1 ( 2 / ( )2.* #1,M+-/ / *- )#,( -+( (( )+-2* (+0B66*.#1 (+/ .*+/* ( (( (#,( 0B ( 2/ (/ #0- 2 / ( ( ) 0B - # *


8 0

( - - + * /20B (+6. *.+( * *.4(5LA" - #3 ( ( G ,M *.4(5LA"#,M / ) I + L+* ( * ) I4(5LA"+-#,/2.* - .* ,M66#


8 1

" @!

/( ( -(#2 * ( - - ( L (* / .* # - ( / . + ( ((*L-(( (+ ( + ( ( / - ( / ( -/( ( ((/()(#( ( * + ( - .* ( ( (*# (.* ) ) ( )(/G

operativni je sustav skup programa koji brinu o radu raunalnih komponenata, komunikaciji

s korisnikom i izvoenju korisnikih programa.

+ *-.*#, ( - - / / ) ( # 1 ) (( ( (- (# 0 / / (( ( / + )(/#


8 2


8 3

" A!

/ 7# ;$ ; ;$;:?8 - 7&068# , &06 (#( **( 2 #0 () ( (( #G *(7 8 ) G

2*7#*-(8 * (* +

Procesor naredaba ( * # ((7* +###8 ((#( () 22 2*#Uslužni programi /(* * ) 2 # ( (#Program za rasporeivanje procesa/*2 2/- (/ * #0 program za alokaciju komponenata - )/ * ( (() 7# ((((* ) 2 ( ( ( *8#Program za rad s zapisnicima ( - ( ( - 7( # .8 -(*7. *8#0(* (((# 0(* . - ( * ( -2#*(( +(#:?&#;; (*#, 7**8(#


8 4

0(* ( ( . +(- (- ( ( (# ( ( # *( 7# . F 8 ( *(#Program za upravljanje memorijom ( ( - )*( #, ((+ - * + ) (#;; +/*6#.*( ) + <$# 3 * 6 * # 9 $#0 ((71#96:8#

Virtualni adresni prostor

RAM

Program za upravljanje memorijom

Disk

Sl. 4-1 Upravljanje memorijom

, 6 + )- - * * *6 - + 7# ;15;8(# ( ( + ( * ((-**(6 6 *# ( ( -*#0 ( ( - ( (*( izvršnim programom# ((* 7#; 1-;8#1 ( 2 + * ( ( + / (( *

Virtualna radna memorija


8 5

* ( / ( ( 2# 1 + ( ( * 7# 8 /+(((*#(* ( + ( * + / ( ( ( ( (/ (#0 / + - () - ( 2(* (/( ( - + # ( ( (# 3 + ( ( * - * ( 7#1#96 8#

Izvoenje tekuenaredbe

Odbrojavanjevremena:t = t + ∆ t

Prekid

Pohrana sadržajaspremnika u RAM

Uitavanje sadržajaspremnika naredneoperacije iz RAM-a

t < tTS

DA

NE

Sl. 4-2 Postupak dijeljenja procesorskog vremena ("Time Sharing")

H ( (. ( :! ( :!! # , ; ; * ( ( * ) + # ( ( ) ( ./ (# )* # 2 +/ - * # ) * 2* / + ( * * ( ( * )/ (#


8 6


8 7

" /BC!

70B8+*/ #+ + ((- - /()- + (- )- # ( -((*(#0 (+-0B6 ) 0B6 MJ :A=?# (# + MJ+0B6 /()-( / ( # :A=># ( + MJ* 1 % 14 + KK0BKK#,$2*. :AC:#($0B*+*(0B#1 ()*) *(/ ) / ( ( ) # 1 2 ) * - ( / /)* / 7#/ *(( ###8#1( )+#+ -((*) ( - (- ( ( # - (+#1 ( * (( ( ( )- 0B6# 1 / ) ( / (- * - ) - * # , (*. 31 7# ;3 1F ;8 .14(5:6?#:::AC"#( 4(5L !!! A"LAC:9#34(5 ) ( #, / + ** (-14(5*(#

:94(5A"AC(7/8 ( (/ (4(5 !!!. #


8 8

" 3!%.

4(5 +(/ +*# ((6GKK1KKK4K#NT Server )- )7#;1651F ;8* L)*7#*L8# / / ) +* )(? *#NT Workstation2( /+/+ )--1# 6G 78 ;E@; 7# ;E(5 * @F; ( 6 (

8 + (74? #J8#( 7E@8(( - #( (#) #-1#96?#()(-G1#7#;*;8 316 4(5 #3 + ( ( 7( !! $8# 7# ;1 6 1F ;8 () (* ( +- 7,M8# / ( (/ ( (<$#

4 . 3 . 1 . 1 F A T

* * - )# * ( # 1 () -- 7# ;*;8 ( #": # )+>""?"(:>#1(": )*??$(#1/( (*??$ /#4(5 2 . ( (*#1#969*( #


8 9

Sl. 4-3 Struktura NT operativnog sustava

Blok s BIOS parametrima

FAT

Kopija FAT-a

Podaci

.

.

.

Sl. 4-4 Organizacija diska s FAT zapisnikim sustavom

RAUNALNE KOMPONENTE

HAL (virtualno raunalo)

JEZGRA

IZVRŠNE KOMPONENTE

Upravljanje objektima

Nadziranje sigurnosnog

pristupa

Upravljanje procesima

Upravljanje virtualnom memorijom

Lokalni proceduralni

pozivi

Upravljanje ulazno / izlaznim

procesima

Prijavni program

Sigurnosni sustav

Dos/Win16 podsustav

OS/2 podsustav

POSIX podsustav

Win32 podsustav

OPERATIVNI PODSUSTAV


9 0

* -(*- ( ( * (* 7# ; *;8#0*(**#1 ( / - ( ( + - *# 1# 96" * * # 0(*6:#( *(*(!!! #!!! (. !!!A-(* +**#30(*6:#(-( !!! !!!A#(.**0(*6 #(!!!:6!!!?6!!!96!!!=0(*6?#(!!!C6!!!"6!!!>#

Lista

FAT

Podaci-1.dat 0002 0003

Podaci-2.dat 0001 0009 Podaci-3.dat 0008 0004

... 0007

0006

FFFF FFFF

0005

FFFF

...

Sl. 4-5 Primjer alokacijske tablice

+(-/(C( 4(5A" /+(:""#<(6( 314(5:6?#JJ #

4 . 3 . 1 . 2 N T F S

,16(*- () (( # - ( 7 ( ###8 1 (2 (. ( # ( / + #1 / - - ( () ( ""#1 +(-*6#;;# 3 * ;; ( (# ( ((+/ ( /


9 1

+/- # ;; ( 6 -(((*#(( +/ ;; (# + ( ( * ( ;@ ; 6 ) +/-#, # ( 7 (:"!!8*()/-*# * (( (*)#, **(.**#,16(*() 7(* ( (8 #( ( - * (# , - - * 7#KKJ KK8*(71#96>8#1 ( * 7a. a. a@ aH a$(B a3.(#8#

MFT deskriptor

kopija MFT deskriptora

"Log File"

. . .

mali zapisnici nastavci tablice

veliki zapisnici

mali imenici

. . .

Sl. 4-6 Glavna zapisnika tablica NTFS-a


9 2

" %

Jezgra NT operativnog sustava upravlja raunarskim zadaama.

,(2*()7#;-(;8#1 * ) ( + # 1 ( (2#H/((2# +*(*(//*((/ / / * (/ 7# ;10 6 1F * F0*; +**8# ( G( #3 ) * (+ (# ,.* #

" 4#+

HAL je virtualno raunalo koje predstavlja suelje izmeu NT jezgre i sklopovlja.

((- - 7# ;0 6* 0 .*; 8 .* ( (/ E@6 - 73@@8( 71#96=8#

Sl. 4-7 Princip virtualnog raunala

Izvršne komponente

Upravljanje ulazno/izlaznim

sustavom

NT JEZGRA

A

HAL

Procesor

Upravljaki program

AA

RAM Disk Grafiki ubrziva


9 3

06 ( -(((- .* / - 4(5 #, ((2 - #(/((E@6 0(-*. (# 1 + (- # 0 ( - ((/ (() # , 4(5 * 7 8 - * (*.* # ( E@ ( (/ #

" " )> !

NT izvršni sustav upravlja procesima i memorijom.

