osha's role in promoting occupational safety and health
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VIWJKOF
U@UHW
IQL@Q WIBH KO UWIDISKOF IAAXU@SKIO@B
Q@NHS[ @OC LH@BSL
G{ Milo C/ Bhhsl
Oi/ 07$13Oi~hdghw 7507
Slh iukokioq h|uwhqqhc ko slkq Viwjkof U`uhw `wh slh `xsliwq `oc ci ois whuwhqhosinak`b uiqkskioq i slh Dhwa`sxq Ahoshw iw Fhiwfh D`qio Xok~hwqks{/
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IQL@q Wibh ko Uwidiskof Iaaxu`skio`b Q`nhs{ `oc Lh`bsl
Milo C/ BhhslGhosbh{ Xok~hwqks{
Chu`wsdhos in Haioidkaq
068 Niwhqs Qswhhs
V`bsl`d" D`qq`alxqhssq 57387$3658
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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komxwkhq/
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konb`skio ixsu`ahc slh koawh`qh ko bhfkqb`shc ghohnksq/ Slh wkqh ko viwjub`ah `aakchosq `oc slh
cwiu ko wh`b ghohnksq bhc d`o{ si ghbkh~h sl`s slh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah q{qshd v`q
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hpxks{" `oc skdhbkohqq in slh qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio b`vq slho ko hnnhas/ Slh Aiddkqqkio
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whub`ahdhos w`shq/ Slh lkflhw ghohnksq w`kqhc slh aiqs in uxwal`qkof viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio
koqxw`oah `oc d`{ l`~h whqxbshc ko koawh`qhc nkbkof in nw`xcxbhos ab`kdq niw ghohnksq/ Aiqs
uwhqqxwhq `oc aioahwoq vksl viwjhw q`nhs{ ko slh 0;
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l`}`wcq d`{ gh h|uhoqk~h" gxs slh cwiu ko v`fhq `oc slh wkqh ko ixsuxs d`{ diwh sl`o u`{ niw
slh aiqsq in `cckskio`b q`nhs{ hnniwsq/
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q{qshd" viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah" IQL@" `oc slh b`giw d`wjhs/ Slh bhf`b q{qshd
hqs`gbkqlhq nko`oak`b bk`gkbks{ niw viwjub`ah komxwkhq `oc kbbohqqhq/ Al`ofhq ko bk`gkbks{ qs`oc`wcq
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bh~hb in q`nhs{/ Viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah u`{q niw slh lh`bsl a`wh `oc ` uiwskio in biqs
koaidh in viwjhwq komxwhc io slh mig/ @ diwh fhohwixq viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah q{qshd
w`kqhq slh aiqs in komxwkhq si nkwdq `oc d`{ hoaixw`fh slhd si h|u`oc slhkw q`nhs{ hnniwsq qi `q si
bivhw slhkw aiqsq in uxwal`qkof koqxw`oah ai~hw`fh/ IQL@ hqs`gbkqlhq q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl
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slh{ ckqbkjh" qxal `q `aahuskof fwh`shw viwjub`ah wkqj" g{ qidhslkof slh{ bkjh" qxal `q diwh
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diqs whahos hnniws" IQL@/ Slh fi`b kq si chshwdkoh liv IQL@ aixbc ghqs xqh ksq bkdkshc
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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whqixwahq si kduwi~h viwjhw q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl ko bkfls in koahosk~hq `bwh`c{ awh`shc slwixfl slh
b`giw d`wjhs" qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah uwifw`dq" `oc slh bhf`b q{qshd/ Slh u`uhw
kq iwf`ok}hc `q nibbivq/ Slh oh|s qhaskio ch~hbiuq slh fhohw`b haioidka dichb in uwicxaskio
`oc slh viwjub`ah vlho slhwh `wh koh~ks`gbh wkqjq si q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl/ Slh slkwc `oc nixwsl
qhaskioq uwhqhos slh koqsksxskio`b chs`kbq in IQL@ `oc slh o`sxwh in viwjub`ah n`s`bkskhq `oc
oion`s`b komxwkhq ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq/ Slh u`uhw slho di~hq io si h|`dkoh slh h~ib~kof
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bkjhb{ kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ in h|u`ockof IQL@ honiwahdhos uivhw `oc `qqhqq slh aiqs$
hnnhask~hohqq in IQL@ ko ksq hoskwhs{ `oc qidh in ksq whfxb`skioq kock~kcx`bb{/ Slh u`uhw
aioabxchq vksl whaiddhoc`skioq io liv ghqs si kduwi~h IQL@q hnnhask~hohqq ko uwidiskof
viwjhw q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl/
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uivhwq" hkslhw g{ koawh`qkof slh nwhpxhoa{ in koquhaskioq iw g{ w`kqkof slh bh~hb in nkohq niw
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joivbhcfh in IQL@q kdu`asq ko d`o{ kduiws`os `wh`q" qxal `q slh hnnhask~hohqq in ksq
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whfxb`siw{ `uuwi`al si kduwi~kof viwjhw q`nhs{/ Nkwdq" viwjhwq" koqxw`oah aidu`okhq" `oc
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qxffhqs sl`s IQL@ qlixbc s`wfhs ksq koquhaskio hnniwsq gwi`cb{ i~hw d`o{ nkwdq `oc ois
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d`o`fhdhos q{qshdq `ccwhqqkof viwjhw q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl kqqxhq/
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koahosk~h si kduwi~h viwjhw q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl/ Aiduhoq`skof v`fh cknnhwhosk`bq vkbb ois ch~hbiu
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ohahqq`w{ niw viwjhwq si xochwqs`oc slh c`ofhwq slh{ n`ah/ Slh Ig`d` `cdkokqsw`skio l`q
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in ksq whqh`wal qlixbc gh vkchb{ ckqqhdko`shc si viwjhwq g{ IQL@ slwixfl h|u`ochc hcxa`skio
`oc ixswh`al uwifw`dq/
KK/ Slh Haioidka Dichb in Viwjub`ah Q`nhs{ `oc Lh`bsl
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islhw fi~hwodhos hnniws" vh ohhc si h|`dkoh liv viwjhwq `oc nkwdq d`jh chakqkioq whf`wckof
wkqj `oc slho qliv liv uxgbka uibka{ a`o dickn{ slhqh chakqkioq/ Uhiubh s`jh wkqjq h~hw{ c`{/
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hdubi{dhos ko ` diwh l`}`wcixq viwjub`ah slh hdubi{hw dxqs innhw slh viwjhw qidhslkof in
~`bxh" qxal `q ` lkflhw v`fh" si ixsvhkfl slh fwh`shw al`oah in `o `aakchos iw kbbohqq io slh mig/
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`cckskio`b hpxkudhos iw uwishask~h ch~kahq" koqs`bb d`alkoh fx`wcq" qbiv civo slh u`ah in
uwicxaskio iw qsiu uwicxaskio hoskwhb{ si qhw~kah hpxkudhos" lkwh aioqxbs`osq si `c~kqh
d`o`fhdhos iw sw`ko viwjhwq ko q`nh uwiahcxwhq" `oc ch~ish ~`bx`gbh d`o`fhdhos skdh si
dioksiw q`nhs{/ Niw qidh hdubi{hwq slhqh hnniwsq d`{ gh pxksh h|uhoqk~h" gxs niw islhw
hdubi{hwq slh aiqsq d`{ gh qbkfls/ Gha`xqh in slh kolhwhos c`ofhwq ko uwicxaskio" nkwdq ko
dkokof" biffkof" nkqlkof" `oc aioqswxaskio vkbb ohhc si quhoc diwh sl`o nkwdq ko d`oxn`asxwkof"
whs`kb sw`ch" iw nko`oak`b qhw~kahq si `alkh~h slh q`dh bh~hb in q`nhs{ niw slhkw viwjhwq/ Si gh
vkbbkof si gh`w slh aiqsq in q`nhs{ uwifw`dq" hdubi{hwq dxqs `oskaku`sh aiwwhquiockof haioidka
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nkohq niw ~kib`skof fi~hwodhos qs`oc`wcq/
