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Theory Name Descriptio n Example Pro Against Commen t (Ranking ) Cultural Relativism Relativism postulates there are no universal moral norms for Right & Wr ong f or society and hence its members Death penalty is right response of society for certain crimes; vs. death penalty is a crime of society Dierent social contexts demand dierent moral guidelines Does not explain how an individual discovers moral guidelines 7 Ethical Egoism ach person should focus exclusively on one!s self" interest #lavery is great for those who aren!t slaves $c%nowledg es focus on our own well"being n'ustice can occur when powerful individuals put their own interests (rst ) Kantianis m $ method of reasoning to determine universal morals* based on +ategorical mperative* +* i.e. the bona" (de will behind actions +hip plant manager embar%s on hiring new employees to (nish a ma'or pro'ect ,ers universal moral guidelines -o single rule fully characterie s all actions / Act tilitariani sm $n action is right or wrong to the extent that it increases or decreases the total happiness of aected members of society 0rison location Down"to" earth and easily applied* assuming due diligence 1ard to de(ne boundaries to draw the line 2 Rule tilitariani sm $dopt moral rules which* if followed by everyone* will lead to the greates t total 3$4 must %eep promise of repaying 5 6 8* even if it xceptional situations do not overthrow moral rules gnores apparent un'ust distribution of good conse9uenc :

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TheoryName

Description

Example Pro Against Comment(Ranking)

CulturalRelativism

Relativismpostulatesthere are nouniversalmoral normsfor Right &Wrong forsociety andhence itsmembers

Deathpenalty isrightresponse ofsociety forcertaincrimes; vs.deathpenalty is acrime ofsociety

Dierentsocialcontextsdemanddierentmoralguidelines

Does notexplain howanindividualdiscoversmoralguidelines

7

EthicalEgoism

ach personshould focusexclusively onone!s self"interest

#lavery isgreat forthose whoaren!tslaves

$c%nowledges focus onour ownwell"being

n'ustice canoccur whenpowerfulindividualsput theirowninterests(rst

)

Kantianism

$ method ofreasoning todetermineuniversalmorals* based

on +ategoricalmperative* +*i.e. the bona"(de will behindactions

+hip plantmanagerembar%s onhiring newemployees

to (nish ama'orpro'ect

,ersuniversalmoralguidelines

-o singlerule fullycharacteries all actions

/

Acttilitarianism

$n action isright or wrongto the extentthat itincreases ordecreases thetotal happiness

of aectedmembers ofsociety

0risonlocation

Down"to"earth andeasilyapplied*assumingduediligence

1ard tode(neboundariesto draw theline 2

Ruletilitarianism

$dopt moralrules which* iffollowed byeveryone* willlead to thegreatest total

3$4 must%eeppromise ofrepaying 56 8*even if it

xceptionalsituationsdo notoverthrowmoral rules

gnoresapparentun'ustdistributionof goodconse9uenc

:

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happiness ofsociety

would be of66 8advantageto $ tobrea% it;%eeping

promises isa rule withhigh utility

es amongwidespectrum ofsocietymembers

!ocialContract

oralityconsists ofrules howpeople treatone another*rules thatrational peopleaccept formutual bene(t*on thecondition allothers followthose rules

drugaddicts* ormentallyhandicapped

5ene(tsundercapitalistfreedom<When allmembersare allowedto act li%evultures* butunderguidance ofsocialcontract* allend upacting li%edoves

+an beun'ust tothose whoare unableuphold theirside of thecontract

=

!u"#ectiveRelativism

#ub'ectiveRelativismpostulates thatthere are nouniversalmoral normsfor Right &Wrong for anindividualn #ub'ectiveRelativism aperson decidesRight & Wrong

$li ta%inghome thepencil andpaper atwor%

ntelligentpeople canhaveoppositeopinionsabout moralissues* andlive>sometimes?happilytogether

What isright andwhat youdo* are notalwaysclearlydrawn

@

DivineComman$Theory

Aood actionsare thosealigned withthe will of Aod

What canthe bible tellus aboutnternetconBictsC

Aod is all"good* all"%nowing andthe ultimateauthority

 here aremany holyboo%s* butsomedisagree* afew strongly

6

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+omment<

5ased on the picture above* we able to conclude that rule is related moraleactivities which bring positive eect to people and society. he purpose of each rule

are same and the morale of the society only can be maintain using rule.


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