2*(/ 2 #,+ (/(/G ( * *( L * #

4 . 3 . 4 . 1 U p r a v l j a n j e o b j e k t i m a

7 * ( (/ (2 (8 # - () (7*(8#((.(/*7 (8G + (+## -/ ( 7) (#8 (( *+#

4 . 3 . 4 . 2 N a d z i r an je s i g u r n o s n o g p r i s t u p a

0 (. 7# ;1 6 1*F.* ;8# 1 * ( (. (7#5(8#1(( B@ 7# ;** B @; 8# 0 /- - B& 7# ;** B &F;8 *.* (. 13 (/ (


9 4

#(() )17# ;1*F**;8#0 7# 8 2 (. (. 16 B&6 (-(71#96C8#

Sl. 4-8 NT sigurnosni koncept

4 . 3 . 4 . 3 U p r a v l j a n j e p r o c e s i m a

(/ * * *# * (. (/ ( (7#;-(;8#

4 . 3 . 4 . 4 U p r a v l j a n j e v i r t u a l n o m m e m o r i j o m

) *+ / * / ( + ) 6# H ()(9<$#0- <$ - <$# *( 9$#

4 . 3 . 4 . 5 L o k a l n i p r o c e d u r a ln i p o z i v i

0()) */ -*(-7#;@0B6@*0*(B;8#0(+(*-+(#

4 . 3 . 4 . 6 U p r a v l j a n j e u l a z n o / i z l a z n i m p r o c e s i m a

,L * - (-+.*-G 0 + * * 7B*-8 71F 8

Sigurnosni identifikator: “Oskar” (s–1- 5) (Security ID) Skupni identifikator: PPP (Group IDs) users Admins

Sigurnosni žeton korisnika (SAT)

Zapisniki objekt

Ime: D:\podaci.txt Sigurnosni deskriptor (ACL)

5F34"

5

35",6*

5 3378#*

ACE ACE ACE


9 5

) 7538 , -273*38(/ + (* L-.* (/ -2#

" : D

, * ( ? 6()(4? (#

Win32 preuzima ulazne informacije od miša i tipkovnice i brine se za prikaz izlaznih i

interaktivnih informacija na zaslonu raunala.

( # 1 (-2-KKKK#0 (/- # (*-(2- 71#96A8##4:> (( + ( - (2 ( ( (( #

Sl. 4-9 Podsustav okruženja

4(5 2 () ( -( - G 1631 4(5 ?#JL4:> ( G 1L 01M # 0( 1631 4(5?#JL4:> 1L 01M 4? ( /4? 708#

Tipkovnica Miš

...

Ulazni red

Win16 ulazni red

Win32 ulazni redovi

Win16 program F (blokiran)

Win32 program C

Win16 program D

Win32 program A

Win16 program E (blokiran)

Win32 program B


9 6

1631 (31 7#;H36H31*-;8#H34? +JC>:"1631 ( ( JC> (*-*#4(5 ?#JL4:> :>6 ( 1631 /4(5?#J.#4? 4:>H3( +4(5?#J 708 .7<3816316#

" < %.

( 0B / ( / $1 7# ;$*L1*;8# $1 -- 0B ) G ** (78/*71#96:!8#

Pripremna faza Programi i zapisnici

1.1 Provjera osnovnih raunalnih komponenata

1.2 Uitavanje i izvoenje MBR-a

BIOS

1.3 Uitavanje "boot" sektora

1.4 Uitavanje NTLDR-a

Faza uitavanja

2.1 Prebacivanje procesora na 32-bitni radni protokol

NTLDR

2.2 Aktiviranje zapisnikog sustava

NTLDR

2.3 Izbor operativnog sustava NTLDR, BOOT.INI

2.4 Uitavanje operativnog sustava

NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM

2.5 Identifikacija raunalne konfiguracije

NTDETECT.COM

3.1 Uitavanje NT jezgre NTOSKRNL.EXE

3.2 Inicijalizacija jezgre NTOSKRNL.EXE

3.3 Uitavanje uslužnih programa

SMSS.EXE, AUTOCHK.EXE

3.4 Pokretanje Win32 podsustava

WINLOGON.EXE, LSASS.EXE, SCREG.EXE

Sl. 4-10 Proces pokretanja NT operativnog sustava

:" (** C>?C>9C>(JC>#


9 7

1( 2 ; $ *(; 7 8#$ # ;;( 7 (8 (( (/;;( #$(.* # 0 ;; ( /NTLDR # .*#0 NTLDR/ ( **:>6? 6(# / ( ( 7 18( (#1(/ /BOOT.INI ( / ( # /#G

Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0 Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0 (VGA) Windows NT Workstation Version 3.51 Windows NT Workstation Version 3.51 (VGA)

* /**NTLDR/ NTDETECT.COM.* 7 (* +(#8#3(*-6;4(5F;2NTLDR6#,-/.G:# 78 # **?# )- 9# ;4(5? ;(#,(NTLDR NTOSKRNL.EXE(/ ((( NTDETECT.COM#,. ;E(5 * @F; 7E@8 4(5 ( (.*-)- /#** ( ** - -#,)- ( SMSS.EXE;1;#0 . *(7AUTOCHK.EXE8/4? (#4? / WINLOGON.EXE LSASS.EXE *#/#0 BNN3 *#,;Username; -( ( ( # ;Domain; ;From; ( . )( )*#,( ) ( 71 4(5 48-( / # , ( ;Password; 7: ( :9 8 # , (* ( ( * 7# ;,**(;8/ (G ;The device is not accessible;#/#


9 8

" E ,

0 *;; 7#31#96::8# ((--.- 2 78 ( ( ; ;7#8#

Sl. 4-11 Radni stol NT korisnikog suelja

4 . 3 . 7 . 1 I k o n e / s i m b o l i

( G ( 78 *7#-*8 7#.(8# )- ) -- ) )*# 0 + ( + / () # ) ( +( 1#96: # *(() # / *#


9 9

Sl. 4-12 Izbornik simbola na radnome stolu

( ()) (-- ( 7# ( *) (8# /(/) (* 7 ###8#0* #- / (/ *# * - / (/ ) ( - 2# / (-()#0/) () 71#96:?8#

Sl. 4-13 Imeniki prozori prikazuju sadržaj imenika


1 0 0

( (.+#) / ( ! ( "#0/ (1#96:9#

Sl. 4-14 Imeniki prozor s funkcijskim tipkama

Sl. 4-15 Zapisniki sustav na imenikom prozoru

1# 96:" ( # 3 () (71#96:>8#


1 0 1

Sl. 4-16 Sadržaj imenika radnoga stola

1 ) (. ( () (# 1 ( - C:\Winnt\Profiles\ime-korisnika\Desktop# , ( - * +- 7 8#(((*((/G 7 ###8( +

()( + (((( )*#0+( +/1#96:=# #$%( //*/(/#

Sl. 4-17 Izbornik

,)(( (( +/1#96:C#,() / *& (71#96:A8# /2((( +*#


1 0 2

Sl. 4-18 Pomoni izbornik

Sl. 4-19 Komunikacijski prozor za potvrdu brisanja

+ (* / + ;( *; ( '( ) # () '( ) (* #$(*((/G ( + '()

( ;4(5&J;71#96 !8 (('() ()#

Sl. 4-20 Izbornik imenika "Recycle Bina"

0 ( ( ( *' 71# 96:C8# ( / ( #


1 0 3

4 . 3 . 7 . 2 I z b o rn i k " S t a r t "

( ( 71# 96 :8# +# , () * * & + %'$&!#

Sl. 4-21 Izbornik "Start"

+ )(1#96 :**7 8(-- #0( * + (( +# + )) +/2 #, & - :" 7*) - 8 ( +# ( (( /(/ (#0( * #* * ( L (/"##* (+ . )- - * - ( 71# 96 8# * * 78 ) (. .* 71# 96 ?8# 2 ( (/ ) *"71#96 98#


1 0 4

Sl. 4-22 "Control Panel" (s izgledom prozora MS Windows 98 i 2000)

Sl. 4-23 ''Printers''

Sl. 4-24 ''Task Bar''


1 0 5

1(/ + 728 /) )# 0 ) * * * * ) )#%7 /8)* /( # *' ( / . *# , (/ * ( ,# )! 7(8 / * # $&!((/# )( )#1 -(;4(5;#1 -(+ 7# -(58#0 ( (7. 8 - - ( ( (()#

4 . 3 . 7 . 3 L i n i j a z a d aa

@(/7#8.# < (/ - / (/ # %( # 3 ( +(/ . (2 ( ( - / *#( + * - 7. 8(- ) *# ) ( * +(2 +# ) + (/ (/# ( +/ ( #@(/( ) /-- (2- #(7E6-&6(#8(#

" F , !