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`aahus hdubi{dhos ko ` c`ofhwixq viwjub`ah/ Slh v`fh f`ko aiduhoq`shq slh viwjhw niw slh
fwh`shw al`oah in `o komxw{ iw kbbohqq/ V`fhq vkbb aioskoxh si `cmxqs ko slh svi s{uhq in
viwjub`ahq xoskb oi nkwd a`o h|u`oc uwinksq `oc oi viwjhw a`o h|u`oc slhkw vhbn`wh g{
koawh`qkof iw chawh`qkof slhkw bh~hb in q`nhs{/ Niw nkwdq vksl biv aiqsq in uwi~kckof q`nhs{" slh
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lkflhw v`fh mxqs innqhsq slh vhbn`wh biqq nwid slh fwh`shw al`oah in ` cwiu ko koaidh" dhcka`b
h|uhoqh" `oc u`ko `oc qxnnhwkof nwid `o komxw{ iw kbbohqq/ Gha`xqh slh v`fh cknnhwhoah ghsvhho
slh svi s{uhq in migq whnbhasq gisl qkchq in slh d`wjhs" ks dh`qxwhq gisl slh `cchc aiqs in q`nhs{
uwifw`dq si slh nkwd `oc slh ghohnks si viwjhwq in kduwi~kof q`nhs{ ,`q dh`qxwhc g{ slhkw
uwhnhwhoahq+/
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Slh ckqswkgxskio in nkwdq `oc viwjhwq ghsvhho slh svi bh~hbq in wkqj chshwdkohq slh
`~hw`fh bh~hb in viwjub`ah q`nhs{ ko slh haioid{/ I~hw`bb q`nhs{ kduwi~hq `q viwjhwq `oc nkwdq
di~h nwid slh c`ofhwixq qhasiw si slh q`nh qhasiw/ Kn viwjhwq ghaidh diwh wkqj `~hwqh" uhwl`uq
ko whquioqh si `o koawh`qh ko koaidh nwid haioidka fwivsl" diwh vkbb chqkwh si viwj ko
aidubhsh q`nhs{/ Slh wkqh ko slh qxuub{ in b`giw ko q`nh migq `oc n`bb ko b`giw ko wkqj{ migq vkbb
cwk~h xu slh cknnhwhoah ko v`fhq ghsvhho slh svi s{uhq in migq" hoskakof diwh nkwdq si h|u`oc
slhkw q`nhs{ hnniwsq si gh `gbh si lkwh slh oiv whb`sk~hb{ alh`uhw b`giw/ @~hw`fh viwjub`ah q`nhs{
h|u`ocq/ Viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `bqi wkqhq kn i~hw`bb qlknsq ko slh haioid{ w`kqh b`giw chd`oc ko q`nh
kocxqswkhq" qxal `q qhw~kahq" `oc bivhw ks ko c`ofhwixq kocxqswkhq" qxal `q dkokof" iw kn q`nhs{
shaloibif{ kduwi~hq qi sl`s ks kq oiv alh`uhw niw nkwdq si uwicxah ` q`nh viwjub`ah/
Fi~hwodhos `askioq a`o `bqi koawh`qh slh ghohnksq in q`nhs{ si nkwdq" a`xqkof diwh in slhd si
aliiqh si innhw ` q`nh viwjub`ah/ Slh `cckskio`b chd`oc niw b`giw ko q`nh migq vkbb w`kqh v`fhq
`oc `ssw`as diwh viwjhwq si slhqh s{uhq in migq `oc `v`{ nwid diwh c`ofhwixq migq/
Vksl ` vkch ~`wkhs{ in wkqj bh~hbq" slh haioidka `o`b{qkq ghaidhq qbkflsb{ diwh aidubh|
gxs slh hoc whqxbs kq slh q`dh/7 V`fhq wkqh `q slh uwig`gkbks{ in ` viwjub`ah `aakchos iw kbbohqq
h|u`ocq" `bb hbqh hpx`b/ Nkfxwh 0 uwi~kchq ` fw`ulka`b whuwhqhos`skio in slh whb`skioqlku ghsvhho
v`fhq `oc viwjub`ah wkqj ko slh bkdks vlho slh wkqj in `o `aakchos iw kbbohqq kq aioskoxixq/
Viwjhwq d`|kdk}h slhkw vhbn`wh g{ aliiqkof slh bh~hb in q`nhs{ vlhwh slh `cchc ghohnks in
fwh`shw q`nhs{ mxqs hpx`bq slh `cchc aiqs/ Slh qbiuh in slh v`fh nxoaskio ko nkfxwh 0 dh`qxwhq slh
koaidh ` viwjhw kq mxqs vkbbkof si q`awknkah si bivhw lkq iw lhw al`oah in komxw{ g{ ` qd`bb
`dixos" `oc slhwhniwh slh qbiuh uwi~kchq ` cibb`w nkfxwh in ` viwjhwq vkbbkofohqq si u`{ niw
viwjub`ah q`nhs{ kdubkaksb{slh qiak`b ghohnks in q`nhs{/ @s slh q`dh skdh" nkwdq d`|kdk}h
7 Jokhqohw `oc Bhhsl ,0;;8+ uwi~kch ` niwd`b chwk~`skio in slh haioidka dichb in viwjub`ah q`nhs{ vlho q`nhs{ kqaioskoxixq/
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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uwinks g{ uwi~kckof slh bh~hb in q`nhs{ vlhwh slh ghohnks in fwh`shw q`nhs{ hpx`bq slh aiqs in
fwh`shw q`nhs{/ Slh qbiuh in slh v`fh nxoaskio ko nkfxwh 0 dh`qxwhq slh v`fh whcxaskio mxqs
ohahqq`w{ si u`{ niw slh `cchc aiqsq in kduwi~kof slh viwj ho~kwiodhos g{ ` qd`bb `dixos" `oc
slhwhniwh slh qbiuh uwi~kchq ` cibb`w nkfxwh in ` nkwdq aiqs in hbkdko`skof l`}`wcqslh qiak`b
aiqs in q`nhs{/
Ko hpxkbkgwkxd slh v`fh whb`skioqlku hpxkbkgw`shq slh qxuub{ in `oc chd`oc niw b`giw
`biof slh hoskwh wkqj quhaswxd/ Viwjhwq a`oois kduwi~h slhkw vhbn`wh g{ di~kof si ` q`nhw iw `
diwh c`ofhwixq mig `oc nkwdq a`oois w`kqh uwinksq g{ h|u`ockof iw aiosw`askof q`nhs{ hnniwsq/
Viwjhwq `oc nkwdq `wh `s slh iuskd`b bh~hbq in q`nhs{ fk~ho slhkw wkqj uwhnhwhoahq `oc `gkbkskhq si
uwicxah ` q`nh viwj ho~kwiodhos/ Aibbhask~hb{" slh whqixwahq qiakhs{ dxqs q`awknkah si kduwi~h
q`nhs{ g{ ` qd`bb `dixos" `q dh`qxwhc g{ nkwdq aiqsq" mxqs hpx`b slh ghohnks in kduwi~kof q`nhs{
g{ ` qd`bb `dixos" `q dh`qxwhc g{ viwjhwq uwhnhwhoahq/ Qiak`b vhbn`wh kq d`|kdk}hc/ Ko qxal `
viwbc" slhwh kq oi ohhc niw `o `fhoa{ si ch~hbiu viwjub`ah q`nhs{ qs`oc`wcq iw honiwah sliqh
qs`oc`wcq slwixfl koquhaskioq `oc nkohq/
Ko slh wh`b viwbc" slh b`giw d`wjhs d`{ gh uwioh si ahws`ko s{uhq in n`kbxwhq" iw
kduhckdhosq sl`s d`{ whqxbs ko gxqkohqqhq l`~kof bhqq sl`o slh qiak`bb{ iuskd`b koahosk~h si
uwi~kch q`nh `oc lh`bsl{ viwjub`ahq/ Fi~hwodhos hnniwsq d`{ gh ohahqq`w{ si aiwwhas qidh in
slhqh n`kbxwhq/ Ioh in slh xochwukookofq in slh haioidka dichb in viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl kq
sl`s viwjhwq l`~h fiic koniwd`skio aioahwokof viwjub`ah wkqj/ Xobhqq viwjhwq wh`bk}h sl`s slh{
n`ah lkflhw l`}`wcq ko qidh hqs`gbkqldhosq sl`o ko islhwq" slh{ vkbb ois chd`oc ` v`fh uwhdkxd
niw `aahuskof fwh`shw mig wkqj" `oc ` d`miw haioidka koahosk~h niw nkwdq si kduwi~h viwjub`ah
q`nhs{ ckq`uuh`wq/
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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H~ho kn viwjhwq l`~h fiic koniwd`skio `gixs mig wkqjq" slh b`giw d`wjhs d`{ qskbb ois
awh`sh slh `uuwiuwk`sh koahosk~hq niw nkwdq si uwi~kch ` q`nh `oc lh`bsl{ viwjub`ah kn viwjhwq
a`oois nwhhb{ di~h nwid ioh mig si `oislhw/ Vlho viwjhwq `wh digkbh" nkwdq vksl chshwkiw`skof
viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl vkbb qhh viwjhwq bh`~h gha`xqh slh v`fh oi biofhw aiduhoq`shq niw
slh lkflhw al`oah in komxw{/ Si whs`ko viwjhwq iw si `ssw`as ohv viwjhwq slhqh nkwdq vkbb l`~h si
hkslhw h|u`oc slhkw q`nhs{ hnniwsq iw w`kqh slh v`fh hoixfl si aiduhoq`sh niw slh ohv lkflhw wkqj/
Kn viwjhwq ci ois bh`~h gha`xqh slh{ l`~h oi islhw hdubi{dhos iuskioq" slho slh nkwd vkbb ois
l`~h si kduwi~h q`nhs{ iw w`kqh v`fhq/
Slh b`giw d`wjhs d`{ `bqi n`kb si uwi~kch slh `uuwiuwk`sh q`nhs{ koahosk~hq kn viwjhwq ci
ois `o`b{}h wkqj koniwd`skio w`skio`bb{/ Uq{alibifka`b qsxckhq kocka`sh sl`s uhiubh shoc si
i~hwhqskd`sh qd`bb wkqjq `oc slh wkqj nwid lkflb{ uxgbkak}hc l`}`wcq `oc si xochwhqskd`sh b`wfh
wkqjq `oc slh wkqj nwid n`dkbk`w l`}`wcq ,^kqaxqk 0;;
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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qlixbc gh h~`bx`shc si chshwdkoh slh ioh fhohw`skof slh b`wfhqs cknnhwhoah ghsvhho ghohnksq `oc
aiqsq/ Nko`bb{" slh fi~hwodhos a`o di~h `biof ` ~`wkhs{ in `~hoxhq si kduwi~h io d`wjhs
ixsaidhq/ @ whfxb`siw{ qibxskio kq ioh uiqqkgkbks{" gxs islhw uiqqkgkbkskhq h|kqs `oc slh
hnnhask~hohqq in slh whfxb`siw{ `uuwi`al qlixbc gh aidu`whc si islhw qibxskioq/
KKK/ IQL@q @uuwi`al si Kduwi~kof Viwjhw Q`nhs{ `oc Lh`bsl
Aiofwhqq u`qqhc slh IQL @as si `qqxwh q`nh `oc lh`bslnxb viwjkof aiockskioq niw
viwjkof dho `oc vidho/ Si `alkh~h slkq fi`b slh @as awh`shc IQL@ `oc ckwhashc ks si
uwidxbf`sh iaaxu`skio`b q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq" aiocxas viwjhw hcxa`skio uwifw`dq `gixs
viwjub`ah l`}`wcq" koquhas viwjqkshq xochw ksq mxwkqckaskio" ko~hqskf`sh viwjhw aidub`kosq `gixs
q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl" `oc aksh `oc nkoh hdubi{hwq niw oioaidubk`oah vksl q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl
qs`oc`wcq/ Kn ` viwjqksh kq qi l`}`wcixq sl`s viwjhwq `wh ko kddkohos c`ofhw in ch`sl iw
qhwkixq ul{qka`b l`wd" slh Qhawhs`w{ in IQL@ a`o uhskskio ko XQ ckqswkas aixws si qlxs civo slh
viwjqksh xoskb slh c`ofhw l`q ghho whdi~hc/
Slh b`v hoaixw`fhc qs`shq si ch~hbiu `oc iuhw`sh slhkw ivo viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl
q{qshdq/ Qs`sh qs`oc`wcq dxqs gh `s bh`qs `q hnnhask~h `s uwidiskof viwjhw q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl `q
nhchw`b qs`oc`wcq" `oc diqs qs`shq vksl slhkw ivo uwifw`dq hqs`gbkql viwjub`ah qs`oc`wcq
kchoska`b si slh nhchw`b qs`oc`wcq/ Axwwhosb{" svhos{$qh~ho qs`shq `oc mxwkqckaskioq iuhw`sh slhkw
ivo ub`oq" gxs nk~h ai~hw iob{ uxgbka qhasiw viwjhwq/
IQL@ q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq aidh ko ` ~`wkhs{ in niwdq/ Slh diqs vhbb joivo `wh
quhaknka`skio qs`oc`wcq sl`s d`oc`sh quhaknka s{uhq in q`nhs{ uwifw`dq/ H|`dubhq in quhaknka`skio
qs`oc`wcq koabxch whpxkwhdhosq sl`s fx`wcq gh `nnk|hc si d`alkohw{ si uwh~hos komxwkhq nwid
di~kof u`wsq" hofkohhwkof `oc viwj uw`askah aioswibq si hbkdko`sh iw dkokdk}h hdubi{hh
h|uiqxwh si gbiic$giwoh u`slifhoq" `oc whpxkwhdhosq sl`s d`alkohw{ gh qlxs civo `oc
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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biajhc)s`ffhc si uwh~hos whqs`ws cxwkof qhw~kakof/ Uhwl`uq bhqq vhbb joivo `wh uhwniwd`oah
qs`oc`wcq sl`s qhs d`|kdxd bh~hbq in h|uiqxwhq si u`wskaxb`w l`}`wcq qxal `q oikqh iw cxqs" gxs
`bbiv hdubi{hwq si chakch liv ghqs si `alkh~h slh chqkwhc bh~hbq in h|uiqxwh/ Uhwniwd`oah
qs`oc`wcq uwi~kch hdubi{hwq vksl slh nbh|kgkbks{ si whcxah l`}`wcq ko slh diqs aiqs$hnnkakhos
d`oohw `oc si `aaiddic`sh al`ofkof akwaxdqs`oahq iw shaloibifka`b gwh`jslwixflq/ Ko qidh
qhoqh" slh Fhohw`b Cxs{ Ab`xqh in slh IQL @as kq slh diqs vkch$w`ofkof uhwniwd`oah qs`oc`wc/
Ks whpxkwhq `o hdubi{hw si nxwokql si h`al in lkq hdubi{hhq hdubi{dhos `oc ` ub`ah in
hdubi{dhos vlkal `wh nwhh nwid whaifok}hc l`}`wcq sl`s `wh a`xqkof iw `wh bkjhb{ si a`xqh ch`sl
iw qhwkixq ul{qka`b l`wd si lkq hdubi{hhq/ Ghqkchq quhaknka`skio `oc uhwniwd`oah qs`oc`wcq"
IQL@ a`o `bqi whpxkwh hdubi{hwq si uiqs v`wokofq quhakn{kof uishosk`b c`ofhwq nwid iuhw`skof
hpxkudhos iw xqkof ` uwicxas `oc chs`kbkof slh `uuwiuwk`sh uwha`xskioq iw uwiahcxwhq viwjhwq
ohhc si xqh si `~ikc slhqh c`ofhwq/
Slh IQL @as hqs`gbkqlhq slwhh ~kib`skio a`shfiwkhq= ,0+ oio$qhwkixq" ,7+ qhwkixq" `oc ,1+
vkbbnxb `oc whuh`shc/ IQL@ koquhasiwq ohhc ois uho`bk}h aidu`okhq niw oio$qhwkixq ~kib`skioq in
q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq" gxs dxqs bh~{ nkohq niw qhwkixq ,konw`askioq qxgqs`osk`bb{ koawh`qkof
slh bkjhbkliic in ` viwjhw n`s`bks{ iw qhwkixq komxw{+ `oc vkbbnxb iw whuh`shc ~kib`skioq/ Koquhasiwq
a`o nkoh nkwdq xu si #6"555 niw h`al oio$qhwkiq iwqhwkixq ~kib`skio in ` q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl
qs`oc`wc" #65"555 niw h`al vkbbnxb iw whuh`shc ~kib`skio" `oc #6"555 uhw c`{ niw h`al n`kbxwh si
aidub{ vksl ` uwh~kixqb{ akshc qs`oc`wc vkslko slh quhaknkhc `g`shdhos uhwkic/ 1 Slh IQL @as
`bqi hqs`gbkqlhc awkdko`b q`oaskioq niw vkbbnxb ~kib`skioq in IQL@ qs`oc`wcq whqxbskof ko ` ch`sl
in ` viwjhw" xo`xsliwk}hc oiskah in xuaidkof koquhaskioq" `oc n`bqkn{kof gxqkohqq whaiwcq
whpxkwhc g{ IQL@/
1 Ko slh iwkfko`b IQL @as" d`|kdxd nkohq vhwh #0"555 niw h`al qhwkixq ~kib`skio" #05"555 niw h`al vkbbnxb `ocwhuh`shc ~kib`skio" `oc #0"555 uhw c`{ niw n`kbxwh si aidub{/ Slh 0;;5 Idokgxq Gxcfhs Whaioakbk`skio @as w`kqhcslh d`|kdxdq si slh axwwhos bh~hbq/
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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Koksk`b uho`bskhq `wh fhohw`bb{ dxal bivhw sl`o slh qs`sxsiw{ d`|kdxdq hqs`gbkqlhc g{ slh
IQL @as gha`xqh IQL@ xqhq ` uho`bs{ qswxasxwh g`qhc io slh fw`~ks{ in slh innhoqh/ Koquhasiwq
h~`bx`sh h`al ~kib`skio g`qhc io gisl slh bkjhb{ qh~hwks{ in slh komxw{)kbbohqq sl`s aixbc whqxbs
nwid slh xo`g`shc l`}`wc `oc slh uwig`gkbks{ sl`s `o komxw{ aixbc iaaxw/ L`}`wcq vksl ` lkfl
al`oah in fhohw`skof ` qh~hwh komxw{)kbbohqq whahk~h slh qs`sxsiw{ d`|kdxd nkoh in #6"555" vlkbh
l`}`wcq vksl ` qd`bb al`oah in uwicxakof ` n`kwb{ dkoiw komxw{)kbbohqq whahk~h ` nkoh in #1"555/
Slh uho`bskhq `wh nxwslhw dicknkhc g`qhc io slh hdubi{hwq lkqsiw{ in aidubk`oah vksl IQL@
qs`oc`wcq vkslko slh uwh~kixq nk~h {h`wq" slh oxdghw in hdubi{hhq" slh fiic n`ksl hnniwsq g{ slh
hdubi{hw si kdubhdhos `o hnnhask~h viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl uwifw`d" `oc slh kddhck`sh
`g`shdhos in akshc l`}`wcq/ Slh dicknka`skioq a`oois w`kqh uho`bskhq `gi~h slh qs`sxsiw{
d`|kdxd in #6"555 iw bivhw slhd ghbiv #855/ Axwwhosb{ slh `~hw`fh uho`bs{ kq `wixoc #0"555
,Dkal`hbq 7505+/ @bslixfl slh `~hw`fh kq qd`bb" uwiuiqhc IQL@ uho`bskhq a`o ghaidh
qxgqs`osk`b `q slh oxdghw in ~kib`skioq hqa`b`shq/ IQL@ kqqxhc GU Uwicxasq Oiwsl @dhwka` `o
#
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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0>
hoaixw`fh slhd si hbkdko`sh akshc l`}`wcq uwidusb{/ I~hw slh b`qs svi cha`chq" slh `~hw`fh
uho`bs{ whcxaskio nwid koksk`b `qqhqqdhosq kq `gixs 7> uhwahos ,Mxof `oc D`jivqj{ 7507+/
@o hdubi{hwq a`qh kq nkwqs lh`wc g{ `o `cdkokqsw`sk~h b`v mxcfh vli kqqxhq ` vwkssho
chakqkio `nnkwdkof" dickn{kof" iw ~`a`skof slh iwkfko`b aks`skio/ Hdubi{hwq a`o `uuh`b slh
chakqkio in slh `cdkokqsw`sk~h b`v mxcfh si slh slwhh$dhdghw u`ohb in slh Wh~khv Aiddkqqkio"
slho si slh XQ Akwaxks Aixws in @uuh`bq" `oc kn ohhc gh" si slh XQ Qxuwhdh Aixws/ Viwjhwq
a`oois aioshqs ` ~kib`skio" gxs slh{ a`o aioshqs slh chakqkio g{ IQL@ ois si kqqxh ` ~kib`skio iw
slh skdh fk~ho si slh hdubi{hw si hbkdko`sh slh l`}`wc/ Slh{ d`{ `bqi whpxhqs `o koniwd`b
aionhwhoah vksl IQL@ si ckqaxqq `o{ `quhas in ` aks`skio/