2-(#4(5 -- / + - (# 1 :> )()(- () (- (# ,M6 2 7# ( ) * 8# ( * / -

:>,4(5 * 7#;.(;8#


1 0 6

--( ( ;4(5&J;71#96 "8#

Sl. 4-25 "Windows Explorer"

;4(5 &J; / ;-*-. ! /"0;(/ ( + 1(#7 8( *0#0;4(5&J;( ((7b(b8#@ ()(#1 -- # 0 ;N; ( + ( ( ( #( *#1 L/ () # 1# 96 > ( +// #( * #( (( . * # 1 (((#( / ( ()* (+()#0 )((*( - 7 ) +( )(+-(-(*6*8#


1 0 7

Sl. 4-26 Ikone simboliziraju vrstu pridruženog objekta

1() / ( G #1#96 >;4(5&J; #0 (( /G 71#96 =8( ( (* 71#96 C8#( ! 72 3 6 3 6 ( *( ( (* 2 6 ( *(*& 6 ( (* 8# ) / (/-*;4(5&J;71#96 A8#

Sl. 4-27 Prikaz objekata malim simbolima

"MS Word" dokument

Imenik/folder

Slika

Program


1 0 8

Sl. 4-28 Prikaz objekata s malim simbolima i dodatnim podacima

Sl. 4-29 Gumbi za promjenu naina prikaza sadržaja u ''Windows Exploreru''

( (G ( 7; ;8 + + 7#;((

(;8 ( + .*#3 + /(/() ( ( -( # () ( ;4(5 &J; ( ()/ ((# * ) ( * + ( # ) * () (2 # ( (# 0 + 7# 8 ( (


1 0 9

+ $ * 7+8(;4(5&J;) # , ) * + -( + $ ## $ / / ( # (# / + / * ##$) * ( '() ;4(5&J; ( ( # * 2- ;4(5 &J; - # 0 + :=( +/ ) # ( + ( /G 7(() 8 * 7--(8 4 !7(--(8 "7 +(( 1() :C8 #7# :A 8 #(7# 8 *7(# 8 #$7*8 &7'() 8 '7 8 * 7(*6* 1631

( (.*8#1 ( () /( /2--(# / * 0 -(( /7* 8#*( 2 * + + ;4(5&J;71#96?!8#

:=1() 2(#

:C;F$.*;78 2-/(((#

:A;B(;/ 2 -( + /;BF;L;0;;B;L;0; *(#


1 1 0

Sl. 4-30 "File" i "Edit" izbornici

/;+ -/!;#/!( 71#96?:8( / 7+8/*7$8 - . 71 . &. ) 3###8#

Sl. 4-31 "File/New" izbornik

.* * ;4(5&J;71#96? 8#


1 1 1

Sl. 4-32 Linija alata "Windows Explorera"

0( ;4(5 &J; 4(5 + (7;(;;4(0(;8 ( 7;0; ; ;8 7;B*;8 + (- ( 7;B3 0F; ;1( *(;8 ( )7;36,;;;;&J;8(#

5 R A U N A L N E M R E Ž E

1 1 2


1 1 3

5 RAUNALNE MREŽE

. * ( ( . * ( . * (# 3

( . *# ( . - (. *+ #0(((( # + 22 (- +/# ) - (/-2 )+(-(13(B * 7,1 3. 3 8 0 !7#;(*(*-0*F;8#0( *2*-++(/. *# 3 * + ( ( - ( ( * 6 # ;*65*-; - ()+ ((#0 ):A>A#(;;@,F.B.# ) / / ) (/+ (+ ) - (#0( (- ) (+ # B0L0 7#; B 0*L *;8 (+ ) - ) * (-(#0 ) ,11**(/:AC>#( ) 1 * *-- *# , ) . / ) 7# 5 2 )8 #( :AA!#( ) ( ( )#( :AA!#( ( ( )-*/("!!#!!!:AA!#((+ !!!#(71#"6:8#

!30*#;3.( K(*(*-0*F;


1 1 4

Sl. 5-1 Trend razvoja Interneta kroz poveanje broja korisnika

( #0;44464(4(4;(E07#EF J . 0*8 %H* / ( (-. *7 8#$( 444)*( / - )/*. *-71#"6 8#

Sl. 5-2 Trend razvoja Interneta kroz poveanje broja web sjedišta


1 1 5

, 2 )- - . 7((* *8 () ) *# 1 ) * (+ ) / / -+ (+ # H - ) (* ( ( ( * * G )(+*(#3)( )( 2/ -+ (L ) L * ( ( ( ( ( # 1) * (- ( / ( ( ( . **(* *( / # () . ** (# * * ( -G ( c * I *(G (+((71#"6?8/. *#

DJELATNOSTI TEHNOLOGIJA

Znanost

Trgovina

Bankarstvo

Industrija

MREŽA

Sl. 5-3 Konvergencija informacijskih tehnologija


1 1 6


1 1 7

: )

Raunalna mreža je skup raunala povezanih komunikacijskim sklopovljem i

odgovarajuom programskom podrškom.

Komunikacijsko sklopovlje ) (#Mrežna programska podrška ( * ) ) /*( *#vorovi ) ( )# 1 ( / * ( - 2 ( ** ) (. (-6 - *;/;#Protokol * ( * *#1 (. ( . *#3 2(* (( 7# ;1 6 . 1((;8 1 7# ; 1F **; 6 8 . ( ((- )- # 1 .* (/ *# 0( ( 71# "698# 1 ( (/ ) #(/ ( 2((.*#

= *

> 0

" 1

9

? 5

3@

: 0-F*

Sl. 5-4 OSI referentni model


1 1 8

1(2(+#/#.7;0-F*;8. # *()#;3@; (/ (#1(/;;5; ( ;3 @; (# * ) *# H) ( ( * (/ 7# ;1; ( *(/ ;1; ( 8#1 ( ( * * ( ( () . - )- # 1 ( (. */(. .*( (#Fizika razina7;0-F*;!(. -.**( (#3 (.( ( 7 - 8I ( 7 8I (- 7.* 8I ( (( 7*(8#.*#Razina podatkovne veze7;3@;8 *(#+ * #(.* 78 ;3 @; (* ) -( # ( ( ( +#5 (. *#,()(#,(*( *# (6;3@;(+(+ ))#Mrežna razina 7;5;8 7# ;;8 2(- )#(( ) 2- )2 -# 2 +(- ) /((+#1 ( )- 7# &-8 ( ) ( - ( # 0M : 7# ; 0* &J*-;8 0 7#;0*;8#Prijenosna razina 7;;8 ( 2 *- ( (-(- (. * 2 )- L - )# $(/ ( + *- * ) )((.( ( ) ( ( (.* 7# ;*; ; ;8# 0 B0 7# ; B 0*;8 10M 7# ;1D*( 0* .&J*-;8#,((#0 ((+(/+ (/

:#

1373363 .3.8#


1 1 9

(#1 ()( ) -(#Razina sastanka/susreta 7;1;8 + .* /* ( 2 (- *# * 78 2((* )(( ( ( * ) I - (## 2 () *## ( 2(( (( + # ) 2( /+/( ( ( / ) (# 0 (( B0L0 2 (/ # ,4(5 A" * ;$1; 7#;5 $* L 1F ;8 #Razina prezentacije7;0;8 (#$ +) (.-/ ( - # ( 2 (- #107#;1 50*;8((*#Razina primjene 7;*;8 + 1 ( ( ) # 0-( .* # * ( -( # (. * ) + #+7( 87.8( 78(* 7.8( 2 7-8 )+#;4(4(4;7-8;<-;#,1 ((. ( / ( * ( #*(-1 ((.* - )-- 78( (( (*(-.*#


1 2 0


1 2 1

: !D

Topologija mreže je geometrijsko ureenje vorova i veza. Ovisi o veliini, namjeni i

tehnologiji mreže, kao i udaljenostima povezivanja.

- )( * - # ) ( ) 7# ;4(5 64;8 )7#;@*56@;8#< ) )/ ( 7 ! 8#0 *.7.(* (*8# ) /( 271#"6"8#

Sl. 5-5 Nepravilna topologija

d ) ) ( -- ( ) )#,1. ((./7;5;8#$( * - * *- G ( ? $L 7 ( 8 ( + $L 78 * (+- *- / ( : <$L# 1 ( *- )(*-( 2(-/#@ )( * 7 ( ! 8# (* / ( 7( :! $L ( >>! $L8# 0 G ( L #


1 2 2

,1. ((7;3@;8(7;0-F*;8 *#

Zvijezdastatopologija

Sl. 5-6 Zvjezdasta topologija

Sabirnikatopologija

Sl. 5-7 Sabirnika topologija

Prstenastatopologija

Sl. 5-8 Prstenasta topologija


1 2 3

,zvjezdastoj topologiji71#"6>8 * 2((+ ) 2# (/ ( *- 2 (/- # 0 ) ( 2( )( 2( *( )( *- )# ( ( ( ( * * (- )#0( ) *). *- ( ( ) ( ( )# ( ( +/ # ( ( (+ 2# 1 ( ) * / * )# ( ( (( ( ((+ +(+ )+*#(-&-337# ; 3( 3 .*;8# 0 (( - (/ * .7(*8#Sabirniku (paralelnu) topologiju 71# "6=8 (+ ( -7#;*;8# ) . (/ ( ( * (+ ( ( . *( ) - #3 ( *- +(+ ( ( ) )# * )(/ ( + ) ( (#&- - ( (( ;( ;( 7:!$1&" ?8; ; (7:!$1& 8#1 *( )&-( + ) # * ( (:!L;&-;(:!!L# prstenaste topologije 71# "6C8 #1 + ( ( ((( #; ; - # ( 0 (* # + -;;6(7 98 ) ) # ((*(7:L9L :>L8#d.(( *(+2(# (/ ) - / - ( # )* - / / ( /+

?0 &&&C! 6? (.&--7#;&&&6.&**(&**&; 2()(8


1 2 4

- - ) - . &-# &- * ( ) +(- )-*#

: &

Ethernet protokol definira fizike karakteristike medija za prijenos podataka (koaksijalni

kabel, svjetlovod ili upletene parice). Ethernetom su takoer definirana elektrika svojstva

signala, oblik podatkovnih paketa koji putuju Ethernet medijem i komunikacijski protokol.