IQL@ kq whquioqkgbh niw dioksiwkof slh q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl aiockskioq in `gixs 015 dkbbkio
viwjhwq hdubi{hc `awiqq hkfls dkbbkio cknnhwhos viwjqkshq/ Slh nhchw`b gxcfhs niw IQL@ ko
7500 v`q #861 dkbbkio" `gixs ioh$hkflshhosl slh qk}h in slh Ho~kwiodhos`b Uwishaskio @fhoa{
`oc ioh$nixwsl slh qk}h in slh Nkql `oc Vkbcbknh Qhw~kah" gxs diwh sl`o nixw skdhq b`wfhw sl`o slh
O`skio`b Lkflv`{ Sw`nnka Q`nhs{ @cdkokqsw`skio `oc slh Aioqxdhw Uwicxas Q`nhs{ Aiddkqqkio/
Ko 7500" slh nhchw`b `oc qs`sh uwifw`dq hdubi{hc `gixs 7"755 koquhasiwq `oc aiocxashc ;7"653
koquhaskioq ,XQ Chu`wsdhos in B`giw" IQL@ 7507+/ @s slkq w`sh" kn koquhaskioq `wh aiocxashc
w`ocidb{" ` s{uka`b hqs`gbkqldhos l`q qbkflsb{ diwh sl`o ` ioh$ko$ioh$lxocwhc al`oah in ghkof
koquhashc ko ` fk~ho {h`w/ Fk~ho slh bkdkshc oxdghw in koquhasiwq `oc slh qk}`gbh oxdghw in
viwjqkshq" IQL@ `sshdusq si ckwhas ksq koquhaskio whqixwahq si slh diqs l`}`wcixq viwjqkshq/
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a`s`qswiulhq" aidub`kosq nkbhc g{ hdubi{hhq" whnhww`bq d`ch g{ fi~hwodhos `fhoakhq `oc islhwq"
nibbiv$xuq si uwh~kixq koquhaskioq" `oc ub`oohc iw uwifw`ddhc koquhaskioq in lkfl$l`}`wc
aidu`okhq/
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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IQL@ oiv l`q slwhh ub`oohc uwifw`dq ckwhaskof koquhaskioq siv`wc slh diqs l`}`wcixq
viwjub`ahq= ,0+ slh Qh~hwh ^kib`siw Honiwahdhos Uwifw`d" vlhwh IQL@ s`wfhsq uwh~kixq
~kib`siwq in qs`oc`wcq niw hol`oahc honiwahdhos hnniwsq: ,7+ slh Qksh Quhaknka S`wfhskof q{qshd"
vlhwh IQL@ niaxqhq koquhaskioq io viwjqkshq vksl `o i~hw`bb lkfl nwhpxhoa{ in komxwkhq `oc
kbbohqqhq whf`wcbhqq in slh o`sxwh in uwicxaskio: `oc ,1+ Bia`b `oc O`skio`b Hdul`qkq Uwifw`dq"
vlhwh IQL@ koquhasq nkwdq diwh nwhpxhosb{ ko kocxqswkhq vksl lkfl komxw{" kbbohqq" iw n`s`bks{
w`shq" vksl ` lkfl al`oah in ` quhaknka s{uh in komxw{ qxal `q `duxs`skio" sxghwaxbiqkq" iw g`aj
qsw`ko" iw vlhwh viwjhwq `wh h|uiqhc si ` quhaknka s{uh in l`}`wc qxal `q bh`c" aidgxqskgbh cxqs"
iw qkbka`/
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awhchosk`bq" `oc slho `qjkof si dhhs vksl `o hdubi{hw whuwhqhos`sk~h qxal `q ` ub`os d`o`fhw/
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koquhasiw ckqaxqqhq slh IQL@ uwifw`d" wh~khvq slh wkflsq `oc whquioqkgkbkskhq in hdubi{hwq `oc
hdubi{hhq xochw slh IQL @as" chqawkghq slh uwiahcxwhq sl`s vkbb gh nibbivhc cxwkof slh
koquhaskio" `qjq niw `o i~hw~khv in slh aidu`o{q gxqkohqq `oc ksq q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl hnniwsq" `oc
h|`dkohq slh aidu`o{q bif in komxwkhq `oc kbbohqqhq/ @q whpxkwhc g{ slh IQL @as" h~hw{
aidu`o{ dxqs d`kos`ko `o `aaxw`sh whaiwc in `bb iaaxu`skio`b komxwkhq `oc kbbohqqhq/ Slh
koquhasiw slho sixwq slh viwjqksh" bia`skof `uu`whos ~kib`skioq in q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq" `oc
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~kib`skioq sl`s a`o gh aiwwhashc kddhck`shb{/ Slh aidu`o{ vkbb qskbb gh akshc niw slhqh ~kib`skioq"
gxs g{ uwidusb{ hbkdko`skof slh l`}`wcq slh hdubi{hw kocka`shq fiic n`ksl" slhwhg{ whcxakof slh
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koquhaskio iw qh~hw`b vhhjq b`shw" kq slh abiqkof aionhwhoah/ @s slh abiqkof aionhwhoah slh
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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7/30/2019 OSHA's Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health
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gha`xqh in whnhww`bq" niwd`b aidub`kosq" n`s`bkskhq" `oc a`s`qswiulhq/ U`wskaku`osq ko slh uwifw`d
`wh whh~`bx`shc niw aioskoxhc koabxqkio h~hw{ slwhh si nk~h {h`wq/ Slh Whaifokskio Uwifw`d kq
~hw{ qkdkb`w si slh ~ibxos`w{ uwifw`d gxs fh`whc siv`wc qd`bbhw hdubi{hwq/
K^/ Q`nhs{ `oc Lh`bsl ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq
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Aixoakb ,0;;3+ `oc wxoq nwid 0;11 si 0;;0" `oc slh qhaioc kq nwid slh Gxwh`x in B`giw
Qs`skqskaq ,GBQ+ `oc wxoq nwid 0;;7 si 7505/ Slh uwh$0;;7 c`s` `wh fhohw`shc nwid ` q`dubkof
in hqs`gbkqldhosq `oc `wh aioqkchwhc si gh bhqq whbk`gbh sl`o slh ohvhw c`s`" vlkal `wh fhohw`shc
nwid ` ahoqxq in viwjub`ah n`s`bkskhq/ Slh O`skio`b Q`nhs{ Aixoakb c`s` hoc `s 0;;0 gha`xqh slh
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slh `oox`b Ahoqxq in N`s`b Iaaxu`skio`b Komxwkhq ,aiocxashc g{ slh GBQ ,XQ Chu`wsdhos in
B`giw" Gxwh`x in B`giw Qs`skqskaq 7507+/3
@q qlivo ko nkfxwh 7" slh nwhpxhoa{ in viwjub`ah ch`slq ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq l`q chabkohc
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uhw 055"555 viwjhwq ko 0;;1 si 1/> uhw 055"555 viwjhwq ko 7505" ` 7< uhwahos whcxaskio/ @q
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055"555 viwjhwq+/
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civov`wc swhoc ghf`o vhbb ghniwh 0;65/ Xqkof O`skio`b Q`nhs{ Aixoakb c`s`" ko slh slkws{$slwhh
{h`wq ghniwh IQL@ slh n`s`bks{ w`sh cwiuuhc nwid 16 uhw 055"555 viwjhwq si 0< uhw 055"555
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n`s`bks{ w`sh cwiuuhc nwid 0< uhw 055"555 viwjhwq si < uhw 055"555" ` {h`wb{ chabkoh in `gixs 1/8
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viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio b`vq" siws bk`gkbks{" `oc aiduhoq`skof v`fh cknnhwhosk`bq" aidgkohc vksl
kduwi~hdhosq ko q`nhs{ shaloibif{ `oc slh h~ib~kof kocxqswk`b qswxasxwh in slh XQ viwjniwah"
`bqi ub`{hc u`wsq/
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oion`wd viwjhwq hdubi{hc ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq nwid 0;1; si 7505 ko slwhh whb`sk~hb{ c`ofhwixq
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nw`askio in hdubi{dhos ko d`oxn`asxwkof `oc dkokof `oc biffkof l`q n`bbho qkoah 0;1; `oc slh
nw`askio in hdubi{dhos ko aioqswxaskio l`q whd`kohc whb`sk~hb{ aioqs`os" dh`okof hdubi{dhos
ko qhw~kahq `oc slh fi~hwodhos l`q wkqho/ @bslixfl ois qlivo ko slh fw`ul" n`wd hdubi{dhos"
`oislhw `wh` vksl whb`sk~hb{ diwh viwjub`ah ch`slq" l`q `bqi chabkohc `q ` ql`wh in hdubi{dhos
ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq/ G{ ksqhbn" slkq di~hdhos in viwjhwq nwid qhasiwq vksl whb`sk~hb{ lkfl
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n`s`bks{ w`shq si sliqh vksl whb`sk~hb{ biv n`s`bks{ w`shq vixbc whqxbs ko ` chabkokof i~hw`bb w`sh in
viwjub`ah ch`slq/ @q vkbb gh ciaxdhoshc b`shw" al`ofhq ko qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio b`vq"
uwicxas bk`gkbks{ qs`oc`wcq" `oc aiduhoq`skof v`fh cknnhwhosk`bq l`~h `bqi awh`shc q`nhs{
koahosk~hq sl`s l`~h nxwslhw aioswkgxshc si slh chabkoh ko viwjub`ah ch`slq ko slh Xokshc Qs`shq/
Slh svi bh`ckof a`xqhq in viwjub`ah ch`slq ko whahos {h`wq `wh xobkjhb{ si gh whcxahc
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qs`oc`wcq qxal `q n`bbq" aios`as vksl igmhasq `oc hpxkudhos" `oc h|uiqxwh si l`wdnxb qxgqs`oah
iw ho~kwiodhosq/ @gixs 15 uhwahos in slh n`s`bkskhq vhwh ko aioqswxaskio `oc `fwkaxbsxwh" niwhqsw{"
`oc nkqlkof" kocxqswkhq vksl vkchb{ ckquhwqhc viwjqkshq d`jkof ks diwh cknnkaxbs si koquhas niw
l`}`wcq/
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hnnhask~hohqq in IQL@/ @bslixfl `gixs 6 uhwahos in slh viwjniwah kq qhbn$hdubi{hc" slh{
qxnnhwhc `gixs 77 uhwahos in `bb viwjub`ah n`s`bkskhq ko 7505/ Cknnhwhoahq ghsvhho slh
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lkflhw n`s`bks{ w`sh: aidu`whc si v`fh `oc q`b`w{ viwjhwq slh qhbn$hdubi{hc `wh diwh bkjhb{ si
viwj ko `fwkaxbsxwh `oc aioqswxaskio" whb`sk~hb{ lkfl$wkqj kocxqswkhq" `oc `wh bhqq bkjhb{ si viwj ko
d`oxn`asxwkof" ` whb`sk~hb{ biv$wkqj kocxqsw{/ Slh qhbn$hdubi{hc `wh `bqi diwh bkjhb{ si gh
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komxwkhq `oc kbbohqqhq nibbivhc slh gxqkohqq a{abh abiqhb{" `q dkfls gh h|uhashc/ Komxwkhq wkqh vksl
viwjhw koh|uhwkhoah `oc n`skfxh `oc `q hdubi{hwq axs aiwohwq si d`kos`ko slh u`ah in
uwicxaskio/ G`qhc io hdukwka`b h~kchoah whb`skof al`ofhq ko viwj komxwkhq si al`ofhq ko
i~hwskdh" ohv lkwhq" `oc ub`os a`u`aks{ xskbk}`skio" Qdksl ,0;6>+ awhcksq slh h|ahuskio`bb{ skfls
b`giw d`wjhsq ko slh b`sh 0;>5q niw awh`skof slh qxgqs`osk`b wkqh ko slh viwjub`ah komxw{ w`sh
bh`ckof xu si u`qq`fh in slh IQL @as/ Slh h|u`ockof fhohwiqks{ in d`o{ qs`sh viwjhwq
aiduhoq`skio uwifw`dq ko slh b`sh 0;>5q `oc h`wb{ 0;65q d`{ l`~h `bqi ub`{hc ` wibh ko slh
wkqkof w`sh in oion`s`b komxwkhq ,u`wskaxb`wb{ biqs$viwjc`{ komxwkhq+ mxqs ghniwh `oc mxqs `nshw
u`qq`fh in slh IQL @as/ @q vkbb gh chs`kbhc b`shw" hdukwka`b h~kchoah nkocq sl`s oion`s`b komxw{
w`shq wkqh `q viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah whub`ahq ` fwh`shw nw`askio in `o komxwhc viwjhwq
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whqxbs in ` diw`b l`}`wc uwigbhd awh`shc g{ al`ofhq ko qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah
qs`sxshq/
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gxqkohqq xusxwo in slh b`sh 0;65q" nhbb cxwkof slh whahqqkio in slh h`wb{ 0;
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@q vksl n`s`bkskhq" IQL@ d`{ gh whquioqkgbh niw slh civov`wc swhoc ko oion`s`b
viwjub`ah komxwkhq `oc kbbohqqhq qhho ko nkfxwh 3" gxs islhw n`asiwq d`{ `bqi gh whquioqkgbh/
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u`qq`fh in slh IQL @as `oc slh skdkof in slh kduwi~hdhos `uuh`wq b`wfhb{ xowhb`shc si `o{
al`ofhq ko IQL@ honiwahdhos hnniwsq/ Aiov`{ `oc Q~hoqio ,0;;
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IQL@q awkskaq ckqu`w`fhc slh h`wb{ q`nhs{ qs`oc`wcq `q ghkof i~hwb{ quhaknka"
koaiduwhlhoqkgbh" iw b`wfhb{ xowhb`shc si q`nhs{/ Niw koqs`oah" slh l`ocw`kb whfxb`skio vlkal
quhaknkhq slh whpxkwhc lhkfls ,15 si 13 koalhq+" qu`akof in uiqsq ,ois si h|ahhc < nhhs+" slkajohqq
,`s bh`qs 7 koalhq niw l`wcviic `oc 0 koalhq niw dhs`b ukuh+" `oc abh`w`oah nwid slh v`bb iw `o{
islhw igmhas ,`s bh`qs 1 koalhq+" v`q ~khvhc `q i~hwb{ quhaknka ,^kqaxqk" ^hwoio" `oc L`wwkofsio
0;;8+/ Slh qs`oc`wc quhakn{kof slh qbiuh in slh fw`ko io viicho b`cchwq `uuh`whc
koaiduwhlhoqkgbh si diqs=
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sl`o 0 ko 07 `wh uhwdksshc ko bkhx in 0 ko 08" uwi~kchc slh qk}h kq koawh`qhc si`nniwc `s bh`qs 08 uhwahos fwh`shw a`baxb`shc qswhofsl niw b`cchwq gxkbs si dkokdxdckdhoqkioq/ Bia`b ch~k`skioq in fw`ko `qqiak`shc vksl islhwvkqh uhwdkqqkgbhkwwhfxb`wkskhq `wh uhwdksshc/ ,Pxishc ko Qdksl 0;6>+
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l`}`wcq aivgi{q n`ah io slh mig/
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uhw ~kib`skio whd`kohc pxksh qd`bb" oh~hw h|ahhckof #755 ,^kqaxqk 0;
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IQL@q h`wb{ awkskaq/
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in ~kib`skof IQL@q ckas`shq v`q `gixs #3 ,5/507#755+/ G`qhc io ` aiqs)ghohnks `o`b{qkq slh
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aidub{kof v`q ~hw{" ~hw{ qd`bb/
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dichqs kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ cxwkof ksq nkwqs cha`ch/ Slh diqs qsw`kflsniwv`wc v`{ si
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@as ko 0;65" aioswibbkof niw aioswkgxskof n`asiwq qxal `q slh xohdubi{dhos w`sh `oc slh fhochw
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q`nhs{ `s slh q`dh skdh sl`s IQL@ v`q hqs`gbkqlhc" d`jkof slkq ckwhas aidu`wkqio xqkof o`skio`b
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slho dxbskubhq slh aihnnkakhos hqskd`shq nwid slh whfwhqqkio g{ slh `asx`b al`ofhq ko slh
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slh GBQ ko 0;65/ Gxsbhw ,0;;3+ h|`dkohq slh O`skio`b Q`nhs{ Aixoakb c`s` io viwjhw n`s`bkskhq si
qhh kn slh civov`wc swhoc qlivo ko nkfxwh 7 `aahbhw`shc uiqs$IQL@/ Lh nkocq `o `gqhoah in `o
IQL@ hnnhas gisl ko slh i~hw`bb chabkoh `oc ko slh chabkoh `nshw aioswibbkof niw islhw n`asiwq/ Ko
n`as" ko slh nixw hdukwka`b quhaknka`skioq lh xqhq" slh hqskd`shc kdu`as in IQL@ kq fhohw`bb{
uiqksk~h ,`bslixfl qs`skqska`bb{ koqkfoknka`os+" dh`okof slh n`s`bks{ w`sh chabkoh qbivhc uiqs$
IQL@/
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IQL@ a`xqhc qidh s{uhq in komxwkhq si n`bb gxs islhw s{uhq in komxwkhq si wkqh ,Dhochbinn 0;6;:
Axwkofsio 0;+/ Ko whaioakbkof slh cknnhwhoahq `awiqq komxw{ s{uhq" Dhochbinn `wfxhq sl`s h`wb{
IQL@ qs`oc`wcq vhwh b`wfhb{ ckwhashc `s uwh~hoskof viwjhwq nwid ghkof a`xfls ko iw ghsvhho
hpxkudhos iw ghkof qswxaj g{ hpxkudhos/ Slh qs`oc`wcq ckc ois `ccwhqq qsw`koq `oc i~hwh|hwskio
komxwkhq `oc aixbc iob{ d`wfko`bb{ uwh~hos n`bbq `oc qbkuq/ Nxwslhw" slh wkqh ko viwjhwq
aiduhoq`skio kochdoks{ ghohnksq ko slh h`wb{ 0;65q hoskahc qidh viwjhwq si nkbh nw`xcxbhos
ab`kdq niw ghohnksq" vlkal whqxbshc ko `o koawh`qh ko cknnkaxbs$si$ck`foiqh komxwkhq qxal `q qsw`koq/
Lh nkocq sl`s IQL@ whcxahc a`xfls$ko$iw$ghsvhho komxwkhq g{ 0; uhwahos ko 0;63 `oc 76 uhwahos
ko 0;68" gxs l`c oi kdu`as io qswxaj$g{ komxwkhq/ Vksl a`xfls$ko$iw$ghsvhho komxwkhq
whuwhqhoskof `gixs 05 uhwahos in `bb viwjhw komxwkhq" Dhochbinn aioshocq sl`s IQL@ whcxahc
viwjhw komxwkhq i~hw`bb g{ `gixs 7 uhwahos" `o kdu`as sl`s v`q d`qjhc g{ slh wkqh ko qsw`koq `oc
slh fhohw`b w`ocidohqq in komxwkhq xo`ccwhqqhc g{ IQL@ qs`oc`wcq/