&- # "6: 7 ( (- () G

Tab. 5-1 Format Ethernet paketa

Preambula Adresa odredišta

Adresa polazišta

Tip Podaci Kontrolni niz

Preamble Destination address

Source address

Type Data Check seq.

8 6 6 2 46-1500 4

&-)++ (.*&&&C! #?#H/ ) ( &- ()# &&&C! #?#"6 G

Tab. 5-2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet format

Preambula Odjeljiva Adresa odredišta

Adresa polazišta

Dužina Podaci Kontrolni niz

Preamble Start frame

delimiter

Destination address

Source address

Length Data Pad Check seq.

7 1 2 ili 6 6 2 46-1500 4

5 . 2 . 1 . 1 K o m u n i k a c i j s k i p r o t o ko l

&- -(((# (7(8 ) ( # 1 &- - B1LB3 ( 2 .# B1LB3((#7# 1 5! $# & 7# - (;+++;#"Carrier Sensing" - +# ( ) &- ) ( ) (( ( # &- 2 / )# ) (#


1 2 5

10BASE5

Ethernet kartica

AUI

Ethernet kartica

Otpornik 50Ω

Transiver

AUI

Transiver

"Multiple Access"(+ )- ) (#"Collision Detection" (.+((((+ ( # ( &-2+ )# 2 ( ( # 1( (+ )((*(#0 ) # ( / ( # (2 + ( ( ( + ( # , ) (* &- 7:! :!! L8 (2 / )# 2 ( / ) - ) ( )# &-( )#1 ((/&- )(?![(>![*#,// ) ( ( ) ) 2 7#(8 7#8( - )#1 ( &- * (#(( -(((()#(#((. * + )(/(*-#

5 . 2 . 1 . 2 F i z ike z n aa j k e

* & & + ) & 4 & , % &

&- ) ( XKK#(&- )(/(("!! #0()*(:!L#1) :!$1&" 739 L 6 :!! (8#(&- ,7# ;*- , .*;8 ( # ( +/ / /- * ( + 1#"6A#

Sl. 5-9 Povezivanje na 10BASE5 Ethernet


1 2 6

( ( ( " #,( )(("! #( * ("!Ω#1 ()("!! ) +:!!#, (/("!! / /7#8+&- #

# % 3 ) & 4 & , % &

&- :!$1& + -( (/ () 7 8 !! ( :C" # ;&-;( (( ( :!$1&" (# ( ) * ( # &- / $B 7;$F B*;8 + 1# "6:!#3 ( ( / / (()((#H) ("!Ω#1 ((:C" ((&-#

Sl. 5-10 10BASE2 Ethernet

G )2 & % 0 & + & & % )/ # , )5 # / #

0(* * 7#;065(0; 982+ ( 2 - )* ( * .*#1/ ,0(* 7# ;,0 6,-((5(0;8(+( .*71#"6::8#0+/ - * 10 7# ;10 6 1-(( 5(0;8 ( .* ) # 9,0(7#;,06,-((5(0;8(+( .*#

Ethernet kartica

10BASE2

BNC prikljuak

Otpornik 50Ω

T-prikljuak


1 2 7

Sl. 5-11 UTP prikljuci

0((()*7*8#%() ( #) * (#e*((+(*2;E;71#"6: 8#

Hub

Sl. 5-12 Zvjezdasta topologija primijenjena na sabirniku tehnologiju

0* :!$1&6:!!$1&6#;:!;(:!L;:!!;( /+/(:!!L#;;((;5(;(#;E;0(*(:!! ():!$1&6(( "! ():!!$1&6(#0 * -( ( / - )- ((# ( &- ( ) # 0 ( 0((&- ) # ( ( (.. # ( &- ) 0 (* (+ ;&-E; * ((


1 2 8

0(* (* #,(* ( (&-#

: ,

&- - ) # $6#( * ( .* #

"token"

Sl. 5-13 "Token Ring" koristi "token" za usklaivanje komunikacije

# (+ (/#(((((#0 ( ;; 7 )8 ) ( ( #) 2 ) (+ ( ( ( 71#"6:?8# + (* + / (/ /(# ((/((# ( / ((&- / ) *# * ( ( :> L 9 L (#(-( ) #1 (&- 7(+8 + + 2 * ( # 0 ( ) *(#


1 2 9

G )2 & % 0 &

) ( /( "#(+27;-;81,6#;1**,;#,. -# ( 21,+/$(* (( ,0(* #

"1((.(+(-( )78--(+2 )-#


1 3 0


1 3 1

: 5$)!

0B0L0 7# ; B0*L0*;8 30 -( # )- )70&@&1###8( -- )#0( ;;*B0L0**- )#B0L0(+-- ( ) -( 1 . ( 33 );3 .3.;71368#

TCP/IP podrazumijeva porodicu komunikacijskih protokola. U TCP/IP porodicu protokola se

ubrajaju IP protokol, TCP protokol, UDP protokol, ICMP protokol kao i mnogi drugi protokoli.

Pod tim imenom obuhvaene su i mrežne usluge ali i uslužni programi koji ostvaruju

mrežne usluge, kao što su npr. udaljena prijava za rad ili prijenos podataka.

: ** D

1. (33-- **( # ( 1 ( 33 9 # 1# "6:933 ((1. ( #

OSI DoD

Application

Presentation

Session

Application

Transport Transport (TCP)

Network Internet (IP)

Data Link

Physical Network interface

Sl. 5-14 Odnos OSI i DoD modela

Razina mrežnog suelja 7;5 .*;8 + . (#+/ *&-* 7;(*(;8 ) )* #((17;0-F*;;3@;8#Internet razina 7;;8 ( - ( . ) (. ( # 708(0 7( 8- #007#;((0*;807#;((


1 3 2

0*;8(#(/ * 2((#Prijenosna razina7;;8(1# * 2 )- (- #0 ( (b f#0(* * *((/( ((+#B07#; B0*;8( * / ( * + - 2 + (- # B0 ( * - (# , ( ( ( ) / #, (*( +/ ( #Razina primjene 7;*;8 -/ ) B0L0 ( 7. Y # ; . 0*;8 + 710 Y # ;1 . 0*;8 78 ( ( # B0L0(* )-#,2/ 1 . ( B0L0 ) ( 1 ( ((B0L0(- *- * )#

: 5$) !

B0L0 * 2 (- ( postupkom enkapsulacije# &* ( ( + 7# ;*; 8 / ) 7 ;;8#1(((71#"6:"8#

Application Poruke/podaci Application

TCP

Transport Datagram Transport TCP

IP

Network Datagram Network IP

Data Link and Physical

Okvir-Frame Data Link and Physical

Sl. 5-15 Princip enkapsulacije

+ 1# "6:" (* # + 76 8 ( (/ #

Mreža

Bitovi

Raunalo X Raunalo Y

T A

A A

T A

N T A N T A

L N T A L N T A


1 3 3

/() 2( *78#0(* 2 ) ( - ;" # *;( 7( 8# 1 2 -( ( #0 + #0 ((-(- 7# ( *8# ) ) 8## &- )-/( &- # &- ) ()# H) ( 7 (( () (- 8 &- ( # / (/()+ #((*+( ( (/ ) - (#

: 5$)!