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h|`dkoh slh whb`skioqlku ghsvhho honiwahdhos `ask~kskhq `oc komxwkhq/ Nkwdq ko kocxqswkhq s`wfhshc
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xochwwhuiwshc komxwkhq si `~ikc koquhaskioq/ Wxqhw `oc Qdksl ,0;
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si chshas ` qs`skqska`bb{ qkfoknka`os gxs n`kwb{ qd`bb kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ nwid IQL@
honiwahdhos `ask~kskhq/
Qalib} `oc Fw`{ ,0;;5+ h|`dkoh ub`os$bh~hb c`s` nwid 0;6; si 0;0 uhwahos" `oc ` 05 uhwahos koawh`qh ko slh `~hw`fh IQL@ uho`bs{ bivhwhc
biqs$viwjc`{ komxwkhq ko d`oxn`asxwkof g{ 5/;1 uhwahos/ G`qhc io slhqh hqskd`shq ,`oc kfoiwkof
slh haioidhswka kqqxh in niwha`qskof ixs in slh w`ofh in slh xochwb{kof c`s`+" i~hw`bb IQL@
honiwahdhos hnniwsq whcxahc komxwkhq g{ 05 si 0> uhwahos/ I~hw ;5 uhwahos in slh kduwi~hdhos ko
q`nhs{ xoai~hwhc g{ Qalib} `oc Fw`{ kq nwid slh slwh`s in koquhaskio `oc nkohq chshwwkof nkwdq
ois {hs koquhashc g{ IQL@ nwid ~kib`skof q`nhs{ qs`oc`wcq ko slh nkwqs ub`ah ,slh chshwwhoah
hnnhas+/ Bhqq sl`o 05 uhwahos in slh kduwi~hdhos ko q`nhs{ kq nwid nkwdq hbkdko`skof q`nhs{
l`}`wcq `nshw slh{ l`~h ghho koquhashc g{ IQL@ ,slh `g`shdhos hnnhas+/ Slh `xsliwq qxffhqs sl`s
slhkw whqxbsq d`{ ois gh whuwhqhos`sk~h `awiqq `bb nkwdq/ Slh q`dubh slh{ ko~hqskf`sh kq aiduiqhc
in b`wfhw" diwh l`}`wcixq" `oc diwh nwhpxhosb{ koquhashc ub`osq sl`o s{uka`bb{ nixoc ko
d`oxn`asxwkof" `oc d`o`fhwq ko slhqh s{uhq in ub`osq d`{ gh diwh whquioqk~h si IQL@
honiwahdhos hnniwsq/ Wxqhw `oc Qdksl ,0;;0+ h|`dkoh `oislhw awiqq qhaskio in ub`osq nwid 0;6;
si 0;
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`oc slh l`ocbkof in alhdka`bq" qswhofslhohc whpxkwhdhosq niw hdubi{hwq si uwi~kch n`bb
uwishaskio si viwjhwq ko~ib~hc ko aioqswxaskio" hqs`gbkqlhc q`nhs{ qs`oc`wcq niw biffkof
iuhw`skioq `oc viwjkof vksl gbiic `oc islhw uishosk`bb{ konhaskixq d`shwk`bq" hqs`gbkqlhc
uhwdkqqkgbh h|uiqxwh bkdksq si dhsl{bhoh albiwkch" `oc whcxahc uhwdkqqkgbh h|uiqxwh bkdksq
si`qghqsiq/ [h`wb{ koquhaskioq wiqh nwid `gixs >5"555 ko slh b`qs {h`w in slh Gxql `cdkokqsw`skio
si i~hw
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b`wfhw kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ ko slh 0;;5q sl`o ko slh 0; uhwahos ko 0;
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ois ckwhasb{ whb`shc si IQL@ qs`oc`wcq/
@bslixfl slh svi qsxckhq g{ Dhochbinn `oc Fw`{ u`kos n`w cknnhwhos ukasxwhq in IQL@q
hnnhask~hohqq ko slh 0;;5q" ohkslhw nkocq IQL@ l`~kof ` d`miw kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ ko sis`b/
@gixs 75 uhwahos in slh d`oxn`asxwkof hqs`gbkqldhosq ko slh svi q`dubhq l`c `o koquhaskio vksl
uho`bs{ `oc `gixs 33 uhwahos hdubi{hc nhvhw sl`o 785 viwjhwq/8 Xqkof 00 uhwahos `q slh kdu`as
in `o koquhaskio vksl uho`bs{ io qd`bb nkwdq `oc 0 uhwahos `q slh kdu`as io hqs`gbkqldhosq in `bb
qk}hq" slh svi qsxckhq qxffhqs sl`s IQL@ koquhaskioq whcxahc d`oxn`asxwkof komxwkhq ko slh
0;;5q nwid 5/7 si 5/;6 uhwahos/
Slwixflixs slh 0;;5q IQL@ `sshdushc si hqs`gbkql `o hwfioidkaq uwifw`d qs`oc`wc si
whcxah whuhsksk~h diskio ckqiwchwq qxal `q a`wu`b sxoohb q{ocwidh/ IQL@ kqqxhc ` nkwqs cw`ns in `
niwd`b qs`oc`wc ko 0;;8/ Koshoqh gxqkohqq uwhqqxwh `oc slh slwh`s in aiofwhqqkio`b koshw~hoskio
niwahc IQL@ si vkslcw`v slh cw`ns uwiuiq`b qliwsb{ slhwh`nshw/ Niw slwhh {h`wq aiofwhqqkio`b
`askio uwh~hoshc IQL@ nwid quhockof nxocq io `o hwfioidkaq uwifw`d uwiuiq`b" gxs ioah slh
bhf`b whqswkaskioq h|ukwhc IQL@ ghf`o viwj io ` ohv qs`oc`wc/ IQL@ uwhqhoshc slh ohv
uwiuiq`b si slh fhohw`b uxgbka ko Mxb{ 0;;; `oc slh nko`b wxbh v`q uxgbkqlhc ko Oi~hdghw 7555"
si ghaidh hnnhask~h M`ox`w{ 7550/ Ko D`wal 7550 Aiofwhqq u`qqhc `oc Uwhqkchos Gxql qkfohc `
gkbb whuh`bkof slh qs`oc`wc/
Slh hwfioidkaq uwifw`d qs`oc`wc v`q ois xokpxh/ Cxwkof slh Gxql `cdkokqsw`skio" d`o{
in slh uhockof q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq ch~hbiuhc cxwkof slh Abkosio {h`wq vhwh hbkdko`shc
`oc whb`sk~hb{ nhv ohv qs`oc`wcq vhwh ch~hbiuhc/ Slh Ohhcbhqskaj Q`nhs{ `oc Uwh~hoskio @as
u`qqhc `s slh hoc in Uwhqkchos Abkosioq qhaioc shwd ckwhashc IQL@ si wh~kqh ksq Gbiicgiwoh
8 Slh qxdd`w{ qs`skqskaq `wh nwid s`gbh 0 ko Fw`{ `oc Dhochbinn ,7558+/ Fw`{ `oc Dhochbinn aioqkchw `o{ nkwd sl`sv`q koquhashc `oc uho`bk}hc ko ` fk~ho {h`w iw `o{ in slh uwh~kixq slwhh {h`wq si l`~h ghho koquhashc `oc uho`bk}hc"vlkal h|ub`koq slh pxksh lkfl nw`askio in uho`bk}hc nkwdq ko slhkw q`dubh/
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U`slifhoq qs`oc`wc" vlkal ks ckc ko M`ox`w{ 7550/ Ks `bqi kqqxhc ohv qs`oc`wcq bkdkskof viwjhw
h|uiqxwh si lh|`~`bhos alwidkxd" ` alhdka`b `qqiak`shc vksl bxof a`oahw" `oc uwishaskof
qlku{`wc viwjhwq `f`koqs nkwh l`}`wcq/ IQL@ koquhashc nkwdq `s `gixs slh q`dh w`sh ko slh hkfls
{h`wq in slh Gxql `cdkokqsw`skio `q ks ckc cxwkof slh b`qs l`bn in slh Abkosio `cdkokqsw`skio `oc
kqqxhc wixflb{ slh q`dh bh~hb in nkohq ko wh`b shwdq ,Mxof `oc D`jivqj{ 7507+/
Slwhh qsxckhq ko s`gbh 0 sw`aj IQL@ hnnhask~hohqq cxwkof slh 7555q/ Slh nkwqs" L`~kb`oc
hs `b/ ,7505+" xuc`shq Dhochbinn `oc Fw`{ ,7558+ xqkof c`s` cw`vo nwid Uhooq{b~`ok` qkofbh$
hqs`gbkqldhos nkwdq hdubi{kof nwid 75 si 785 viwjhwq nwid 0;;< si 7558/ Qkdkb`wb{ si slh
h`wbkhw qsxc{" slh{ nkoc sl`s IQL@ koquhaskioq vksl aks`skioq whcxahc komxwkhq vksl slh kdu`as
b`wfhqs niw komxwkhq qhhdkofb{ xowhb`shc si IQL@ qs`oc`wcq `oc qd`bbhqs niw komxwkhq whb`shc si
IQL@ qs`oc`wcq" 03/3 uhwahos ~hwqxq
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75 si 785 viwjhwq" slh qhaioc qsxc{ nkocq sl`s `o IQL@ koquhaskio vksl uho`bs{ io `~hw`fh
whcxahc komxwkhq g{ ` axdxb`sk~h 0;/1 uhwahos i~hw svi {h`wq/ G`qhc io slkq whqxbs" slh{ `wfxh
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0;;5q ciaxdhoshc g{ Fw`{ `oc Dhochbinn ,7558+ wh~hwqhc ko slh h`wb{ 7555q/ Ioh d`{ ckq`fwhh
vksl slhkw `o`b{qkq/ Slh whqxbsq nwid ` qkofbh qs`sh d`{ ois whuwhqhos o`skio`b swhocq" `oc
cknnhwhoahq ghsvhho slh svi qsxckhq d`jh ` ckwhas aidu`wkqio uwigbhd`ska/ Diqs ois`gb{" slh
L`~kb`oc hs `b/ hqskd`shq `wh niw koquhaskioq vksl uho`bskhq ko slh axwwhos iw uwh~kixq {h`w"
vlhwh`q slh Fw`{ `oc Dhochbinn hqskd`shq `wh niw koquhaskioq vksl uho`bskhq ko slh axwwhos iw `o{
in slh uwh~kixq slwhh {h`wq/ Vksl ` nixw${h`w vkociv" L`~kb`oc hs `b/ nkoc sl`s slh kdu`as in `o
koquhaskio vksl uho`bs{ nwid 0;;< si 7558 nhbb si ` axdxb`sk~h 1/; uhwahos/
Slh slkwc qsxc{" Bh~koh" Sinnhb" `oc Miloqio ,7507+" aidu`whq komxw{ w`shq nwid ` q`dubh
in 35; qkofbh$hqs`gbkqldhos nkwdq ko A`bkniwok` sl`s vhwh w`ocidb{ aliqho g{ IQL@ niw `
uwifw`ddhc koquhaskio nwid 0;;> si 755> vksl ` d`salhc q`dubh in 35; nkwdq hbkfkgbh niw
koquhaskio gxs ois aliqho/ Slh{ nkoc sl`s `o IQL@ koquhaskio ko slh axwwhos {h`w iw `o{ in slh
uwh~kixq nixw {h`wq whcxahc `oox`b komxwkhq g{ ;/3 uhwahos `oc viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio ixsb`{q g{
7> uhwahos/ G`qhc io slhkw hqskd`shq" `o IQL@ koquhaskio whcxahq komxwkhq g{ ` vliuukof 36
uhwahos i~hw slh nk~h {h`wq `nshw `o koquhaskio `oc awh`shq ` #188"555 ,7500 cibb`wq+ q`~kofq ko
viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio h|uhoqhq" wixflb{ 03 uhwahos in `~hw`fh `oox`b u`{wibb in slh q`dubh in
nkwdq koabxchc ko slh qsxc{/ Slh `xsliwq nkoc oi h~kchoah sl`s slh kduwi~hdhos ko q`nhs{ a`dh `s
slh h|uhoqh in hdubi{dhos" u`{wibb" q`bhq" awhcks w`skofq" iw nkwd qxw~k~`b/
Slh Bh~koh" Sinnhb" `oc Miloqio qsxc{ kq slh iob{ ioh nkockof IQL@ koquhaskioq ko
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uwh~kixq qsxckhq nkockof dxal qd`bbhw q`nhs{ kduwi~hdhosq nwid koquhaskioq vksl uho`bskhq/ Slh
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whqxbsq d`{ `bqi ois uhws`ko `awiqq `bb viwjqkshq/ Cxwkof slh skdh in slh qsxc{" uwifw`ddhc
koquhaskioq ko A`bkniwok` vhwh whqswkashc si nkwdq ko lkfl$l`}`wc kocxqswkhq/ Koquhaskioq d`{ gh
bhqq hnnhask~h ko kduwi~kof viwjhw q`nhs{ ko bhqq l`}`wcixq ho~kwiodhosq iw islhw qs`shq/ H~ho
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uhwahos in hqs`gbkqldhosq koquhashc h`al {h`w slh i~hw`bb kdu`as io viwjhw q`nhs{ kq bhqq sl`o
l`bn ` uhwahos i~hw nk~h {h`wq/
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slh `fhoa{ xuc`shc ` uwh~kixq qs`oc`wc fh`whc si d`jkof alhdka`b b`ghbq h`qkhw si xochwqs`oc
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viwjub`ah" qkdkb`w si q{qshdq whpxkwhc xochw slh Aiiuhw`sk~h Aidubk`oah Uwifw`d qs`wshc `oc
hochc ko slh Abkosio `cdkokqsw`skio" gxs ` nko`b qs`oc`wc l`q ois {hs ghho kqqxhc/
IQL@ l`q s`jho ` diwh aionwios`skio`b `uuwi`al si honiwakof viwjub`ah q`nhs{ `oc
lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq ko slh nkwqs nhv {h`wq in slh Ig`d` `cdkokqsw`skio sl`o ks ckc cxwkof slh hkfls
{h`wq in slh Gxql `cdkokqsw`skio/ Slh `fhoa{ l`q lkwhc diwh q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl koquhasiwq"
sw`oqnhwwhc uhwqioohb nwid ~ibxos`w{ aidubk`oah si koquhaskio" `oc w`kqhc `~hw`fh uho`bskhq g{
sixflhokof koshwo`b fxkchbkohq/ Ko 7505 IQL@ whniaxqhc slh Hol`oahc Honiwahdhos Uwifw`d
qs`wshc ko 7551 siv`wc b`wfhw hdubi{hwq" who`dkof ks slh Qh~hwh ^kib`siw Honiwahdhos Uwifw`d/
Slh uwifw`d aioahosw`shq koquhaskioq io hdubi{hwq vli l`~h chdioqsw`shc ` whbxas`oah si
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~kib`skioq ko qksx`skioq sl`s= ,0+ whqxbshc ko ` n`s`bks{ iw ` a`s`qswiulh: ,7+ h|uiqxwhc viwjhwq si `
lkflb{ l`}`wcixq alhdka`b: ,1+ `wiqh nwid ` ` lkflb{ c`ofhwixq uwicxaskio uwiahqq: iw ,3+
wh~h`bhc ` nb`fw`os ckqwhf`wc in q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq/ Kn IQL@ kchosknkhq ` gwi`c u`sshwo in
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ghaidh `v`wh in l`}`wcq" di~kof nwid ioh mig si `oislhw mig kq cknnkaxbs/ Ko islhw viwcq" slh
`qqxduskioq in uhwnhas koniwd`skio `oc aidubhsh b`giw d`wjhs digkbks{" vlkal xochwbkh slh
slhiw{ in aiduhoq`skof v`fh cknnhwhosk`bq" `wh xowh`bkqska" d`jkof slh aioabxqkioq in slh dichb
n`bqh/ Ko slh `gqhoah in koniwd`skio `gixs l`}`wcq `oc slh `gkbks{ in viwjhwq si di~h nwid lkfl$
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xochwhqskd`sh slh wkqjq slh{ n`ah" slho aiduhoq`skof v`fh cknnhwhosk`bq vkbb gh sii qd`bb `oc
q`nhs{ koahosk~hq vkbb gh sii vh`j/
H~kchoah kocka`shq sl`s viwjhwq ci aioqkchw wkqj vlho `aahuskof hdubi{dhos/ D`o{
b`giw d`wjhs qsxckhq qliv v`fhq wkqkof `q slh al`oah in ` n`s`b iw oion`s`b komxw{ iw ckqh`qh `s
viwj h|u`ocq/ @bb hbqh hpx`b" slh s{uka`b XQ viwjhw ko ` mig vksl ` bkjhbkliic in komxw{ `s `gixs
slh b`giw d`wjhs `~hw`fh h`woq 0 si 7 uhwahos diwh sl`o ` uhwqio viwjkof ko ` sis`bb{ q`nh mig
,^kqaxqk `oc @bc{ 7551+/ Slh uiqksk~h whb`skioqlku ghsvhho v`fhq `oc wkqj l`q ghho nixoc ko slh
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hdubi{hc hbqhvlhwh" iw slh komxw{ v`q ois viwj whb`shc/ Niw iaaxu`skio`b ckqh`qhq slh uikos in
komxw{ iw h~ho slh a`xqh in komxw{ kq nwhpxhosb{ xoabh`w" d`jkof ks cknnkaxbs niw viwjhwq si aibbhas
ghohnksq/
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l`}`wcq/ Si aixoshw`as slhqh n`kbkofq" IQL@ qlixbc s`wfhs ksq honiwahdhos hnniwsq siv`wc qd`bbhw
nkwdq `oc siv`wc lh`bsl l`}`wcq/ Viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio koqxw`oah `bwh`c{ uwi~kchq qswiof
koahosk~hq niw b`wfh nkwdq si aioswib kocxqswk`b `aakchosq" d`jkof IQL@ hnniwsq bhqq ohahqq`w{/
^KKK/ Slh Bhf`b Q{qshd
Qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio b`vq uwh~hos hdubi{hhq komxwhc io slh mig nwid qxkof slhkw
hdubi{hwq niw c`d`fhq h~ho kn slh hdubi{hw kq ohfbkfhos/ Viwjhwq l`~h ghho `gbh si i~hwaidh
slkq bkdks`skio ko qidh a`qhq g{ qxkof islhw u`wskhq niw c`d`fhq xochw uwicxas bk`gkbks{ b`vq/
Koqsh`c in qxkof slh hdubi{hw niw `o komxw{ nwid iuhw`skof ` g`ajlih" slh viwjhw qxhq slh
d`oxn`asxwhw in slh g`ajlih/ Bkskf`skio niw kbbohqqhq `wkqkof nwid `qghqsiq h|uiqxwh kq uhwl`uq
slh diqs n`dixq h|`dubh in viwjhwq g{u`qqkof hdubi{hwq `oc qxkof uwicxas d`oxn`asxwhwq niw
viwj$whb`shc c`d`fhq/
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haioidka biqqhq" u`ko `oc qxnnhwkof" `oc uxoksk~h c`d`fhq kn nixoc bk`gbh niw `o komxw{ iw `o
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kbbohqq/ Iwkfko`bb{" aidu`okhq vhwh bk`gbh niw uwicxas$whb`shc komxwkhq iob{ kn slh{ n`kbhc si
h|hwakqh slh a`wh in ` wh`qio`gbh uhwqio/ Qs`wskof ko slh 0;>5q" qswkas bk`gkbks{ koawh`qkofb{ gha`dh
slh oiwd" `oc uwicxahwq vhwh nixoc bk`gbh niw uwicxas$whb`shc komxwkhq whf`wcbhqq in ohfbkfhoah/
Slh aixwsq ghbkh~hc sl`s d`oxn`asxwhwq aixbc `qqxdh uwicxas wkqjq `oc quwh`c slhqh wkqjq `awiqq
`bb aioqxdhwq slwixfl lkflhw uwkahq ,^kqaxqk 0;;0`+/ Xochw qswkas bk`gkbks{" d`oxn`asxwhwq `wh
bk`gbh niw c`d`fhq si xqhwq kn slh uwicxasq `wh xowh`qio`gb{ c`ofhwixq iw xqhwq `wh ko`chpx`shb{
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Slh `gkbks{ in viwjhwq si qxh d`oxn`asxwhwq niw uwicxas bk`gkbks{ w`kqhq slhkw koahosk~hq si
uwicxah q`nh hpxkudhos `oc uwi~kch qxks`gbh v`wokofq in mig l`}`wcq/ Ko qidh `wh`q" al`ofhq ko
hpxkudhos chqkfo iaaxw vhbb ghniwh al`ofhq ko `uubka`gbh IQL@ qs`oc`wcq/ Gha`xqh
d`oxn`asxwhwq vli dhhs koshwo`skio`b fxkchbkohq `wh bhqq bkjhb{ si biqh uwicxas bk`gkbks{ qxksq"