0(*B0L0 )()-7+#0B0,308 +-+ 0 # H+ - ( #( 2(- () # 0( )- B0L0 (/1#"6:>G

TFTP Time service

Name resolution

Telnet FTP SMTP LPR

ICMP, UDP TCP

IP

Sl. 5-16 Hijerarhija porodice TCP/IP protokola

Internet protokol7 8B0L0(*(B0L0 (#3.B=A:#0 0( )1 (7(1 (B0L0((/ (8#0 /( *(( 2 # ,( ( ( ) ( )#0 - +#<0(( ((B0+((+(+()- ) ) *#0 (. . 7( 8 (*# ( #0()(((++(G###( ( gg (. +0#,+/B0,30 (B0L0(*#User Datagram Protocol 7 8(B0L0 (#3.B=>C#(+0(/


1 3 4

(7#**8 * 2(- # 1 ( ( ) (*/ *# +/ - - # g)g +/ ) ( + ( )+# ()+ )17#g51F g8( ( -#Internet Control Control Message Protocol 7 8 ( - # g( (g # 0(,30B0#B0#)(gg )( /( *#Transmission Control Protocol 7 8 ( B0L0 (#3. B =A?# ( ,30 / ( *# g(66(g ( * ( (*/( #B0 ( ( + 7 .8 -(/#0,30B0(.. -#B0 +(0G * ( D* *5( (.. F 5(5 *-* ()(*B07# 8 ( 7# D* 8#0 (.g+ ((+g 7 (8 + # ) ) + L # ( (.L + #1((.-7( 8#( "!!( (!( "!!(# ( B0 ( ( ((+ / g g # ( ((+ 0 #3) B0 ( ( ( ( ( ((+(0#B0 ,30 (. /# 2B0,30) G B0(78/0( # ,30( (0( 7#()(

(()* --(6318# B0( ( ) #


1 3 5

,30( ( ) 7 ( ( (2 ) -8#

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: " )

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1 3 6

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Tab. 5-3 Znaajke A, B i C klasa Internet adresa

( /

( )/

:6: > : > :>=== :9$ : C6:A: :>?C? >""?9B :A 6 ? !A=:": "9

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h ?? (/1 ( + ( ( B0L0 (2 + - / ( / ()- - # 1 )( ( (/ # ,M *-(- /etc/hosts71#"6:=84 (5 \Winnt\System32\drivers\etc\hosts 7 ( @E11 418# 1 ( /etc/hosts# ( : =#!#!#: 7 (8#0(()( )(/)(#, -(

=$ /-( (() 7##!#!#!8 (* 7#((# ""# ""# ""8#07b*ii: =#!#!#!8)/( )7b(*ii8#


1 3 7

7-8 ;161.53.117.160 pro10 pro10.sjever.fsb.hr loghost;# ( () (. )#

# # Internet host table # 127.0.0.1 localhost 161.53.117.160 pro10 pro10.sjever.fsb.hr loghost 161.53.117.151 pro1 pro1.sjever.fsb.hr 161.53.117.154 pro4 pro4.sjever.fsb.hr

Sl. 5-17 Primjer "hosts" zapisnika

((B0L0)- 7#ftp8 ) * 7# :8# ( / B0L0 )(/(/etc/hosts#,2 ( / ( (2- )*) (()(( #

: : ) D

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1 3 8

#31 - L(7#;DFL;86)* (#( ) 31)*( 31 *# 31 )* ( 31 +- - + (#1)* ( - ( #)* )( ) ( ) ( )* # 31 ,30 * ( 7)* 8# ,30 ( (/ )#+ * 316 $3 7# ;$F 3 ;8 ) ,M*#4 (541 * $1 )31)(+# 31 * ( ---# 1 ( ( (2 -- *( #---;;( (( 71#"6:C8#;;( 7#8 #1( ( ( ( ;; + # ( ;; ( ; ;# (. )(-()-(*#hr7E8us7138it78 com 7 * ( 8 edu 7( - -8 ( C#,; ;( ( 7#fsb8 ( + . ) * 7# sjever8 ()(/7#pro18#

ROOTdomena

hrdeus

fsbfer

sjever cadlab

. . .

. . .com it

srce

pro1 pro2

Sl. 5-18 Primjer hijerarhije domena

C3/( 216?:>> #


1 3 9

( -- 2 (- ##( sjever(( fsb (( hr/ G sjever.fsb.hr ( ( + (/#G pro1.sjever.fsb.hr pro1 ( ( sjever.fsb.hr# + ( "" # *( (/--*-,M4 (5#, ( ( ( # ( -- ( + (( #( ((+78( ( ( ---#((;; ((+ #* /( ) #%( (((( #1 31 31 )* ( # ,M* ( 31 )* - /etc/resolv.conf71#"6:A8#

;resolv.conf file for DNS client ; domain xxx.hr nameserver 161.53.180.130 nameserver 161.53.160.131

Sl. 5-19 Primjer "resolv.conf" zapisnika

, resolv.conf (. ( ;xxx.hr;(.(31)*( -0 (#, ( (. + )*# )*-(+/((#&/8 ( 7 ( 8 ( (31#0(* +#,/etc/named.boot-(*(.31#1#"6 !( /etc/named.boot#


1 4 0

; named.boot ; ; boot file for authoritive master name server for Berkeley.EDU ; Note that there should be one primary entry for each SOA record. ; ; ; type domain source host/file backup file ; domain a.b.com primary a.b.com /etc/named/named.hosts primary 117.53.161.IN-ADDR.ARPA /etc/named/named.rev primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA /etc/named/named.local secondary b.com 161.53.116.12 /etc/named/fsb_named.hosts secondary 116.53.161.IN-ADDR.ARPA 161.53.116.12 /etc/named/fsb_116_named.rev cache . /etc/named/root.cache

Sl. 5-20 Primjer "named.boot" zapisnika

-(-;;;( ( )*#0 (. * 78 ( G /etc/named/named.hosts7( 0( /etc/named/named.rev7( * * ( (8/etc/named/named.local 7( 8 ( ((- )* (2- (2- ( # 0( (.* /etc/named/root.cache - ( )* - 31#


1 4 1

Internet

pro4

alpha2

srce

lokalni DNSposlužilac

hr

fsb

sjever

pro1

telnet pro1.sjever.fsb.hr

x

a

Pitanje: "Tko jepro1.sjever.fsb.hr ?"

Odgovor:"161.53.117.151"

Sl. 5-21 DNS decentralizirani model rješavanja IP adresa

0* ( 316 / 1# "6 :# 0 ( sjever (( ( fsb 7 ((8 ()( hr7E8#() *( # (telnet(/ 7#pro1.sjever.fsb.hr8 (. 7/etc/hosts8 + 7#8# (/)(/0(#+/(31 31)*/etc/resolv.conf# 31 )* ) ;in.named; ;named;+#,31)*((.*( (/)* root.cache31)* ( + # 0)* + 7# srce ( hr8 ( ()*-(2-( (-)*#,)* ( ( )/ / ( (/ ) 31 )* 7 alpha2 ( fsb8#$(/(pro1(( sjever/2 31 )* pro4# , / 31 pro4 /


1 4 2

(/ ( pro1 ( ) # (B0L0 7telnet8) ( 7pro1.sjever.fsb.hr8 (+ ( /()#


1 4 3


1 4 4

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444 ( ;4( 4 ( 4; + . * # 444 -- . * / E@ 7# ;EFJ@;8 E07#;EFJ.0*;8 -- (-( )#*$ :A>"#((/( (# E + ( ( / + (- ( ( # ( - ( 7# ;EF (;8/() / (7( (###8#E* -( *()4446:ACA#(#( $6@ )B&7;B& *-*-*;8 eP* () - ;EFJ ( B&; ( 2 )- #< -/(/G (* ((.

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1 4 5

4)*((-E@-#4 (78+-)**-E@ (-( #0((;(;E@ ( (( *. # ((* - -+2(+/ *# E064( (B0L0 G 0--( &@&( 0 7;5 5 . 0*;8

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protocol://ime-web-posližioca/lokacija/zapisnik, #G

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1 4 6

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1 4 7


1 4 8

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$&, ) -#@ )(+$1 $ 1F :AC9# ( ( * ( ;66; L)* * )#,2 + 1 . ( ( ( ( $&, 7# ;5 $1 &J(( , .*;8 (. * $1 7# ;5 $* L1F ;8 .* )- # ($&,L$1 (1. (1#"6 #

OSI

Application NetBIOS/SMB

Presentation

Session

Transport NetBEUI

Network

Data Link

Physical

Sl. 5-22 Odnos OSI referentnog modela i ustrojstva NetBEUI/NetBIOS protokola

$1 (2 / 2 )- ) *.++ )-(* )(# 1$ 7# ;1 $;8# $&,L$1 )G Imenike usluge7#; *;8 /(.*#1

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1 4 9

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$ hostname aramis $

( ) / /etc/hosts /(ifconfigGpro10% ifconfig hme0 hme0: flags=863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 161.53.117.160 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 161.53.117.255 pro10% ((( 161.53.117.160#,() netmask broadcast ( ) ( )(27("#?#98# ( iconfig &- .* 2 # / / (KKnetstat –iKKG


1 5 2

pro10% netstat -i Name Mtu Net/Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue lo0 8232 loopback localhost 452109 0 452109 0 0 0 hme0 1500 pro10 pro10 12040362 0 7242413 0 1146581 0 (netstat((G;hme0;;lo0; ( *##;EmeO; (( ;lo0; ;*;#