al`ofhq ko slhqh fxkchbkohq" vlkal insho bh`c IQL@ whpxkwhdhosq" fhs koaiwuiw`shc kosi
hpxkudhos chqkfo pxksh pxkajb{/ Ko 755; IQL@ xuc`shc ksq qs`oc`wc io uhwqio`b uwishask~h
hpxkudhos si koaiwuiw`sh al`ofhq ko slh o`skio`b aioqhoqxq qs`oc`wcq in slh @dhwka`o O`skio`b
Qs`oc`wcq Koqsksxsh `oc slh @QSD Koshwo`skio`b" gxs d`oxn`asxwhwq l`c `bwh`c{ `bshwhc slhkw
uwicxasq `oc vhwh `c~hwskqkof aidubk`oah vksl slh aioqhoqxq qs`oc`wcq vhbb ko `c~`oah in slh
755; xuc`sh/
Uishosk`b awkdko`b uho`bskhq niw `aakchosq `oc kbbohqqhq `bqi qhw~h si qxuubhdhos slh
~`wkixq nko`oak`b koahosk~hq hoaixw`fkof d`o`fhwq si dkokdk}h viwj l`}`wcq/ @o hdubi{hw
aio~kashc in ` vkbbnxb ~kib`skio in `o IQL@ qs`oc`wc whqxbskof ko slh ch`sl in `o hdubi{hh n`ahq
xu si qk| dioslq ko uwkqio/ Slh hnnhask~hohqq in awkdko`b uxokqldhos `q ` chshwwhos kq xoabh`w/
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Mxqskah Chu`wsdhos niw awkdko`b uwiqhaxskio" `oc nhchw`b uwiqhaxsiwq qhbcid chakch si uxwqxh
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slhqh a`qhq iw vko aio~kaskioq/ Oislkof" livh~hw" ko slh IQL @as uwhabxchq honiwahdhos in
qs`sh awkdko`b b`vq si `ccwhqq viwjub`ah q`nhs{" `oc qs`sh uwiqhaxsiwq l`~h uxwqxhc awkdko`b
al`wfhq `f`koqs hdubi{hwq niw q`nhs{$qs`oc`wc ~kib`skioq sl`s l`~h whqxbshc ko viwjhw ch`slq/
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hdubi{hhq si qxh slhkw hdubi{hwq niw ohfbkfhoah ko a`qhq in fwiqq dkqaiocxas/ Slh axwwhos
bkdkshc bk`gkbks{ q{qshd hqs`gbkqlhc g{ qs`sh viwjhwq aiduhoq`skio b`vq uwh~hosq hdubi{hhq
nwid qxkof hdubi{hwq niw nxbb haioidka c`d`fhq" vlkal koabxch slh aiqsq in u`ko `oc qxnnhwkof/
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qlixbc gh qswkasb{ bkdkshc si koqs`oahq in fwiqq hdubi{hw dkqaiocxas/
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c`d`fhq g{ ko~hqskf`skof viwjub`ah n`s`bkskhq `oc qhwkixq komxwkhq" `oc nkokof ohfbkfhos
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`o h|ubiqkio jkbbhc nknshho viwjhwq `oc komxwhc 065 islhwq `s ` whnkohw{ ko Sh|`q Aks{" Sh|`q"
IQL@ koquhashc slh viwjqksh `oc nkohc slh ivohw" GU Uwicxasq Oiwsl @dhwka`" #70 dkbbkio ,XQ
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uho`bs{ kq pxksh qd`bb" `gixs #8";55 ko a`qhq ko~ib~kof ` viwjhw ch`sl ,Dkal`hbq 7505+/
K\/ Vl{ L`q IQL@ L`c Iob{ ` Qd`bb Kdu`as io Viwjhw Q`nhs{9
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IQL@q hnniwsq si koquhas nkwdq niw ~kib`skioq in q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq `oc si nkoh
slhd niw oioaidubk`oah a`o kduwi~h viwjhw q`nhs{ ko svi v`{q= slh slwh`s in nkohq d`{ chshw
nkwdq nwid ~kib`skof q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq ko slh nkwqs ub`ah" `oc `o `asx`b koquhaskio d`{
a`xqh koquhashc nkwdq si `g`sh h|kqskof l`}`wcq/ G`qhc io h|kqskof h~kchoah" IQL@q chshwwhoah
hnnhas kq n`kwb{ qd`bb" ` 0/8 si 1/> uhwahos whcxaskio ko viwjhw komxwkhq `s ghqs ,^kqaxqk 0;+/ Slh
axwwhos `g`shdhos hnnhas `uuh`wq dxal b`wfhw" gxs fk~ho slh qd`bb nw`askio in nkwdq koquhashc g{
IQL@ slh i~hw`bb kdu`as kq pxksh qd`bb/ Ioh whahos qsxc{ nkocq koquhaskioq vksl uho`bskhq
whcxakof viwjhw komxwkhq ko qd`bb hqs`gbkqldhosq g{ `gixs 75 uhwahos i~hw svi {h`wq ,L`~kb`oc hs
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{h`wq ,Bh~koh" Sinnhb" `oc Miloqio 7507+/ Vksl iob{ `gixs ioh ko ioh lxocwhc viwjqkshq
koquhashc g{ IQL@ h`al {h`w" slh `g`shdhos hnnhas io viwjhw q`nhs{ xqkof slh 85 uhwahos
whcxaskio kq bhqq sl`o l`bn ` uhwahos i~hw `bb nkwdq/ Fk~kof IQL@ slh ghohnks in slh cixgs" ksq
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aidu`wkqio" Diiwh `oc ^kqaxqk ,0;
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Viwjub`ah `aakchosq `wh w`wh h~hosq/ Xqkof slh w`shq niw 7505" ` viwjub`ah n`s`bks{ iaaxwq
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`oc `o `aakchos`b komxw{ ko slh lidh iaaxw ioah h~hw{ < dkoxshq `oc ioah h~hw{ 7 qhaiocq
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slh whaiwchc dhcka`bb{ aioqxbshc komxw{ `oc uikqiokof hukqichq ko 755; vhwh koqkch iw ixsqkch
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aidgko`skio in xoxqx`b h~hosq/ Ko ` uwig`gkbks{ nw`dhviwj" slh{ whuwhqhos slh qkdxbs`ohixq
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l`}`wcq sl`s whqxbs ko viwjub`ah n`s`bkskhq `oc komxwkhq/
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qsxc{ g{ Vhkb ,7550+ h|`dkohq slh whb`skioqlku ghsvhho slh ckqswkgxskio in akshc ~kib`skioq `oc
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nwid 0;
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slh oion`s`b komxwkhq `oc 7< uhwahos in slh n`s`bkskhq/ IQL@ l`q oi qs`oc`wcq `ccwhqqkof
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vhwh nwid d`alkoh komxwkhq" iob{ 1 uhwahos in `bb ~kib`skioq vhwh niw d`alkoh l`}`wcq/
Diqs h|uhwkhoahc IQL@ koquhasiwq `wh vhbb `apx`koshc vksl slh c`ofhwq sl`s aionwios
viwjhwq ko aioqswxaskio `oc slh q`nhs{ `oc lh`bsl qs`oc`wcq sl`s `uub{/ Slh{ d`{ gh bhqq n`dkbk`w
vksl slh c`ofhwq n`akof viwjhwq ko islhw bhqq nwhpxhosb{ koquhashc kocxqswkhq" `oc slh whb`skioqlku
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cknnhwhos viwjqkshq `oc uwicxaskio shaloibifkhq IQL@ koquhasiwq `wh `qjhc si ko~hqskf`sh" slh
b`aj in quhaknka joivbhcfh in slh wkqjq aionwioskof viwjhwq ko ` fk~ho qksx`skio kq ahws`kob{
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IQL@" `bqi quhocq i~hw nixw skdhq diwh uhw viwjhw ko uwh~hoskio `ask~kskhq sl`o IQL@/ H~ho
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`bqi hpx`bq slh ~`bxh viwjhwq ub`ah io ` qd`bb whcxaskio ko slh al`oah in ` n`s`b viwjub`ah
komxw{/
Qxuuiqh sl`s g`qhc io `o hqskd`shc v`fh hpx`skio" v`fhq n`bb g{ # dkbbkio `oc" io `~hw`fh" ioh bknh vixbc gh q`~hc/ Slh q`~hc bknh kq ois
joivo ghniwhl`oc" gxs ko ` qhoqh kq cw`vo w`ocidb{ nwid slh 055"555" qi slh #> dkbbkio
whuwhqhosq slh ~`bxh in ` qs`skqska`b bknh/ @o kdubkaks ~`bxh in komxw{ a`o gh nixoc ko ` qkdkb`w
d`oohw g{ ck~kckof `o hqskd`shc v`fh al`ofh niw ` qd`bb whcxaskio ko slh uwig`gkbks{ in `
viwjub`ah oion`s`b komxw{ iw kbbohqq g{ slh al`ofh ko slh uwig`gkbks{/ Slh whqxbskof a`baxb`skio kq
joivo `q slh ~`bxh in ` qs`skqska`b komxw{/
Slh ~`bxh in ` qs`skqska`b bknh iw slh ~`bxh in qs`skqska`b komxw{ cihq ois whuwhqhos slh
`dixos uhiubh vixbc u`{ si `~ikc slhkw ivo ahws`ko ch`sl iw komxw{ iw qiakhs{ vixbc u`{ si
whqaxh kock~kcx`bq nwid ahws`ko ch`sl iw komxw{/ Koqsh`c" slh ~`bxhq `bbiv uibka{d`jhwq si
chshwdkoh slh ghohnksq in `askioq sl`s whcxah wkqj g{ qd`bb `dixosq/
^kqaxqk `oc @bc{ ,7551+ wh~khv slh hdukwka`b h~kchoah `oc nkoc `aw