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*( ) ) (- )-2+ ) (2- # , ( - )- * .* 2 * / /# 0 /(ping / / *#0( *( #(;ping localhost;# localhost(( ( ( : =#!#!#: ( ) 6#

pro10% ping -s localhost PING localhost: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=0. time=0. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1. time=0. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2. time=0. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3. time=0. ms 64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=4. time=0. ms ^C ----localhost PING Statistics---- 5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 0/0/0 pro10%

ping(+7( 8>9- /(B0#(7Ctrl-c8( - - ( + *# ( packet loss 7 8#( ![ ((# *( (ping ( ( ( 7 ( /etc/hosts ( - ( 1 31)*8Gpro10% ping -s www.fesb.hr PING marjan.fesb.hr: 56 data bytes 64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=0. time=12. ms


1 5 3

64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=1. time=7. ms 64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=2. time=7. ms 64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=3. time=7. ms 64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=4. time=6. ms 64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=5. time=7. ms ^C ----marjan.fesb.hr PING Statistics---- 6 packets transmitted, 6 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 6/7/12 pro10% 0(*min/avg/max = 6/7/12 *#0 ( 2 ( ( / () #1 ( ( #,( +(/ (100% packet lossG

pro10% ping -s pro5.sjever.fsb.hr PING pro5.sjever.fsb.hr: 56 data bytes ^C ----pro5.sjever.fsb.hr PING Statistics---- 4 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet loss pro10%

$*–s(ping/ / */. * ;alive; 7 * / ( ;);8 ;not alive;7((8G

pro10% ping bjesomar.srce.hr bjesomar.srce.hr is alive pro10%

:E

0 + 7 (8 / ( -( # ( ( gg7 8 7#5(8#(( ((.*Gtelnetrlogin#( telnet ( * ) ) (. B C"9 B C""# Telnet (( ) * B0L06 #(rlogin ,M ( (( B0L0 ) #


1 5 4

& + % &

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pro10% telnet alpha1.fsb.hr Trying 161.53.116.11... Connected to alpha1.fsb.hr. Escape character is '^]'. Digital UNIX (alpha1.fsb.hr) (ttyp1) login: oskar Password: Last successful login for bojan: Thu Dec 9 13:43:36 1999 from [email protected] Digital UNIX V4.0F (Rev. 1229); Mon Jul 17 15:32:04 MET DST 2000 alpha1.fsb.hr>

0;Escape;K]K /(telnet( #, (telnet () ( ) /(helpGpro10% telnet pro1 Trying 161.53.117.151... Connected to pro1.sjever.fsb.hr. Escape character is '^]'. SunOS 5.7 login: artur Password: Last login: Fri Apr 7 14:59:32 from pro10 Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.7 Generic October 1998 Fri Aug 4 12:43:42 MET DST 2000 pro1% telnet> help Commands may be abbreviated. Commands are: close close current connection logout forcibly logout remote user and close the connection display display operating parameters mode try to enter line or character mode open connect to a site quit exit telnet send transmit special characters ('send ?' for more)


1 5 5

set set operating parameters ('set ?' for more) unset unset operating parameters ('unset ?' for more) status print status information toggle toggle operating parameters ('toggle ?' for more) slc change state of special charaters ('slc ?' for more) z suspend telnet ! invoke a subshell environ change environment variables ('environ ?' for more) ? print help information <return> leave command mode telnet> pro1%

) ( z / 1- # 0 + ( ( ( exit## /( ((/ G

$ hostname 7(( 8pro1 7 (;:;8$ ^] 7(( 8telnet> z pro10> hostname 7(( 8 pro10 7 ;:!;8pro10> exit 7+ ( 8$ hostname pro1 $ exit 7(6 8Connection closed pro10>

( 6 - ( * - . .7 ( vi ( ( more8# ()H:!! # 1 ( ,M ( (/G

$ setenv TERM vt100 7B61-8

$ TERM=vt100; export TERM 7$1-8 +((( +(( /(logout *Ctrl-d#

, + 1 )%

(rlogin.*telnet# ( rlogin ( ,M g g (G rsh rcp(( ,M ( # /(( * ( ( # 3( * ( (


1 5 6

# + 7$home8 ( .rhosts 7( # -( ( /L8# , )+*#, G

#Primjer za .rhosts #Ime raunala Korisnik alpha1.fsb.hr oskar pro7 artur

(- )( / A#0 (rlogin((G

pro10% rlogin pro1 Last login: Fri Aug 4 12:43:42 from pro10 Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.7 Generic October 1998 Fri Aug 4 12:48:43 MET DST 2000 pro1%

, ( (/ * .rhosts /etc/hosts.equiv(G

$ rlogin pro4 Password: _________ Login incorrect Login:

(( * ) + /etc/hosts.equiv#2 /( +g6g7gg8()#0 ( rlogin ( ( .login.profile.cshrc+(telnet(#(2 (#

:E" !

,( / * ( ((/#,) 2 ) ftp rcp# B0L0 # ( ftp ( (* B0L0 )- ( rcp((,M(#++#Ftp telnet ( ( ((/( #Rcp+(#

A*(--#


1 5 7

7

0 ) (. B A"A# ( )(*#( (/ ( ( ( telnet# 0 # (#G

pro10% ftp pro1 Connected to pro1.sjever.fsb.hr. 220 pro1 FTP server (SunOS 5.7) ready. Name (pro1:oskar): 331 Password required for oskar. Password: 230 User oskar logged in. ftp>

;. ( ; ( / ftp># 0 + ftp ( ) ( / (help#ftp> help Commands may be abbreviated. Commands are: ! $ account append ascii bell binary bye case cd cdup close

cr delete debug dir disconnect form get glob hash help lcd ls

macdef mdelete mdir mget sunique mkdir mls mode mput nmap verbose ntrans

open prompt proxy sendport put quit quote recv remotehelp reset rmdir runique

send status struct pwd tenex trace type user rename ?

ftp> ( ,M ( ( ( ( ( # # ( () ls –l ) / ( dir 7 (( H1 1631-8Gftp> ls -al 200 PORT command successful. 150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (161.53.117.160,42016) (0 bytes). total 572 drwxr-x--x 32 bojan staff 2048 Jul 28 11:22 . drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Oct 17 1997 .. -rw------- 1 bojan staff 589 Jul 28 11:22 .Xauthority -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 1572 Oct 8 1999 .cshrc -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 3602 Sep 13 1999 .desksetdefaults drwxr-xr-x 15 bojan staff 512 Jul 28 12:30 .dt -rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 5400 Nov 27 1997 .dtprofile drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Sep 23 1999 .hotjava


1 5 8

-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 84 May 12 1997 .login -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 776 Jan 10 1997 .mailrc drwx------ 6 bojan staff 512 Jul 28 12:30 .netscape -rw------- 1 bojan staff 127964 Sep 18 1998 .newsrc -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 174 Mar 19 1996 .profile -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 291 Nov 14 1997 .rhosts drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Jan 19 1999 .wastebasket drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Jan 8 1998 Mail -rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 501 Jun 23 1997 SunVideo drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 1536 Apr 4 12:03 WWW drwxr-xr-x 15 bojan staff 3584 Apr 4 12:14 cad -rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 3657 Aug 28 1998 cde-ideas.html -rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 61 Oct 22 1996 cp-lic1 -rw------- 1 bojan staff 3602 Oct 8 1997 mbox drwx------ 2 bojan staff 1024 Jul 28 11:24 nsmail drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Apr 4 1997 papers drwxr-xr-x 5 bojan staff 1024 Nov 23 1998 prg drwxr-xr-x 4 bojan staff 2048 Jun 6 11:15 public_html drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Mar 4 13:43 slike drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 1024 Nov 27 1997 sys drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Feb 17 09:00 tmp 226 ASCII Transfer complete. remote: -al 4722 bytes received in 0.32 seconds (14.28 Kbytes/s) ftp>0( (((/#,ftp1B#( (* 7 * ( (* 8 -( ( ( binary# 0 1B(( /(ascii#+ ((( ) # ( (get ( ( put# ( get / / ( (ftp#0 ((put/(/ (G

ftp> binary 200 Type set to I. ftp> get sklop1.Z 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for sklop1.Z (161.53.117.160,42021) (372 54 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. local: sklop1.Z remote: sklop1.Z 37254 bytes received in 0.06 seconds (601.95 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit 221 Goodbye. pro10%

0 / /(cd#,) (!cdG

ftp> cd slike 7 ( 8 ftp> !cd download 7 8


1 5 9

ftp> !ls -1 ... 7() 8 ftp>

! ) ( - ftp ( / ( #,()+ 6 ( mget mput -/ + # *.dat #2 . * ftp /( #0 (- 6 ftp/ - ( (/ ## ) ( ) (ftp(prompt(ftp((* –i 7ftp -i8# + / ( * ,M ( at#, ( /ftp#G# # Shell program za neinteraktivni prijenos podataka # ftp -in << XXXX pro1.sjever.fsb.hr user oskar abcdxy # neinteraktivna prijava cd /pub # pridruživanje imenika u kojem je zapisnik get podaci.dat # kopiranje zapisnika XXXX , ( ftp(* -in#*-n /( ((.#"<< XXXX;(/ftp( (((/ ;XXXX;# /,M(at( Gpro10% echo "/bin/csh /usr4/user/pokreni_ftp.sh" | at 10:00p ( ( at / ( pokreni_ftp.sh #0(2( # ) * # 7(7 8 ( #( ) * ;. ( ; ( anonymous7 8#6 (Gpro10% ftp pro1.sjever.fsb.hr Connected to pro1.sjever.fsb.hr. 220 pro1 FTP server (SunOS 5.7) ready. Name (pro1.sjever.fsb.hr:oskar): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send ident as password. Password: 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> dir 200 PORT command successful. 150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (161.53.117.160,42070) (0 bytes).


1 6 0

total 18 dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 1000 512 Jun 9 12:43 . dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 1000 512 Jun 9 12:43 .. drwxr-xr-x 3 root other 512 Jun 14 10:52 Kolokvij dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 bin dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 dev dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 etc drwxr-xr-x 3 root other 512 Jun 9 12:44 nastava dr-xr-xr-x 4 root other 512 Nov 14 1997 pub dr-xr-xr-x 4 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 usr 226 ASCII Transfer complete. 547 bytes received in 0.065 seconds (8.22 Kbytes/s) ftp> ( # ;-5; ;*( ;)(((/(2()(+#0 / . 444 (* +( #

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, (rcp ( ( ( #0 (. ) 78( (. # ( )((() #Gpro10% rcp pro1:/usr/user/slika.jpg download/nova-slika.jpg , (. (pro1) /usr/user/slika.jpg# 3 (. + #(/+ ( /((*+,Mg g#( ( (.rhosts ( ( 7 ( rlogin 8# , / /+;permission denied;#H) ( rcp / + - -( #, *–r# (( (/Gpro10% rcp -r /usr/user/artur/video pro1:/usr/user/artur/tmp , ( () ( + ( # 3 ( ( + ( ( / ( (#


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pro10% mail [email protected] Subject: Sretna Nova Godina Sve najbolje u Novoj Godini zeli ti tvoj brat Vedran. ^D 7B6(#8 pro10%

0 -( ) - / ( )- # vi (# ( () ( mail / ( . ( /(*< ime zapisnikaG pro10% mail [email protected] < pismo.txt d - / (mail # ( /;No mail for ?!Mail$F6 *+(mail ((#


1 6 2

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pro10% mail From [email protected] Fri Aug 25 10:58:39 2000 From: [email protected] Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 11:01:54 +0200 (MET DST) Message-Id: <[email protected]> Content-Length: 46 Proba Slijedi tekst poruke. Pozdrav, Bojan. ?

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? h 2 letters found in /var/mail/bojan, 0 scheduled for deletion, 0 newly arrived > 2 1178 [email protected] Aug 28 11:59:57 2000 Mon Aug 28 11:59: 57 2000 1 1166 [email protected] Aug 28 11:59:51 2000 Mon Aug 28 11:59: 51 2000 ?

0 Mail((78--G

pro10% Mail mailx version 5.0 Tue Oct 6 00:48:25 PDT 1998 Type ? for help. "/var/mail/bojan": 2 messages 2 new >N 1 [email protected]. Mon Aug 28 11:59 26/1166 proba1 N 2 [email protected]. Mon Aug 28 11:59 25/1178 proba2 ?

, 2 ( + (/ +#+/- /var/mail #?7&8 mail # ) (mail(#0+(( /(VG? ? ? print this help message # display message number # - print previous + next (no delete) ! cmd execute cmd


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<CR> next (no delete) a position at and read newly arrived mail d [#] delete message # (default current message) dp delete current message and print the next dq delete current message and exit h a display all headers h d display headers of letters scheduled for deletion h [#] display headers around # (default current message) m user mail (and delete) current message to user n next (no delete) p print (override any warnings of binary content) P override def.'brief' mode and disp. ALL header lines q, ^D quit r [args] reply to (and delete) current letter via mail [args] s [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox) u [#] undelete message # (default current message) w [files] save (and delete) current message without header x exit without changing mail y [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox) ? ,Mail*(help ?G

? help mailx commands alias,group user ... declare alias for user names alternates user declare alternate names for your login cd,chdir [directory] chdir to directory or home if none given !command shell escape copy [msglist] file save messages to file without marking as saved delete [msglist] delete messages discard,ignore header discard header field when printing message dp,dt [msglist] delete messages and type next message echo string print the string edit [msglist] edit messages folder,file filename change mailboxes to filename folders list files in directory of current folder followup [msglist] reply to authors of messages and save copy Followup [message] reply to all recipients of message and save copy from [msglist] give header lines of messages header [message] print page of active message headers help,? print this help message hold,preserve [msglist] hold messages in mailbox inc incorporate new messages into current session list list all commands (no explanations) mail user mail to specific user Mail mail to specific user, saving copy mbox [msglist] messages will go to mbox when quitting next [message] goto and type next message pipe,| [msglist] shell-cmd pipe the messages to the shell comm. print,type [msglist] print messages Print,Type [msglist] print messages with all headers quit quit, preserving unread messages reply,respond [msglist] reply to authors (only) of the


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messages Reply,Respond [message] reply to the author and recipients of the msg save [msglist] file save (appending) messages to file Save [msglist] save messages to file named after author set variable[=value] set variable to value size [msglist] print size of messages source file read commands from file top [msglist] print top 5 lines of messages touch [msglist] force the messages to be saved when quitting undelete [msglist] restore deleted messages undiscard,unignore header add header field back to list printed unread,new [msglist] mark messages unread version print version visual [msglist] edit list with $VISUAL editor write [msglist] file write messages without headers xit,exit quit, preserving all messages z [+/-] display next [last] page of 10 headers [msglist] is optional and specifies messages by number, author, subject or type. The default is the current message. ? ( ) ( ( &- () Gpro10% mail From [email protected] Fri Aug 25 10:58:39 2000 From: [email protected] Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 11:01:54 +0200 (MET DST) Message-Id: <[email protected]> Content-Length: 46 Proba Slijedi tekst poruke. Pozdrav, Bojan. ? ? 1 From [email protected] Fri Aug 25 10:58:39 2000 From: [email protected] Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 11:01:54 +0200 (MET DST) Message-Id: <[email protected]> Content-Length: 46 Proba Slijedi tekst poruke. Pozdrav, Bojan. ? quit Saved 1 message in /ul/tom/mbox


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Held 0 messages in /usr/spool/mail/tom. pro10% ) / (d7delete Mail(8# ( ) + ((/( # ) ( / (r ( replay8#( r ( / ( ( Replay 7 Mail(8(/(( *(#0 /(s 7save8 /- #Mail((( /(quit exit#( quit mail + + /var/spool/mail/ +(/78mbox # ) (/ (exit#

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Received: from alpha1.fsb.hr (alpha1.fsb.hr [161.53.116.11]) by pro1.sjever.fsb.hr (8.9.1b+Sun/8.9.1) with ESMTP id KAA28509 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 18 Jul 2000 10:53:03 +0200 (MET DST) Received: from alpha2.fsb.hr (alpha2 [161.53.116.12]) by alpha1.fsb.hr (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA01738 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 18 Jul 2000 10:55:42 +0200 (MET DST) Received: from as104.tel.hr (as104.tel.hr [205.219.255.36]) by alpha2.fsb.hr (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id LAA13136 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 18 Jul 2000 11:11:45 +0200 (MET DST) Received: from darko (ad8-m204.tel.hr [195.29.231.204]) by as104.tel.hr (0.0.0/0.0.0) with ESMTP id KAA73664 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 18 Jul 2000 10:57:31 +0200 (MEST) Message-ID: <[email protected]> Reply-To: [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From: "Darko" <[email protected]> To: <[email protected]> Subject: Obavijest Date: Tue, 18 Jul 2000 10:54:17 +0200 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Priority: 3 X-Mailer: Microsoft Internet Mail 4.70.1162 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_01BFF0A6.84A97A40" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mozilla-Status: 8001 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 X-UIDL: abdc7a3380297e620a828af94c0d7ddb Sastanak e se održati u subotu. Pozdrav, Darko. Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name="IPZ-spelprojekt.doc" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Description: IPZ-spelprojekt.doc (Microsoft Word Document) Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="IPZ-spelprojekt.doc"

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7g 0*( Bg8 (( () B0L0Gpro10% rup pro10 up 4 days, 2:41, load average: 0.30, 0.05, 0.01 pro3.sjever.fsb up 23:55, load average: 0.02, 0.02, 0.02 pro5.sjever.fsb up 6 days, 20:46, load average: 0.14, 0.15, 0.10 studentski-zbor up 6 days, 20:47, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.01 pro6.sjever.fsb up 4 days, 2:24, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.01 ( rup (+ 7# (*8 ) (-( (#, *( 7#pro3.sjever.fsb-:"8 ( ( ( ( 7up 6 days, 20:468/*( (-":" 7load average: 0.14, 0.15, 0.108#

pro10% rusers Sending broadcast for rusersd protocol version 3... pro10 bojan pro3.sjever.fsb. gojani Sending broadcast for rusersd protocol version 2... pro10%

( $13,M6+,M6# whois ( (( B0L0 (* ( ,M #,+-(-(/ )##(*6)*rwho7rwhod( 8- )-(#

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pro10% rsh pro2 ls /usr

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DISPLAY = 0.0 0.0 (. ( . 708 708G7 ( ( . ) + 8# 1 M ( ( ( 7-( +( telnetrlogin8G pro2% setenv DISPLAY pro10.sjever.fsb.hr:0.0 pro10.sjever.fsb.hr: ( (. /M L.M (/ . (# 0 (M + ((/(G pro10% xhost + pro2.sjever.fsb.hr (( M)*)M (( pro2.sjever.fsb.hr#

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# Primjer za /etc/dfs/dfstab # share -F nfs -o ro /usr3/staff # Dozvola pristupa imeniku /usr3/staff za sva raunala (samo itanje, –o ro, "read only") share -F nfs -o root=pro1:pro2 /usr4/people # Dozvola pristupa imeniku /usr4/people za sva raunala # (dozvola pristupa administratoru samo s raunala pro1 i pro2, -o root=pro1:pro2) # Primjer za /etc/exports # /usr/people # Dozvola pristupa svim raunalima /usr2/fem -access=pro10 # Dozvola pristupa samo za raunalo pro10

0-( (mount( #G pro1% mount -F nfs pro10:/usr4/people /usr/users 0 ( / () /usr4/people 7 ( 8 pro10 /usr/users# (* 2 pro10 ( ( pro1 (* 71#"6 ?8#


1 7 1

pro10 pro1

/

bin usretc usr4

people

/

bin usretc usr

users

A ... A ...

mount

Sl. 5-23 NFS – mrežni zapisniki sustav

( ( mount ( umount ( 2(--#) ) (/ - ( ( ) # /( -(*-- - 1( )#+(( (+)()-( #


1 7 2


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1 7 4

Sl. 5-24 "Network Neighborhood"

Sl. 5-25 Na prvoj se razini ispisuje popis raunala lokalne radne skupine


1 7 5

Sl. 5-26 "Entire Network" sadrži popis svih radnih skupina raspoloživih u lokalnoj mreži

) ( G * * 71#"6 C8#

Sl. 5-27 Oznaavanjem radne skupine dobiva se popis pripadajuih raunala

Sl. 5-28 Za oznaeno raunalo pojavit e se u prozoru ponueni resursi


1 7 6

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Sl. 5-29 Naredba "Map Network Drive" nalazi se u izborniku "Tools" i na liniji alata

Sl. 5-30 Prozor naredbe "Map Network Drive"


1 7 7

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Sl. 5-31 Za prijavu na udaljeno raunalo potrebno je upisom lozinke ("passworda")

dokazati autorizaciju prostupa

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Sl. 5-32 Po uspostavi komunikacije s udaljenim raunalom raspoloživi resursi bit e

pridruženi zadanoj zapisnikoj logikoj jedinici (npr. "E:")

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Sl. 5-33 Prozor naredbe "File/Map Network Drive"

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Sl. 5-34 Pomoni izbornik na ikoni pisaa

Sl. 5-35 Prozor "Printers", ikone sa provodnikom ispod simbola pisaa oznaavaju

mrežne pisae


1 7 9

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3 (- 78 ( 7 * * 8 ( * ;1-;# ;4 (5 &J; ( ;L0;#0;0;71#"6?>8() /(7;1-;8 )# * ;1-( ; ) # , ;1- ; / ( )#,;B ; ))()#3(. ;0 ;#,/ 71# "6?=8 ( L #*;F.**;/ (# , ) ( / (; ; (;((;((-#0 ;((; / ;(( , ( <; 71#"6?C8# , ( * (/(#

Sl. 5-36 Prozor "Properties"


1 8 0

Sl. 5-37 Popis korisnika i/ili skupine korisnika za koje su definirane dozvole pristupa

Sl. 5-38 Prozor za odabir korisnika i/ili skupine korisnika i njima odgovarajue dozvole pristupa

6 R A Z V O J N E T E Ž N J E

1 8 1

6 RAZVOJNE TEŽNJE

(( - - 7 -8 #

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Sl. 6-1 Intel Pentium 4, 1.4 GHz

Sl. 6-2 Trend poveanja broja tranzistora

? &#;1B6(*(*1B ; (#

Godina

Broj tranzistora

100K

10K

1K

68 82 70 80 78 76 74 72 84 1966#

97

1000K

2000

10000K


1 8 4

1 * ( ( ( -:C *#1* *I( 7* 8(((7#>6:8#

Tab. 6-1 Pregled razvoja procesora u pogledu brzine i integracije

* 0L(+*

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Prema SIA ("Semiconductor Industry Association"), do 2012 godine može se oekivati

integracija od 180 miliona tranzistora po cm2, primjenjujui minijaturizaciju procesorskih

znaajki do 0.035 µm napajanja 0.5 volti.

/- /- -*(>9<$;*-;#1)+ ( +#H/ - ( / - (/ ( ) (#H )+ - ( // *#*-) //#1(2(-*+*-)* ( / )+ ( ( )+ 2 - #1 * )- +*- - - - ) (/ (#( ( G 7 * *. (+8,M(*)* (/ / ( + ( --# ( +#$(/ ) - - * + ) * - - 7#***8#


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Sl. 6-3 Porodica skalabilnih višeprocesorskih raunala


1 8 6


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Sl. 6-4 Vizualizacija rezultata analize naprezanja komponenata motora primjenom

metode konanih elemenata i CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) sustava koji omoguavaju oblikovanje i simulaciju umotvorina (Lana Rushing, Engineering Automation, Inc.)

Sl. 6-5 Fotografski vjerno oblikovanje i vizualizacija arhitektonskih objekata (C. Mosher, R. Burdock, Peripheral Vision Animations)

Sl. 6-6 Pomou sustava prividne stvarnosti mogue je "prošetati" tvornicom ve u fazi projektiranja


1 8 9

Sl. 6-7 Raunalni sustavi za simulaciju prividne stvarnosti omoguavaju ispitivanje

funkcionalnost buduih proizvoda ili uvježbavanje njihovih korisnika (Caterpillar)


1 9 0


1 9 1

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Sl. 6-8 Primjenom raunalnih mreža i simulacijom mogue je obavljati dijagnostiku i

izvoditi udaljene operacije


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Umjetna inteligencija je znanstveno podruje koje se bavi razvojem raunarskih tehnika za

rješavanje zadaa povezanih s ljudskom inteligencijom. Inteligencija je sposobnost

stjecanja i korištenja znanja u cilju indukcije novog. Oituje se u moi komunikacije, uenja i

zakljuivanja.

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Fundamentalna pitanja kojima se dakle bavi AI jesu tehnike formalizacije znanja i

metodologije zakljuivanja i uenja.

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Sl. 7-1 Osnovno suelje

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Ravnala

Izbornici

Aktivni dokument

Trake s alatima (Taskbarovi)

Prozor sa zadacima

(Task Pane)

Vrsta, pogleda: Normalni, Print...

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Sl. 7-2 Standardna traka s alatima

Sl. 7-3 Save As suelje

7 . 1 . 1 .3 S p r e m a n j e d o ku m e n t a s d r u g i m i m e n o m :

(*1# ( (71#=6?8## (1#

Spremanje dokumenta

Otvaranje postojeeg dokumenta

Odabrati lokaciju dokumenta

Potvrditi spremanje Upisati ime

dokumenta

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Naredbi za spremanje dokumenta mogue je pristupiti kraenjem putem tipkovnice, na

nain da pritisnemo tipku Ctrl, držimo ju pritisnutu i pritisnemo tipku S (Ctrl+S). Kraenja su

dosta popularna kod naprednijih korisnika jer ubrzavaju rad. Na isti nain mogue je skratiti

put i do drugih funkcija npr Ctrl+O krati put do naredbe File/Open i slino.

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Bitno je napomenuti da ove naredbe kopiranja teksta nisu ograniene samo na jedan Word

dokument. Mogue je kopirati iz jednog dokumenta u drugi, pa i kopirati i umetati elemente

izmeu raznih Microsoft Office aplikacija, npr. izmeu PowerPointa i Worda.

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Sl. 7-7 Ureivanje teksta

7 . 1 . 4 .1 K o r i š t en j e k r a t i c a p r i u n o s u t e k s t a ( A u t o Co r r e c t i A u t o t e x t n a r e d b e )

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Show/hide naredba

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Zamijeniti u cijelom dokumentu

Zamijeniti trenutno naenu rije

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Sl. 7-13 Numerirane višerazinske liste za naslove

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Sl. 7-20 Ispis dokumenta

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